《浪淘(tao)沙·把酒祝東(dong)風(feng)》是宋代文學家歐陽修的(de)詞作。此詞傷時(shi)惜(xi)別,抒(shu)發了人生聚散(san)無常的(de)感嘆。上片由現境(jing)而憶已(yi)過之(zhi)境(jing),即由眼前美景而思去年同游之(zhi)樂;下片再(zai)由現境(jing)而思未來之(zhi)境(jing),含(han)遺(yi)憾之(zhi)情于其中(zhong),尤(you)表(biao)現出對友誼的(de)珍惜(xi)。全(quan)詞筆致(zhi)疏(shu)放(fang),婉麗雋(jun)永(yong),含(han)蘊(yun)深(shen)刻,耐人尋味。
浪淘沙⑴
把酒(jiu)祝東風(feng)⑵,且(qie)共從容(rong)⑶。垂楊(yang)紫陌洛(luo)城東⑷。總(zong)是當時攜(xie)手處⑸,游遍(bian)芳叢。
聚(ju)散苦匆(cong)匆(cong)⑹,此(ci)恨無(wu)窮。今(jin)年花(hua)勝去年紅。可(ke)惜明年花(hua)更好,知與誰同(tong)?
⑴浪淘沙:唐教坊曲(qu)。后用作詞牌(pai)名(ming)。又名(ming)“賣花聲”。五(wu)十四(si)(si)字,前后片各四(si)(si)平韻,多作激越凄(qi)壯之音。
⑵把酒:端著(zhu)酒杯(bei)。
⑶從容:留戀,不舍。
⑷紫陌:紫路(lu)。洛(luo)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)曾(ceng)是東周、東漢的都(dou)城,據(ju)說當時曾(ceng)用(yong)紫色(se)土(tu)鋪路(lu),故名。此指(zhi)洛(luo)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)的道路(lu)。洛(luo)城:指(zhi)洛(luo)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)。
⑸總(zong)是(shi):大(da)多是(shi),都是(shi)。
⑹匆匆:形容時間(jian)匆促。
端起酒杯向東方祈(qi)禱,請你再留些(xie)時日(ri)不要一(yi)去匆匆。洛陽城東垂柳婆娑(suo)的郊野小(xiao)道,就是(shi)我們去年攜(xie)手同游的地方,我們游遍(bian)了姹(cha)紫嫣紅(hong)的花叢。
歡(huan)聚和離散都是這樣(yang)匆促,心中的遺恨卻無(wu)盡無(wu)窮。今(jin)年的花(hua)紅(hong)勝過去(qu)年,明年的花(hua)兒將更美好(hao),可惜不(bu)知(zhi)那時將和誰相從(cong)?
此詞(ci)為春日(ri)與友人(ren)(ren)在(zai)(zai)洛(luo)陽(yang)城(cheng)東(dong)(dong)舊地(di)同(tong)(tong)(tong)游(you)(you)有感而作(zuo)。宋仁宗天圣九年(nian)(1031),歐陽(yang)修任西(xi)京(jing)留(liu)守推官,與尹洙、梅堯臣、謝絳等(deng)游(you)(you),娶胥氏(shi)偃女為妻。當(dang)年(nian)春,友人(ren)(ren)曾(ceng)同(tong)(tong)(tong)作(zuo)者在(zai)(zai)洛(luo)城(cheng)東(dong)(dong)同(tong)(tong)(tong)游(you)(you)。歐陽(yang)修在(zai)(zai)西(xi)京(jing)留(liu)守幕前后(hou)共三年(nian),其間僅明道(dao)元年(nian)(1032)春在(zai)(zai)洛(luo)陽(yang),此詞(ci)當(dang)即此年(nian)所(suo)作(zuo)。詞(ci)中同(tong)(tong)(tong)游(you)(you)之人(ren)(ren)或即梅堯臣。
一說此詞(ci)(ci)當作于明道二年(nian)之后。明道元年(nian)(1032),尹(yin)洙、梅堯(yao)臣(chen)等(deng)相繼離去;明道二年(nian)(1033),歐陽修妻胥氏病逝。此詞(ci)(ci)為悼(dao)亡惜別而作。
歐(ou)陽(yang)修(1007—1072),北宋(song)(song)(song)文(wen)學家(jia)、史學家(jia)。字(zi)永叔,號醉翁,晚(wan)號六一居(ju)士(shi)。廬陵(今江西吉安)人。天圣八年(nian)(1030)進士(shi)。累擢知(zhi)制(zhi)誥、翰林學士(shi),歷樞(shu)密副使、參知(zhi)政事。宋(song)(song)(song)神宗朝,遷兵部尚書,以太子(zi)少師致仕。卒謚文(wen)忠。政治(zhi)上曾支持過(guo)范仲(zhong)淹等的(de)革(ge)新(xin)(xin)主(zhu)張,文(wen)學上主(zhu)張明道(dao)、致用,對(dui)宋(song)(song)(song)初以來靡(mi)麗、險怪的(de)文(wen)風(feng)表示(shi)不滿,并(bing)積極(ji)培(pei)養(yang)后(hou)進,是北宋(song)(song)(song)古文(wen)運動(dong)的(de)領袖。散(san)文(wen)說(shuo)理暢(chang)達,抒情委婉,為“唐宋(song)(song)(song)八大家(jia)”之一;詩風(feng)與其(qi)散(san)文(wen)近似,語言流暢(chang)自(zi)然。其(qi)詞婉麗,承襲南(nan)唐余風(feng)。曾與宋(song)(song)(song)祁合修《新(xin)(xin)唐書》,并(bing)獨撰《新(xin)(xin)五代史》。又喜收集(ji)金石(shi)文(wen)字(zi),編為《集(ji)古錄》,對(dui)宋(song)(song)(song)代金石(shi)學頗有影響(xiang)。有《歐(ou)陽(yang)文(wen)忠集(ji)》。
此(ci)詞上片敘事(shi),從游(you)(you)(you)賞(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)中的宴飲起筆(bi)。這里的新(xin)穎之處,是(shi)(shi)作者既未去(qu)(qu)寫(xie)酒筳之盛,也未去(qu)(qu)寫(xie)人(ren)(ren)們宴飲之樂(le),而是(shi)(shi)寫(xie)作者舉(ju)酒向東風(feng)(feng)祝(zhu)禱:希(xi)望(wang)東風(feng)(feng)不要匆匆而去(qu)(qu),能夠停留(liu)下(xia)來,參加他(ta)們的宴飲,一(yi)道游(you)(you)(you)賞(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)這大好春光。首(shou)二句(ju)詞語本(ben)于司空(kong)圖(tu)《酒泉子》“黃昏把(ba)酒祝(zhu)東風(feng)(feng),且從容(rong)”,而添一(yi)“共(gong)”字,便(bian)有(you)了新(xin)意。“共(gong)從容(rong)”是(shi)(shi)兼風(feng)(feng)與人(ren)(ren)而言。對(dui)東風(feng)(feng)言,不僅是(shi)(shi)愛(ai)惜好風(feng)(feng),且有(you)留(liu)住光景(jing),以便(bian)游(you)(you)(you)賞(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)之意;對(dui)人(ren)(ren)而言,希(xi)望(wang)人(ren)(ren)們慢(man)(man)慢(man)(man)游(you)(you)(you)賞(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),盡興方歸。“洛城(cheng)東”揭出地點。洛陽公私園囿(you)甚(shen)多,宋人(ren)(ren)李格非(fei)著有(you)《洛陽名園記》專記之。京城(cheng)郊外的道路叫(jiao)“紫(zi)陌”。“垂楊”和“東風(feng)(feng)”合看,可(ke)想見(jian)其暖(nuan)風(feng)(feng)吹拂,翠柳(liu)飛舞,天氣宜人(ren)(ren),景(jing)色迷(mi)人(ren)(ren),正是(shi)(shi)游(you)(you)(you)賞(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)的好時候、好處所(suo)(suo)。所(suo)(suo)以末兩句(ju)說,都(dou)是(shi)(shi)過去(qu)(qu)攜手同(tong)游(you)(you)(you)過的地方,今天仍要全都(dou)重游(you)(you)(you)一(yi)遍。“當時”就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)下(xia)片的“去(qu)(qu)年”。“芳叢”說明(ming)此(ci)游(you)(you)(you)主要是(shi)(shi)賞(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)花。
下(xia)片(pian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)抒情(qing)(qing)。頭兩(liang)(liang)句(ju)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)重重的(de)(de)感(gan)嘆(tan)。“聚(ju)散苦匆(cong)匆(cong)”,是(shi)(shi)(shi)說(shuo)本(ben)(ben)來(lai)(lai)就(jiu)很難聚(ju)會,而剛剛會面,又(you)要匆(cong)匆(cong)作(zuo)別(bie),這怎(zen)么不給人(ren)(ren)帶來(lai)(lai)無(wu)窮的(de)(de)悵恨呢!“此(ci)恨無(wu)窮”并(bing)不僅僅指作(zuo)者本(ben)(ben)人(ren)(ren)而言,也(ye)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)說(shuo),在(zai)親人(ren)(ren)朋友(you)(you)(you)之(zhi)(zhi)間聚(ju)散匆(cong)匆(cong)這種悵恨,從(cong)古到(dao)今(jin)(jin)(jin),以(yi)至今(jin)(jin)(jin)后(hou),永(yong)遠都沒有窮盡,都給人(ren)(ren)帶來(lai)(lai)莫大(da)的(de)(de)痛苦。“黯然銷魂(hun)者唯別(bie)而己(ji)矣!”(南朝梁江淹(yan)《別(bie)賦》)好(hao)(hao)友(you)(you)(you)相逢(feng),不能久聚(ju),心情(qing)(qing)自然是(shi)(shi)(shi)非常難受的(de)(de)。這感(gan)嘆(tan)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)對友(you)(you)(you)人(ren)(ren)深情(qing)(qing)厚(hou)意的(de)(de)表現。下(xia)面三句(ju)是(shi)(shi)(shi)從(cong)眼(yan)前所見之(zhi)(zhi)景(jing)來(lai)(lai)抒寫別(bie)情(qing)(qing),也(ye)可(ke)以(yi)說(shuo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)對上(shang)面的(de)(de)感(gan)嘆(tan)的(de)(de)具體說(shuo)明(ming)。“今(jin)(jin)(jin)年(nian)(nian)(nian)花(hua)勝去(qu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)紅”有兩(liang)(liang)層意思。一(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)說(shuo)今(jin)(jin)(jin)年(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)花(hua)比(bi)去(qu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)開(kai)(kai)得(de)更加(jia)繁盛(sheng),看去(qu)更加(jia)鮮(xian)艷,當(dang)然希望同(tong)友(you)(you)(you)人(ren)(ren)盡情(qing)(qing)觀賞(shang)。說(shuo)“花(hua)勝去(qu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)紅”,足見作(zuo)者去(qu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)曾同(tong)友(you)(you)(you)人(ren)(ren)來(lai)(lai)觀賞(shang)過(guo)此(ci)花(hua),此(ci)與上(shang)片(pian)“當(dang)時(shi)(shi)”相呼應,這里(li)包含著對過(guo)去(qu)的(de)(de)美好(hao)(hao)回(hui)憶;也(ye)說(shuo)明(ming)此(ci)別(bie)已經一(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian),這次是(shi)(shi)(shi)久別(bie)重逢(feng)。聚(ju)會這么不容(rong)易,花(hua)又(you)開(kai)(kai)得(de)這么好(hao)(hao),本(ben)(ben)來(lai)(lai)應當(dang)多多觀賞(shang),然而友(you)(you)(you)人(ren)(ren)就(jiu)要離(li)去(qu),怎(zen)能不使(shi)人(ren)(ren)痛惜(xi)?這句(ju)寫的(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)鮮(xian)艷繁盛(sheng)的(de)(de)景(jing)色,表現的(de)(de)卻(que)是(shi)(shi)(shi)感(gan)傷的(de)(de)心情(qing)(qing),正是(shi)(shi)(shi)清代(dai)王夫之(zhi)(zhi)所說(shuo)的(de)(de)“以(yi)樂景(jing)寫哀”。末(mo)兩(liang)(liang)句(ju)更進(jin)一(yi)層:明(ming)年(nian)(nian)(nian)這花(hua)還將比(bi)今(jin)(jin)(jin)年(nian)(nian)(nian)開(kai)(kai)得(de)更加(jia)繁盛(sheng),可(ke)惜(xi)的(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi),自己(ji)和友(you)(you)(you)人(ren)(ren)分居兩(liang)(liang)地,天各一(yi)方,明(ming)年(nian)(nian)(nian)此(ci)時(shi)(shi),不知(zhi)同(tong)誰(shui)再來(lai)(lai)共(gong)賞(shang)此(ci)花(hua)啊!再進(jin)一(yi)步說(shuo),明(ming)年(nian)(nian)(nian)自己(ji)也(ye)可(ke)能離(li)開(kai)(kai)此(ci)地,更不知(zhi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)誰(shui)來(lai)(lai)此(ci)賞(shang)花(hua)了。杜甫《九日藍田崔氏莊》“明(ming)年(nian)(nian)(nian)此(ci)會知(zhi)誰(shui)健,醉把茱萸仔細看”,立意與此(ci)詞(ci)相近(jin),可(ke)以(yi)合(he)看,不過(guo),杜詩意在(zai)傷老(lao),此(ci)詞(ci)則意在(zai)惜(xi)別(bie)。把別(bie)情(qing)(qing)熔鑄于(yu)賞(shang)花(hua)中(zhong),將三年(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)花(hua)加(jia)以(yi)比(bi)較,層層推(tui)進(jin),以(yi)惜(xi)花(hua)寫惜(xi)別(bie),構思新穎,富有詩意,是(shi)(shi)(shi)篇中(zhong)的(de)(de)絕妙之(zhi)(zhi)筆。而別(bie)情(qing)(qing)之(zhi)(zhi)重,亦說(shuo)明(ming)同(tong)友(you)(you)(you)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)情(qing)(qing)誼之(zhi)(zhi)深。
清人馮(feng)煦謂歐(ou)陽修詞“疏雋開子瞻(蘇(su)軾),深婉開少(shao)游(秦觀)”(《宋六十(shi)家(jia)詞選例言(yan)》)。此詞筆致疏放,婉麗雋永,近人俞(yu)陛云的評價(jia)正(zheng)說明它兼具這兩方面的特色(se)。
李攀(pan)龍《草堂詩(shi)余雋》:“意自‘明年此會知(zhi)誰健(jian)’中(zhong)來。”
沈(shen)際飛《草堂詩余(yu)正集(ji)》:“末三句,雖(sui)少含蘊,不失為情語。”
沈雄《古今詞(ci)(ci)話》上卷:“《柳塘詞(ci)(ci)話》曰(yue):歐陽公(gong)云(yun):‘把酒祝東(dong)風,且(qie)共從容。’與東(dong)坡《虞美人》云(yun):‘持杯邀勸天邊月,愿月圓無缺。’同(tong)一(yi)意致。”
黃(huang)蘇《蓼園詞選(xuan)》:“按(an)末二(er)句,憂盛危明之(zhi)意,持盈保泰之(zhi)心,在天道則虧盈益謙之(zhi)理,俱(ju)可悟(wu)得。大有理趣,卻不庸腐(fu)。粹(cui)然儒者之(zhi)言,令(ling)人玩味不盡。”
俞陛云(yun)《唐五(wu)代兩宋詞選釋》:“因惜(xi)花而懷友,前(qian)歡寂(ji)寂(ji),后(hou)會悠悠,至情語(yu)以一氣揮寫(xie),可謂深情如(ru)水,行氣如(ru)虹矣。”