鋅(Zinc)是一(yi)種化(hua)(hua)學(xue)元(yuan)(yuan)素,它的(de)(de)(de)(de)化(hua)(hua)學(xue)符號(hao)是Zn,它的(de)(de)(de)(de)原子序數是30,在(zai)化(hua)(hua)學(xue)元(yuan)(yuan)素周期表中位于第4周期、第ⅡB族。鋅是一(yi)種淺(qian)灰色的(de)(de)(de)(de)過渡(du)金(jin)屬,也(ye)是第四"常(chang)見(jian)"的(de)(de)(de)(de)金(jin)屬。在(zai)現(xian)代(dai)工業中,鋅是電池制造上不可替(ti)代(dai)、相當重(zhong)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)金(jin)屬。此(ci)外,鋅也(ye)是人體必需(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)微量元(yuan)(yuan)素之一(yi),起著極其重(zhong)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用。
鋅,它的名稱“zinc”來源于(yu)拉丁文(wen)Zincum,意思是“白色(se)薄層”或“白色(se)沉積物”。化學符號是Zn,它的原子序數是30,原子量為(wei)65.38。鋅是一種銀白色(se)略帶淡(dan)藍色(se)金屬,密度為(wei)7.14g/cm3,熔點為(wei)419.5℃。在室(shi)溫下(xia),性較脆(cui);100~150℃時(shi),變軟;超過200℃后,又變干(gan)。鋅的化學性質(zhi)活潑,在常溫下(xia)的空氣中(zhong),表(biao)面生成一層薄而(er)致密的堿式碳酸(suan)鋅膜,可阻止進一步氧化。當溫度達到225℃后,鋅劇(ju)烈氧化。
鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)在空氣中(zhong)很難燃(ran)燒(shao),在氧(yang)氣中(zhong)發出強烈白(bai)光(guang)。鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)表面有一(yi)層(ceng)氧(yang)化鋅(xin)(xin)(xin),燃(ran)燒(shao)時冒出白(bai)煙,白(bai)色煙霧的主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)成分是氧(yang)化鋅(xin)(xin)(xin),不僅阻隔鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)燃(ran)燒(shao),會折射焰色形成慘白(bai)光(guang)芒(mang)。鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)易溶于酸(suan),也易從(cong)溶液中(zhong)置換金(jin)、銀、銅等(deng)(deng)。鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)的氧(yang)化膜熔點高(gao),但金(jin)屬鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)熔點卻(que)很低,所以在酒精燈(deng)上加(jia)熱鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)片(pian),鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)片(pian)熔化變軟,卻(que)不落下,正是因為氧(yang)化膜的作用。鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)用于鋼(gang)鐵(tie)、冶金(jin)、機(ji)械、電氣、化工、輕工、軍事和醫藥等(deng)(deng)領域(yu)。
管制信息(xi):鋅(xin)(xin)粉別名(ming)鋅(xin)(xin)粒(li)、高(gao)純鋅(xin)(xin)、無砷鋅(xin)(xin)等屬于易制爆(bao)物品,根據(ju)《危險化(hua)學品安全管理條例》受(shou)公安部門管制。
《集韻》祖似切(qie),音子(zi)。剛(gang)也。《玉(yu)篇》同釨。
相(xiang)對原子量65.38(初中階段(duan)一般取65)
鋅(xin)(xin)是一種藍白色金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)。當溫(wen)度達(da)到225℃后,鋅(xin)(xin)氧化(hua)(hua)激烈。鋅(xin)(xin)易溶于酸(suan),也(ye)易從溶液中置換金(jin)(jin)、銀、銅等。鋅(xin)(xin)在(zai)自(zi)然界中,多以硫化(hua)(hua)物狀(zhuang)態(tai)存(cun)在(zai)。主(zhu)要含鋅(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)物是閃鋅(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)。也(ye)有少量氧化(hua)(hua)礦(kuang),如(ru)菱(ling)鋅(xin)(xin)礦(kuang),如(ru)菱(ling)鋅(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)和異極礦(kuang)。
原(yuan)子半徑(計算值):135(142)pm
共價半徑(jing):131pm
范德華(hua)半徑(jing):139pm
電子(zi)層:K-L-M-N
原子核外電子排布:2,8,18,2
電子(zi)排布式:[Ar]3d10 4s2
核電荷數:30
含量(ppm)
元素在(zai)太陽中的含量:2
元素(su)在海水(shui)中的(de)含量:0.00005(微量元素(su))
地殼中含量:75(微量元素)
主氧化態:+2
其它:+1
電離能(單位:kj/mol)
M - M+ 906.4
M+ - M2+ 1733.3
M2+ - M3+ 3832.6
M3+ - M4+ 5730
M4+ - M5+ 7970
M5+ - M6+ 10400
M6+ - M7+ 12900
M7+ - M8+ 16800
M8+ - M9+ 19600
M9+ - M10+ 23000
晶(jing)體(ti)(ti)結構:密排六方體(ti)(ti)
a = 266.49 pm
b = 266.49 pm
c = 494.68 pm
α = 90°
β = 90°
γ = 120°同(tong)位(wei)素
同位素 豐度(du) 半衰期 衰變(bian)模式 衰變(bian)能量MeV 衰變(bian)產物
64Zn 48.60% 穩定
65Zn 人(ren)造 244.26天 電(dian)子捕獲 1.352 65Cu
66Zn 27.90% 穩定(ding)
67Zn 4.10% 穩定
68Zn 18.80% 穩(wen)定
72Zn 人(ren)造 46.5小時 β衰變 0.458 72Ga
常見的含有鋅(xin)的合金(jin):馬(ma)口(kou)鐵——鍍錫薄鋼板;黃銅——鋅(xin)和銅的合金(jin),早(zao)被古人利用。黃銅的生(sheng)產可能是冶金(jin)學(xue)上最早(zao)的偶(ou)然發現之一。
體積:9.16×10-6 m3/mol
聲(sheng)速:3700m/s(293.15K)
電負性:1.65(鮑林標(biao)度(du))
比熱容:390J/(kg·K)
電導率:16.6×106/(m·Ω)
熱導率:116W/(m·K)
莫氏硬度:2.5
汽化(hua)熱:115.3kJ/mol
熔化熱(re):7.322kJ/mol
蒸氣壓:192.2Pa(692.73K)
鋅的化學性質(zhi)與鋁相似(si),所以(yi),通常(chang)可以(yi)由鋁的性質(zhi),推斷鋅的化學性質(zhi)(兩性)。
①單質鋅(xin),即可與酸(suan)反應,又可與堿反應。
②氧化鋅(xin)和氫氧化鋅(xin),既(ji)可溶于酸,又可溶于堿。
單質鋅
氫氧化鋅
氯化鋅
硫化鋅
硝酸鋅
鋅的配合物
鋅(xin)被(bei)羅馬人所知(zhi),但(dan)很少(shao)使用。它第(di)一次以其金屬自身被(bei)認可(ke)是在印度,在拉賈(jia)斯(si)坦邦的(de)Zawar有(you)一個(ge)鋅(xin)熔爐有(you)大量的(de)鋅(xin),證明了大規模的(de)精煉在1100年(nian)到1500年(nian)。
鋅(xin)的(de)(de)(de)大規(gui)模精煉在中國進行,于(yu)16世紀。東印度公司的(de)(de)(de)船在瑞典的(de)(de)(de)海岸沉(chen)沒,于(yu)1745年,其運(yun)載的(de)(de)(de)貨物(wu)是(shi)中國的(de)(de)(de)鋅(xin),分析(xi)了回收的(de)(de)(de)鑄錠證明了它們是(shi)幾乎純凈(jing)的(de)(de)(de)金屬。
在1668年(nian),佛(fo)蘭(lan)德的(de)冶金家(jia)(jia)P.Moras de Respour,從氧化鋅中提取了(le)金屬(shu)鋅,但歐洲認為鋅是由德國化學家(jia)(jia)Andreas Marggraf在1746年(nian)發現的(de),而且的(de)確是他第一個(ge)確認了(le)其是一種新(xin)的(de)金屬(shu)。
鋅(xin)(xin)也是(shi)人類自遠古時就知道其化合物的(de)元素之一(yi)。鋅(xin)(xin)礦石(shi)和銅(tong)熔(rong)化制得合金(jin)——黃銅(tong),早(zao)為(wei)古代人們所(suo)利用。但金(jin)屬狀(zhuang)鋅(xin)(xin)的(de)獲得比(bi)銅(tong)、鐵、錫(xi)、鉛要晚得多,一(yi)般認為(wei)這是(shi)由于碳和鋅(xin)(xin)礦共(gong)熱時,溫度很快高達1000℃以上,而金(jin)屬鋅(xin)(xin)的(de)沸點是(shi)906℃,故鋅(xin)(xin)即(ji)成(cheng)為(wei)蒸氣狀(zhuang)態,隨煙散(san)失,不易為(wei)古代人們所(suo)察(cha)覺,只(zhi)有(you)當人們掌握了冷凝氣體的(de)方法后,單質鋅(xin)(xin)才有(you)可能被取得。
世(shi)(shi)界(jie)上最早(zao)發現(xian)并(bing)使用鋅(xin)的(de)是中國(guo),在(zai)10~11世(shi)(shi)紀中國(guo)是首先大規(gui)模生產鋅(xin)的(de)國(guo)家。明朝末年宋(song)應星所著的(de)《天工開物》一書中有世(shi)(shi)界(jie)上最早(zao)的(de)關于煉鋅(xin)技術的(de)記(ji)載。1750~1850年人們已(yi)開始用氧化(hua)(hua)鋅(xin)和硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)鋅(xin)來治病。
1869年Raulin發現鋅(xin)存在于生活(huo)機(ji)體(ti)中(zhong),并為生活(huo)機(ji)體(ti)所必需。1963年報告(gao)了人體(ti)的(de)(de)鋅(xin)缺乏病,于是鋅(xin)開始(shi)列(lie)為人體(ti)必需營(ying)養(yang)素。鋅(xin)的(de)(de)生產過(guo)程非常簡單,將(jiang)爐甘石(即菱(ling)鋅(xin)礦石)裝滿在陶罐內密封(feng),堆成錐形,罐與(yu)罐之間的(de)(de)空隙用木(mu)炭填充,將(jiang)罐打破,就(jiu)可以得(de)到提(ti)取出來的(de)(de)金屬鋅(xin)錠。
另(ling)外,我國化學(xue)史(shi)和(he)分析化學(xue)研究(jiu)的開拓者(zhe)王鏈(1888—1966)在1956年分析了(le)唐、隋、明、清(qing)等古錢(qian)后,發現宋朝的紹圣錢(qian)中(zhong)含鋅量高(gao)。鋅的實際應(ying)用可能比《天工(gong)開物》成書年代還早。
鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)單一鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)較少,鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)資源(yuan)(yuan)主要是(shi)鉛(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)。中(zhong)國(guo)銅(tong)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)資源(yuan)(yuan)比較豐富,全國(guo)除(chu)上海、天津(jin)、香(xiang)港外,均(jun)有(you)鉛(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)產(chan)(chan)(chan)出。產(chan)(chan)(chan)地(di)有(you)700多處,保有(you)鉛(qian)總儲(chu)量(liang)(liang)3572萬(wan)噸(dun)(dun),居世界第4位(wei);鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)儲(chu)量(liang)(liang)9384萬(wan)噸(dun)(dun),居世界第4位(wei)。從省(sheng)(sheng)際(ji)比較來看,云(yun)(yun)南(nan)(nan)(nan)鉛(qian)儲(chu)量(liang)(liang)占全國(guo)總儲(chu)量(liang)(liang)17%,位(wei)居全國(guo)榜首。廣東、內(nei)蒙古(gu)、甘肅、江(jiang)西(xi)、湖(hu)南(nan)(nan)(nan)、四(si)川(chuan)次(ci)(ci)之,探明儲(chu)量(liang)(liang)均(jun)在200萬(wan)噸(dun)(dun)以(yi)(yi)上。全國(guo)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)儲(chu)量(liang)(liang)以(yi)(yi)云(yun)(yun)南(nan)(nan)(nan)為最,占全國(guo)21.8%;內(nei)蒙古(gu)次(ci)(ci)之,占13.5%;其他如(ru)甘肅、廣東、廣西(xi)、湖(hu)南(nan)(nan)(nan)等(deng)省(sheng)(sheng)(區(qu))的(de)(de)(de)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)資源(yuan)(yuan)也(ye)較豐富,均(jun)在600萬(wan)噸(dun)(dun)以(yi)(yi)上。鉛(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)主要分布在滇(dian)西(xi)蘭(lan)坪地(di)區(qu)、滇(dian)川(chuan)地(di)區(qu)、南(nan)(nan)(nan)嶺地(di)區(qu)、秦嶺-祁連山地(di)區(qu)以(yi)(yi)及內(nei)蒙古(gu)狼山-渣爾泰地(di)區(qu)。從礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)床類(lei)型(xing)來看,有(you)與花(hua)崗(gang)巖(yan)有(you)關的(de)(de)(de)花(hua)崗(gang)巖(yan)型(xing)(廣東連平)、夕卡巖(yan)型(xing)(湖(hu)南(nan)(nan)(nan)水口山)、斑巖(yan)型(xing)(云(yun)(yun)南(nan)(nan)(nan)姚安)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)床,有(you)與海相(xiang)(xiang)火山有(you)關的(de)(de)(de)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)床(青海錫鐵(tie)山),有(you)產(chan)(chan)(chan)于(yu)陸相(xiang)(xiang)火山巖(yan)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)床(江(jiang)西(xi)冷水坑(keng)和浙(zhe)江(jiang)五部鉛(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)),有(you)產(chan)(chan)(chan)于(yu)海相(xiang)(xiang)碳酸鹽(廣東凡口)、泥巖(yan)-碎屑巖(yan)系中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)鉛(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(甘肅西(xi)成鉛(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)),有(you)產(chan)(chan)(chan)于(yu)海相(xiang)(xiang)或陸相(xiang)(xiang)砂巖(yan)和礫巖(yan)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)鉛(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(云(yun)(yun)南(nan)(nan)(nan)金頂)等(deng)。鉛(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)成礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)時(shi)代(dai)從太古(gu)宙到新生代(dai)皆有(you),以(yi)(yi)古(gu)生代(dai)鉛(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)資源(yuan)(yuan)力量(liang)(liang)豐富。
金(jin)融危機之后各(ge)國(guo)(guo)紛(fen)紛(fen)推出(chu)救市計劃,各(ge)大(da)央(yang)行(xing)(xing)也陸續釋放流動(dong)性(xing),美(mei)國(guo)(guo)持續量寬、中國(guo)(guo)推出(chu)四(si)萬億以(yi)促使(shi)經(jing)濟復蘇,充裕的流動(dong)性(xing)使(shi)得金(jin)融屬性(xing)占據主要地(di)位推升2010年鋅價不(bu)斷(duan)走高。《2013-2017年中國(guo)(guo)鋅行(xing)(xing)業競(jing)爭態(tai)勢及投資(zi)發展預(yu)測報(bao)告》,全球經(jing)濟趨于(yu)穩定(ding),美(mei)國(guo)(guo)緩慢復蘇,市場上(shang)(shang)關(guan)于(yu)QE3退出(chu)的預(yu)期(qi)逐(zhu)漸(jian)增強,倘(tang)若(ruo)美(mei)國(guo)(guo)經(jing)濟政策發生改(gai)變,美(mei)元(yuan)將會走強,鋅價受其(qi)影響(xiang)較大(da)。但同時值得注意的是,經(jing)濟復蘇也在(zai)一(yi)定(ding)程度(du)上(shang)(shang)帶來需求(qiu)恢復,兩種屬性(xing)的博弈(yi)將共(gong)同決定(ding)鋅價未來走勢。
美(mei)國(guo)金融危(wei)機后(hou)通過持(chi)續寬松(song)的(de)貨幣(bi)政策(ce)(ce)促進經濟和(he)(he)就業(ye)增(zeng)(zeng)長,盡管貨幣(bi)寬松(song)政策(ce)(ce)的(de)邊(bian)際(ji)效用(yong)遞(di)減,但可(ke)以看(kan)到的(de)是,美(mei)國(guo)GDP增(zeng)(zeng)速的(de)低速增(zeng)(zeng)長和(he)(he)就業(ye)市場(chang)(chang)的(de)緩(huan)慢好轉表明,美(mei)國(guo)經濟正在(zai)弱勢(shi)復蘇。美(mei)國(guo)經濟復蘇以及(ji)房地產市場(chang)(chang)的(de)回暖帶動對鋅的(de)需求上(shang)升,但這種弱勢(shi)復蘇態勢(shi)仍比較脆(cui)弱,對鋅需求帶動也有限。
等級 Zn(%) Cu(%) Pb(%) Fe(%)
1 ≥55 ≤0.8 ≤1.0 ≤6.0
2 ≥53 ≤0.8 ≤1.0 ≤6.0
3 ≥50 ≤1.0 ≤1.5 ≤8.0
4 ≥48 ≤1.0 ≤1.5 ≤12.0
5 ≥45 ≤1.5 ≤2.0 ≤12.0
6 ≥43 ≤1.5 ≤2.0 ≤12.0
7 ≥2.0 ≤2.5 ≤14.0
8 ≥40 ≤2.0 ≤2.8 ≤18.0
世(shi)界上鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)全(quan)部消(xiao)費(fei)中(zhong)大約(yue)有一半(ban)用于(yu)鍍鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin),約(yue)10%用于(yu)黃銅和青銅,不(bu)到10%用于(yu)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)基合(he)金,約(yue)7.5%用于(yu)化學制品,約(yue)13%用于(yu)制造干電池(chi),以鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)餅(bing)、鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)板形式出現(xian)。國際鉛鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)研究組預測,2004年全(quan)球鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)消(xiao)費(fei)量(liang)(liang)(liang)會比(bi)2003年的(de)(de)(de)985萬t增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)4.8%,2005年將再增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)4.3%,預計2005年中(zhong)國將占(zhan)(zhan)世(shi)界鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)消(xiao)費(fei)總量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)四分之(zhi)一,它的(de)(de)(de)消(xiao)費(fei)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)的(de)(de)(de)部分原因是鍍鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)鋼(gang)用量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)。相(xiang)比(bi)之(zhi)下,美國可能(neng)只占(zhan)(zhan)全(quan)球鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)需求的(de)(de)(de)十分之(zhi)一。
(1)鍍(du)(du)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)有優良的(de)抗大(da)氣(qi)腐蝕性能(neng),在(zai)常溫下表面易生成一(yi)層(ceng)(ceng)保(bao)護(hu)膜,因此鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)最大(da)的(de)用(yong)(yong)(yong)途是用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)鍍(du)(du)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)工業(ye)。被主要(yao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)鋼(gang)(gang)材和鋼(gang)(gang)結(jie)構(gou)件(jian)的(de)表面鍍(du)(du)層(ceng)(ceng)(如鍍(du)(du)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)板),廣泛用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)汽車、建筑、船(chuan)(chuan)舶、輕工等行業(ye)。21世紀(ji)(ji)后西方國家開始嘗(chang)試直(zhi)接(jie)用(yong)(yong)(yong)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)合金(jin)板做屋頂(ding)覆蓋材料(liao)(liao),其使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)年(nian)限可(ke)(ke)長達(da)120-140年(nian),而(er)且(qie)可(ke)(ke)回(hui)收再(zai)用(yong)(yong)(yong),而(er)用(yong)(yong)(yong)鍍(du)(du)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)鐵板作屋頂(ding)材料(liao)(liao)的(de)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)壽命一(yi)般為(wei)5-10年(nian)。21世紀(ji)(ji)后,鋼(gang)(gang)帶熱(re)浸鍍(du)(du)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)量有顯著增長。電(dian)鍍(du)(du)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)也有使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong),但該法(fa)一(yi)般用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)較(jiao)薄的(de)鍍(du)(du)層(ceng)(ceng)和不(bu)同的(de)表面光潔度。使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)含(han)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)粉(fen)的(de)涂(tu)料(liao)(liao)是涂(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)的(de)另一(yi)種方法(fa);對于(yu)(yu)與水連續接(jie)觸的(de)物體,如用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)船(chuan)(chuan)舶、橋梁(liang)和近海(hai)油氣(qi)井架的(de)大(da)的(de)鋼(gang)(gang)構(gou)件(jian),只須和大(da)的(de)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)塊連接(jie),便可(ke)(ke)得到保(bao)護(hu),不(bu)過(guo)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)塊要(yao)定期更換。
(2)鋅(xin)合金(jin)(jin)用于(yu)汽車(che)制(zhi)造和(he)機(ji)械行業。鋅(xin)具(ju)(ju)(ju)有適用的(de)(de)(de)機(ji)械性(xing)(xing)能。鋅(xin)本身(shen)的(de)(de)(de)強度(du)和(he)硬度(du)不(bu)高,但加入(ru)鋁(lv)(lv)、銅(tong)等合金(jin)(jin)元素后(hou),其強度(du)和(he)硬度(du)均大為提(ti)高,猶(you)其是(shi)鋅(xin)銅(tong)鈦合金(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)出現,其綜合機(ji)械性(xing)(xing)能已接近或達到鋁(lv)(lv)合金(jin)(jin)、黃銅(tong)、灰鑄鐵的(de)(de)(de)水平,其抗蠕變性(xing)(xing)能也大幅度(du)被(bei)提(ti)高。因(yin)此,鋅(xin)銅(tong)鈦合金(jin)(jin)已被(bei)廣泛應(ying)用于(yu)小五金(jin)(jin)生產(chan)中(zhong)(zhong)。主要為壓(ya)鑄件,用于(yu)汽車(che)、建筑(zhu)、部分電氣(qi)設備、家(jia)用電器、玩(wan)具(ju)(ju)(ju)等的(de)(de)(de)零部件生產(chan)。許(xu)多鋅(xin)合金(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)加工(gong)(gong)性(xing)(xing)能都比較優(you)良,道次加工(gong)(gong)率可(ke)(ke)(ke)達60%-80%。中(zhong)(zhong)壓(ya)性(xing)(xing)能優(you)越(yue),可(ke)(ke)(ke)進(jin)行深拉(la)延,并具(ju)(ju)(ju)有自(zi)潤滑性(xing)(xing),延長了模具(ju)(ju)(ju)壽命,可(ke)(ke)(ke)用釬焊(han)或電阻焊(han)或電弧焊(han)(需在(zai)氦氣(qi)中(zhong)(zhong))進(jin)行焊(han)接,表面可(ke)(ke)(ke)進(jin)行電鍍、涂漆處理,切削(xue)加工(gong)(gong)性(xing)(xing)能良好。在(zai)一定條件下具(ju)(ju)(ju)有優(you)越(yue)性(xing)(xing)。一般(ban)用于(yu)機(ji)械制(zhi)造業。含少(shao)量(liang)鉛鎘等元素的(de)(de)(de)鋅(xin)板(ban)(ban)可(ke)(ke)(ke)制(zhi)成鋅(xin)錳干電池負極、印(yin)花鋅(xin)板(ban)(ban)、有粉腐蝕照相制(zhi)板(ban)(ban)和(he)膠印(yin)印(yin)刷板(ban)(ban)等。
(3)鋅可以(yi)用來制(zhi)作電(dian)(dian)池(chi)。例如(ru):鋅錳電(dian)(dian)池(chi)以(yi)及鋅空氣蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)。
鋅(xin)錳(meng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi):鋅(xin)作為負極(ji)活性(xing)物質,兼作電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)容器和(he)(he)(he)負極(ji)引電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)體,是決定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)貯(zhu)(zhu)存(cun)性(xing)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)主要材料。在鋅(xin)片中含(han)有少量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)鎘(ge)和(he)(he)(he)鉛。鎘(ge)能(neng)增強鋅(xin)的(de)(de)(de)強度,鉛能(neng)改進鋅(xin)的(de)(de)(de)延展加(jia)工(gong)性(xing)能(neng)。鎘(ge)與鉛均(jun)能(neng)提(ti)高氫在鋅(xin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)上的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位,減少鋅(xin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)的(de)(de)(de)自(zi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),減緩鋅(xin)片的(de)(de)(de)腐蝕和(he)(he)(he)氫氣(qi)的(de)(de)(de)釋放(fang)。鋅(xin)片中若含(han)有Cu、Fe、Ni等(deng),將降低H2在鋅(xin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)上析(xi)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位,加(jia)速(su)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)在貯(zhu)(zhu)存(cun)過(guo)程中的(de)(de)(de)自(zi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),因此這些有害雜(za)質必須嚴(yan)格控制。
鋅空(kong)(kong)氣蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi):鋅空(kong)(kong)氣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)又稱鋅氧(yang)(yang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi),是(shi)金屬空(kong)(kong)氣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)種。鋅空(kong)(kong)氣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)比能(neng)理論(lun)值(zhi)是(shi)1350W·h/kg,最新的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)比能(neng)量(liang)(liang)已達到了230Wh/kg,幾乎是(shi)鉛(qian)酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)8倍。可見鋅空(kong)(kong)氣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)空(kong)(kong)間非常大(da)。鋅空(kong)(kong)氣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)一(yi)(yi)般(ban)采取抽換鋅電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)辦法進行“機械式充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)”。更換電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)時間在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)幾分鐘即可完(wan)成。換上新的(de)(de)(de)(de)鋅電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji),“充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)”時間極(ji)(ji)(ji)短,非常方便。如此(ci)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)得到發(fa)展(zhan),省去(qu)了充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站等社會(hui)保障設施(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)興建(jian)。鋅電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)可在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)超市、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)經營點、汽(qi)配商店等購買,對普及此(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車(che)(che)(che)十(shi)分有(you)利。這種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)具有(you)體積小(xiao),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷容量(liang)(liang)大(da),質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)小(xiao),能(neng)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)寬廣的(de)(de)(de)(de)溫度(du)(du)范圍(wei)內正(zheng)常工作,且無腐蝕,工作安全可靠。只是(shi)鋅電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解還原(yuan)過程中,比較耗能(neng),每噸氧(yang)(yang)化鋅還原(yuan)成鋅需(xu)要消耗2500度(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),所(suo)以用(yong)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)上,成本較高。試(shi)驗電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷容量(liang)(liang)僅是(shi)鉛(qian)酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)5倍,不甚理想。但5倍于鉛(qian)酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷量(liang)(liang)已引起了世(shi)人的(de)(de)(de)(de)關注,美國、墨西哥,新加坡及一(yi)(yi)些歐洲(zhou)國家都已在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)郵(you)政車(che)(che)(che)、公共(gong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)、摩托車(che)(che)(che)上進行試(shi)用(yong),也是(shi)一(yi)(yi)極(ji)(ji)(ji)有(you)前途的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車(che)(che)(che)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)。
此外(wai),鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)具有(you)良好的(de)(de)抗電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁場性(xing)能。鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)導電(dian)(dian)(dian)率是(shi)(shi)標準電(dian)(dian)(dian)工(gong)(gong)銅的(de)(de)29%,鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)板是(shi)(shi)一種非常(chang)有(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)屏蔽材(cai)料,同時由于(yu)(yu)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)是(shi)(shi)非磁性(xing)的(de)(de),適合做(zuo)儀器(qi)儀表(biao)零(ling)件的(de)(de)材(cai)料及儀表(biao)殼(ke)(ke)體及錢幣,同時,鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)自身及與(yu)其他金屬碰撞不會發生(sheng)火花,適合作(zuo)井下防爆器(qi)材(cai)。廣泛(fan)用于(yu)(yu)橡(xiang)膠、涂料、搪(tang)瓷(ci)、醫藥(yao)(yao)、印刷(shua)、纖維等工(gong)(gong)業。鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)具有(you)適宜(yi)的(de)(de)化(hua)學性(xing)能。鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)可(ke)與(yu)NH4CI發生(sheng)作(zuo)用,放(fang)出(chu)H+正(zheng)離子。鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)-二氧(yang)化(hua)錳電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)正(zheng)是(shi)(shi)利用鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)這個特點,用鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)合金做(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)外(wai)殼(ke)(ke),既是(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解質(zhi)的(de)(de)容器(qi),又參加電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)反(fan)應構成電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)陽(yang)極。它的(de)(de)這一性(xing)能也被廣泛(fan)地應用于(yu)(yu)醫藥(yao)(yao)行業。鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)與(yu)酸或強堿都(dou)能發生(sheng)反(fan)應,放(fang)出(chu)氫氣(qi)。鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)肥(硫酸鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)、氯(lv)化(hua)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin))有(you)促(cu)進植物細胞(bao)呼(hu)吸、碳(tan)水化(hua)合物的(de)(de)代謝等作(zuo)用。鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)粉、鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)鋇白、鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)鉻黃可(ke)作(zuo)顏料。氧(yang)化(hua)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)還可(ke)用于(yu)(yu)醫藥(yao)(yao)、橡(xiang)膠、油漆等工(gong)(gong)業。
中國(guo)鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)業(ye)生產(chan)布局,依據鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)礦產(chan)地(di)的分布和建設條件,經40多年來的發展、建設,現已形成東北、湖南(nan)、兩廣(guang)、滇川、西(xi)北等五大鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)采選冶(ye)和加(jia)工配(pei)套的生產(chan)基地(di),其(qi)鉛(qian)(qian)產(chan)量(liang)占(zhan)全國(guo)總產(chan)量(liang)的85%以上,鋅(xin)產(chan)量(liang)占(zhan)全國(guo)總產(chan)量(liang)的95%。
1.東(dong)北鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)基(ji)地(di)。東(dong)北地(di)區是(shi)我國開發(fa)較早的(de)鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)基(ji)地(di)之一(yi)。早在(zai)(zai)50年代初期,其鉛(qian)(qian)產(chan)量(liang)占全(quan)國鉛(qian)(qian)產(chan)量(liang)的(de)80%以上,在(zai)(zai)中國鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)居于重要地(di)位(wei)。東(dong)北基(ji)地(di)以七(qi)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)兩廠(chang)為主,即青城子鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)、八家子鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)、柴河(he)鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(現已閉坑)、桓仁銅(tong)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)、紅(hong)透山(shan)銅(tong)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)、西林鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)、天寶山(shan)鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)和沈(shen)陽冶煉廠(chang)、葫蘆島鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)廠(chang)。七(qi)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)兩廠(chang)不僅是(shi)東(dong)北鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)基(ji)地(di)的(de)支(zhi)柱廠(chang)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang),也是(shi)培養造就科技(ji)人才的(de)基(ji)地(di)。六七(qi)十年代曾向全(quan)國新建的(de)鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)企業(ye)輸送大批具有實踐經(jing)驗的(de)科技(ji)和管理(li)人才以及生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)技(ji)術工(gong)人,為中國鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)業(ye)的(de)發(fa)展做出(chu)了積極貢獻(xian)。
2.湖南鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)生(sheng)產基(ji)地(di)(di)(di)。湖南鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)礦(kuang)產資源豐富,而且富礦(kuang)多,大部分礦(kuang)產地(di)(di)(di)可開發(fa)利(li)用。該基(ji)地(di)(di)(di)鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)廠(chang)礦(kuang)是(shi)五六十年代建成(cheng)的,由水口山礦(kuang)務局(ju)、桃林鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)礦(kuang)、黃(huang)沙坪(ping)鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)礦(kuang)、東(dong)坡鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)礦(kuang)和(he)株(zhu)洲冶煉廠(chang)等(deng)組成(cheng)的湖南鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)生(sheng)產基(ji)地(di)(di)(di),是(shi)全(quan)國(guo)自(zi)產原(yuan)料的全(quan)國(guo)最(zui)大的鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)生(sheng)產基(ji)地(di)(di)(di),在全(quan)國(guo)產量(liang)占有重要地(di)(di)(di)位。
3.兩廣(guang)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)生產基地(di)。廣(guang)東、廣(guang)西兩省區的鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)資源豐富,兩省區是70年代形(xing)成(cheng)的我(wo)國大(da)(da)(da)型鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)生產基地(di)之(zhi)一。廣(guang)東以凡口鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)和(he)韶(shao)關冶(ye)煉(lian)廠(chang)(chang)為主,其(qi)次是丙(bing)村鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)、昌化鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)、大(da)(da)(da)尖(jian)山鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)。廣(guang)西有(you)泗頂(ding)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)、大(da)(da)(da)新鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)、河三鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)、柳(liu)州鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)品廠(chang)(chang)和(he)大(da)(da)(da)廠(chang)(chang)礦(kuang)務(wu)局(ju)等(deng)。
4.滇川鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)生產基地(di)。云南鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)礦產資源十分豐富,鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)保(bao)有(you)儲量(liang)(liang)均(jun)居(ju)全國之首(shou)。該基地(di)鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)企業也(ye)是(shi)五六十年代建(jian)成的,主要(yao)是(shi)會(hui)澤鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)礦、瀾滄(cang)老廠(chang)(chang)鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)礦和昆明冶煉廠(chang)(chang)、個舊雞(ji)街(jie)冶煉廠(chang)(chang)。云南鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)礦產資源具有(you)廣闊的開發(fa)前景,90年代開始興建(jian)超大型(xing)鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)礦床金頂礦山(shan)。四川有(you)會(hui)東鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)礦、會(hui)理(li)鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)礦兩個主要(yao)礦山(shan)以及(ji)一(yi)批中小型(xing)礦山(shan),21世(shi)紀以來鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)精礦產量(liang)(liang)猛增。
5.西(xi)(xi)北(bei)鉛(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)生產基(ji)地(di)。西(xi)(xi)北(bei)地(di)區鉛(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)產資(zi)源(yuan)也(ye)很豐(feng)富,主(zhu)要分布(bu)在(zai)甘(gan)陜青三(san)省(sheng),而且西(xi)(xi)成(cheng)礦(kuang)(kuang)帶經(jing)(jing)勘(kan)(kan)查(cha)儲量又有(you)大(da)幅度(du)的增長,資(zi)源(yuan)前景十(shi)分可(ke)觀。該(gai)基(ji)地(di)鉛(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)生產以白(bai)銀(yin)(yin)有(you)色金屬公司(si)為主(zhu),有(you)白(bai)銀(yin)(yin)廠小鐵(tie)山(shan)鉛(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)、第三(san)冶(ye)(ye)煉廠和(he)西(xi)(xi)北(bei)鉛(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)冶(ye)(ye)煉廠,陜西(xi)(xi)有(you)鉛(qian)硐山(shan)鉛(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)、二里(li)河鉛(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)、銀(yin)(yin)洞(dong)梁鉛(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)等(deng)和(he)青海(hai)錫鐵(tie)山(shan)礦(kuang)(kuang)務局。西(xi)(xi)北(bei)鉛(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)產量較(jiao)少,但開(kai)發前景可(ke)觀。一(yi)是(shi)有(you)豐(feng)富的鉛(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)產資(zi)源(yuan),位于甘(gan)陜交界(jie)的西(xi)(xi)成(cheng)-鳳太(tai)礦(kuang)(kuang)帶,經(jing)(jing)近20余年(nian)勘(kan)(kan)查(cha)出10多個大(da)中型(xing)鉛(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)銀(yin)(yin)金礦(kuang)(kuang)床(chuang),其中廠壩(ba)-李家溝鉛(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)達到超大(da)型(xing)規模,銀(yin)(yin)達到大(da)型(xing)。二是(shi)廠壩(ba)正在(zai)抓緊建設一(yi)座大(da)型(xing)礦(kuang)(kuang)山(shan),將成(cheng)為西(xi)(xi)北(bei)冶(ye)(ye)煉廠主(zhu)要礦(kuang)(kuang)物原料供給基(ji)地(di),是(shi)全(quan)國大(da)型(xing)鉛(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)之一(yi)。
除(chu)上述五大鉛(qian)鋅(xin)生產基地外,內蒙古、江西、貴州(zhou)等(deng)省區(qu)也建設了一批中小型礦(kuang)(kuang)山。其(qi)中內蒙古梧桐花鉛(qian)鋅(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)、白音諾鉛(qian)鋅(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)、翁牛(niu)特旗硐子(zi)鉛(qian)鋅(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)等(deng)礦(kuang)(kuang)山。內蒙古是全國生產鉛(qian)鋅(xin)精(jing)礦(kuang)(kuang)主要省區(qu)之一,開發(fa)前景巨大。江西有銀山鉛(qian)鋅(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)等(deng)。貴州(zhou)有赫章鉛(qian)鋅(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)、杉樹林鉛(qian)鋅(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)等(deng)。
侵入(ru)(ru)途徑:吸(xi)入(ru)(ru)、食入(ru)(ru)。
吸入會引起口(kou)渴、干咳、頭(tou)痛、頭(tou)暈、高熱、寒戰(zhan)等。粉塵(chen)對眼有刺激性。口(kou)服刺激胃腸道。長期反(fan)復接觸對皮膚(fu)有刺激性。
1.貯于(yu)陰涼干燥處,遠離火種(zhong)、熱源(yuan)。
2.與(yu)氧化劑、胺類、硫(liu)、磷、酸堿類分儲。
3.滅(mie)火:干粉、干砂(sha)。禁用水和泡沫(mo)。
維(wei)持人體(ti)正(zheng)常食(shi)欲
缺(que)鋅會(hui)導致味覺下降,出現厭食(shi)、偏食(shi)甚至(zhi)異(yi)食(shi)。
增強人體免疫力
鋅(xin)元素是免疫器官胸腺發育的營養(yang)素,只有(you)鋅(xin)量(liang)充足(zu)才能(neng)有(you)效(xiao)保證(zheng)胸腺發育,正常(chang)分(fen)化T淋巴細(xi)胞,促進(jin)細(xi)胞免疫功能(neng)。
鋅有幫助生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)發(fa)育、智(zhi)(zhi)力發(fa)育、提高免(mian)疫力的作用,缺乏鋅會(hui)對我們的身體(ti),特別是生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)發(fa)育造成嚴重影(ying)響,所以(yi),補充足(zu)夠(gou)的鋅是生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)發(fa)育,智(zhi)(zhi)力發(fa)育必須的。平時(shi)除了(le)飲食要均衡外,別忘了(le)適當補充營養。
兒童
味覺障礙:厭食、偏食或異食;
皮膚疾(ji)患:易患口(kou)腔潰(kui)瘍,受損傷口(kou)不易愈合,青春期(qi)痤瘡等;
生長(chang)發育(yu)不良:身材(cai)矮小、瘦弱;
免(mian)疫力下降,經常感冒、發(fa)燒;
孕婦
妊娠反應加重(zhong)(zhong):嗜酸,嘔(ou)吐加重(zhong)(zhong)
宮內胎兒發(fa)育遲緩:導(dao)致早產兒、低體重(zhong)兒
分娩(mian)合并(bing)癥增多:產程延(yan)長、流(liu)產
推薦攝入量
年齡(歲) RNI(mg) UL(mg)
0~ 1.5
0.5~ 8 13
1~ 9 23
4~ 12 23
7~ 13.5 28
男 女 男 女
11~ 18.0 15.0 37 34
14~ 19.0 15.5 42 35
18~ 15.0 11.5 45 37
50 11.5 11.5 37 37
孕婦 35
早期 11.5
中期 16.5
晚期 16.5
乳母 21.5 35