學(xue)宮內(nei)現有東西(xi)牌坊、欞星門(men)、泮池、登云橋(qiao)、東西(xi)官廳、戟門(men)、名宦祠(ci)(ci)(ci)、鄉賢祠(ci)(ci)(ci)、忠(zhong)義(yi)孝悌祠(ci)(ci)(ci)、大成殿、東西(xi)兩廡、尊經閣、崇圣祠(ci)(ci)(ci)、明(ming)倫堂、儀門(men)等(deng)明(ming)清建筑群,氣(qi)勢恢宏,規模壯觀(guan),徜徉其間,令人流連忘返。
崇(chong)明學(xue)宮是現今上海僅存的三座學(xue)宮之(zhi)一。現址又(you)稱崇(chong)明博物館,為市(shi)級(ji)文物保(bao)護單位。
出崇明(ming)南門(men)碼頭,僅走二(er)(er)三百米,便能望見學宮那層層疊疊的古(gu)(gu)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)群。二(er)(er)座石柱牌(pai)樓古(gu)(gu)樸沉穩(wen),上書“德(de)配天地,道冠古(gu)(gu)今”。門(men)前是(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)株(zhu)有(you)350年歷史、三人合(he)抱的銀杏樹(shu),守門(men)的是(shi)(shi)(shi)一對(dui)大(da)(da)石獅,氣勢恢宏。學宮較大(da)(da)的建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)成(cheng)(cheng)殿,仿佛寺廟中的大(da)(da)雄寶(bao)殿。這是(shi)(shi)(shi)祭祀孔子的地方,東廡西(xi)廡是(shi)(shi)(shi)72高徒的宿舍。而(er)今大(da)(da)成(cheng)(cheng)殿暫(zan)作古(gu)(gu)船(chuan)陳(chen)列室,大(da)(da)成(cheng)(cheng)殿東廡主(zhu)要(yao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)崇明(ming)出名人士的照片和事跡(ji),還有(you)一些崇明(ming)出土的古(gu)(gu)代(dai)器物。西(xi)廡是(shi)(shi)(shi)黃丕漠(mo)藝術館。大(da)(da)成(cheng)(cheng)殿后的兩幢建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)崇明(ming)民俗陳(chen)列館。
另(ling)建有(you)萬仞宮(gong)墻、欞星(xing)門、登云橋(qiao)、戟門、名宦祠、崇(chong)(chong)圣(sheng)祠、尊經閣等,為上海地區保存完好(hao)的明(ming)(ming)代建筑,門前5株18米左右高的銀杏樹已(yi)有(you)377年的樹齡(ling),與(yu)樹下2座結構(gou)奇特,蔚為壯(zhuang)觀的石(shi)木牌坊(fang)相互呼應,營造(zao)出一(yi)片濃(nong)郁的古(gu)意,使(shi)人頓生一(yi)股“念天(tian)地之悠悠”的蒼(cang)然之感(gan)。博物(wu)(wu)館內(nei)列(lie)有(you)“崇(chong)(chong)明(ming)(ming)島的形成與(yu)發展”、“館藏文(wen)物(wu)(wu)”、“自(zi)然博物(wu)(wu)”三個展覽,較(jiao)為系統(tong)地介紹(shao)了崇(chong)(chong)明(ming)(ming)的悠久歷史和(he)文(wen)化遺產,學宮(gong)中(zhong)較(jiao)有(you)特色(se)的當數古(gu)船陳列(lie)室和(he)崇(chong)(chong)明(ming)(ming)民俗陳列(lie)館這兩處地方。
牌坊
分(fen)東西兩(liang)(liang)座(zuo),位(wei)于欞星門前(qian)左(zuo)右(you)(you),是(shi)(shi)崇明學宮的(de)(de)一(yi)座(zuo)建(jian)(jian)筑物,清康熙二(er)十三年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1684)由知(zhi)縣朱衣(yi)點始建(jian)(jian),旁邊還植有兩(liang)(liang)株樹齡約有380多年(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)銀杏古(gu)(gu)樹。牌坊高三丈,兩(liang)(liang)層重(zhong)檐十二(er)角,角向上鵲起,可垂掛風鈴,上層磚(zhuan)木(mu)結構,下承石柱(zhu);柱(zhu)東西寬1.6米(mi),柱(zhu)距(ju)(ju)南北長4.4米(mi),兩(liang)(liang)坊間(jian)距(ju)(ju)33米(mi);左(zuo)邊牌坊匾(bian)名為(wei)“學海”、“騰蛟(jiao)”,右(you)(you)邊牌坊匾(bian)名為(wei)“朝宗”、“起鳳”。乾隆七年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1742)知(zhi)縣許惟枚重(zhong)建(jian)(jian),左(zuo)匾(bian)“德配天地(di)”,右(you)(you)匾(bian)“道(dao)冠(guan)古(gu)(gu)今(jin)(jin)”。乾隆二(er)十七年(nian)(nian)(nian),道(dao)光(guang)七年(nian)(nian)(nian)、同(tong)治八年(nian)(nian)(nian)又(you)先后修葺(qi)。清光(guang)緒(xu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)間(jian),匾(bian)名又(you)改(gai),左(zuo)為(wei)“禮(li)門”,右(you)(you)為(wei)“義路(lu)”;民(min)國初,又(you)改(gai)為(wei)“奮斗坊”與“和平坊”;1960年(nian)(nian)(nian),再(zai)次更名,左(zuo)為(wei)“學而不(bu)厭”,右(you)(you)為(wei)“誨人(ren)不(bu)倦”;1988年(nian)(nian)(nian),匾(bian)額(e)重(zhong)題“德配天地(di),道(dao)冠(guan)古(gu)(gu)今(jin)(jin)”。1998年(nian)(nian)(nian),兩(liang)(liang)坊間(jian)鋪設花崗石甬道(dao),牌坊匾(bian)額(e)增題為(wei):左(zuo)邊“學海”、“德配天地(di)”,右(you)(you)邊“朝宗”、“道(dao)冠(guan)古(gu)(gu)今(jin)(jin)”。“道(dao)冠(guan)古(gu)(gu)今(jin)(jin)”的(de)(de)意(yi)思(si)是(shi)(shi),孔子的(de)(de)學說(shuo)和思(si)想至(zhi)善至(zhi)美,古(gu)(gu)今(jin)(jin)較高;“德配天地(di)”的(de)(de)意(yi)思(si)是(shi)(shi),孔子的(de)(de)道(dao)德如同(tong)天地(di)一(yi)樣偉大。
欞星門
孔(kong)廟的(de)一道(dao)大(da)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),也(ye)是(shi)(shi)崇明學(xue)宮(gong)的(de)正門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),始建于明天(tian)啟四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1624)。相(xiang)(xiang)傳,天(tian)上(shang)有天(tian)鎮星(xing)(xing)(xing),即欞星(xing)(xing)(xing),它是(shi)(shi)天(tian)上(shang)的(de)文(wen)(wen)星(xing)(xing)(xing),主管文(wen)(wen)人(ren)學(xue)士(shi)的(de)選拔(ba)。孔(kong)廟一座(zuo)大(da)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)以此(ci)為(wei)(wei)名,意(yi)(yi)(yi)合孔(kong)子為(wei)(wei)文(wen)(wen)星(xing)(xing)(xing)下(xia)凡。另據《龍(long)魚(yu)河圖》記載:“上(shang)天(tian)有天(tian)鎮星(xing)(xing)(xing),其精下(xia)為(wei)(wei)靈(ling)星(xing)(xing)(xing)之(zhi)神(shen)。”引申(shen)開來的(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)思是(shi)(shi),古(gu)(gu)時(shi)士(shi)人(ren)進(jin)入此(ci)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)后如魚(yu)化龍(long),象征封建統治(zhi)者有得(de)士(shi)之(zhi)慶。欞星(xing)(xing)(xing)又(you)名“天(tian)田(tian)星(xing)(xing)(xing)”,古(gu)(gu)時(shi)天(tian)子祭(ji)天(tian),先祭(ji)欞星(xing)(xing)(xing)。學(xue)宮(gong)以欞星(xing)(xing)(xing)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)作為(wei)(wei)正門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),用意(yi)(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)尊(zun)孔(kong)如同尊(zun)天(tian),顯示出古(gu)(gu)往今來孔(kong)子在(zai)人(ren)們(men)心目中(zhong)至(zhi)高無上(shang)的(de)地位。欞星(xing)(xing)(xing)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)石(shi)框(kuang)高聳,上(shang)刻云頭紋,中(zhong)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)寬(kuan)3.35米(mi)(mi)(mi),高3.6米(mi)(mi)(mi),兩邊(bian)又(you)另辟相(xiang)(xiang)對(dui)較低的(de)二扇(shan)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)寬(kuan)2.3米(mi)(mi)(mi),高3.2米(mi)(mi)(mi)。清(qing)順治(zhi)十(shi)(shi)五年(nian)(nian)(nian)、康熙三年(nian)(nian)(nian)、乾隆十(shi)(shi)四年(nian)(nian)(nian)、乾隆二十(shi)(shi)五年(nian)(nian)(nian)、同治(zhi)八年(nian)(nian)(nian)又(you)先后多次修(xiu)(xiu)葺(qi)。欞星(xing)(xing)(xing)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)前(qian)有一對(dui)雌雄石(shi)獅,卷發巨眼(yan),齜牙(ya)咧嘴,后腿蹲踞,威(wei)風凜(lin)(lin)凜(lin)(lin),花崗(gang)石(shi)質,連趺(fu)座(zuo),通高2.25米(mi)(mi)(mi),身(shen)長0.9米(mi)(mi)(mi),胸寬(kuan)0.6米(mi)(mi)(mi),原位于清(qing)代縣衙門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)前(qian),“文(wen)(wen)革”后移至(zhi)學(xue)宮(gong)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)前(qian)。1998年(nian)(nian)(nian),上(shang)海市文(wen)(wen)物管理委員會(hui)撥款修(xiu)(xiu)葺(qi),并在(zai)欞星(xing)(xing)(xing)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)前(qian)鋪設花崗(gang)巖石(shi)甬道(dao)。
泮池登云橋
位于(yu)欞星門(men)內,清康熙年(nian)間(jian)始建,乾隆、道光、同治時(shi)期都(dou)曾(ceng)作過(guo)修(xiu)葺。1998年(nian),上(shang)(shang)(shang)海市文物管理委員會撥款重修(xiu),池(chi)(chi)欄(lan)、橋(qiao)臺階(jie)及欄(lan)桿皆(jie)由鋼筋水(shui)(shui)泥重新(xin)改為(wei)花(hua)崗石。“泮(pan)池(chi)(chi)”得名的由來,歷史(shi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)有(you)(you)兩(liang)種說法。一(yi)種是:周代天子宮前設池(chi)(chi)為(wei)圓形(xing),而諸(zhu)侯只(zhi)能(neng)用其(qi)一(yi)半,以示區別,故(gu)稱(cheng)為(wei)“泮(pan)池(chi)(chi)”。另一(yi)種是:天子之學(xue)為(wei)“辟雍”,諸(zhu)侯之學(xue)稱(cheng)“泮(pan)宮”;辟雍有(you)(you)水(shui)(shui)環繞,泮(pan)宮之水(shui)(shui)只(zhi)能(neng)半之,故(gu)稱(cheng)為(wei)“泮(pan)池(chi)(chi)”。另外(wai),古時(shi)候凡是新(xin)入(ru)學(xue)的生員都(dou)要在當(dang)地官(guan)員的帶領下(xia),從欞星門(men)入(ru)孔(kong)廟,登橋(qiao)跨泮(pan)池(chi)(chi),進入(ru)大成殿禮拜先師孔(kong)子,然(ran)后到儒學(xue)署拜見教官(guan),這個入(ru)學(xue)儀式稱(cheng)為(wei)“入(ru)泮(pan)”。泮(pan)池(chi)(chi)呈(cheng)半月(yue)形(xing),砌石為(wei)池(chi)(chi),上(shang)(shang)(shang)面(mian)圍有(you)(you)石欄(lan),池(chi)(chi)深2.1米(mi),南北寬(kuan)6.16米(mi),東西長(chang)11.6米(mi)。池(chi)(chi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)架有(you)(you)單孔(kong)拱形(xing)石橋(qiao),跨于(yu)泮(pan)池(chi)(chi)之上(shang)(shang)(shang),名為(wei)“登云(yun)橋(qiao)”,寓意讀書能(neng)高登云(yun)端(duan)、飛黃騰達。橋(qiao)為(wei)南北走(zou)向,花(hua)崗巖石質,長(chang)10.1米(mi),寬(kuan)2.5米(mi),高3.1米(mi),拱圈上(shang)(shang)(shang)方(fang)陽(yang)刻(ke)楷書“登云(yun)橋(qiao)”三字(zi),橋(qiao)兩(liang)側(ce)分水(shui)(shui)石上(shang)(shang)(shang)陽(yang)刻(ke)獸紋圖案(an)。橋(qiao)面(mian)呈(cheng)方(fang)形(xing),陽(yang)刻(ke)回輪圖案(an),四角橋(qiao)欄(lan)上(shang)(shang)(shang)分別雕刻(ke)著精巧、活(huo)潑的小(xiao)石獅(shi),栩栩如(ru)生;南北兩(liang)端(duan)各有(you)(you)12級(ji)臺階(jie),行(xing)走(zou)方(fang)便。
官廳
位于泮(pan)池左右,分東官(guan)(guan)廳(ting)與西(xi)(xi)官(guan)(guan)廳(ting)兩個部(bu)分,是(shi)古時(shi)官(guan)(guan)員休息的場所。據清乾隆(long)《崇明學(xue)宮(gong)圖》記載,東側名為“禮(li)門”,西(xi)(xi)側名為“義路”。光緒《崇明學(xue)宮(gong)圖》中(zhong)則更改為現(xian)(xian)名,分別作東官(guan)(guan)廳(ting)與西(xi)(xi)官(guan)(guan)廳(ting)。東官(guan)(guan)廳(ting)東西(xi)(xi)寬6.5米,南(nan)北(bei)長(chang)10.1米,高(gao)6.5米;西(xi)(xi)官(guan)(guan)廳(ting)東西(xi)(xi)寬7.4米,南(nan)北(bei)長(chang)10.2米,高(gao)6.5米。1998年,上海市文物管(guan)理委員會撥款修葺,現(xian)(xian)為崇明縣博物館的辦(ban)公區域。
戟門
崇(chong)明(ming)學(xue)(xue)(xue)宮的第二道大門(men)(men),位于(yu)泮池(chi)之北,又稱(cheng)“大成(cheng)門(men)(men)”。“大成(cheng)”得名于(yu)《孟子》“孔子之謂(wei)集(ji)大成(cheng)”,古樂一變(bian)為(wei)(wei)一體,九變(bian)而樂終,至九成(cheng)完畢(bi),稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)“大成(cheng)”,后(hou)來引(yin)申指集(ji)中(zhong)前(qian)人的主張(zhang)、學(xue)(xue)(xue)說等形成(cheng)完整的體系為(wei)(wei)“集(ji)大成(cheng)”。戟(ji)(ji)門(men)(men)建(jian)(jian)于(yu)清代初,據康(kang)熙(xi)三(san)十四年(nian)(nian)(1695)《重(zhong)建(jian)(jian)崇(chong)明(ming)學(xue)(xue)(xue)宮碑記》記載(zai),知縣解(jie)銘等曾重(zhong)修戟(ji)(ji)門(men)(men)。康(kang)熙(xi)《崇(chong)明(ming)學(xue)(xue)(xue)宮圖(tu)》中(zhong)稱(cheng),戟(ji)(ji)門(men)(men)共五楹(ying)(ying),內(nei)梁中(zhong)三(san)楹(ying)(ying)高(gao),左右二楹(ying)(ying)略(lve)低。1986年(nian)(nian),戟(ji)(ji)門(men)(men)劃(hua)歸崇(chong)明(ming)縣博物(wu)館(guan)管理(li)(li)與使用,被辟(pi)為(wei)(wei)展廳。1998年(nian)(nian),上海市文物(wu)管理(li)(li)委員會撥款(kuan)修復(fu)原貌。戟(ji)(ji)門(men)(men)現東西長(chang)17.5米(mi)(mi),南北寬6.6米(mi)(mi),高(gao)8米(mi)(mi)。門(men)(men)前(qian)兩株(zhu)羅漢松于(yu)1972年(nian)(nian)移于(yu)此,樹齡約90年(nian)(nian)。
名宦祠鄉賢祠
分(fen)別(bie)位于戟門(men)東西兩(liang)側,以戟門(men)為中心,左右(you)對(dui)稱,各三楹,中間開門(men),東西各長8.8米,南(nan)北寬6.6米,高6.5米。據清乾隆年間的(de)(de)《重(zhong)修(xiu)崇(chong)(chong)明(ming)學宮(gong)記》(知縣許惟(wei)枚撰(zhuan))、《崇(chong)(chong)明(ming)學宮(gong)圖》記載(zai),其時已有名宦(huan)祠(ci)、鄉賢祠(ci)。其中,名宦(huan)祠(ci)主要(yao)是奉祀(si)歷(li)代(dai)有功于崇(chong)(chong)明(ming)的(de)(de)官宦(huan)名臣,鄉賢祠(ci)主要(yao)奉祀(si)崇(chong)(chong)明(ming)歷(li)代(dai)鄉賢之士。1998年,上(shang)海(hai)市文(wen)物管理委員會撥款對(dui)兩(liang)祠(ci)進行了修(xiu)葺。名宦(huan)祠(ci)現被(bei)作為“崇(chong)(chong)明(ming)島史與古船”陳列的(de)(de)序廳,鄉賢祠(ci)現被(bei)作為崇(chong)(chong)明(ming)縣博(bo)物館的(de)(de)文(wen)物庫房。
大成殿
崇明學宮的(de)主體建(jian)(jian)筑,原是奉(feng)祀孔子的(de)主要場所,始建(jian)(jian)于清代(dai)康熙(xi)初年。據(ju)縣(xian)志記載,舊殿(dian)(dian)三楹。乾隆二(er)十五(wu)年(1760),知縣(xian)趙廷健增(zeng)建(jian)(jian)匾額,寄寓(yu)孔子“集古圣先賢(xian)之(zhi)大(da)(da)(da)成”之(zhi)意。同治八年(1869),知縣(xian)曹文煥重建(jian)(jian)大(da)(da)(da)成殿(dian)(dian),五(wu)楹,重檐廡殿(dian)(dian)式(shi),深五(wu)尋(xun),高(gao)(gao)(gao)數仞(ren),雕(diao)梁(liang)畫棟,繪以丹青,砌以文石(shi),前有月臺,圍以石(shi)欄,庭(ting)中(zhong)植松柏蟠(pan)槐。1997年,上海(hai)市(shi)文物管(guan)理委員(yuan)會投資修復(fu)了(le)大(da)(da)(da)成殿(dian)(dian),為重檐歇(xie)山式(shi)磚木結構(gou),宏偉開闊,磅(bang)礴巍然,尤(you)其(qi)是朱紅色(se)門(men)扇與粗大(da)(da)(da)的(de)八根門(men)柱、粉白(bai)色(se)的(de)墻面(mian)、灰黑色(se)的(de)屋頂,冷暖色(se)彩對(dui)比鮮(xian)明,在藍天白(bai)云(yun)的(de)襯(chen)托(tuo)下,格外(wai)鮮(xian)亮(liang)奪目,絢(xuan)麗挺拔,進(jin)而(er)突出了(le)孔子的(de)崇高(gao)(gao)(gao)地位。大(da)(da)(da)成殿(dian)(dian)長(chang)21.3米(mi),寬17.3米(mi),高(gao)(gao)(gao)15.3米(mi)(其(qi)中(zhong)屋脊(ji)高(gao)(gao)(gao)1.7米(mi)),總面(mian)積368.49平方(fang)(fang)米(mi);石(shi)月臺長(chang)16.2米(mi),寬9.57米(mi),高(gao)(gao)(gao)1米(mi),面(mian)積155平方(fang)(fang)米(mi),正中(zhong)心安置著“至圣先師”孔子的(de)巨型石(shi)像。殿(dian)(dian)前甬道長(chang)18.5米(mi),寬5米(mi),兩旁兩相對(dui)稱而(er)立(li)顏(yan)回、曾參、孔伋、孟軻四人石(shi)像,史稱“四配”,他們是孔子出名的(de)四大(da)(da)(da)傳(chuan)人。大(da)(da)(da)成殿(dian)(dian)內現布置“崇明島(dao)史與古船”陳列。
兩廡
分(fen)為東(dong)廡(wu)(wu)(wu)、西(xi)廡(wu)(wu)(wu)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)部(bu)分(fen),位于大(da)成殿前甬道兩(liang)(liang)(liang)側(ce),東(dong)廂為東(dong)廡(wu)(wu)(wu),西(xi)廂為西(xi)廡(wu)(wu)(wu)。清順(shun)治(zhi)以前,各有(you)九楹,廡(wu)(wu)(wu)前有(you)長廊,順(shun)治(zhi)十一年(nian)(1654)廢于潮。后來,順(shun)治(zhi)、乾隆、道光、同治(zhi)年(nian)間(jian)曾多(duo)次修葺。1997年(nian),上海(hai)市文物管理委(wei)員會又投資修復。現東(dong)西(xi)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)廡(wu)(wu)(wu)各七(qi)楹,磚木結(jie)構,廡(wu)(wu)(wu)長各26.74米,寬7.7米,高8米,建筑面積共412平方米。兩(liang)(liang)(liang)廡(wu)(wu)(wu)原是祭祀(si)供奉歷代先賢先儒的(de)地(di)方,先賢對稱(cheng)供奉于兩(liang)(liang)(liang)廡(wu)(wu)(wu)內(nei)(nei)(nei)北端,先儒對稱(cheng)供奉于兩(liang)(liang)(liang)廡(wu)(wu)(wu)內(nei)(nei)(nei)南端,廡(wu)(wu)(wu)內(nei)(nei)(nei)建有(you)神龕,只供木主(牌位),無塑像。兩(liang)(liang)(liang)廡(wu)(wu)(wu)內(nei)(nei)(nei)現布(bu)展“崇明島史與(yu)古(gu)船”陳列(lie)的(de)有(you)關內(nei)(nei)(nei)容。
尊經閣
位于(yu)大(da)成殿之(zhi)北,原名(ming)(ming)“奎(kui)星閣(ge)”,“奎(kui)”是星名(ming)(ming),是中(zhong)國古代天文(wen)學中(zhong)二十八宿之(zhi)一,為西(xi)方(fang)白虎之(zhi)首,有星16顆,屈(qu)曲如鉤,猶(you)如文(wen)字,稱(cheng)(cheng)為“奎(kui)宿”,后被(bei)稱(cheng)(cheng)為主(zhu)宰文(wen)章(zhang)興衰的(de)神,并演化為文(wen)官(guan)之(zhi)首。“奎(kui)文(wen)閣(ge)”之(zhi)名(ming)(ming),喻(yu)意(yi)孔子(zi)為天上(shang)的(de)“奎(kui)星”。尊經閣(ge)是古時候收藏(zang)閱(yue)覽儒家諸(zhu)子(zi)著(zhu)作的(de)場所,其(qi)所藏(zang)之(zhi)書供縣學諸(zhu)生閱(yue)讀,故(gu)又(you)名(ming)(ming)“藏(zang)書樓(lou)”。始(shi)建(jian)于(yu)明(ming)天啟四年(nian)(1624),清乾(qian)隆、道光年(nian)間(jian)先后修葺。1991年(nian),上(shang)海(hai)文(wen)物管理委員會又(you)投(tou)資進(jin)行修葺,今屹(yi)然而(er)立,風采依舊。整幢(chuang)建(jian)筑(zhu)為重檐歇(xie)山(shan)式(shi)磚(zhuan)木(mu)結(jie)構,五楹,上(shang)下十間(jian),兩層(ceng)飛檐,四垂斗(dou)栱;四周回廊,窗欞爽(shuang)敞。其(qi)地(di)基長18.65米,寬14.4米,占地(di)面積268.56平方(fang)米。其(qi)中(zhong),底層(ceng)面闊(kuo)18米,進(jin)深13.45米,高5米,建(jian)筑(zhu)面積242.1平方(fang)米;二層(ceng)面闊(kuo)13.8米,進(jin)深9.25米,高7.5米,建(jian)筑(zhu)面積127.65平方(fang)米。尊經閣(ge)內現布展“崇明(ming)民俗(su)”陳(chen)列。
崇圣祠
又名“崇圣宮”,位于大成殿北(bei)、尊經(jing)閣東,始建(jian)(jian)于清雍(yong)正五年(1727),共三楹,昔(xi)前有大門,后(hou)為正殿,是(shi)奉祀孔(kong)子父母的(de)場所(suo)。乾隆、同治年間又先后(hou)修(xiu)葺。1991年上海市文物管理委員會投資修(xiu)復正殿。今為單檐歇山式(shi)磚(zhuan)木斗栱建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu),面闊12.5米(mi)(mi),進深11.75米(mi)(mi),高11米(mi)(mi),占地面積(ji)169.62平方米(mi)(mi)。崇圣祠(ci)內(nei)現布(bu)展“崇明民俗”陳(chen)列。
儒學大門
位于欞(ling)星門東、儀門正(zheng)南。儒學(xue)(xue)署原(yuan)是舊時(shi)文人研(yan)討學(xue)(xue)術的專門場所。乾隆(long)二十五(wu)年(nian)(1760年(nian))由知(zhi)縣趙廷健(jian)修葺,見于清光緒(xu)《崇(chong)明學(xue)(xue)宮圖》。民國(guo)四年(nian)(1915年(nian))為崇(chong)明縣立初級中學(xue)(xue)校(xiao)門。2004年(nian)由崇(chong)明縣人民政府投資修復,長10.7米,寬(kuan)8.8米,高8米,建筑面積94平方米。
儀門
位于(yu)欞星門(men)(men)東(dong)、儒學(xue)署大門(men)(men)北。乾隆《崇明(ming)學(xue)宮圖》中稱為(wei)“佑門(men)(men)”,光緒《崇明(ming)學(xue)宮圖》中改(gai)稱為(wei)“二門(men)(men)”。2001年(nian)崇明(ming)縣(xian)人民政府投資修復,面闊10.6米(mi)(mi),進(jin)深9.7米(mi)(mi),高(gao)9.07米(mi)(mi),建(jian)筑面積102.8平(ping)方米(mi)(mi)。儀門(men)(men)內現布置為(wei)“黃丕謨版畫陳列室”。
明倫堂
儒學署的主要建筑(zhu),位于儀門北,始建于明天(tian)啟四年(nian)(1624),清雍正、乾(qian)隆年(nian)間又先后(hou)修(xiu)葺,原共有五楹,深三丈余。2001年(nian)崇明縣人民政府(fu)投資(zi)修(xiu)復(fu),面闊20.6米(mi),進深12.7米(mi),高10.37米(mi),建筑(zhu)面積為261.6平方米(mi)。明倫堂現為崇明縣博物(wu)館的臨時展廳。
碑廊
位于儀(yi)門與明倫(lun)堂之(zhi)間的(de)東(dong)西(xi)兩(liang)側,包括南北兩(liang)端各有(you)(you)一部(bu)分(fen),2001年(nian)由上海(hai)市文物管理委員會投資(zi)修復(fu)。碑廊全長76.7米(mi),其(qi)中(zhong),東(dong)西(xi)兩(liang)側寬(kuan)皆為2.5米(mi),長30.5米(mi);南北長15.7米(mi),寬(kuan)2.5米(mi),面(mian)積為191.75平方米(mi)。分(fen)墓(mu)志類(lei)、記(ji)事類(lei)、告示類(lei)、藝(yi)(yi)術類(lei)等類(lei)別,共計(ji)53通,大(da)部(bu)分(fen)是由崇明縣博物館自(zi)民間收集而來(lai),因(yin)歷(li)史(shi)久遠(yuan),有(you)(you)三分(fen)之(zhi)二的(de)古碑字跡模(mo)糊,難以辨認,比較清晰(xi)且(qie)完整(zheng)的(de)有(you)(you)十余通,具有(you)(you)很高的(de)藝(yi)(yi)術和(he)文物價值,為研究崇明的(de)地方歷(li)史(shi),有(you)(you)很大(da)的(de)參(can)考作用。
杏壇
相傳本是孔(kong)子生前講學(xue)的地方,后來成為各地歷代修建(jian)孔(kong)廟(miao)規制的一個組成部分。杏(xing)壇位于(yu)崇(chong)明學(xue)宮萬仞宮墻東,原(yuan)為點綴孔(kong)廟(miao)而人工所筑的土丘,周(zhou)圍砌以石(shi)頭,古(gu)樸典雅。壇上(shang)有銀(yin)杏(xing)樹(shu)兩株,約植于(yu)清(qing)雍正年(nian)(nian)間,樹(shu)齡已達270多年(nian)(nian)。民國初(chu),壇上(shang)還豎有孫中山紀念碑(bei),抗日戰(zhan)爭時期被毀(hui)。杏(xing)壇現東西長(chang)23.6米,南北寬13.7米,高3.2米。2004年(nian)(nian),崇(chong)明縣博物館(guan)募資在欞星門(men)東南角的土丘上(shang)新設“杏(xing)壇”青石(shi)一塊,其名由上(shang)海博物館(guan)館(guan)長(chang)陳燮君(jun)題(ti)寫。
在崇(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)明,學(xue)(xue)(xue)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)既(ji)是(shi)專門祭(ji)祀孔(kong)子(zi)的(de)(de)場所(suo)(suo),也是(shi)舊時(shi)官(guan)辦的(de)(de)地方學(xue)(xue)(xue)府。崇(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)明學(xue)(xue)(xue)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)早建于何時(shi),由(you)于史料(liao)記載語焉不詳,現在已無(wu)從考(kao)證。不過,我們從流傳下來的(de)(de)有關文獻(xian)資料(liao)中(zhong)可(ke)以(yi)推知(zhi),崇(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)明學(xue)(xue)(xue)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)約始建于宋(song)元時(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)。據(ju)清乾隆(long)七年(1742)崇(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)明縣(xian)(xian)知(zhi)縣(xian)(xian)許惟枚在《重修崇(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)明學(xue)(xue)(xue)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)碑(bei)記》的(de)(de)記載:“崇(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)之學(xue)(xue)(xue)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)……有宋(song)迄今歷六百余(yu)年。”乾隆(long)二(er)十七年(1762)崇(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)明縣(xian)(xian)知(zhi)縣(xian)(xian)趙廷(ting)健在《重修崇(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)明學(xue)(xue)(xue)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)碑(bei)記》中(zhong)則指出:“崇(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)明涌沙成邑,元泰定時(shi)千戶楊世(shi)興始建學(xue)(xue)(xue)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。”現在看來,宋(song)代(dai)時(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)“學(xue)(xue)(xue)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)”還僅僅是(shi)一般的(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)校,尚無(wu)祭(ji)孔(kong)、藏經(jing)的(de)(de)功能,而(er)元代(dai)時(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)崇(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)明學(xue)(xue)(xue)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),因其擁有了“廟(miao)(孔(kong)廟(miao))學(xue)(xue)(xue)(學(xue)(xue)(xue)校)合一”的(de)(de)規制,而(er)且(qie)其內部既(ji)有可(ke)以(yi)舉辦祭(ji)孔(kong)活動(dong)的(de)(de)大成殿,又有興學(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)儒學(xue)(xue)(xue)設施,所(suo)(suo)以(yi)更符合現在意義(yi)上的(de)(de)“學(xue)(xue)(xue)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)”或(huo)“孔(kong)廟(miao)”、“文廟(miao)”的(de)(de)概念(nian)。
自宋元至明(ming)(ming)代中(zhong)葉,崇明(ming)(ming)諸沙(sha)飽受(shou)風潮(chao)侵襲,沙(sha)洲漲(zhang)坍多變,州、縣治(zhi)城(cheng)曾被(bei)迫(po)六建五(wu)(wu)遷,崇明(ming)(ming)學宮也因此屢建屢圮,隨縣城(cheng)多次遷徙(xi)。今日(ri)位置上(shang)的(de)崇明(ming)(ming)學宮是在(zai)明(ming)(ming)天(tian)啟二(er)(er)年(1622),由知縣唐(tang)世涵建于城(cheng)壕外(wai)東(dong)(dong)南(nan)隅,初基地(di)為(wei)二(er)(er)畝(mu)二(er)(er)里五(wu)(wu)毫,后(hou)(hou)擴基地(di)為(wei)西長(chang)八十(shi)六步(bu)二(er)(er)尺五(wu)(wu)寸(138.4米),東(dong)(dong)長(chang)八十(shi)九步(bu)(142.4米),南(nan)北闊各(ge)四(si)十(shi)八步(bu)(76.8米)。“始(shi)有(you)欞星(xing)門(men),有(you)尊經(jing)閣,有(you)明(ming)(ming)倫堂(tang)、敬一(yi)亭(ting)、博文(wen)約禮二(er)(er)齋,規制(zhi)粗(cu)備(bei)。”據統計,自明(ming)(ming)天(tian)啟二(er)(er)年至清同(tong)治(zhi)八年(1622—1869),在(zai)這247年的(de)時間中(zhong),崇明(ming)(ming)學宮內的(de)古建筑(zhu)因“潮(chao)汐之(zhi)沖(chong)坍,風雨之(zhi)剝(bo)蝕”,先(xian)后(hou)(hou)修建達14次之(zhi)多。光(guang)緒十(shi)七年(1891),崇明(ming)(ming)筑(zhu)南(nan)門(men)海塘護坡工程后(hou)(hou),由于有(you)效地(di)控制(zhi)了海潮(chao)的(de)侵襲,風潮(chao)雷雨不再成(cheng)為(wei)威脅縣城(cheng)的(de)安全和(he)損(sun)毀學宮建筑(zhu)的(de)主要大患。
清光緒(xu)《崇(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)明(ming)縣(xian)志(zhi)·學(xue)(xue)宮(gong)圖》描(miao)繪了其時崇(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)明(ming)學(xue)(xue)宮(gong)的人(ren)文(wen)(wen)盛景:崇(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)明(ming)學(xue)(xue)宮(gong)前有(you)(you)東(dong)(dong)西(xi)牌坊、萬仞(ren)宮(gong)墻、文(wen)(wen)昌宮(gong)及魁(kui)星閣等;東(dong)(dong)為儒(ru)學(xue)(xue),共(gong)五重,自(zi)(zi)南至(zhi)北(bei)依次有(you)(you)儒(ru)學(xue)(xue)署大門、儀門及書斗公所(suo)、明(ming)倫(lun)堂、學(xue)(xue)海(hai)堂、后(hou)樓及東(dong)(dong)西(xi)兩廂(xiang);中軸線是孔(kong)廟建筑,共(gong)五重,自(zi)(zi)南至(zhi)北(bei)依次有(you)(you)欞(ling)星門、登云橋、泮(pan)池、東(dong)(dong)西(xi)官(guan)廳、戟門、名宦祠(ci)、鄉(xiang)賢祠(ci)、大成殿(dian)、東(dong)(dong)西(xi)兩廡、尊經閣和崇(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)圣祠(ci);西(xi)為瀛洲書院,共(gong)四重,初建有(you)(you)書院大門(后(hou)毀于海(hai)潮),自(zi)(zi)南至(zhi)北(bei)依次有(you)(you):忠義(yi)孝(xiao)悌祠(ci)、唐趙二公祠(ci)、沈(shen)忠節(jie)公祠(ci)和正廳、后(hou)殿(dian)。至(zhi)此,崇(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)明(ming)學(xue)(xue)宮(gong)規制具備,建筑宏(hong)偉,大典聞名,禮(li)樂齊全,舞分(fen)文(wen)(wen)武,凸現“中和”。
崇明(ming)學宮(gong)是封(feng)建(jian)時代培(pei)養人(ren)才(cai)、選拔人(ren)才(cai)的搖(yao)籃。明(ming)代洪武四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1371)至崇禎十六年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1643),明(ming)政(zheng)府共舉(ju)(ju)(ju)行過89次(ci)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)舉(ju)(ju)(ju)考試(shi),崇明(ming)縣(xian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)舉(ju)(ju)(ju)人(ren)31名(ming),中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)進士(shi)(shi)(shi)4名(ming)。其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),成化年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)間的戊(wu)戌、甲辰年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)和正德年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)間的丁丑、辛巳年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)四科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke),崇明(ming)每(mei)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)進士(shi)(shi)(shi)1名(ming)。而在清(qing)順治三年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1646)至光(guang)緒(xu)三十年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1904)舉(ju)(ju)(ju)行的112次(ci)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)舉(ju)(ju)(ju)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),崇明(ming)縣(xian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)舉(ju)(ju)(ju)人(ren)119人(ren),中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)進士(shi)(shi)(shi)32名(ming)。其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),順治年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)間的八(ba)次(ci)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)舉(ju)(ju)(ju)有四科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)各中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)進士(shi)(shi)(shi)1名(ming),康熙(xi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)間中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)進士(shi)(shi)(shi)13名(ming)。通(tong)過崇明(ming)學宮(gong)走上(shang)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)舉(ju)(ju)(ju)之(zhi)途的學子中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),不乏出(chu)類拔萃的歷(li)史(shi)人(ren)物(wu)。如:明(ming)末航海家、兵部右侍郎沈廷揚,清(qing)文(wen)華(hua)殿(dian)大(da)學士(shi)(shi)(shi)宋德宜,清(qing)會元黃礽緒(xu),清(qing)初四大(da)家之(zhi)一、校勘家何焯,清(qing)山東學政(zheng)王希曾,清(qing)探花、山西提學使沈文(wen)鎬,清(qing)監察御史(shi)袁銑,清(qing)福建(jian)主考、常熟游文(wen)書院主講(jiang)柏謙,清(qing)末駐外(wai)公使、外(wai)交(jiao)家李鳳苞(bao),清(qing)商(shang)部右丞、實(shi)業家王清(qing)穆,民國(guo)《崇明(ming)縣(xian)志》總纂(zuan)、教育家曹炳麟等(deng),都是通(tong)過科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)舉(ju)(ju)(ju)考試(shi)脫(tuo)穎而出(chu),以自己的非凡(fan)才(cai)干,取得輝煌成就,成為崇明(ming)后(hou)世學子學習的楷模。
“戊戌維新(xin)變(bian)法”后(hou)(hou),隨著西風(feng)東漸,崇(chong)明(ming)(ming)有(you)(you)不少思想(xiang)開(kai)明(ming)(ming)的縣(xian)庠生開(kai)始從這里走出國(guo)門留(liu)洋(yang)求學(xue)(xue)(xue)。1899年至1902年間(jian),東渡日(ri)本(ben)留(liu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)的崇(chong)明(ming)(ming)學(xue)(xue)(xue)子(zi)有(you)(you)馮閱(yue)模、陸夢熊、陸家(jia)鼎、馮鴻圖等人。此后(hou)(hou),政府利用“庚子(zi)賠款(kuan)”興(xing)(xing)學(xue)(xue)(xue),崇(chong)明(ming)(ming)又有(you)(you)學(xue)(xue)(xue)子(zi)陸續分批赴日(ri)本(ben)、歐美留(liu)學(xue)(xue)(xue),其中不乏(fa)有(you)(you)優秀者,如民國(guo)初(chu)擔任江蘇實業廳(ting)廳(ting)長的徐蘭(lan)墅、愛國(guo)民主人士蔡(cai)申甫、建(jian)筑學(xue)(xue)(xue)家(jia)陳(chen)植等。興(xing)(xing)學(xue)(xue)(xue)之士也從這里萌生辦學(xue)(xue)(xue)理念,崇(chong)實公學(xue)(xue)(xue)、樂群(qun)公學(xue)(xue)(xue)、義務(wu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)堂先后(hou)(hou)同(tong)世;“立停科舉,以廣學(xue)(xue)(xue)校”之后(hou)(hou),師(shi)范傳(chuan)習(xi)所和公私(si)立初(chu)等小(xiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)、縣(xian)立中學(xue)(xue)(xue)等紛(fen)紛(fen)興(xing)(xing)起。
改革開放,欣(xin)遇盛世,民安物阜,學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)宮(gong)復興。1984年5月(yue),崇明(ming)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)宮(gong)被上(shang)(shang)海(hai)市人(ren)民政府公布為市級(ji)文(wen)物保(bao)護單位。1995年至今(jin),崇明(ming)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)宮(gong)又先后進(jin)行了(le)三(san)期修復工程,土地面(mian)(mian)積(ji)亦擴大(da)(da)至23.21畝(mu),成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為整個(ge)上(shang)(shang)海(hai)地區占地面(mian)(mian)積(ji)較大(da)(da)的(de)(de)一(yi)座孔廟,分批(pi)修復了(le)大(da)(da)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)殿、東(dong)西兩(liang)廡及(ji)月(yue)臺,以(yi)及(ji)東(dong)西牌坊、欞星(xing)門(men)(men)、東(dong)西官廳、泮(pan)池、登云橋、戟門(men)(men)、名宦祠(ci)、鄉(xiang)賢祠(ci)、尊(zun)經閣、崇圣祠(ci)、明(ming)倫(lun)堂、儀門(men)(men)、碑廊、儒學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)大(da)(da)門(men)(men)、杏壇等古建筑,并在(zai)以(yi)大(da)(da)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)殿為主(zhu)體(ti)的(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)宮(gong)古建筑內推出了(le)“崇明(ming)島(dao)史(shi)與古船”、“崇明(ming)民俗”兩(liang)個(ge)基(ji)本陳列(lie),以(yi)及(ji)“黃丕謨版畫陳列(lie)室”。從此,崇明(ming)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)宮(gong)真正成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為崇明(ming)島(dao)上(shang)(shang)一(yi)個(ge)集文(wen)化、展示、旅游(you)于一(yi)體(ti)的(de)(de)宣(xuan)(xuan)傳(chuan)窗口,成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為人(ren)民群眾了(le)解歷(li)史(shi)、觀賞(shang)藝術的(de)(de)文(wen)化和學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習休(xiu)閑的(de)(de)高雅場所(suo)。古老的(de)(de)崇明(ming)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)宮(gong)以(yi)嶄(zhan)新的(de)(de)面(mian)(mian)貌(mao)、新的(de)(de)內容,呈現在(zai)人(ren)們的(de)(de)面(mian)(mian)前(qian),巍(wei)峨軒敞,氣勢恢宏(hong),如一(yi)個(ge)閱(yue)盡人(ren)世滄(cang)桑的(de)(de)長者,以(yi)寬厚的(de)(de)胸懷笑迎島(dao)內外各界(jie)人(ren)士前(qian)往參觀、游(you)覽(lan),積(ji)極發揮出它獨(du)特(te)的(de)(de)宣(xuan)(xuan)傳(chuan)作用與教(jiao)育功能(neng)。
交通線路:
一是從上海體(ti)育(yu)場乘旅游五號(hao)線到(dao)(dao)寶楊(yang)路碼(ma)頭(tou),二是乘公交車到(dao)(dao)吳淞(song)、寶楊(yang)路或石洞(dong)口碼(ma)頭(tou);再乘船到(dao)(dao)崇明南門港,沿南門路向東(dong)500米(mi)。
自駕路線(xian):中(zhong)環--翔殷路隧(sui)道--五洲大(da)道--G40滬陜高速公(gong)路(上海長江隧(sui)橋)--陳海公(gong)路--鼓浪(lang)嶼路--鰲山路--崇明學(xue)宮(瀛洲公(gong)園)。