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黃河三(san)角(jiao)洲，以(yi)山(shan)東(dong)(dong)省東(dong)(dong)營市墾利(li)縣寧海為(wei)軸點，北起套爾河口(kou)，南至淄脈河口(kou)，向東(dong)(dong)撒開的扇(shan)狀地(di)形，海拔高程低于(yu)(yu)15米，面積達5450平方公(gong)里(li)。三(san)角(jiao)洲屬(shu)溫帶季風型大(da)陸性氣候，四季分明，光照充(chong)足，區內自(zi)然資(zi)源(yuan)豐富(fu)。1991年時在此(ci)設立了自(zi)然保護(hu)區，并于(yu)(yu)1992年晉升為(wei)國家級自(zi)然保護(hu)區，以(yi)保護(hu)黃河口(kou)原生濕地(di)生態系統和丹頂鶴(he)、白頭鶴(he)等珍稀瀕(bin)危鳥類為(wei)主體。另(ling)外，資(zi)源(yuan)豐富(fu)的黃河三(san)角(jiao)洲，對于(yu)(yu)環渤海及東(dong)(dong)北亞地(di)區經濟發展，也有著極大(da)地(di)經濟價值。

保護對象

動物

區內動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)可分(fen)成陸生(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)生(sheng)(sheng)態群(qun)和(he)，海(hai)洋(yang)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)生(sheng)(sheng)態群(qun)，共記(ji)錄野生(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)1524種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。陸生(sheng)(sheng)脊(ji)椎(zhui)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)300種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其中(zhong)(zhong)獸類(lei)(lei)20種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，鳥(niao)類(lei)(lei)265種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，爬(pa)行類(lei)(lei)9種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，兩棲類(lei)(lei)6種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。陸生(sheng)(sheng)無脊(ji)椎(zhui)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)583種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其中(zhong)(zhong)節(jie)肢動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)534種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，原腔動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)32種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，扁體(ti)(ti)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)17種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。陸生(sheng)(sheng)性水(shui)生(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)223種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其中(zhong)(zhong)淡水(shui)魚類(lei)(lei)108種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，甲殼動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)49種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，軟體(ti)(ti)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)13種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，原腔動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)18種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，原生(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)19種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)r環節(jie)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)4種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，水(shui)生(sheng)(sheng)昆蟲12種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。

海洋(yang)性水生動物(wu)共有41.8種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其中海獸類(lei)5種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，海洋(yang)爬(pa)行類(lei)1種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，海洋(yang)魚類(lei)85種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，甲殼動物(wu)99種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，軟體(ti)動物(wu)95種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，環(huan)節動物(wu)81種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，腔(qiang)腸動物(wu)25種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，紐形(xing)動物(wu)8種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，棘皮動物(wu)10種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，星蟲動物(wu)2種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，腕足(zu)動物(wu)3種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，毛顎動物(wu)1種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其它脊(ji)索(suo)動物(wu)3種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。

黃河三角洲自(zi)然保護(hu)區(qu)是(shi)中國最大的一(yi)塊(kuai)新(xin)生(sheng)濕地，區(qu)內動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)分(fen)為陸(lu)生(sheng)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)生(sheng)態群和海(hai)洋動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)生(sheng)態群，共記錄野(ye)生(sheng)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)1524種。陸(lu)生(sheng)脊(ji)椎動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)300種，無脊(ji)椎動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)583種；陸(lu)生(sheng)性(xing)(xing)水生(sheng)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)223種，海(hai)洋性(xing)(xing)水生(sheng)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)418種。保護(hu)區(qu)是(shi)東(dong)北亞內陸(lu)和環西太平(ping)洋鳥類(lei)遷徙(xi)重(zhong)要的“中轉站”，越冬地和繁(fan)殖(zhi)地。鳥類(lei)資源(yuan)豐富，珍稀(xi)瀕危鳥類(lei)眾多。自(zi)然保護(hu)區(qu)內共有(you)鳥類(lei)265種，其中屬國家(jia)一(yi)級重(zhong)點(dian)保護(hu)鳥類(lei)有(you)：白(bai)鸛、中華秋沙(sha)鴨、白(bai)尾海(hai)雕(diao)(diao)、金雕(diao)(diao)、丹(dan)頂鶴(he)白(bai)頭鶴(he)、大鴇7種，屬國家(jia)二級重(zhong)點(dian)保護(hu)的鳥類(lei)有(you)海(hai)鸕鶿、大天鵝、灰鶴(he)、白(bai)尾鷂

等33種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。在(zai)《瀕(bin)危(wei)野生動植物種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國際貿(mao)易公(gong)約》中，屬(shu)(shu)附錄Ⅰ的(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類有(you)白鸛(guan)、丹頂鶴(he)等7種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，屬(shu)(shu)附錄Ⅱ的(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類有(you)花臉鴨、鵲(que)鷂(yao)等26種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，屬(shu)(shu)于附錄Ⅲ的(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類有(you)大白鷺、針尾鴨等7種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。在(zai)《中澳保(bao)(bao)護(hu)候鳥(niao)及其(qi)棲息(xi)環境的(de)(de)協(xie)(xie)定》中，保(bao)(bao)護(hu)鳥(niao)類81種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，自然保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)內(nei)有(you)51種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。在(zai)《中日保(bao)(bao)護(hu)候鳥(niao)及其(qi)棲息(xi)環境的(de)(de)協(xie)(xie)定》中，保(bao)(bao)護(hu)鳥(niao)類227種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，自然保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)內(nei)有(you)152種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。

自然保(bao)(bao)護區其他動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)資源有(you)：陸生脊(ji)椎(zhui)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)35種(zhong)(zhong)，陸生無(wu)脊(ji)椎(zhui)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)583種(zhong)(zhong)，水生動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)641種(zhong)(zhong)，其中(zhong)(zhong)國家一級重點保(bao)(bao)護動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)有(you)：白鱘、達氏鱘2種(zhong)(zhong)，屬(shu)國家二級重點保(bao)(bao)護動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)有(you)江豚、寬吻海豚、松(song)江鱸魚等(deng)7種(zhong)(zhong)。在《瀕危野生動(dong)(dong)植物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)國際貿易公約》中(zhong)(zhong)，屬(shu)附(fu)錄(lu)(lu)Ⅰ的動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)有(you)棱皮龜、江豚2種(zhong)(zhong)，屬(shu)附(fu)錄(lu)(lu)Ⅱ的種(zhong)(zhong)類有(you)豹(bao)貓、小須鯨等(deng)4種(zhong)(zhong)，屬(shu)于附(fu)錄(lu)(lu)Ⅲ的種(zhong)(zhong)類有(you)黃鼬1種(zhong)(zhong)。

植物

保護區內共有各類植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)393種(zhong)(含(han)變種(zhong))。其中浮游植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)4門(men)、116種(zhong)(變種(zhong))；蕨類植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)3科(ke)、3屬(shu)、4種(zhong)；裸子(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)2科(ke)、2屬(shu)、2種(zhong)；被(bei)子(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)54科(ke)、178屬(shu)、271種(zhong)，其中單子(zi)葉(xie)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)11科(ke)、57屬(shu)、87種(zhong)，雙(shuang)子(zi)葉(xie)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)43科(ke)、121屬(shu)、184種(zhong)。

科研價值

濕地生態

濕地(di)生(sheng)態系(xi)統(tong)是水生(sheng)生(sheng)態系(xi)統(tong)向(xiang)陸地(di)生(sheng)態系(xi)統(tong)的(de)一個過(guo)渡階段，其基本生(sheng)態功能是調節(jie)水

份循環和維持濕地的(de)動(dong)植物(wu)資(zi)源，特別是(shi)水禽的(de)棲息(xi)地和遷移(yi)性鳥類的(de)繁殖(zhi)地，其(qi)脆弱性決定了易(yi)失難復原(yuan)的(de)現實，因而開展(zhan)對(dui)濕地生態(tai)系統(tong)的(de)生產者(zhe)、消費(fei)者(zhe)的(de)研(yan)究，掌握其(qi)演替規(gui)律，研(yan)究其(qi)發生、發展(zhan)、組成(cheng)至關重(zhong)要(yao)。

林種基因

自然保護區內(nei)分布(bu)著天然柳(liu)(liu)林(lin)、天然檉(cheng)柳(liu)(liu)林(lin)及大面積的(de)野(ye)大豆，提供(gong)了對遺傳基(ji)(ji)因研(yan)究(jiu)和(he)植物發展演替規(gui)律研(yan)究(jiu)的(de)基(ji)(ji)本材料。

穩定黃河

開展黃河穩流固道研究是一個高(gao)難度課題，運(yun)用(yong)海動力學(xue)原(yuan)理(li)及(ji)黃河沉砂(sha)規(gui)律研究穩定(ding)黃河尾閭(lv)的工(gong)程措施，事關大局，意義深遠，將是對(dui)全民族(zu)的貢獻。

改良土地

自然保(bao)護(hu)區內隱性潮土占保(bao)護(hu)區總面積(ji)的(de)40%，這部分土壤pH值在(zai)7.5～7.8之間，極易發生(sheng)(sheng)鹽漬化。50年代(dai)后期的(de)盲目開(kai)發，使該地區大片土地鹽堿(jian)化，給當地的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)態環境和(he)工農(nong)業(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)產造(zao)成難以估(gu)量的(de)損失。因此(ci)，在(zai)掌握該濕地生(sheng)(sheng)態系(xi)統演化規律(lv)的(de)基礎上，開(kai)展對鹽堿(jian)地優良環境研究和(he)對各類資源充分、合(he)理利用與(yu)改良研究，對我國(guo)建設黃(huang)河三角洲糧(liang)棉基地有重(zhong)要意義(yi)。