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黃河(he)三角洲，以山東省東營市墾利縣寧(ning)海為軸點，北起套爾河(he)口(kou)，南至淄脈河(he)口(kou)，向東撒(sa)開的扇狀地形，海拔高程(cheng)低(di)于15米(mi)，面(mian)積達5450平(ping)方公里(li)。三角洲屬溫帶季風(feng)型大(da)陸性氣候，四季分(fen)明，光照充足，區(qu)(qu)內自然資源(yuan)豐(feng)富。1991年時在此設立(li)了自然保護區(qu)(qu)，并于1992年晉升為國家級自然保護區(qu)(qu)，以保護黃河(he)口(kou)原生(sheng)濕地生(sheng)態(tai)系統和丹頂鶴、白頭鶴等珍稀瀕危鳥類為主體。另(ling)外，資源(yuan)豐(feng)富的黃河(he)三角洲，對于環渤(bo)海及東北亞(ya)地區(qu)(qu)經濟發展，也有著極(ji)大(da)地經濟價值(zhi)。

保護對象

動物

區內動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)可分成陸(lu)生動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)生態群和，海洋動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)生態群，共記錄野生動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)1524種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。陸(lu)生脊(ji)椎動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)300種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其(qi)中(zhong)獸類20種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，鳥類265種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，爬行類9種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，兩棲類6種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。陸(lu)生無脊(ji)椎動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)583種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其(qi)中(zhong)節肢動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)534種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，原(yuan)腔動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)32種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，扁(bian)體(ti)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)17種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。陸(lu)生性(xing)水(shui)生動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)223種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其(qi)中(zhong)淡水(shui)魚類108種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，甲殼動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)49種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，軟體(ti)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)13種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，原(yuan)腔動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)18種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，原(yuan)生動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)19種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)r環節動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)4種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，水(shui)生昆(kun)蟲12種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。

海洋性(xing)水生動(dong)(dong)物(wu)共有(you)41.8種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其中海獸類5種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，海洋爬行(xing)類1種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，海洋魚類85種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，甲殼動(dong)(dong)物(wu)99種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，軟體動(dong)(dong)物(wu)95種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，環節(jie)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)81種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，腔(qiang)腸動(dong)(dong)物(wu)25種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，紐形動(dong)(dong)物(wu)8種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，棘皮動(dong)(dong)物(wu)10種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，星蟲動(dong)(dong)物(wu)2種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，腕足動(dong)(dong)物(wu)3種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，毛顎動(dong)(dong)物(wu)1種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其它脊索(suo)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)3種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。

黃河三角洲自(zi)然保(bao)(bao)護區是中國(guo)最大(da)的(de)一(yi)塊新生(sheng)(sheng)濕地(di)，區內(nei)動(dong)物分為陸生(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)物生(sheng)(sheng)態群和海洋動(dong)物生(sheng)(sheng)態群，共記錄(lu)野生(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)物1524種。陸生(sheng)(sheng)脊(ji)椎動(dong)物300種，無脊(ji)椎動(dong)物583種；陸生(sheng)(sheng)性水生(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)物223種，海洋性水生(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)物418種。保(bao)(bao)護區是東北亞內(nei)陸和環西太平(ping)洋鳥類(lei)(lei)(lei)遷徙重要的(de)“中轉站”，越冬(dong)地(di)和繁殖地(di)。鳥類(lei)(lei)(lei)資源豐(feng)富(fu)，珍(zhen)稀瀕危鳥類(lei)(lei)(lei)眾多。自(zi)然保(bao)(bao)護區內(nei)共有鳥類(lei)(lei)(lei)265種，其(qi)中屬國(guo)家一(yi)級(ji)重點保(bao)(bao)護鳥類(lei)(lei)(lei)有：白(bai)鸛(guan)、中華秋沙鴨、白(bai)尾海雕、金雕、丹頂(ding)鶴白(bai)頭鶴、大(da)鴇7種，屬國(guo)家二(er)級(ji)重點保(bao)(bao)護的(de)鳥類(lei)(lei)(lei)有海鸕鶿(zi)、大(da)天鵝(e)、灰(hui)鶴、白(bai)尾鷂(yao)

等(deng)33種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。在《瀕危野生(sheng)動植物種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國際貿易公約(yue)》中(zhong)，屬附錄(lu)Ⅰ的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)有(you)白(bai)鸛、丹(dan)頂鶴等(deng)7種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，屬附錄(lu)Ⅱ的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)有(you)花臉鴨、鵲鷂等(deng)26種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，屬于附錄(lu)Ⅲ的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)有(you)大白(bai)鷺、針(zhen)尾鴨等(deng)7種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。在《中(zhong)澳保(bao)護(hu)(hu)候鳥(niao)(niao)及其棲(qi)息(xi)環境(jing)的(de)協(xie)(xie)定》中(zhong)，保(bao)護(hu)(hu)鳥(niao)(niao)類(lei)81種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，自(zi)然(ran)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區內有(you)51種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。在《中(zhong)日(ri)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)候鳥(niao)(niao)及其棲(qi)息(xi)環境(jing)的(de)協(xie)(xie)定》中(zhong)，保(bao)護(hu)(hu)鳥(niao)(niao)類(lei)227種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，自(zi)然(ran)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區內有(you)152種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。

自然保護(hu)區其他動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)資源(yuan)有(you)(you)：陸(lu)生(sheng)脊椎(zhui)(zhui)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)35種(zhong)，陸(lu)生(sheng)無(wu)脊椎(zhui)(zhui)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)583種(zhong)，水生(sheng)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)641種(zhong)，其中(zhong)國家一級(ji)重點(dian)保護(hu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)有(you)(you)：白(bai)鱘、達氏鱘2種(zhong)，屬(shu)(shu)國家二級(ji)重點(dian)保護(hu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)有(you)(you)江豚(tun)、寬吻海豚(tun)、松(song)江鱸(lu)魚等(deng)7種(zhong)。在(zai)《瀕危野生(sheng)動(dong)(dong)(dong)植(zhi)物(wu)種(zhong)國際(ji)貿易(yi)公約》中(zhong)，屬(shu)(shu)附錄Ⅰ的(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)有(you)(you)棱皮龜、江豚(tun)2種(zhong)，屬(shu)(shu)附錄Ⅱ的(de)(de)種(zhong)類(lei)有(you)(you)豹貓、小須鯨(jing)等(deng)4種(zhong)，屬(shu)(shu)于附錄Ⅲ的(de)(de)種(zhong)類(lei)有(you)(you)黃(huang)鼬1種(zhong)。

植物

保護區內共有各(ge)類植(zhi)物393種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(含變種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong))。其中(zhong)浮游植(zhi)物4門(men)、116種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(變種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong))；蕨類植(zhi)物3科(ke)(ke)、3屬(shu)(shu)(shu)、4種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；裸(luo)子植(zhi)物2科(ke)(ke)、2屬(shu)(shu)(shu)、2種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；被子植(zhi)物54科(ke)(ke)、178屬(shu)(shu)(shu)、271種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其中(zhong)單子葉植(zhi)物11科(ke)(ke)、57屬(shu)(shu)(shu)、87種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，雙(shuang)子葉植(zhi)物43科(ke)(ke)、121屬(shu)(shu)(shu)、184種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。

科研價值

濕地生態

濕地生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)系(xi)(xi)統是水生(sheng)(sheng)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)系(xi)(xi)統向陸地生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)系(xi)(xi)統的一個過渡階段，其基(ji)本生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)功能是調節水

份循環和維持濕地(di)的(de)(de)動(dong)植物資(zi)源，特別是(shi)水禽的(de)(de)棲息地(di)和遷移性鳥(niao)類的(de)(de)繁(fan)殖地(di)，其(qi)(qi)脆弱性決(jue)定了易失難復原(yuan)的(de)(de)現(xian)實(shi)，因而(er)開(kai)展對濕地(di)生態系統的(de)(de)生產者(zhe)、消費(fei)者(zhe)的(de)(de)研(yan)究，掌握其(qi)(qi)演替規律，研(yan)究其(qi)(qi)發生、發展、組成(cheng)至關重要。

林種基因

自然(ran)保護(hu)區內分布著天然(ran)柳(liu)林(lin)、天然(ran)檉(cheng)柳(liu)林(lin)及大(da)面積的(de)野大(da)豆，提供了對遺傳基因研究(jiu)和植物發展演(yan)替規律研究(jiu)的(de)基本材(cai)料。

穩定黃河

開展黃河(he)穩流固道研究是(shi)一(yi)個高難度課(ke)題，運用(yong)海動力(li)學原(yuan)理及黃河(he)沉(chen)砂規律研究穩定黃河(he)尾(wei)閭(lv)的(de)工程(cheng)措(cuo)施，事關(guan)大局，意義深遠，將是(shi)對全民族的(de)貢獻。

改良土地

自然保護區內隱性(xing)潮土(tu)占保護區總(zong)面積的(de)40%，這部(bu)分土(tu)壤pH值在7.5～7.8之間，極易發生(sheng)鹽漬化(hua)。50年代后期(qi)的(de)盲目開發，使該地(di)區大片土(tu)地(di)鹽堿(jian)化(hua)，給當(dang)地(di)的(de)生(sheng)態環境(jing)和工農業生(sheng)產造成難以估量的(de)損失(shi)。因此，在掌握該濕地(di)生(sheng)態系統(tong)演化(hua)規律的(de)基礎(chu)上，開展對(dui)鹽堿(jian)地(di)優良環境(jing)研究和對(dui)各類資源充分、合理利用與改良研究，對(dui)我國(guo)建設黃河三(san)角(jiao)洲糧棉基地(di)有重要(yao)意義。