鋅(xin)(Zinc)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)化(hua)學元(yuan)素(su),它的化(hua)學符號是(shi)Zn,它的原子序(xu)數(shu)是(shi)30,在(zai)化(hua)學元(yuan)素(su)周期表中位于第(di)4周期、第(di)ⅡB族。鋅(xin)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)淺(qian)灰色的過渡金屬,也是(shi)第(di)四(si)"常見(jian)"的金屬。在(zai)現(xian)代工(gong)業中,鋅(xin)是(shi)電池制造上不可替代、相當重(zhong)要的金屬。此外,鋅(xin)也是(shi)人體必(bi)需的微量元(yuan)素(su)之(zhi)一(yi)(yi),起(qi)著極其重(zhong)要的作用。
鋅(xin),它的(de)(de)名稱“zinc”來(lai)源于拉丁文(wen)Zincum,意思是(shi)“白色(se)薄層(ceng)”或“白色(se)沉(chen)積物”。化學(xue)符號是(shi)Zn,它的(de)(de)原子序數(shu)是(shi)30,原子量(liang)為65.38。鋅(xin)是(shi)一(yi)種銀(yin)白色(se)略(lve)帶淡藍色(se)金屬(shu),密度(du)為7.14g/cm3,熔點為419.5℃。在室溫下,性較脆;100~150℃時,變(bian)軟;超過200℃后(hou),又變(bian)干。鋅(xin)的(de)(de)化學(xue)性質活(huo)潑,在常溫下的(de)(de)空氣中(zhong),表面生成一(yi)層(ceng)薄而致密的(de)(de)堿式碳酸鋅(xin)膜,可阻(zu)止進一(yi)步氧(yang)(yang)化。當溫度(du)達到225℃后(hou),鋅(xin)劇(ju)烈氧(yang)(yang)化。
鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)在空氣中很(hen)難(nan)燃(ran)燒,在氧(yang)(yang)氣中發出(chu)強烈白(bai)光。鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)表面有一層(ceng)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin),燃(ran)燒時冒出(chu)白(bai)煙(yan),白(bai)色煙(yan)霧的主要(yao)成(cheng)分是氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin),不僅(jin)阻隔(ge)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)燃(ran)燒,會折射焰色形(xing)成(cheng)慘(can)白(bai)光芒。鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)易溶于酸,也(ye)易從溶液中置(zhi)換金(jin)、銀、銅等。鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)的氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)膜熔(rong)點(dian)高,但金(jin)屬鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)熔(rong)點(dian)卻很(hen)低(di),所以在酒精燈上加熱鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)片(pian)(pian),鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)片(pian)(pian)熔(rong)化(hua)變軟,卻不落下,正是因為(wei)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)膜的作用(yong)。鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)主要(yao)用(yong)于鋼鐵、冶金(jin)、機械(xie)、電氣、化(hua)工(gong)、輕工(gong)、軍事和醫藥等領域。
管制信息:鋅(xin)粉別名(ming)鋅(xin)粒、高(gao)純鋅(xin)、無砷鋅(xin)等(deng)屬于易制爆物品(pin)(pin),根據《危險化學品(pin)(pin)安全(quan)管理(li)條例》受公安部門管制。
《集韻》祖(zu)似切,音(yin)子(zi)。剛(gang)也。《玉(yu)篇》同(tong)釨。
相對(dui)原(yuan)子量65.38(初中階段一般取65)
鋅(xin)(xin)是(shi)(shi)一種藍白色金屬。當(dang)溫度達到225℃后,鋅(xin)(xin)氧(yang)化(hua)激烈。鋅(xin)(xin)易溶(rong)于酸,也易從溶(rong)液中(zhong)置換(huan)金、銀、銅等。鋅(xin)(xin)在(zai)自然(ran)界(jie)中(zhong),多(duo)以硫化(hua)物(wu)狀(zhuang)態存在(zai)。主要(yao)含鋅(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)物(wu)是(shi)(shi)閃鋅(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)。也有(you)少(shao)量氧(yang)化(hua)礦(kuang)(kuang),如菱鋅(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang),如菱鋅(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)和異(yi)極礦(kuang)(kuang)。
原(yuan)子半徑(計算值(zhi)):135(142)pm
共價半(ban)徑:131pm
范德(de)華(hua)半徑:139pm
電子(zi)層:K-L-M-N
原(yuan)子核(he)外電子排(pai)布(bu):2,8,18,2
電子排布式:[Ar]3d10 4s2
核電荷數:30
含量(ppm)
元(yuan)素在(zai)太陽中的(de)含量:2
元素在海水中(zhong)的含(han)量:0.00005(微(wei)量元素)
地殼(ke)中含量(liang):75(微量(liang)元素)
主氧化態:+2
其它:+1
電離能(單位:kj/mol)
M - M+ 906.4
M+ - M2+ 1733.3
M2+ - M3+ 3832.6
M3+ - M4+ 5730
M4+ - M5+ 7970
M5+ - M6+ 10400
M6+ - M7+ 12900
M7+ - M8+ 16800
M8+ - M9+ 19600
M9+ - M10+ 23000
晶體結(jie)構:密(mi)排六方體
a = 266.49 pm
b = 266.49 pm
c = 494.68 pm
α = 90°
β = 90°
γ = 120°同位素(su)
同(tong)位素 豐度 半衰(shuai)期 衰(shuai)變(bian)(bian)模式 衰(shuai)變(bian)(bian)能量MeV 衰(shuai)變(bian)(bian)產物
64Zn 48.60% 穩定
65Zn 人造 244.26天 電(dian)子(zi)捕獲(huo) 1.352 65Cu
66Zn 27.90% 穩定
67Zn 4.10% 穩定
68Zn 18.80% 穩定
72Zn 人造 46.5小時 β衰(shuai)變 0.458 72Ga
常(chang)見的含有鋅(xin)的合(he)金(jin):馬口鐵(tie)——鍍(du)錫薄鋼板;黃(huang)銅(tong)——鋅(xin)和銅(tong)的合(he)金(jin),早(zao)被(bei)古人(ren)利用。黃(huang)銅(tong)的生產(chan)可能是(shi)冶金(jin)學上(shang)最早(zao)的偶然發(fa)現之一。
體積:9.16×10-6 m3/mol
聲速:3700m/s(293.15K)
電(dian)負性:1.65(鮑林標度)
比熱容:390J/(kg·K)
電導率:16.6×106/(m·Ω)
熱導率:116W/(m·K)
莫氏硬度:2.5
汽化熱:115.3kJ/mol
熔化熱:7.322kJ/mol
蒸氣壓:192.2Pa(692.73K)
鋅(xin)的(de)化學(xue)性(xing)質(zhi)(zhi)與鋁(lv)相似(si),所以,通常(chang)可以由鋁(lv)的(de)性(xing)質(zhi)(zhi),推斷(duan)鋅(xin)的(de)化學(xue)性(xing)質(zhi)(zhi)(兩性(xing))。
①單質鋅,即可(ke)與酸反應,又可(ke)與堿反應。
②氧化鋅(xin)(xin)和氫氧化鋅(xin)(xin),既可溶于酸(suan),又可溶于堿。
單質鋅
氫氧化鋅
氯化鋅
硫化鋅
硝酸鋅
鋅的配合物
鋅(xin)被羅馬人所知,但很少使用。它第一(yi)次以其金屬(shu)自身(shen)被認可(ke)是在(zai)印度(du),在(zai)拉賈斯坦邦的Zawar有(you)一(yi)個鋅(xin)熔爐(lu)有(you)大量的鋅(xin),證明了大規模的精(jing)煉(lian)在(zai)1100年(nian)(nian)到1500年(nian)(nian)。
鋅(xin)的(de)大規(gui)模(mo)精(jing)煉在中國(guo)進行,于16世紀。東印度公(gong)司的(de)船在瑞典的(de)海岸沉沒(mei),于1745年(nian),其運載的(de)貨物(wu)是中國(guo)的(de)鋅(xin),分析了回收的(de)鑄(zhu)錠證明(ming)了它(ta)們是幾(ji)乎純凈的(de)金(jin)屬。
在(zai)1668年,佛蘭(lan)德(de)的(de)冶金(jin)家P.Moras de Respour,從氧(yang)化鋅中提取了(le)金(jin)屬(shu)鋅,但歐(ou)洲(zhou)認為(wei)鋅是由德(de)國化學(xue)家Andreas Marggraf在(zai)1746年發現(xian)的(de),而(er)且(qie)的(de)確是他第一個(ge)確認了(le)其是一種新的(de)金(jin)屬(shu)。
鋅(xin)也是人類自遠古時(shi)就知道其化合物(wu)的元素之一(yi)(yi)。鋅(xin)礦石(shi)和銅熔化制(zhi)得(de)合金(jin)(jin)——黃(huang)銅,早(zao)為(wei)古代人們所利用。但金(jin)(jin)屬狀(zhuang)鋅(xin)的獲得(de)比銅、鐵、錫、鉛要晚得(de)多,一(yi)(yi)般認為(wei)這(zhe)是由于(yu)碳和鋅(xin)礦共熱(re)時(shi),溫度很快高(gao)達1000℃以上,而金(jin)(jin)屬鋅(xin)的沸點是906℃,故鋅(xin)即成為(wei)蒸氣狀(zhuang)態(tai),隨(sui)煙散失,不(bu)易為(wei)古代人們所察覺,只有(you)當人們掌握了冷凝氣體(ti)的方(fang)法后(hou),單(dan)質鋅(xin)才有(you)可能被取(qu)得(de)。
世界上(shang)最(zui)早(zao)(zao)發(fa)現并使用鋅的是(shi)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo),在10~11世紀(ji)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)是(shi)首先(xian)大規模生產(chan)鋅的國(guo)(guo)家。明朝末年(nian)宋應(ying)星所(suo)著的《天工開物》一(yi)書(shu)中(zhong)有世界上(shang)最(zui)早(zao)(zao)的關于煉(lian)鋅技術的記載。1750~1850年(nian)人們已開始用氧化(hua)鋅和硫化(hua)鋅來治(zhi)病。
1869年(nian)Raulin發現鋅(xin)存(cun)在于(yu)生(sheng)活機(ji)體(ti)中,并為(wei)生(sheng)活機(ji)體(ti)所必(bi)需。1963年(nian)報(bao)告了(le)人(ren)體(ti)的(de)鋅(xin)缺乏病,于(yu)是鋅(xin)開始列為(wei)人(ren)體(ti)必(bi)需營養素。鋅(xin)的(de)生(sheng)產(chan)過(guo)程非(fei)常簡(jian)單,將爐(lu)甘石(shi)(即菱鋅(xin)礦石(shi))裝滿在陶罐內密封,堆(dui)成錐形,罐與罐之間(jian)的(de)空隙用(yong)木炭填充,將罐打破,就(jiu)可以得(de)到提(ti)取出來的(de)金(jin)屬鋅(xin)錠。
另外,我(wo)國化(hua)學(xue)史和分(fen)(fen)析化(hua)學(xue)研究的開拓者王鏈(1888—1966)在(zai)1956年(nian)分(fen)(fen)析了唐、隋(sui)、明、清等(deng)古錢后(hou),發現宋朝的紹圣錢中含鋅量(liang)高。鋅的實(shi)際應用可能比《天工開物》成書(shu)年(nian)代還(huan)早。
鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)單一鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)較少(shao),鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)資源主要是鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)。中國(guo)(guo)銅鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)資源比較豐富(fu),全國(guo)(guo)除上海(hai)(hai)、天(tian)津(jin)、香港外,均(jun)有(you)(you)(you)鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)產出。產地(di)(di)(di)有(you)(you)(you)700多處,保有(you)(you)(you)鉛(qian)(qian)總儲(chu)量(liang)3572萬噸(dun),居(ju)世界第4位;鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)儲(chu)量(liang)9384萬噸(dun),居(ju)世界第4位。從(cong)(cong)省際(ji)比較來看,云南鉛(qian)(qian)儲(chu)量(liang)占全國(guo)(guo)總儲(chu)量(liang)17%,位居(ju)全國(guo)(guo)榜首(shou)。廣(guang)東、內(nei)蒙古、甘肅(su)、江西(xi)、湖(hu)南、四(si)川(chuan)次(ci)(ci)之,探明儲(chu)量(liang)均(jun)在200萬噸(dun)以上。全國(guo)(guo)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)儲(chu)量(liang)以云南為最,占全國(guo)(guo)21.8%;內(nei)蒙古次(ci)(ci)之,占13.5%;其他如甘肅(su)、廣(guang)東、廣(guang)西(xi)、湖(hu)南等(deng)省(區(qu))的(de)(de)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)資源也(ye)較豐富(fu),均(jun)在600萬噸(dun)以上。鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)主要分布在滇(dian)西(xi)蘭坪地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)、滇(dian)川(chuan)地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)、南嶺地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)、秦(qin)嶺-祁(qi)連(lian)山(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)以及內(nei)蒙古狼山(shan)(shan)-渣爾(er)泰(tai)地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)。從(cong)(cong)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)床(chuang)類型(xing)來看,有(you)(you)(you)與花崗巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)有(you)(you)(you)關(guan)的(de)(de)花崗巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)型(xing)(廣(guang)東連(lian)平(ping))、夕(xi)卡(ka)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)型(xing)(湖(hu)南水口山(shan)(shan))、斑巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)型(xing)(云南姚安)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)床(chuang),有(you)(you)(you)與海(hai)(hai)相火山(shan)(shan)有(you)(you)(you)關(guan)的(de)(de)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)床(chuang)(青海(hai)(hai)錫鐵山(shan)(shan)),有(you)(you)(you)產于陸(lu)相火山(shan)(shan)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)中的(de)(de)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)床(chuang)(江西(xi)冷水坑和(he)浙江五部鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)),有(you)(you)(you)產于海(hai)(hai)相碳酸鹽(廣(guang)東凡(fan)口)、泥(ni)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)-碎屑巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)系中的(de)(de)鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(甘肅(su)西(xi)成鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)),有(you)(you)(you)產于海(hai)(hai)相或陸(lu)相砂(sha)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)和(he)礫(li)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)中的(de)(de)鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(云南金頂)等(deng)。鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)成礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)時代(dai)從(cong)(cong)太古宙到新(xin)生(sheng)代(dai)皆有(you)(you)(you),以古生(sheng)代(dai)鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)資源力量(liang)豐富(fu)。
金融(rong)危機之后各(ge)國紛(fen)(fen)紛(fen)(fen)推出(chu)救市(shi)計劃,各(ge)大央行也(ye)陸續釋放流(liu)動(dong)性,美國持續量寬、中國推出(chu)四萬億以促使經(jing)濟復(fu)蘇(su),充裕的(de)流(liu)動(dong)性使得金融(rong)屬性占據主要地位推升2010年鋅(xin)(xin)價(jia)不(bu)斷走高(gao)。《2013-2017年中國鋅(xin)(xin)行業競爭態(tai)勢(shi)及(ji)投資發(fa)展(zhan)預測報(bao)告(gao)》,全球經(jing)濟趨于(yu)穩定(ding),美國緩慢復(fu)蘇(su),市(shi)場(chang)上(shang)關于(yu)QE3退出(chu)的(de)預期逐漸增(zeng)強,倘若(ruo)美國經(jing)濟政策發(fa)生(sheng)改變,美元(yuan)將會走強,鋅(xin)(xin)價(jia)受(shou)其影響(xiang)較大。但同(tong)時值得注意的(de)是,經(jing)濟復(fu)蘇(su)也(ye)在一(yi)定(ding)程度(du)上(shang)帶來需求恢(hui)復(fu),兩種屬性的(de)博(bo)弈將共同(tong)決定(ding)鋅(xin)(xin)價(jia)未來走勢(shi)。
美(mei)國(guo)(guo)金融危機后(hou)通過(guo)持續(xu)寬松的(de)貨幣政策(ce)促進經濟(ji)和就業增(zeng)長,盡管貨幣寬松政策(ce)的(de)邊際效用遞減,但(dan)可(ke)以(yi)看到的(de)是(shi),美(mei)國(guo)(guo)GDP增(zeng)速的(de)低速增(zeng)長和就業市場的(de)緩慢好轉表明,美(mei)國(guo)(guo)經濟(ji)正在(zai)弱(ruo)(ruo)勢(shi)復蘇(su)(su)。美(mei)國(guo)(guo)經濟(ji)復蘇(su)(su)以(yi)及(ji)房地產市場的(de)回暖(nuan)帶動(dong)對鋅的(de)需(xu)求上升,但(dan)這種弱(ruo)(ruo)勢(shi)復蘇(su)(su)態(tai)勢(shi)仍比較脆弱(ruo)(ruo),對鋅需(xu)求帶動(dong)也(ye)有(you)限。
等(deng)級 Zn(%) Cu(%) Pb(%) Fe(%)
1 ≥55 ≤0.8 ≤1.0 ≤6.0
2 ≥53 ≤0.8 ≤1.0 ≤6.0
3 ≥50 ≤1.0 ≤1.5 ≤8.0
4 ≥48 ≤1.0 ≤1.5 ≤12.0
5 ≥45 ≤1.5 ≤2.0 ≤12.0
6 ≥43 ≤1.5 ≤2.0 ≤12.0
7 ≥2.0 ≤2.5 ≤14.0
8 ≥40 ≤2.0 ≤2.8 ≤18.0
世(shi)界上鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)的全部消費(fei)中大約有(you)一(yi)(yi)半用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)鍍(du)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin),約10%用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)黃銅(tong)和青銅(tong),不(bu)到10%用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)基合金,約7.5%用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)化學制品,約13%用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)制造干電池,以(yi)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)餅、鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)板形式出現。國際鉛鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)研究組預測,2004年全球(qiu)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)消費(fei)量會比2003年的985萬t增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)長4.8%,2005年將再(zai)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)長4.3%,預計(ji)2005年中國將占(zhan)世(shi)界鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)消費(fei)總量的四分之(zhi)一(yi)(yi),它的消費(fei)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)長的部分原因是鍍(du)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)鋼(gang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)量的增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)長。相比之(zhi)下,美國可能(neng)只占(zhan)全球(qiu)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)需求的十分之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)。
(1)鍍(du)(du)鋅有(you)優良的(de)抗(kang)大(da)氣腐蝕性(xing)能,在常溫(wen)下表面易(yi)生成一(yi)層保(bao)護膜(mo),因此(ci)鋅最大(da)的(de)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)途(tu)是用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)鍍(du)(du)鋅工業。被主(zhu)要用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)鋼(gang)材和(he)鋼(gang)結構(gou)件(jian)的(de)表面鍍(du)(du)層(如鍍(du)(du)鋅板),廣泛(fan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)汽車、建筑、船舶、輕工等(deng)行業。21世(shi)紀(ji)后西方國家開始(shi)嘗(chang)試直接用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)鋅合(he)金板做屋頂(ding)覆蓋材料,其使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)年(nian)限可長(chang)達120-140年(nian),而且可回收再用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong),而用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)鍍(du)(du)鋅鐵(tie)板作屋頂(ding)材料的(de)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)壽命一(yi)般為5-10年(nian)。21世(shi)紀(ji)后,鋼(gang)帶熱浸(jin)鍍(du)(du)鋅量有(you)顯著增長(chang)。電鍍(du)(du)鋅也有(you)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong),但該法一(yi)般用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)較薄(bo)的(de)鍍(du)(du)層和(he)不(bu)同的(de)表面光潔度。使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)含鋅粉的(de)涂(tu)料是涂(tu)層的(de)另一(yi)種方法;對于(yu)與水連續接觸(chu)的(de)物體,如用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)船舶、橋(qiao)梁和(he)近海油氣井架的(de)大(da)的(de)鋼(gang)構(gou)件(jian),只須和(he)大(da)的(de)鋅塊連接,便可得(de)到保(bao)護,不(bu)過(guo)鋅塊要定期(qi)更換。
(2)鋅合金用于(yu)汽車制(zhi)造和(he)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)行業。鋅具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)有適用的機(ji)(ji)械(xie)性(xing)(xing)能。鋅本身的強(qiang)度和(he)硬度不高,但加(jia)入鋁、銅(tong)等合金元素(su)后,其(qi)強(qiang)度和(he)硬度均大為提(ti)高,猶其(qi)是(shi)鋅銅(tong)鈦合金的出現,其(qi)綜合機(ji)(ji)械(xie)性(xing)(xing)能已接(jie)(jie)近(jin)或(huo)達到(dao)鋁合金、黃銅(tong)、灰鑄鐵的水平(ping),其(qi)抗蠕(ru)變性(xing)(xing)能也大幅度被(bei)提(ti)高。因此,鋅銅(tong)鈦合金已被(bei)廣泛應用于(yu)小五金生(sheng)產中(zhong)(zhong)。主要為壓(ya)鑄件,用于(yu)汽車、建筑、部(bu)分電(dian)(dian)氣設(she)備、家(jia)用電(dian)(dian)器、玩具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)等的零部(bu)件生(sheng)產。許(xu)多鋅合金的加(jia)工性(xing)(xing)能都比較(jiao)優良,道次加(jia)工率可(ke)(ke)達60%-80%。中(zhong)(zhong)壓(ya)性(xing)(xing)能優越(yue)(yue),可(ke)(ke)進(jin)行深(shen)拉延,并具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)有自潤滑(hua)性(xing)(xing),延長(chang)了模(mo)具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)壽命,可(ke)(ke)用釬(han)焊或(huo)電(dian)(dian)阻焊或(huo)電(dian)(dian)弧焊(需在(zai)氦氣中(zhong)(zhong))進(jin)行焊接(jie)(jie),表面(mian)可(ke)(ke)進(jin)行電(dian)(dian)鍍(du)、涂漆(qi)處理,切削(xue)加(jia)工性(xing)(xing)能良好。在(zai)一(yi)定條件下(xia)具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)有優越(yue)(yue)性(xing)(xing)。一(yi)般用于(yu)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)制(zhi)造業。含少量鉛鎘等元素(su)的鋅板(ban)可(ke)(ke)制(zhi)成鋅錳(meng)干(gan)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)負極、印(yin)花鋅板(ban)、有粉腐蝕照相制(zhi)板(ban)和(he)膠印(yin)印(yin)刷(shua)板(ban)等。
(3)鋅(xin)可以用來(lai)制(zhi)作(zuo)電(dian)池(chi)。例如(ru):鋅(xin)錳(meng)電(dian)池(chi)以及(ji)鋅(xin)空氣蓄電(dian)池(chi)。
鋅(xin)錳電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi):鋅(xin)作(zuo)為負(fu)極(ji)(ji)活性物質(zhi),兼(jian)作(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)容器和(he)負(fu)極(ji)(ji)引電(dian)(dian)(dian)體,是決定電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)貯(zhu)存性能的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要材料。在鋅(xin)片中含有(you)少量的(de)(de)(de)(de)鎘和(he)鉛(qian)。鎘能增強鋅(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)強度,鉛(qian)能改(gai)進鋅(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)延展加工性能。鎘與鉛(qian)均能提高氫(qing)在鋅(xin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)位,減少鋅(xin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian),減緩鋅(xin)片的(de)(de)(de)(de)腐蝕和(he)氫(qing)氣的(de)(de)(de)(de)釋放。鋅(xin)片中若(ruo)含有(you)Cu、Fe、Ni等(deng),將(jiang)降低H2在鋅(xin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)上析出的(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)位,加速電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)在貯(zhu)存過(guo)程中的(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian),因(yin)此這些有(you)害雜質(zhi)必須嚴格(ge)控制。
鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi):鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)又稱鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)氧電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi),是(shi)(shi)金屬空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)一種。鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)比能(neng)理論(lun)值是(shi)(shi)1350W·h/kg,最新的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)比能(neng)量(liang)(liang)已達到了230Wh/kg,幾(ji)乎(hu)是(shi)(shi)鉛(qian)(qian)酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)8倍。可見鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)發展空(kong)(kong)間非常大(da)(da)。鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)一般采取(qu)抽換鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)的(de)辦法進(jin)行(xing)“機械(xie)式充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)”。更換電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)的(de)時間在幾(ji)分(fen)鐘即可完成(cheng)。換上(shang)新的(de)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji),“充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)”時間極(ji)短,非常方便。如(ru)此(ci)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)得到發展,省去了充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站等社會保障設(she)施的(de)興建。鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)可在超市、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)經營點、汽(qi)配商(shang)店等購買,對(dui)普及此(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)車十分(fen)有(you)利。這種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)具有(you)體積小(xiao),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)容量(liang)(liang)大(da)(da),質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)小(xiao),能(neng)在寬廣的(de)溫度(du)范圍內正常工(gong)(gong)作(zuo),且無腐蝕,工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)安全(quan)可靠。只是(shi)(shi)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解還原(yuan)過程中,比較耗能(neng),每噸氧化(hua)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)還原(yuan)成(cheng)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)需要(yao)消耗2500度(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),所以用在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車上(shang),成(cheng)本較高。試(shi)驗電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)容量(liang)(liang)僅是(shi)(shi)鉛(qian)(qian)酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)5倍,不甚理想。但5倍于鉛(qian)(qian)酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)量(liang)(liang)已引起(qi)了世人的(de)關(guan)注(zhu),美國(guo)、墨西哥,新加坡及一些(xie)歐洲國(guo)家都已在郵政車、公共(gong)汽(qi)車、摩托車上(shang)進(jin)行(xing)試(shi)用,也是(shi)(shi)一極(ji)有(you)前途的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)車用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)。
此(ci)外,鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)具有(you)(you)良(liang)好的(de)抗電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁場性(xing)能。鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)的(de)導電(dian)(dian)(dian)率是標(biao)準(zhun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)工銅的(de)29%,鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)板是一種非常有(you)(you)效(xiao)的(de)屏蔽材(cai)(cai)料,同(tong)(tong)時由于鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)是非磁性(xing)的(de),適(shi)合(he)做(zuo)儀(yi)(yi)器儀(yi)(yi)表零件(jian)的(de)材(cai)(cai)料及(ji)儀(yi)(yi)表殼體及(ji)錢幣,同(tong)(tong)時,鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)自身及(ji)與(yu)其他金屬碰撞不會發生(sheng)火花,適(shi)合(he)作(zuo)(zuo)井下防爆(bao)器材(cai)(cai)。廣泛用于橡膠、涂料、搪瓷、醫藥(yao)、印刷(shua)、纖維等(deng)工業。鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)具有(you)(you)適(shi)宜(yi)的(de)化(hua)(hua)(hua)學性(xing)能。鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)可(ke)與(yu)NH4CI發生(sheng)作(zuo)(zuo)用,放(fang)出(chu)H+正(zheng)離子。鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)-二氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)錳電(dian)(dian)(dian)池正(zheng)是利用鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)的(de)這個特(te)點,用鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)合(he)金做(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)外殼,既是電(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)質的(de)容器,又參加(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池反(fan)(fan)應構成電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)陽極(ji)。它的(de)這一性(xing)能也被廣泛地應用于醫藥(yao)行業。鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)與(yu)酸(suan)或強(qiang)堿都(dou)能發生(sheng)反(fan)(fan)應,放(fang)出(chu)氫氣。鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)肥(硫酸(suan)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)、氯(lv)化(hua)(hua)(hua)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin))有(you)(you)促進植物細胞呼吸(xi)、碳(tan)水化(hua)(hua)(hua)合(he)物的(de)代謝等(deng)作(zuo)(zuo)用。鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)粉、鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)鋇白(bai)、鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)鉻黃(huang)可(ke)作(zuo)(zuo)顏料。氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)還可(ke)用于醫藥(yao)、橡膠、油漆等(deng)工業。
中國鉛鋅(xin)(xin)業(ye)生產(chan)布(bu)局,依據鉛鋅(xin)(xin)礦產(chan)地(di)的(de)(de)(de)分布(bu)和建設條件,經40多年來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)、建設,現已(yi)形成東(dong)北、湖南、兩廣、滇川、西北等(deng)五大鉛鋅(xin)(xin)采選冶和加(jia)工配套的(de)(de)(de)生產(chan)基(ji)地(di),其鉛產(chan)量(liang)(liang)占全國總產(chan)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)85%以上,鋅(xin)(xin)產(chan)量(liang)(liang)占全國總產(chan)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)95%。
1.東北(bei)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)基(ji)地(di)。東北(bei)地(di)區(qu)是我(wo)國開發較(jiao)早的(de)(de)(de)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)基(ji)地(di)之(zhi)一。早在(zai)50年(nian)代初期,其鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)產(chan)(chan)量占全(quan)國鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)產(chan)(chan)量的(de)(de)(de)80%以(yi)上,在(zai)中國鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)居于重要地(di)位(wei)。東北(bei)基(ji)地(di)以(yi)七礦(kuang)兩(liang)廠為主,即(ji)青城子鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)、八(ba)家子鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)、柴河(he)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(現已(yi)閉坑)、桓(huan)仁銅鋅(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)、紅(hong)透(tou)山銅鋅(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)、西林鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)、天寶(bao)山鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)和(he)沈陽冶(ye)煉(lian)廠、葫蘆島鋅(xin)(xin)廠。七礦(kuang)兩(liang)廠不僅是東北(bei)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)基(ji)地(di)的(de)(de)(de)支柱廠礦(kuang),也是培養(yang)造就科技人才的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)地(di)。六七十年(nian)代曾(ceng)向全(quan)國新建的(de)(de)(de)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)企業輸送(song)大批具有實踐經驗的(de)(de)(de)科技和(he)管理人才以(yi)及(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)技術工(gong)人,為中國鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)業的(de)(de)(de)發展做(zuo)出了積極貢(gong)獻。
2.湖(hu)南鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)基(ji)地。湖(hu)南鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)產(chan)(chan)(chan)資源豐富,而且富礦(kuang)多,大部分(fen)礦(kuang)產(chan)(chan)(chan)地可開發利用(yong)。該基(ji)地鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)廠礦(kuang)是五六十年代建成的,由(you)水口山礦(kuang)務(wu)局、桃林鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)、黃沙(sha)坪鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)、東坡鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)和(he)株洲冶煉(lian)廠等組成的湖(hu)南鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)基(ji)地,是全(quan)國(guo)自(zi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)原(yuan)料(liao)的全(quan)國(guo)最大的鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)基(ji)地,在全(quan)國(guo)產(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)占有重(zhong)要地位。
3.兩(liang)廣鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)生(sheng)產(chan)基地(di)。廣東(dong)、廣西兩(liang)省(sheng)區的鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)資源豐富,兩(liang)省(sheng)區是70年代形成的我國大(da)型鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)生(sheng)產(chan)基地(di)之(zhi)一(yi)。廣東(dong)以(yi)凡(fan)口鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)和(he)韶關冶(ye)煉廠(chang)(chang)為主,其次是丙村鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)、昌化鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)、大(da)尖山鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)。廣西有泗頂鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)、大(da)新鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)、河三鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)、柳州鋅(xin)(xin)品廠(chang)(chang)和(he)大(da)廠(chang)(chang)礦(kuang)務局等。
4.滇川鉛(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)生產(chan)(chan)(chan)基(ji)地。云(yun)南鉛(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)產(chan)(chan)(chan)資源十分豐富(fu),鉛(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)保有儲量均居全國(guo)之(zhi)首(shou)。該基(ji)地鉛(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)企業也是五六十年代建成的(de),主要是會澤鉛(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)、瀾滄老廠(chang)鉛(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)和昆明冶煉廠(chang)、個(ge)舊雞街(jie)冶煉廠(chang)。云(yun)南鉛(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)產(chan)(chan)(chan)資源具有廣(guang)闊(kuo)的(de)開(kai)發前景,90年代開(kai)始興(xing)建超大(da)型(xing)鉛(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)床(chuang)金頂礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)。四川有會東鉛(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)、會理鉛(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)兩個(ge)主要礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)以及一批中小(xiao)型(xing)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)山(shan),21世紀以來鉛(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)精礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)產(chan)(chan)(chan)量猛(meng)增。
5.西北(bei)(bei)(bei)鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)生產(chan)(chan)(chan)基(ji)地(di)。西北(bei)(bei)(bei)地(di)區鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)產(chan)(chan)(chan)資(zi)(zi)源也很豐富(fu),主(zhu)要分布在甘陜青(qing)三省,而(er)且西成(cheng)(cheng)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)帶(dai)經勘查(cha)(cha)儲量(liang)又有(you)(you)大(da)幅度的增長(chang),資(zi)(zi)源前景(jing)(jing)十分可觀。該(gai)基(ji)地(di)鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)生產(chan)(chan)(chan)以(yi)白(bai)銀有(you)(you)色(se)金屬公司為(wei)主(zhu),有(you)(you)白(bai)銀廠小鐵山(shan)鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)、第三冶煉(lian)廠和(he)西北(bei)(bei)(bei)鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)冶煉(lian)廠,陜西有(you)(you)鉛(qian)(qian)硐山(shan)鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)、二里河鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)、銀洞梁鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)等和(he)青(qing)海錫鐵山(shan)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)務局。西北(bei)(bei)(bei)鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)產(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)較少,但開發前景(jing)(jing)可觀。一(yi)是(shi)有(you)(you)豐富(fu)的鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)產(chan)(chan)(chan)資(zi)(zi)源,位于甘陜交(jiao)界的西成(cheng)(cheng)-鳳太礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)帶(dai),經近20余(yu)年勘查(cha)(cha)出(chu)10多個大(da)中(zhong)型鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)銀金礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)床,其中(zhong)廠壩-李家溝(gou)鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)達到(dao)超(chao)大(da)型規模,銀達到(dao)大(da)型。二是(shi)廠壩正在抓緊(jin)建設一(yi)座(zuo)大(da)型礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)山(shan),將成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)西北(bei)(bei)(bei)冶煉(lian)廠主(zhu)要礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)物原料供給基(ji)地(di),是(shi)全國大(da)型鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)之一(yi)。
除(chu)上述五大(da)鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)生產(chan)基地外,內蒙古、江西、貴州等(deng)省區也(ye)建設了一批中小型礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)。其(qi)中內蒙古梧桐花鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)、白音諾鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)、翁牛特(te)旗硐子鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)等(deng)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)。內蒙古是全國生產(chan)鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)精礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)主要省區之一,開發前(qian)景巨大(da)。江西有銀山(shan)鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)等(deng)。貴州有赫章鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)、杉樹林鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)等(deng)。
侵入途徑:吸入、食入。
吸入會引起口渴(ke)、干(gan)咳、頭痛、頭暈、高熱、寒戰等。粉塵對眼有刺(ci)激性。口服刺(ci)激胃(wei)腸道。長(chang)期反(fan)復接(jie)觸對皮膚有刺(ci)激性。
1.貯于陰涼干燥處,遠離火(huo)種、熱源。
2.與氧化劑、胺類(lei)、硫、磷、酸堿類(lei)分(fen)儲。
3.滅(mie)火:干粉、干砂。禁用水和泡沫。
維持人體正常食(shi)欲
缺鋅會導致味覺下降,出現(xian)厭食、偏食甚至(zhi)異食。
增強人體免疫力
鋅(xin)元素(su)是免(mian)疫器官(guan)胸腺(xian)發(fa)育的(de)營養素(su),只有鋅(xin)量(liang)充足才能(neng)(neng)有效保證胸腺(xian)發(fa)育,正(zheng)常分化T淋巴細胞(bao),促進(jin)細胞(bao)免(mian)疫功能(neng)(neng)。
鋅(xin)有幫助生(sheng)(sheng)長發(fa)(fa)育、智力(li)發(fa)(fa)育、提高免疫力(li)的(de)作用(yong),缺乏鋅(xin)會對我們的(de)身體,特別(bie)是生(sheng)(sheng)長發(fa)(fa)育造(zao)成嚴重影響(xiang),所以,補(bu)充足夠的(de)鋅(xin)是生(sheng)(sheng)長發(fa)(fa)育,智力(li)發(fa)(fa)育必須的(de)。平時除了飲食要均衡外,別(bie)忘了適當(dang)補(bu)充營養(yang)。
兒童
味覺障礙(ai):厭(yan)食(shi)、偏食(shi)或異食(shi);
皮膚疾患:易患口腔潰瘍,受損傷口不易愈合,青(qing)春期痤瘡等;
生長(chang)發育不良:身(shen)材矮小(xiao)、瘦弱;
免疫力下降,經常感(gan)冒、發燒(shao);
孕婦
妊娠反應加(jia)重(zhong):嗜酸,嘔吐加(jia)重(zhong)
宮內胎兒發育遲緩:導致早產兒、低體重兒
分(fen)娩合并癥(zheng)增多:產(chan)程延長、流產(chan)
推薦攝入量
年齡(歲(sui)) RNI(mg) UL(mg)
0~ 1.5
0.5~ 8 13
1~ 9 23
4~ 12 23
7~ 13.5 28
男 女 男 女
11~ 18.0 15.0 37 34
14~ 19.0 15.5 42 35
18~ 15.0 11.5 45 37
50 11.5 11.5 37 37
孕婦 35
早期 11.5
中期 16.5
晚期 16.5
乳母 21.5 35