釩(Vanadium)是一(yi)種金屬元素(su)(su),元素(su)(su)符號為(wei)V,銀灰(hui)色金屬,在(zai)元素(su)(su)周期(qi)表中屬VB族,原子序數23,原子量50.9414,體(ti)心立方(fang)晶體(ti),常見化合價為(wei)+5、+4、+3、+2。釩的熔點很高,為(wei)難(nan)熔金屬,有(you)延(yan)展性(xing)(xing),質堅硬,無磁性(xing)(xing)。具(ju)有(you)耐(nai)鹽(yan)(yan)酸和硫酸的本領,并且在(zai)耐(nai)氣、耐(nai)鹽(yan)(yan)、耐(nai)水腐蝕的性(xing)(xing)能要(yao)比大多數不(bu)銹(xiu)鋼好(hao)。
釩(fan)先(xian)后被兩次發(fa)現(xian)(xian)。第(di)一(yi)次是在(zai)1801年由(you)墨西哥(ge)城(cheng)的礦(kuang)物學(xue)教授節烈里瓦發(fa)現(xian)(xian)的。他發(fa)現(xian)(xian)它在(zai)亞釩(fan)酸鹽樣本中,這個樣本就(jiu)是Pb5(VO4)3Cl,由(you)于這種新元素的鹽溶液在(zai)加熱時呈現(xian)(xian)鮮(xian)艷的紅(hong)色,所(suo)以被取名為“愛(ai)麗(li)特羅尼”,即“紅(hong)色”的意思(si),并將這種物品送(song)到(dao)巴黎。然而,法國(guo)化學(xue)家推斷它是一(yi)種被污染的鉻礦(kuang)石,所(suo)以沒有(you)被人(ren)們公認。
第二次發(fa)現是(shi)在(zai)1830年,瑞典(dian)化學(xue)(xue)家塞夫斯特倫(Sefstrom.N.G,1787-1845)在(zai)研究斯馬蘭(lan)礦(kuang)區的(de)(de)鐵礦(kuang)時,用酸(suan)溶解鐵,在(zai)殘(can)渣(zha)中發(fa)現了(le)釩(fan)。因(yin)為釩(fan)的(de)(de)化合物的(de)(de)顏色五顏六(liu)色,十分(fen)漂亮,所以就用北歐神(shen)話中一(yi)位叫凡娜迪(di)絲(si)“Vanadis”的(de)(de)美麗(li)女神(shen)的(de)(de)名字給這種(zhong)新(xin)(xin)元素起名叫“Vanadium”。中文(wen)按其譯(yi)音定名為釩(fan)。塞夫斯特倫、維勒(le)(le)、貝采里(li)烏斯等人(ren)都(dou)曾研究過釩(fan),確認釩(fan)的(de)(de)存在(zai),但他(ta)們始終(zhong)沒有分(fen)離出單(dan)質釩(fan)。后來到(dao)了(le)1830年寫佛寺(si)特勒(le)(le)木(mu)在(zai)由(you)瑞典(dian)鐵礦(kuang)石提煉出的(de)(de)鐵中發(fa)現了(le)它,并肯定這是(shi)一(yi)種(zhong)新(xin)(xin)元素稱之(zhi)為釩(fan),他(ta)能夠證明(ming)它是(shi)一(yi)種(zhong)新(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)元素,并因(yin)此擊敗(bai)了(le)一(yi)位與他(ta)競爭的(de)(de)化學(xue)(xue)家,來自在(zai)錫(xi)馬潘(墨西(xi)哥)的(de)(de)沃勒(le)(le)(Friedrich W?hler),他(ta)也在(zai)對(dui)另一(yi)種(zhong)釩(fan)礦(kuang)石進行(xing)研究。
1840年,俄(e)羅斯(si)礦物工(gong)程師蘇賓(bin)寫道(dao)“含銅(tong)生鐵(tie)、黑銅(tong)、銅(tong)錠(ding)是含釩(fan)合金,由于釩(fan)的存(cun)在,使它們具有較高的硬度”。
1869年(nian)英國化(hua)(hua)學家羅斯科(Roscoe.H.E,1833-1915)用氫氣還原二氧化(hua)(hua)釩,才第(di)一次制(zhi)得了(le)純凈(jing)的(de)(de)金屬釩,而且他證明了(le)之前(qian)的(de)(de)金屬樣本其實是氮化(hua)(hua)釩(VN)。
1939年(nian),在俄羅斯的(de)彼爾(er)姆(mu)斯克的(de)含銅砂巖中也(ye)發現了釩。
在發(fa)現釩這種金屬后,人(ren)們(men)慢(man)慢(man)了(le)解到了(le)它的(de)(de)性(xing)質,并開始(shi)將它應用(yong)到人(ren)們(men)的(de)(de)生活當中(zhong)。1882年,英國列(lie)·克魯佐(zuo)特鋼(gang)鐵公司用(yong)含釩1.1%的(de)(de)煉鋼(gang)爐(lu)渣制得釩的(de)(de)磷酸鹽,年產量約60t。用(yong)戶是生產苯胺(an)黑的(de)(de)染料廠。
在19世(shi)紀末(mo)20世(shi)紀初,俄羅斯開始利用碳還(huan)原(yuan)(yuan)法還(huan)原(yuan)(yuan)鐵和釩(fan)(fan)氧化物(wu),首次(ci)制備出釩(fan)(fan)鐵合金(含V35%~40%)。1902~1903年(nian)俄羅斯進行了鋁(lv)熱法制取(qu)釩(fan)(fan)鐵的試驗。
1927年,美國的馬爾登和賴奇用金屬鈣還原五氧(yang)化二釩(fan)(fan)(fan)(V2O5),第一次制(zhi)得了含(han)釩(fan)(fan)(fan)99.3%~99.8%的可鍛(duan)性金屬釩(fan)(fan)(fan)。
19世(shi)紀末(mo),研究還發(fa)現(xian)了釩在鋼(gang)中能顯著改善鋼(gang)材的機械性能,從而使釩在工業上才得到廣泛應用。至20世(shi)紀初,人們開始大量開采釩礦。
世界上生產(chan)釩(fan)的礦(kuang)石主(zhu)(zhu)要以釩(fan)鈦(tai)磁(ci)鐵礦(kuang)為主(zhu)(zhu),在俄羅斯、南非、中(zhong)國(guo)、澳大利亞(ya)及美國(guo)等(deng)國(guo)家都(dou)有豐富(fu)的釩(fan)鈦(tai)磁(ci)鐵礦(kuang)資源,此外在釩(fan)鈾礦(kuang)、鋁土(tu)礦(kuang)、磷巖(yan)礦(kuang)、碳質頁巖(yan)、石油燃燒灰渣、廢催化劑等(deng)均可作為回收釩(fan)的資源
釩(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)蹤跡遍布全世界。在(zai)(zai)地(di)殼(ke)中,釩(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)含(han)量(liang)并(bing)不少,平均在(zai)(zai)兩萬(wan)個原子(zi)中,就有一個釩(fan)(fan)原子(zi),比銅、錫、鋅(xin)、鎳的(de)(de)(de)含(han)量(liang)都多(duo),但(dan)釩(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)分布太(tai)分散(san)了,幾(ji)乎沒有含(han)量(liang)較多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)礦床。在(zai)(zai)海水中,在(zai)(zai)海膽等海洋生物(wu)體內,在(zai)(zai)磁鐵礦中,在(zai)(zai)多(duo)種瀝青礦物(wu)和(he)(he)煤灰中,在(zai)(zai)落到地(di)球的(de)(de)(de)隕石和(he)(he)太(tai)陽的(de)(de)(de)光譜線中,人們都發(fa)現了釩(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)蹤影。釩(fan)(fan)是地(di)球上廣(guang)泛分布的(de)(de)(de)微量(liang)元素,其含(han)量(liang)約占地(di)殼(ke)構成的(de)(de)(de)0.02%,獲取相對(dui)容易。
世界(jie)上已知的釩(fan)(fan)儲(chu)量有98%產(chan)于釩(fan)(fan)鈦(tai)磁鐵礦。除(chu)釩(fan)(fan)鈦(tai)磁鐵礦外、釩(fan)(fan)資(zi)源還部分賦存(cun)于磷(lin)塊巖礦,含鈾(you)砂(sha)巖,粉砂(sha)巖,鋁土礦,含碳質的原油、煤、油頁(ye)巖及瀝青砂(sha)中。
世(shi)界(jie)釩鈦(tai)磁鐵礦(kuang)的(de)儲量很(hen)大,并且(qie)集(ji)中(zhong)在(zai)少(shao)數幾個(ge)國(guo)家(jia)和(he)地(di)區(qu),包括:獨(du)聯(lian)(lian)體(ti)、美(mei)國(guo)、中(zhong)國(guo)、南(nan)非、挪威(wei)、瑞典、芬蘭、加(jia)拿大、澳大利亞,并且(qie)集(ji)中(zhong)分布在(zai)南(nan)非洲、北美(mei)洲等地(di)區(qu)。根(gen)據(ju)1988年美(mei)國(guo)礦(kuang)業局統計(ji)資料表明,世(shi)界(jie)釩儲量基(ji)礎為1.6億噸(dun)(以(yi)釩計(ji))。按開(kai)采(cai)量計(ji)算,世(shi)界(jie)現探明的(de)釩資源可供開(kai)采(cai)150年。從(cong)儲量基(ji)礎看(kan),南(nan)非占(zhan)(zhan)46%,獨(du)聯(lian)(lian)體(ti)占(zhan)(zhan)23.6%,美(mei)國(guo)占(zhan)(zhan)13.1%,中(zhong)國(guo)占(zhan)(zhan)11.6%,其它國(guo)家(jia)的(de)總和(he)不足6%。
在(zai)南(nan)非(fei),釩通常在(zai)釩磁鐵礦的(de)礦層中產生。這些礦層的(de)平均品(pin)位為(wei)1.5%。據估計,南(nan)非(fei)釩儲量(liang)約(yue)為(wei)1250萬(wan)噸,世界(jie)第一。
礦(kuang)物有(you)釩(fan)(fan)酸(suan)鉀鈾礦(kuang)、褐(he)鉛礦(kuang)和綠硫釩(fan)(fan)礦(kuang)、石(shi)煤礦(kuang)等。中國是釩(fan)(fan)資(zi)源比較豐(feng)富的國家,釩(fan)(fan)儲量(liang)為(wei)2055萬噸(以V2O5計(ji))主要賦存釩(fan)(fan)鈦(tai)磁鐵礦(kuang)中,且集中分布在四川的攀(pan)枝花市(shi)、河北(bei)承德市(shi)。攀(pan)枝花釩(fan)(fan)儲量(liang)為(wei)1295萬噸,占中國釩(fan)(fan)儲量(liang)的63%。
元素在(zai)海水(shui)中(zhong)的含(han)量 0.0016ppm
元素在太陽中的含量 0.4ppm
地殼中(zhong)含量 160ppm
釩(fan)是一種銀(yin)灰色的(de)(de)金屬(shu)(shu)。熔(rong)點1890℃,屬(shu)(shu)于高熔(rong)點稀有(you)金屬(shu)(shu)之列。它的(de)(de)沸點3380℃,純釩(fan)質堅(jian)硬,無磁性(xing),具有(you)延展性(xing),但是若(ruo)含有(you)少量的(de)(de)雜質,尤其(qi)是氮,氧,氫(qing)等(deng),能顯著(zhu)降(jiang)低其(qi)可(ke)塑性(xing)。
原子(zi)體積 8.78cm3/mol
相(xiang)對(dui)原(yuan)子(zi)質量 50.94
莫氏硬度 7
聲音(yin)在(zai)其中的傳播速率 4560m/s
密度 6.0g/cm3
熔(rong)點 1890℃
沸點 3380℃
原子序數 23
質子數 23
電子數 23
晶(jing)體結構(gou):晶(jing)胞(bao)為體心立方晶(jing)胞(bao),每個(ge)晶(jing)胞(bao)含有2個(ge)金屬(shu)原子。
a = 303 pm α = 90°
b = 303 pm β = 90°
c = 303 pm γ = 90°
釩(fan)的(de)性(xing)(xing)質和(he)(he)鉭以及鈮(ni)相似(si),英國化學家(jia)羅斯科(ke)研究了(le)它(ta)的(de)性(xing)(xing)質,確定它(ta)與鉭和(he)(he)鈮(ni)相似(si),這為(wei)它(ta)們(men)三個在元素周期表中(zhong)共建(jian)(jian)一個分族建(jian)(jian)立了(le)基(ji)礎。釩(fan)屬(shu)于中(zhong)等活潑的(de)金屬(shu),化合價(jia)+2、+3、+4和(he)(he)+5。其中(zhong)以+5價(jia)為(wei)最穩定,其次是+4價(jia),五價(jia)釩(fan)的(de)化合物具有(you)氧化性(xing)(xing)能(neng),低價(jia)釩(fan)則具有(you)還原(yuan)性(xing)(xing)。釩(fan)的(de)價(jia)態越低還原(yuan)性(xing)(xing)越強。電離能(neng)為(wei)6.74eV,具有(you)耐鹽酸(suan)(suan)和(he)(he)硫酸(suan)(suan)的(de)本領,并且在耐氣、耐鹽、耐水腐蝕的(de)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)要比大多數不銹鋼(gang)好。釩(fan)空氣中(zhong)不被氧化,可溶于氫氟酸(suan)(suan)、硝酸(suan)(suan)和(he)(he)王(wang)水。
所屬周期 4
所屬(shu)族數 V B
電子層分布 2-8-11-2
電子(zi)層 K-L-M-N
價電子排(pai)布 3d34s2
氧化態 -1,+1,+2,+3,+4,+5,
電(dian)離能(kJ /mol)
M - M+ 650
M+ - M2+ 1414
M2+ - M3+ 2828
M4+ - M5+ 6294
M5+ - M6+ 12362
M6+ - M7+ 14489
M7+ - M8+ 16760
M8+ - M9+ 19860
M9+ - M10+ 22240
釩(fan)能(neng)分別以二(er)、三、四(si)、五價于氧結合,形成四(si)種氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)物:一(yi)氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)釩(fan),三氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)二(er)釩(fan),二(er)氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)釩(fan),五氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)二(er)釩(fan)。他們的性質如下(xia):
化(hua)學式(shi) 顏色 密度g/cm3 熔點℃
VO 灰色 5.23-5.76 1830
V2O3 黑(hei)色 4.85 1960
VO2 深藍色 4.26. 1545
V2O5 紅黃 3.32 690
高溫下(xia),金屬釩(fan)(fan)(fan)很容易與氧(yang)和(he)氮作(zuo)用。當金屬釩(fan)(fan)(fan)在空氣中加熱時,釩(fan)(fan)(fan)氧(yang)化(hua)成棕黑色的(de)三氧(yang)化(hua)二釩(fan)(fan)(fan)、深藍色的(de)二氧(yang)化(hua)釩(fan)(fan)(fan),并最終(zhong)成為(wei)桔黃色的(de)五氧(yang)化(hua)二釩(fan)(fan)(fan):
釩(fan)(fan)(fan)在(zai)氮氣(qi)中(zhong)加(jia)熱至900~1300℃會生(sheng)成氮化(hua)(hua)(hua)釩(fan)(fan)(fan)。釩(fan)(fan)(fan)與(yu)碳(tan)在(zai)高溫下可生(sheng)成碳(tan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)釩(fan)(fan)(fan),但碳(tan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)必須在(zai)真空中(zhong)進(jin)行。當釩(fan)(fan)(fan)在(zai)真空下或(huo)惰性(xing)氣(qi)氛中(zhong)與(yu)硅(gui)、硼、磷(lin)、砷一(yi)同加(jia)熱時,可形成相應(ying)(ying)的(de)硅(gui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)、硼化(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)、磷(lin)化(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)和砷化(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)。不同價態的(de)釩(fan)(fan)(fan)離(li)子(zi)有不同的(de)顏(yan)色(se):VO2+顏(yan)色(se)為淺黃色(se)或(huo)深綠色(se),VO2+顏(yan)色(se)為藍色(se),V3+為綠色(se),V2+為紫色(se)。
我(wo)們平(ping)常說(shuo)的(de)釩(fan)(fan)鹽(yan)(yan)是指這幾種:含有(you)V4+的(de),含有(you)VO3-的(de)(偏(pian)釩(fan)(fan)酸(suan)鹽(yan)(yan)),含有(you)VO43-的(de)(正釩(fan)(fan)酸(suan)鹽(yan)(yan)),他(ta)們包括:偏(pian)釩(fan)(fan)酸(suan)銨、偏(pian)釩(fan)(fan)酸(suan)鈉(na)、偏(pian)釩(fan)(fan)酸(suan)鉀、正釩(fan)(fan)酸(suan)鈉(na)、硫酸(suan)氧釩(fan)(fan)、草酸(suan)氧釩(fan)(fan)、四(si)氯化釩(fan)(fan)、三氯氧釩(fan)(fan)等。
釩的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鹽類的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)顏色(se)真(zhen)是五(wu)光十色(se),有綠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、紅的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、黑的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、黃的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),綠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)碧如翡翠,黑的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)猶如濃墨。如二價釩鹽常呈(cheng)紫色(se);三價釩鹽呈(cheng)綠色(se),四價釩鹽呈(cheng)淺藍色(se),四價釩的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)堿性衍生物常是棕(zong)色(se)或黑色(se),而五(wu)氧化二釩則是紅色(se)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。這(zhe)些色(se)彩繽紛的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)釩的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)化合物,被(bei)制成鮮(xian)艷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)顏料:把它們加(jia)到玻璃中,制成彩色(se)玻璃,也可以(yi)用來制造(zao)各種(zhong)墨水。
釩共有(you)31種同位(wei)素(su),其(qi)中(zhong)天(tian)然存在的(de)是釩-50和釩-51,其(qi)他的(de)全部通(tong)過人(ren)工合成。性質如下表:
符號 Z(p) N(n) 質量(u) 半衰期 原子核自旋 相對豐(feng)度(du)(du) 相對豐(feng)度(du)(du)的變化率
V-40 23 17 40.01109 2-
V-41 23 18 40.99978 7/2-
V-42 23 19 41.99123 2-
V-43 23 20 42.98065 80ms 7/2-
V-44 23 21 43.97411 111ms (2+)
V-44m 270keV 150ms (6+)
V-45 23 22 44.965776 547ms 7/2-
V-46 23 23 45.9602005 422.50ms 0+
V-46m 801.46keV 1.02ms 3+
V-47 23 24 46.9549089 32.6min 3/2-
V-48 23 25 47.9522537 15.9735d 4+
V-49 23 26 48.9485161 329d 7/2-
V-50 23 27 49.9471585 1.4×10a 6+ 0.0025 0.002487-0.002502
V-51 23 28 50.9439595 穩定 7/2- 0.9975 0.997498-0.997513
V-52 23 29 51.9447755 3.743min 3+
V-53 23 30 52.944338 1.60min 7/2-
V-54 23 31 53.94644 49.8s 3+
V-54m 108keV 900ns (5+)
V-55 23 32 54.94723 6.54s (7/2-)
V-56 23 33 55.95053 216ms (1+)
V-57 23 34 56.95256 0.35s (3/2-)
V-58 23 35 57.95683 191ms 3+
V-59 23 36 58.96021 75ms 7/2-
V-60 23 37 59.96503 122ms 3+
V-60m1 150keV 40ms 1+
V-60m2 101keV >400ns
V-61 23 38 60.96848 47.0ms 7/2-
V-62 23 39 61.97378 33.5ms 3+
V-63 23 40 62.97755 17ms (7/2-)
V-64 23 41 63.98347 10ms[>300ns]
V-65 23 42 64.98792 10ms 5/2-
純(chun)(chun)的(de)金屬釩(fan)一般是用鉀在高壓下將五(wu)氧化(hua)二釩(fan)還(huan)原而得到的(de)。大多數釩(fan)是其它礦物加工時的(de)副產品(pin)。工業上也可以(yi)以(yi)鋁,焦(jiao)炭還(huan)原五(wu)氧化(hua)二釩(fan)生產純(chun)(chun)釩(fan)。
焦炭(tan)還(huan)原五氧化(hua)二(er)釩(fan)(fan)(fan)生產(chan)純(chun)釩(fan)(fan)(fan)是將V2O5粉(fen)與高(gao)純(chun)碳(tan)粉(fen)混(hun)合均勻,加10%樟腦乙醚溶液或(huo)(huo)酒精(jing),壓(ya)(ya)塊后放入(ru)真(zhen)空(kong)(kong)碳(tan)阻(zu)爐或(huo)(huo)感應(ying)爐內。爐內真(zhen)空(kong)(kong)壓(ya)(ya)力到6.66×10-1Pa后,升溫(wen)(wen)至1573K,保(bao)溫(wen)(wen)2h。冷卻后將反(fan)應(ying)產(chan)物破碎。根據第一次(ci)還(huan)原產(chan)物的組分再配入(ru)適量碳(tan)化(hua)釩(fan)(fan)(fan)或(huo)(huo)氧化(hua)釩(fan)(fan)(fan)進行二(er)次(ci)還(huan)原。二(er)次(ci)還(huan)原爐內的真(zhen)空(kong)(kong)壓(ya)(ya)力為2.66×10-2Pa,溫(wen)(wen)度控制在1973~2023K之間,并保(bao)溫(wen)(wen)一段時間。真(zhen)空(kong)(kong)碳(tan)還(huan)原法所得(de)金屬(shu)釩(fan)(fan)(fan)的成分(質量分數m/%)為:釩(fan)(fan)(fan)99.5,氧0.05,氮0.01,碳(tan)0.1。釩(fan)(fan)(fan)收率(lv)可達98%~99%。
鋁(lv)(lv)熱還原法是將五氧化(hua)二(er)釩(fan)(fan)和純(chun)鋁(lv)(lv)放在反應彈進(jin)行反應,生成釩(fan)(fan)鋁(lv)(lv)合金(jin)(jin)。釩(fan)(fan)合金(jin)(jin)在2063K的高溫和真空中(zhong)脫(tuo)鋁(lv)(lv),可制得含釩(fan)(fan)94%~97%的粗(cu)金(jin)(jin)屬釩(fan)(fan)。
在鋼(gang)(gang)中(zhong)加入百(bai)分之(zhi)幾的(de)(de)(de)(de)釩(fan),就能(neng)使鋼(gang)(gang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)彈(dan)性(xing)、強(qiang)(qiang)度大增(zeng),抗(kang)磨(mo)損(sun)和(he)抗(kang)爆裂性(xing)極好,既(ji)耐(nai)高溫又抗(kang)奇寒,難怪在汽車、航空、鐵路(lu)、電(dian)子技術(shu)、國(guo)防(fang)工(gong)業等部門,到處可見到釩(fan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)蹤(zong)跡。此外,釩(fan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)氧化(hua)物(wu)已成(cheng)(cheng)為化(hua)學工(gong)業中(zhong)最佳催(cui)化(hua)劑(ji)之(zhi)一,有“化(hua)學面包(bao)”之(zhi)稱。主要用于制造高速切削鋼(gang)(gang)及(ji)其他合金鋼(gang)(gang)和(he)催(cui)化(hua)劑(ji)。把(ba)釩(fan)摻進(jin)鋼(gang)(gang)里(li),可以制成(cheng)(cheng)釩(fan)鋼(gang)(gang)。釩(fan)鋼(gang)(gang)比普通鋼(gang)(gang)結構更緊密,韌性(xing)、彈(dan)性(xing)與機械(xie)強(qiang)(qiang)度更高。釩(fan)鋼(gang)(gang)制的(de)(de)(de)(de)穿甲彈(dan),能(neng)夠射穿40厘米厚的(de)(de)(de)(de)鋼(gang)(gang)板。但(dan)是,在鋼(gang)(gang)鐵工(gong)業上,并(bing)不是把(ba)純的(de)(de)(de)(de)金屬釩(fan)加到鋼(gang)(gang)鐵中(zhong)制成(cheng)(cheng)釩(fan)鋼(gang)(gang),而(er)是直接采用含釩(fan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)鐵礦(kuang)煉成(cheng)(cheng)釩(fan)鋼(gang)(gang)。
釩具有眾(zhong)多(duo)優異(yi)的(de)物理性(xing)能(neng)和化學(xue)性(xing)能(neng),因而(er)(er)釩的(de)用(yong)途十分廣泛,有金屬(shu)“維(wei)生(sheng)素”之稱。最初(chu)的(de)釩大多(duo)應用(yong)于鋼(gang)鐵(tie),通過細化鋼(gang)的(de)組織和晶粒(li),提高晶粒(li)粗化溫度,從而(er)(er)起到(dao)增加鋼(gang)的(de)強度、韌性(xing)和耐(nai)磨性(xing)。后來,人們(men)逐(zhu)漸又(you)發(fa)現了釩在鈦合金中的(de)優異(yi)改良作用(yong),并應用(yong)到(dao)航空(kong)(kong)航天領域,從而(er)(er)使得航空(kong)(kong)航天工業(ye)取得了突破性(xing)的(de)進展(zhan)。隨(sui)著科(ke)學(xue)技術水平的(de)飛躍(yue)發(fa)展(zhan),人類對(dui)新材(cai)料的(de)要(yao)求日(ri)益(yi)提高。釩在非鋼(gang)鐵(tie)領域的(de)應用(yong)越(yue)來越(yue)廣泛,其范(fan)圍涵蓋了航空(kong)(kong)航天、化學(xue)、電(dian)池、顏料、玻(bo)璃(li)、光學(xue)、醫(yi)藥(yao)等眾(zhong)多(duo)領域。
釩(fan)“現(xian)代(dai)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)的味精”,是發展現(xian)代(dai)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)、現(xian)代(dai)國(guo)防和現(xian)代(dai)科學技術(shu)不可缺少的重要材料。釩(fan)在冶金業(ye)(ye)中用量(liang)最大。從(cong)世界范圍來看,釩(fan)在鋼鐵工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)中的消耗量(liang)占其(qi)生產總量(liang)的85%。與(yu)此同時,釩(fan)在化工(gong)(gong)、釩(fan)電池、航空(kong)航天等其(qi)它領域的應(ying)用也在不斷擴展,且具有良(liang)好發展前景。
釩在鋼(gang)鐵(tie)工業(ye)中主要用作合(he)金添加劑,鋼(gang)鐵(tie)工業(ye)的發展變化對預測釩的需(xu)求至(zhi)關重要。也(ye)就是說,鋼(gang)鐵(tie)對釩的需(xu)求趨(qu)勢決(jue)定(ding)了釩工業(ye)的命運。
中國(guo)鋼(gang)產量大約6億噸(dun),平均每噸(dun)釩(fan)的消費(fei)強度(du)(du)增(zeng)加10g,折合五氧(yang)化二釩(fan)約為1.1萬噸(dun)。而在美(mei)國(guo),碳(tan)素鋼(gang)和高強度(du)(du)低合金(jin)鋼(gang)是鋼(gang)鐵工(gong)業中釩(fan)用(yong)量最大的鋼(gang)種,占鋼(gang)鐵工(gong)業釩(fan)用(yong)量的60%以上,其次是高合金(jin)鋼(gang)。
釩(fan)電(dian)池是發(fa)展勢頭強(qiang)勁(jing)的(de)優秀綠色(se)環保(bao)蓄電(dian)池之一(制造、使(shi)用(yong)(yong)及廢棄過程(cheng)均不產生有害物質),它具(ju)有特殊的(de)電(dian)池結構,可深度(du)大電(dian)流密度(du)放電(dian);充電(dian)迅速;比能量高;價(jia)格(ge)低(di)廉;應(ying)用(yong)(yong)領域十分廣闊:如可作為(wei)大廈、機場、程(cheng)控交換站備用(yong)(yong)電(dian)源;可作為(wei)太陽能等(deng)清(qing)潔發(fa)電(dian)系(xi)統的(de)配(pei)套儲能裝置;為(wei)潛(qian)艇、遠洋輪船提(ti)供電(dian)力以及用(yong)(yong)于電(dian)網調峰等(deng)。
釩(fan)(fan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)成本與(yu)鉛酸(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)相(xiang)近,它還可制(zhi)備兆(zhao)瓦(wa)級電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組,大功率長時間提供電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng),因此釩(fan)(fan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)在大規(gui)(gui)模儲(chu)能(neng)領域具有鋰離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)、鎳氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)不可比擬的性(xing)價比優勢。釩(fan)(fan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)生產工藝簡單(dan),價格(ge)經(jing)濟,電(dian)(dian)(dian)性(xing)能(neng)優異,與(yu)制(zhi)造(zao)復雜、價格(ge)昂貴的燃(ran)料電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)相(xiang)比,無論是在大規(gui)(gui)模儲(chu)能(neng)還是電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車動(dong)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)源的應用前景方面,都更(geng)具競爭實(shi)力。
與其(qi)他化(hua)學電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源相比(bi),釩(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)具(ju)有明顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優(you)越性,主(zhu)要(yao)優(you)點如下:1、功率(lv)大:通(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)單片電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數量(liang)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)面積,即(ji)可(ke)增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)釩(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功率(lv),美(mei)國商(shang)業(ye)化(hua)示范運(yun)行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)釩(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功率(lv)已達(da)6兆瓦。2、容量(liang)大:通(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)任(ren)意增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)體積,即(ji)可(ke)任(ren)意增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)釩(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang),可(ke)達(da)吉瓦時以上;通(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)提高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)濃度,即(ji)可(ke)成倍(bei)增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)釩(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)。3、效率(lv)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao):由于(yu)(yu)釩(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)催(cui)化(hua)活(huo)性高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao),且正(zheng)、負極(ji)活(huo)性物(wu)質分別(bie)存(cun)儲(chu)在(zai)(zai)正(zheng)、負極(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液(ye)(ye)儲(chu)槽中,避免(mian)了正(zheng)、負極(ji)活(huo)性物(wu)質的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)消(xiao)耗,釩(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能量(liang)轉換(huan)效率(lv)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)達(da)75%以上,遠(yuan)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)于(yu)(yu)鉛酸(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)45%。4、壽命(ming)長(chang):由于(yu)(yu)釩(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)、負極(ji)活(huo)性物(wu)質只分別(bie)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)于(yu)(yu)正(zheng)、負極(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液(ye)(ye)中,充(chong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時無其(qi)它電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)常有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)相變(bian)化(hua),可(ke)深度放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)而不損(sun)傷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)使用壽命(ming)長(chang)。商(shang)業(ye)化(hua)示范運(yun)行(xing)時間(jian)最長(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)釩(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)模塊(kuai)已正(zheng)常運(yun)行(xing)超(chao)過(guo)(guo)(guo)9年,充(chong)放(fang)循環壽命(ming)超(chao)過(guo)(guo)(guo)18000次,遠(yuan)遠(yuan)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)于(yu)(yu)固定型(xing)鉛酸(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)1000次。5、響(xiang)應速度快:釩(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)堆里充(chong)滿電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液(ye)(ye)可(ke)在(zai)(zai)瞬(shun)間(jian)啟(qi)動,在(zai)(zai)運(yun)行(xing)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中充(chong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀態切(qie)換(huan)只需(xu)要(yao)0.02秒,響(xiang)應速度1毫秒。6、可(ke)瞬(shun)間(jian)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian):通(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)更換(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液(ye)(ye)可(ke)實現釩(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)瞬(shun)間(jian)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。7、安全性高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao):釩(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)無潛在(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)爆炸或著火危險,即(ji)使將(jiang)正(zheng)、負極(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液(ye)(ye)混合也無危險,只是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液(ye)(ye)溫(wen)度略有升高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)。8、成本低(di):除離(li)子膜外,釩(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)部件多為(wei)廉價(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)碳材料、工程(cheng)塑料,材料來源豐富,易回收,不需(xu)要(yao)貴金屬(shu)作電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)催(cui)化(hua)劑,成本低(di)。9、釩(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)選(xuan)址自(zi)由度大,可(ke)全自(zi)動封閉運(yun)行(xing),無污染,維護簡單,運(yun)營成本低(di)。
釩(fan)(fan)是(shi)人(ren)體中的微量元素(su)在(zai)(zai)人(ren)體內含量大(da)約為(wei)25mg,在(zai)(zai)體液pH4~8條(tiao)件下釩(fan)(fan)的主(zhu)要形式(shi)為(wei)VO3-,即亞釩(fan)(fan)酸(suan)(suan)離(li)(li)子;另一為(wei)+5價(jia)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)形式(shi)VO43-,即正釩(fan)(fan)酸(suan)(suan)離(li)(li)子。由(you)(you)于生(sheng)物效(xiao)應(ying)相(xiang)似(si),一般釩(fan)(fan)酸(suan)(suan)鹽(yan)統(tong)指這(zhe)兩種+5價(jia)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)離(li)(li)子。VO3-經離(li)(li)子轉(zhuan)運(yun)系(xi)統(tong)或自由(you)(you)進(jin)入細胞(bao),在(zai)(zai)胞(bao)內被還(huan)原型谷胱(guang)甘(gan)肽還(huan)原成(cheng)VO2+(+4價(jia)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)態),即氧(yang)(yang)釩(fan)(fan)根(gen)離(li)(li)子(vanadyl)。由(you)(you)于磷(lin)(lin)酸(suan)(suan)和(he)Mg2+離(li)(li)子在(zai)(zai)細胞(bao)內廣泛存在(zai)(zai)VO-3與磷(lin)(lin)酸(suan)(suan)結構相(xiang)似(si),VO2+與Mg2+大(da)小(xiao)相(xiang)當(離(li)(li)子半(ban)徑分別為(wei)160pm和(he)165pm),因而二者就有可能通過與磷(lin)(lin)酸(suan)(suan)和(he)Mg2+競爭結合配體干擾細胞(bao)的生(sheng)化(hua)(hua)反(fan)應(ying)過程。例如,抑(yi)制ATP水解酶(mei)(mei)(mei)、核糖核酸(suan)(suan)酶(mei)(mei)(mei)、磷(lin)(lin)酸(suan)(suan)果糖激酶(mei)(mei)(mei)、磷(lin)(lin)酸(suan)(suan)甘(gan)油醛(quan)激酶(mei)(mei)(mei)、6-磷(lin)(lin)酸(suan)(suan)葡(pu)萄糖酶(mei)(mei)(mei)、磷(lin)(lin)酸(suan)(suan)酪氨酸(suan)(suan)蛋白激酶(mei)(mei)(mei)。所(suo)以(yi),釩(fan)(fan)進(jin)入細胞(bao)后具有廣泛的生(sheng)物學效(xiao)應(ying)。釩(fan)(fan)化(hua)(hua)合物又(you)具有合成(cheng)相(xiang)對容易、價(jia)格較低廉的優(you)勢(shi),因此(ci)研(yan)究釩(fan)(fan)化(hua)(hua)合物的降壓機制有利(li)于對釩(fan)(fan)的開(kai)發和(he)利(li)用(yong)。
國內外對釩化(hua)(hua)合物(wu)的(de)(de)研(yan)究已有(you)20多年的(de)(de)歷史,早期(qi)多集中(zhong)在(zai)釩化(hua)(hua)合物(wu)降(jiang)(jiang)糖(tang)作用的(de)(de)研(yan)究,也有(you)報(bao)道釩能舒張豬(zhu)的(de)(de)離(li)體冠狀動脈(mo)。近期(qi)國外有(you)些研(yan)究開始用釩化(hua)(hua)合物(wu)治(zhi)療原發(fa)性高血(xue)(xue)壓(ya)(ya)大鼠,已經取到肯定的(de)(de)實驗結(jie)果。有(you)報(bao)道認為BMOV可(ke)以降(jiang)(jiang)低(di)SHR的(de)(de)高胰島素血(xue)(xue)癥(zheng)和高血(xue)(xue)壓(ya)(ya)。另有(you)學者(zhe)采用SHR和WKY大鼠對比探討釩化(hua)(hua)合物(wu)對血(xue)(xue)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)藥物(wu)療效,結(jie)果可(ke)見釩化(hua)(hua)合物(wu)使(shi)收縮壓(ya)(ya)降(jiang)(jiang)低(di)(149±3/mmHg,非治(zhi)療組184±3mmHgP<0.0001)。
釩(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)是(shi)正常生(sheng)長可能(neng)必(bi)需的(de)(de)礦物(wu)質,釩(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)有多種(zhong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)態(tai),有生(sheng)物(wu)學意義(yi)的(de)(de)是(shi)四(si)價(jia)(jia)(jia)和五(wu)價(jia)(jia)(jia)態(tai)。四(si)價(jia)(jia)(jia)態(tai)釩(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)為氧(yang)釩(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)基陽(yang)離子,易與(yu)蛋白質結合結合形成復合物(wu),而防(fang)(fang)止被氧(yang)化。五(wu)價(jia)(jia)(jia)態(tai)釩(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)為氧(yang)釩(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)基陽(yang)離子,易與(yu)其(qi)他(ta)生(sheng)物(wu)物(wu)質結合形成復合物(wu),在(zai)許(xu)多生(sheng)化過(guo)程中,釩(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)酸(suan)(suan)根能(neng)與(yu)磷酸(suan)(suan)根競爭,或取代磷酸(suan)(suan)根。釩(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)酸(suan)(suan)鹽(yan)以被維生(sheng)素(su)C、谷胱(guang)甘肽或NADH還(huan)原。其(qi)在(zai)人體健康方面的(de)(de)作用(yong),營養學界(jie),醫學界(jie)至(zhi)今仍不(bu)是(shi)很(hen)清楚(chu),仍處(chu)在(zai)進一(yi)步發掘的(de)(de)過(guo)程中,但可以確定(ding),釩(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)有重要(yao)作用(yong)。一(yi)般認為,它可能(neng)有助于防(fang)(fang)止膽固醇(chun)蓄積、降(jiang)低過(guo)高的(de)(de)血糖、防(fang)(fang)止齲(qu)齒(chi)、幫助制造(zao)紅(hong)血球等。每天(tian)會(hui)經尿液(ye)流失部分釩(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)。
釩在人體(ti)內含(han)量(liang)(liang)極低,體(ti)內總量(liang)(liang)不足1mg。主(zhu)要(yao)分(fen)布(bu)于內臟,尤其(qi)是肝(gan)、腎(shen)、甲狀腺(xian)等部位(wei),骨組織中含(han)量(liang)(liang)也較(jiao)高。人體(ti)對釩的(de)正常(chang)需(xu)要(yao)量(liang)(liang)為100μg/d。
釩(fan)(fan)在(zai)胃腸(chang)吸(xi)收(shou)率僅(jin)5%,其吸(xi)收(shou)部(bu)位(wei)主要在(zai)上(shang)消化道。此(ci)外環境中(zhong)(zhong)的釩(fan)(fan)可(ke)經皮膚和肺吸(xi)收(shou)入(ru)體(ti)中(zhong)(zhong)。血(xue)液中(zhong)(zhong)約95%的釩(fan)(fan)以離(li)子狀態(VO2+)與轉鐵蛋白結合而(er)送(song)輸,因此(ci)釩(fan)(fan)與鐵在(zai)體(ti)內可(ke)相互影響(xiang)。
釩對骨和(he)(he)牙(ya)齒(chi)正常(chang)發(fa)育及鈣化有關(guan),能(neng)增強牙(ya)對齲牙(ya)的抵抗力(li)。釩還可以促(cu)(cu)進(jin)糖(tang)代謝(xie),刺激(ji)釩酸鹽依(yi)賴性(xing)NADPH氧化反應,增強脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)蛋白脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)酶活性(xing),加快腺苷酸環(huan)化酶活化和(he)(he)氨基(ji)酸轉(zhuan)化及促(cu)(cu)進(jin)紅細(xi)胞生長等作用。因此(ci)釩缺乏時(shi)可出現牙(ya)齒(chi)、骨和(he)(he)軟骨發(fa)育受阻。肝內(nei)磷(lin)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)含量(liang)少(shao)、營養不良性(xing)水腫及甲狀腺代謝(xie)異常(chang)等。
人類攝入的釩(fan)(fan)只(zhi)有少部(bu)分(fen)(fen)被吸收(shou),估(gu)計吸收(shou)的釩(fan)(fan)不足攝入量的5%,大部(bu)分(fen)(fen)由(you)糞便排出。攝入的釩(fan)(fan)于小腸與低分(fen)(fen)子量物質形成(cheng)復合(he)物,然后在(zai)血中(zhong)與血漿運鐵(tie)蛋白結合(he),血中(zhong)釩(fan)(fan)很快就運到各組織(zhi),通常(chang)大多(duo)組織(zhi)每克濕重含釩(fan)(fan)量低于10ng。吸收(shou)入體內的80%-90%由(you)尿(niao)排出,也(ye)可以通過膽汁排出,每克膽汁含釩(fan)(fan)為0.55-1.85ng。
有實驗顯示,釩調節(jie)(Nak)-ATP酶(mei)、調節(jie)磷酰轉(zhuan)移(yi)酶(mei)、腺苷酸環化酶(mei)、蛋(dan)白激(ji)酶(mei)類(lei)的輔因子,與(yu)體內(nei)激(ji)素,蛋(dan)白質,脂類(lei)代謝(xie)關(guan)系密切。可(ke)抑(yi)制年幼大(da)鼠肝臟(zang)合成膽固(gu)醇。可(ke)能存在以下作用(yong):1.防止(zhi)因過(guo)熱而疲勞(lao)和(he)中暑。2.促進骨(gu)骼及牙齒(chi)生長。3.協助脂肪代謝(xie)的正常化。4.預防心(xin)臟(zang)病突發。5.協助神經和(he)肌肉的正常運作。
人(ren)的(de)膳食中(zhong)每(mei)天可提(ti)供不(bu)足30μg的(de)釩,多為15μg,因此考(kao)慮每(mei)天從膳食中(zhong)攝取10μg釩就可以(yi)滿足需要。一般(ban)不(bu)需要特別補充(chong);需要提(ti)醒的(de)是,攝取合成(cheng)的(de)釩容易引起中(zhong)毒;另外吸煙(yan)會降(jiang)低(di)釩的(de)吸收。
釩在體內不易蓄積(ji),因而(er)由食物攝(she)入(ru)引起的中毒(du)十分罕見,但每天攝(she)入(ru)10mg以上或每克(ke)(ke)食物中含釩10-20微(wei)克(ke)(ke),可發生中毒(du)。通常可出現生長緩(huan)慢、腹瀉(xie)、攝(she)入(ru)量減少和死(si)亡。
最(zui)被認可的(de)(de)釩(fan)缺乏(fa)(fa)(fa)表現(xian)來自于(yu)1987年報(bao)道(dao)的(de)(de)對山羊(yang)和大(da)鼠的(de)(de)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu),釩(fan)缺乏(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)山羊(yang)表現(xian)出(chu)流產率增(zeng)加和產奶量降低(di)。大(da)鼠實驗中,釩(fan)缺乏(fa)(fa)(fa)引起生長(chang)抑制,甲(jia)狀腺(xian)(xian)重(zhong)量與體(ti)重(zhong)的(de)(de)比率增(zeng)加以及血(xue)漿(jiang)甲(jia)狀腺(xian)(xian)激素濃度的(de)(de)變化。對于(yu)人體(ti)缺乏(fa)(fa)(fa)癥研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)尚不明確(que),有(you)的(de)(de)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)認為它的(de)(de)缺乏(fa)(fa)(fa)可能會(hui)導致心血(xue)管及腎臟疾病、傷口再生修復能力減退和新生兒死亡(wang)。
釩(fan)在天然水(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的濃度很低,一般河(he)水(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)為0.01~20ppb,平(ping)均為1ppb。海水(shui)含(han)釩(fan)量(liang)為0.9~2.5ppb。盡(jin)管水(shui)體(ti)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)可溶性(xing)(xing)的釩(fan)含(han)量(liang)很低,但是(shi)水(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)懸浮(fu)物含(han)釩(fan)量(liang)是(shi)很高的。懸浮(fu)物的沉積導(dao)致水(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)釩(fan)向底質(zhi)遷移,并使水(shui)體(ti)得(de)到凈化。土(tu)壤(rang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的釩(fan)主要(yao)以VO3-陰離(li)子(zi)狀態存在。土(tu)壤(rang)的氧化性(xing)(xing)越高、堿性(xing)(xing)越大,釩(fan)越易(yi)形成(cheng)VO3-離(li)子(zi)。當土(tu)壤(rang)的酸(suan)度增大時,VO3-離(li)子(zi)易(yi)轉變成(cheng)多釩(fan)酸(suan)根復(fu)合陰離(li)子(zi)。它們都容易(yi)被粘(zhan)土(tu)和土(tu)壤(rang)膠體(ti)及(ji)腐殖質(zhi)固定而失去活(huo)性(xing)(xing),釩(fan)在土(tu)壤(rang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的遷移性(xing)(xing)較弱。
金屬(shu)釩(fan)的(de)毒(du)性很低。釩(fan)化(hua)合物(釩(fan)鹽)對人和動物具(ju)有毒(du)性,其毒(du)性隨化(hua)合物的(de)原子價增加(jia)和溶解度的(de)增大而增加(jia),如五氧化(hua)二(er)釩(fan)為高毒(du),可引起呼吸系(xi)統(tong)、神經系(xi)統(tong)、胃腸和皮(pi)膚的(de)改變(bian)。
皮膚(fu)接觸:脫去污染的衣著,用(yong)(yong)肥皂(zao)水(shui)及清(qing)水(shui)徹底(di)沖洗(xi)。眼睛接觸:立即翻開上(shang)下眼瞼,用(yong)(yong)流動清(qing)水(shui)沖洗(xi)15分鐘。就(jiu)(jiu)醫。吸(xi)入:脫離(li)現(xian)場至空氣(qi)新鮮處,用(yong)(yong)水(shui)漱洗(xi)鼻咽部的粉塵。就(jiu)(jiu)醫。食入:誤服者就(jiu)(jiu)醫。對(dui)癥治療。
儲(chu)存(cun)(cun)于陰涼、通風的庫房。遠離火種、熱源。應與氧化劑(ji)、酸(suan)類、食用化學品(pin)分開存(cun)(cun)放,切忌混儲(chu)。配備(bei)相應品(pin)種和數(shu)量的消防器材(cai)。儲(chu)區應備(bei)有合適(shi)的材(cai)料收容(rong)泄漏(lou)物。