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黃河三角(jiao)洲，以(yi)山東(dong)省東(dong)營市(shi)墾利縣(xian)寧海為軸點，北起套爾河口(kou)，南(nan)至(zhi)淄脈河口(kou)，向東(dong)撒開的(de)扇狀地(di)形，海拔高程低于(yu)(yu)15米，面積達(da)5450平方公里。三角(jiao)洲屬溫帶季(ji)風型(xing)大(da)陸性氣候，四季(ji)分明，光照充足(zu)，區(qu)(qu)內自然資源豐(feng)富(fu)(fu)。1991年(nian)時在此設(she)立了自然保(bao)護區(qu)(qu)，并于(yu)(yu)1992年(nian)晉(jin)升為國家級自然保(bao)護區(qu)(qu)，以(yi)保(bao)護黃河口(kou)原生濕地(di)生態(tai)系(xi)統和(he)丹頂鶴、白頭鶴等珍稀(xi)瀕(bin)危(wei)鳥類為主體(ti)。另外，資源豐(feng)富(fu)(fu)的(de)黃河三角(jiao)洲，對(dui)于(yu)(yu)環渤海及東(dong)北亞地(di)區(qu)(qu)經濟(ji)發(fa)展，也有著(zhu)極(ji)大(da)地(di)經濟(ji)價(jia)值(zhi)。

保護對象

動物

區內(nei)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)可分成陸(lu)生(sheng)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)生(sheng)態群和，海洋動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)生(sheng)態群，共記錄野生(sheng)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)1524種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。陸(lu)生(sheng)脊椎(zhui)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)300種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其(qi)(qi)中獸(shou)類(lei)20種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，鳥(niao)類(lei)265種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，爬行類(lei)9種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，兩棲類(lei)6種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。陸(lu)生(sheng)無脊椎(zhui)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)583種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其(qi)(qi)中節肢動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)534種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，原(yuan)腔動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)32種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，扁體(ti)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)17種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。陸(lu)生(sheng)性水(shui)生(sheng)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)223種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其(qi)(qi)中淡水(shui)魚類(lei)108種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，甲殼動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)49種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，軟(ruan)體(ti)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)13種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，原(yuan)腔動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)18種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，原(yuan)生(sheng)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)19種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)r環(huan)節動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)4種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，水(shui)生(sheng)昆蟲12種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。

海(hai)洋性水(shui)生動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)共有41.8種(zhong)(zhong)，其(qi)(qi)中海(hai)獸類5種(zhong)(zhong)，海(hai)洋爬行(xing)類1種(zhong)(zhong)，海(hai)洋魚(yu)類85種(zhong)(zhong)，甲殼動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)99種(zhong)(zhong)，軟體動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)95種(zhong)(zhong)，環節動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)81種(zhong)(zhong)，腔腸動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)25種(zhong)(zhong)，紐(niu)形動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)8種(zhong)(zhong)，棘(ji)皮動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)10種(zhong)(zhong)，星蟲動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)2種(zhong)(zhong)，腕足動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)3種(zhong)(zhong)，毛顎動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)1種(zhong)(zhong)，其(qi)(qi)它脊索動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)3種(zhong)(zhong)。

黃河三(san)角洲自(zi)然保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)區是中(zhong)(zhong)國最大(da)(da)的(de)(de)一(yi)塊(kuai)新生(sheng)濕地(di)(di)，區內動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物分為陸(lu)(lu)生(sheng)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物生(sheng)態(tai)群和(he)海(hai)洋動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物生(sheng)態(tai)群，共記錄野生(sheng)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物1524種(zhong)(zhong)。陸(lu)(lu)生(sheng)脊椎(zhui)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物300種(zhong)(zhong)，無(wu)脊椎(zhui)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物583種(zhong)(zhong)；陸(lu)(lu)生(sheng)性(xing)水生(sheng)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物223種(zhong)(zhong)，海(hai)洋性(xing)水生(sheng)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物418種(zhong)(zhong)。保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)區是東北亞內陸(lu)(lu)和(he)環西太(tai)平洋鳥(niao)類遷(qian)徙(xi)重(zhong)要的(de)(de)“中(zhong)(zhong)轉站”，越冬地(di)(di)和(he)繁殖地(di)(di)。鳥(niao)類資源(yuan)豐富(fu)，珍稀瀕危鳥(niao)類眾多(duo)。自(zi)然保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)區內共有鳥(niao)類265種(zhong)(zhong)，其中(zhong)(zhong)屬(shu)國家一(yi)級重(zhong)點(dian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)鳥(niao)類有：白鸛、中(zhong)(zhong)華秋沙鴨、白尾海(hai)雕、金雕、丹(dan)頂鶴(he)白頭鶴(he)、大(da)(da)鴇7種(zhong)(zhong)，屬(shu)國家二級重(zhong)點(dian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)的(de)(de)鳥(niao)類有海(hai)鸕鶿、大(da)(da)天鵝、灰(hui)鶴(he)、白尾鷂(yao)

等(deng)33種。在《瀕危野生動植(zhi)物(wu)種國際(ji)貿易公約》中(zhong)，屬附(fu)錄(lu)(lu)Ⅰ的(de)種類(lei)(lei)(lei)有(you)(you)白鸛、丹(dan)頂鶴(he)等(deng)7種，屬附(fu)錄(lu)(lu)Ⅱ的(de)種類(lei)(lei)(lei)有(you)(you)花臉鴨、鵲鷂等(deng)26種，屬于附(fu)錄(lu)(lu)Ⅲ的(de)種類(lei)(lei)(lei)有(you)(you)大白鷺、針(zhen)尾(wei)鴨等(deng)7種。在《中(zhong)澳保護(hu)候鳥及(ji)其棲息(xi)(xi)環(huan)境的(de)協定》中(zhong)，保護(hu)鳥類(lei)(lei)(lei)81種，自然保護(hu)區(qu)內有(you)(you)51種。在《中(zhong)日保護(hu)候鳥及(ji)其棲息(xi)(xi)環(huan)境的(de)協定》中(zhong)，保護(hu)鳥類(lei)(lei)(lei)227種，自然保護(hu)區(qu)內有(you)(you)152種。

自然保護(hu)區其他動(dong)物(wu)資源有(you)：陸生脊(ji)椎動(dong)物(wu)35種(zhong)(zhong)，陸生無(wu)脊(ji)椎動(dong)物(wu)583種(zhong)(zhong)，水生動(dong)物(wu)641種(zhong)(zhong)，其中國家(jia)一級(ji)重(zhong)點保護(hu)動(dong)物(wu)有(you)：白鱘(xun)、達氏鱘(xun)2種(zhong)(zhong)，屬國家(jia)二級(ji)重(zhong)點保護(hu)動(dong)物(wu)有(you)江(jiang)豚(tun)(tun)、寬吻(wen)海豚(tun)(tun)、松江(jiang)鱸魚等(deng)7種(zhong)(zhong)。在《瀕(bin)危野生動(dong)植物(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)國際貿易公約(yue)》中，屬附(fu)錄(lu)Ⅰ的動(dong)物(wu)有(you)棱皮龜、江(jiang)豚(tun)(tun)2種(zhong)(zhong)，屬附(fu)錄(lu)Ⅱ的種(zhong)(zhong)類有(you)豹(bao)貓、小須鯨等(deng)4種(zhong)(zhong)，屬于附(fu)錄(lu)Ⅲ的種(zhong)(zhong)類有(you)黃鼬1種(zhong)(zhong)。

植物

保(bao)護區內共有各類植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)393種(zhong)(zhong)(含變(bian)種(zhong)(zhong))。其中浮游(you)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)4門、116種(zhong)(zhong)(變(bian)種(zhong)(zhong))；蕨類植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)3科(ke)(ke)、3屬(shu)(shu)、4種(zhong)(zhong)；裸子(zi)(zi)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)2科(ke)(ke)、2屬(shu)(shu)、2種(zhong)(zhong)；被子(zi)(zi)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)54科(ke)(ke)、178屬(shu)(shu)、271種(zhong)(zhong)，其中單(dan)子(zi)(zi)葉(xie)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)11科(ke)(ke)、57屬(shu)(shu)、87種(zhong)(zhong)，雙子(zi)(zi)葉(xie)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)43科(ke)(ke)、121屬(shu)(shu)、184種(zhong)(zhong)。

科研價值

濕地生態

濕地(di)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)系(xi)統是水生(sheng)(sheng)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)系(xi)統向陸(lu)地(di)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)系(xi)統的一個(ge)過渡階段，其基(ji)本生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)功(gong)能是調節(jie)水

份(fen)循(xun)環和維持(chi)濕地的(de)動植物資源，特(te)別(bie)是水禽(qin)的(de)棲(qi)息地和遷移性鳥類的(de)繁殖地，其脆(cui)弱(ruo)性決定了(le)易失難復原的(de)現實，因而(er)開展對濕地生(sheng)態系(xi)統的(de)生(sheng)產者(zhe)、消費者(zhe)的(de)研(yan)究(jiu)，掌握其演替規(gui)律，研(yan)究(jiu)其發生(sheng)、發展、組成(cheng)至關重要(yao)。

林種基因

自然保護區內分布(bu)著天然柳林、天然檉柳林及大(da)面積的(de)野大(da)豆，提供了對遺(yi)傳基(ji)因研究(jiu)和植(zhi)物發展演替規律研究(jiu)的(de)基(ji)本(ben)材料。

穩定黃河

開展黃(huang)河穩流固道研究是一個高難(nan)度課題，運用海(hai)動力學原理及(ji)黃(huang)河沉砂(sha)規律研究穩定黃(huang)河尾閭的工程(cheng)措施，事關大(da)局(ju)，意義深(shen)遠，將是對全民族的貢(gong)獻。

改良土地

自(zi)然保(bao)護區(qu)內(nei)隱(yin)性潮土(tu)占保(bao)護區(qu)總面積的(de)40%，這部分土(tu)壤pH值在7.5～7.8之間，極(ji)易發(fa)生鹽漬(zi)化。50年代后期的(de)盲目(mu)開(kai)發(fa)，使該地區(qu)大(da)片土(tu)地鹽堿化，給當地的(de)生態環境(jing)和工農業生產(chan)造成難(nan)以估量的(de)損失。因(yin)此(ci)，在掌握該濕(shi)地生態系統演化規律(lv)的(de)基礎上，開(kai)展對鹽堿地優良環境(jing)研究和對各類資源充分、合理利用與改良研究，對我國建設(she)黃(huang)河三角洲糧棉基地有(you)重要意義。