無(wu)支祁,或支無(wu)祁。中(zhong)國(guo)神(shen)話中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)怪(guai)。他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)形狀像猿猴,塌鼻子,凸(tu)額頭,白頭青(qing)身,火(huo)眼金睛。他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)頭頸長達百尺,力氣超過九頭大(da)象,常(chang)在(zai)淮(huai)(huai)水(shui)(shui)興風(feng)作(zuo)浪,危害百姓。大(da)神(shen)禹治淮(huai)(huai)水(shui)(shui)時,無(wu)支祁作(zuo)怪(guai),風(feng)雷齊作(zuo),木石俱鳴。禹很惱怒,召集群神(shen),天神(shen)庚辰(一說應龍)擒獲了無(wu)支祁。無(wu)支祁雖被抓(zhua),但還是擊搏跳騰,誰也管(guan)束不住。于是禹用(yong)大(da)鐵索鎖住了他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)頸脖,拿金鈴穿在(zai)他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)鼻子上,把他(ta)鎮壓在(zai)淮(huai)(huai)陰龜山腳下,從此(ci)淮(huai)(huai)水(shui)(shui)才平靜地(di)流入(ru)東海。
亦作(zuo)“支無祁(qi)”、“無支奇”、“無支祈”,古代傳說(shuo)中(zhong)淮(huai)水水怪(guai)名。濟南舜井故事里,名曰巫支祁(qi)。
《山(shan)海經》說:“水(shui)獸好為(wei)害,禹(yu)鎖于(yu)軍山(shan)之下,其(qi)名(ming)曰無支奇(無支祁(qi))”、“其(qi)形若猿猴,金(jin)目(mu)雪牙(ya),輕利倏忽(hu)”。大禹(yu)治淮(huai)(huai)時,無支祁(qi)做惡被其(qi)擊敗,鎖于(yu)淮(huai)(huai)井之中,這就是著名(ming)的“禹(yu)王鎖蛟”的故事(shi),從(cong)此淮(huai)(huai)水(shui)邊也(ye)有了(le)著名(ming)的“支祁(qi)井”。
據《山海經》等史(shi)籍記載,巫支祁是堯舜(shun)禹時期的奇(qi)妖(yao),也是我國有史(shi)以來最有神通也是最有影響的第一奇(qi)妖(yao)。巫支祁出(chu)生(sheng)(sheng)在豫南桐柏山中(zhong)的花果山,為(wei)天生(sheng)(sheng)神猴。后娶龍女為(wei)妻,生(sheng)(sheng)了三個兒子,都是神通廣大的魔頭。他自為(wei)淮渦水神,在淮河(he)中(zhong)建有龍宮(gong),其(qi)勢力波及黃河(he)中(zhong)下(xia)游和(he)長江中(zhong)下(xia)游。
在(zai)(zai)(zai)古籍和(he)民間傳說(shuo)中(zhong),他一方(fang)面(mian)是妖(yao)仙(xian)、精(jing)怪(guai),經常(chang)為患江淮(huai)(huai),禍害百(bai)姓;另一方(fang)面(mian),卻以孝(xiao)子、正神諸身份被(bei)傳頌(song)及立廟(miao)祀奉。巫(wu)(wu)支祁有許多駭人(ren)聽聞的(de)(de)神話故(gu)事,特別是率十幾萬(wan)山(shan)精(jing)水(shui)怪(guai)在(zai)(zai)(zai)淮(huai)(huai)源(yuan)大(da)戰禹王,后(hou)被(bei)庚辰降(jiang)服,囚在(zai)(zai)(zai)淮(huai)(huai)河下游(you)的(de)(de)龜(gui)山(shan)下(一說(shuo)囚在(zai)(zai)(zai)桐柏山(shan)的(de)(de)淮(huai)(huai)井中(zhong))的(de)(de)故(gu)事,后(hou)被(bei)吳承恩挪移到《西游(you)記(ji)》中(zhong),成為膾炙人(ren)口的(de)(de)大(da)鬧天宮齊天大(da)圣孫悟空。巫(wu)(wu)氏(支氏)神話主要流傳在(zai)(zai)(zai)淮(huai)(huai)源(yuan)和(he)淮(huai)(huai)泗地區。
巫(wu)(wu)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祁為(wei)(wei)淮神(shen)(shen)(shen)說:1、《楚辭·九懷·思忠》云(yun):“玄(xuan)武步兮水(shui)(shui)(shui)母(mu)(mu),與吾期兮南榮。”這里說水(shui)(shui)(shui)母(mu)(mu)為(wei)(wei)神(shen)(shen)(shen)。明(ming)陶宗儀在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)《輟耕錄》考證云(yun):水(shui)(shui)(shui)母(mu)(mu)為(wei)(wei)無(wu)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祁。2、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)現代神(shen)(shen)(shen)話學(xue)大(da)師袁珂(ke)(ke)先(xian)生在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)神(shen)(shen)(shen)話傳(chuan)(chuan)說詞典(dian)》水(shui)(shui)(shui)神(shen)(shen)(shen)條謂:“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)王、共工、應龍(long)(long)(long)(long)、無(wu)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祁皆屬(shu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)神(shen)(shen)(shen)”。3、在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)頗具權威的(de)(de)(de)(de)工具書(shu)《辭源(yuan)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),巫(wu)(wu)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祁的(de)(de)(de)(de)辭條謂“淮水(shui)(shui)(shui)神(shen)(shen)(shen)也”(見(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華(hua)民(min)國(guo)(guo)四年〔1915〕版)。4、袁珂(ke)(ke)先(xian)生在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)《西游記散論》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)考證:“《柳毅》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)柳毅和龍(long)(long)(long)(long)女,《古岳瀆(du)經》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)無(wu)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祁,這些神(shen)(shen)(shen)話人物,由于塑造(zao)(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)成功,在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)民(min)間(jian)產(chan)生了很(hen)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響。人民(min)信之敬之,甚(shen)至(zhi)為(wei)(wei)他(ta)(ta)們立祠造(zao)(zao)像。解放前在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)河(he)南省(sheng)黃河(he)附近(jin)出土的(de)(de)(de)(de)鐵(tie)鑄無(wu)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祁坐(zuo)像,曲頸僂背(bei),頭有(you)(you)雙角,高約一(yi)米,背(bei)上刻有(you)(you)大(da)宋建中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)元(yuan)年三月□日造(zao)(zao)。宋徽宗趙佶(ji)曾建“建中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)靖國(guo)(guo)”年號,元(yuan)年,即1101年,據今已近(jin)千年。說明(ming)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)黃淮流(liu)域(yu),至(zhi)少從斯(si)時始,巫(wu)(wu)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祁已被供奉為(wei)(wei)淮神(shen)(shen)(shen)了。5、在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)大(da)禹導淮前,巫(wu)(wu)氏(shi)(支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氏(shi))已自(zi)(zi)稱(cheng)淮渦水(shui)(shui)(shui)神(shen)(shen)(shen)。《上古神(shen)(shen)(shen)話演(yan)義(yi)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)說:“巫(wu)(wu)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祁獨霸淮水(shui)(shui)(shui)流(liu)域(yu)數十年,已自(zi)(zi)稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)淮水(shui)(shui)(shui)之君了,所(suo)以(yi)他(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)兒子都(dou)稱(cheng)太子。”巫(wu)(wu)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祁還在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)龜(gui)山(shan)腳下(xia)(現洪澤湖)建了宮(gong)殿,俗稱(cheng)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)宮(gong)。并分別在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)河(he)南省(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)光(guang)山(shan)縣(xian)北,安徽省(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)霍邱縣(xian)西和懷遠縣(xian)東(dong)建了三座宮(gong)殿,讓三個兒子各鎮守一(yi)方(fang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)域(yu)。“他(ta)(ta)又竭(jie)力(li)(li)擴張勢力(li)(li),振起(qi)洪水(shui)(shui)(shui),將淮水(shui)(shui)(shui)下(xia)流(liu)與長江下(xia)流(liu)合(he)二為(wei)(wei)一(yi)”。“自(zi)(zi)桐柏山(shan)以(yi)南,直至(zhi)云(yun)夢大(da)澤,更通(tong)到湘水(shui)(shui)(shui)之源(yuan),到處都(dou)有(you)(you)他(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)黨羽(yu)。所(suo)以(yi)千里之內,木魅、水(shui)(shui)(shui)靈、山(shan)妖、石(shi)怪,莫不聽(ting)他(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)命令,受他(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)節制。”6、民(min)間(jian)傳(chuan)(chuan)承。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)淮河(he)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)上游的(de)(de)(de)(de)巫(wu)(wu)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祁神(shen)(shen)(shen)話中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),多(duo)稱(cheng)巫(wu)(wu)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祁為(wei)(wei)孝子變龍(long)(long)(long)(long),如桐柏縣(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)《淮河(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)由來》《蛟龍(long)(long)(long)(long)探(tan)母(mu)(mu)》等(deng),或稱(cheng)之為(wei)(wei)良蛟善(shan)(shan)龍(long)(long)(long)(long),如信陽的(de)(de)(de)(de)《烏龍(long)(long)(long)(long)和烏龍(long)(long)(long)(long)集》、《龍(long)(long)(long)(long)蛋》等(deng);在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)淮河(he)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)下(xia)游,多(duo)稱(cheng)其為(wei)(wei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)猿大(da)圣、水(shui)(shui)(shui)母(mu)(mu)或水(shui)(shui)(shui)母(mu)(mu)娘娘(見(jian)淮陰市徐省(sheng)生搜集的(de)(de)(de)(de)《明(ming)祖陵的(de)(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)說》等(deng))。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)明(ming)清時期,巫(wu)(wu)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祁被搬上舞臺后,甚(shen)至(zhi)與孫悟(wu)空和驪山(shan)老(lao)母(mu)(mu)稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)兄妹等(deng)(見(jian)明(ming)·楊(yang)景賢的(de)(de)(de)(de)雜劇《西游記》等(deng))。總(zong)之,在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)巫(wu)(wu)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祁為(wei)(wei)孽和為(wei)(wei)善(shan)(shan)或先(xian)孽后善(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)說中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),后者卻占了上風。所(suo)以(yi),把(ba)巫(wu)(wu)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祁作為(wei)(wei)淮河(he)水(shui)(shui)(shui)神(shen)(shen)(shen),在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)相當一(yi)部分百姓中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),認為(wei)(wei)是合(he)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。
注:這里(li)所(suo)說《山(shan)(shan)(shan)海(hai)經》并非今本《山(shan)(shan)(shan)海(hai)經》,而(er)(er)是出(chu)自唐(tang)代(dai)李肇(zhao)的《唐(tang)國史(shi)補》對(dui)古本《山(shan)(shan)(shan)海(hai)經》的引用(yong):“楚州(zhou)有漁人,忽(hu)于淮中釣(diao)得古鐵鎖,挽之不絕,以告官。刺史(shi)李陽大集人力引之。鎖窮,有青獼猴躍出(chu)水(shui),復沒而(er)(er)逝。后有驗《山(shan)(shan)(shan)海(hai)經》云:“水(shui)獸好為害,禹鎖于軍山(shan)(shan)(shan)之下,其名曰‘無(wu)支(zhi)奇’。”《唐(tang)國史(shi)補》收錄于《四庫(ku)全書》中。
《太平廣記》:唐貞元丁丑歲(sui),隴(long)西李公佐泛瀟湘、蒼梧,偶遇征南從事弘(hong)農楊衡泊舟古岸(an),淹留佛(fo)寺,江空月浮,征異話奇。
楊告公佐云(yun):“永泰中(zhong),李(li)湯任楚州(zhou)刺史時,有漁(yu)人,夜釣于龜山(shan)之下。其釣因物所制,不(bu)復出。漁(yu)者(zhe)健水,疾沉于下五十(shi)丈。見大鐵鎖,盤繞山(shan)足,尋不(bu)知(zhi)極。遂(sui)告湯,湯命(ming)漁(yu)人及能水者(zhe)數(shu)十(shi),獲其鎖,力莫能制。加以牛五十(shi)余頭(tou),鎖乃振動,稍稍就岸。
時無風濤,驚浪(lang)翻(fan)涌,觀(guan)(guan)者大駭。鎖之末,見一獸,狀有如(ru)猿,白首(shou)長鬐,雪牙金爪,闖然上岸(an),高五(wu)丈許(xu)。蹲(dun)踞之狀若(ruo)猿猴,但兩目不能開,兀(wu)若(ruo)昏昧。目鼻水(shui)流如(ru)泉,涎沫腥(xing)穢,人不可近。久乃引頸伸欠,雙目忽開,光彩若(ruo)電(dian)。顧(gu)視(shi)人焉,欲發狂怒。觀(guan)(guan)者奔走。獸亦徐(xu)徐(xu)引鎖拽牛,入水(shui)去,竟不復出。時楚多(duo)知名士,與(yu)湯(tang)相顧(gu)愕悚,不知其由。
爾時(shi)(shi),(“時(shi)(shi)”原在“者”字下,據明抄本移上。)乃漁(yu)者知鎖所,其(qi)獸竟不復見。”公佐至元和(he)八年冬,自(zi)常州餞送給(gei)事(shi)中(zhong)孟蕳(jian)至朱方,廉使薛公蘋館(guan)(guan)待禮備。時(shi)(shi)扶風馬植、范陽盧(lu)簡能、河東裴蘧皆同館(guan)(guan)之,環爐會語終夕焉。公佐復說前(qian)事(shi),如楊所言。
至九年春(chun),公佐訪(fang)古(gu)東吳,從(cong)太守元公錫泛洞(dong)庭,登包山,宿道者周(zhou)焦(jiao)君廬(lu)。入靈洞(dong),探仙(xian)書,石穴間(jian)得古(gu)《岳瀆經》第(di)八(ba)卷(juan),文字古(gu)奇,編次蠹(du)毀,不(bu)能(neng)(neng)解(jie)。公佐與焦(jiao)君共詳讀之(zhi):“禹理水(shui),三(san)至桐(tong)柏山,驚風(feng)走雷,石號木鳴,夔(kui)龍(long)土(tu)伯擁(yong)川(chuan),天老肅兵,功不(bu)能(neng)(neng)興。禹怒(nu),召集百靈,授命羹(geng)龍(long),桐(tong)柏等山君長稽首請命,禹因(yin)囚鴻蒙氏,章商氏,兜盧氏,犁(li)婁氏,乃獲(huo)淮(huai)渦水(shui)神名無支(zhi)祁,善(shan)應對言語(yu),辨江淮(huai)之(zhi)淺深,原隰之(zhi)遠(yuan)近,形若(ruo)猿猴,縮鼻高額(e),青(qing)軀白首,金(jin)(jin)目雪牙,頸(jing)伸百尺,力逾(yu)九象(xiang),搏擊騰踔疾奔,輕利倏忽,聞視不(bu)可久。禹授之(zhi)童律,不(bu)能(neng)(neng)制(zhi);授之(zhi)烏木由,不(bu)能(neng)(neng)制(zhi);授之(zhi)庚(geng)辰(chen)(chen),能(neng)(neng)制(zhi)。鴟(chi)脾桓胡木魅水(shui)靈山祆石怪奔號聚繞,以(yi)數千載,庚(geng)辰(chen)(chen)以(yi)戰(zhan)(一作(zuo)戟)逐去,頸(jing)鎖大(da)索,鼻穿金(jin)(jin)鈴,徙淮(huai)陰(yin)之(zhi)龜山之(zhi)足下,俾淮(huai)水(shui)永安(an)流注海(hai)也(ye)。庚(geng)辰(chen)(chen)之(zhi)后,皆圖此形者,免(mian)淮(huai)濤風(feng)雨(yu)之(zhi)難。
禹為了治理洪水(shui),三次到過桐柏(bo)山。可是,每(mei)次桐柏(bo)山都狂風大作,電閃雷(lei)鳴,山石號叫,樹(shu)木驚(jing)鳴,土伯壅川,天老進兵。有一股看(kan)不見的暴虐(nve)力量(liang),阻止(zhi)禹動工治水(shui)。
禹知道(dao)遇到妖怪了,非(fei)常生(sheng)氣,召集諸神(shen)和各(ge)部落首領(ling)開會,讓夔龍(long)去掃除妖孽。這時,桐柏山,以及(ji)附近諸山的部落首領(ling),唯(wei)恐(kong)雙方打起仗來禍及(ji)自己,都面(mian)露懼色,懇請禹收回除妖的命(ming)令(ling)。
看(kan)到鴻蒙(meng)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)、商章氏(shi)(shi)(shi)、兜(dou)盧氏(shi)(shi)(shi)、犂婁氏(shi)(shi)(shi)等部落首領臨戰怯陣,不愿(yuan)出力,禹把這(zhe)些人都關了起來(lai)。這(zhe)才(cai)知道:原來(lai)他(ta)們包庇的妖怪(guai)是(shi)淮(huai)渦水(shui)怪(guai)——無支祁。
無支祁能言善辯(bian),知道江(jiang)水(shui)、淮水(shui)各處的深淺,以及地勢的高低(di)遠近。他長(chang)得形似(si)猿猴,縮鼻(bi)高額、青軀白首(shou)、金目雪牙。脖子一伸,好像有(you)一百尺(chi)長(chang),力氣(qi)比(bi)九(jiu)頭象(xiang)還大(da)。無論是搏(bo)擊跳躍,還是快速奔跑,他都非常(chang)迅(xun)捷,常(chang)常(chang)是眨眼之(zhi)間(jian)就看(kan)不(bu)見了(le)。
雙方(fang)在桐柏(bo)山下展開(kai)惡戰(zhan)。禹(yu)先后(hou)派童律、烏木由出戰(zhan),都打不敗無(wu)(wu)(wu)支(zhi)(zhi)祁。最(zui)后(hou),派庚辰出戰(zhan),才(cai)擒獲了無(wu)(wu)(wu)支(zhi)(zhi)祁。鴟脾、桓胡、木魅、水靈(ling)、山妖、石怪等數以千計的(de)妖怪,看到無(wu)(wu)(wu)支(zhi)(zhi)祁被捉,都叫喊著沖(chong)了上來,想(xiang)要搶走無(wu)(wu)(wu)支(zhi)(zhi)祁。庚辰揮(hui)舞方(fang)天(tian)戟,和眾神(shen)一起(qi)沒費吹(chui)灰之力就殺散了這群(qun)烏合(he)之眾。
禹(yu)命人用大鐵(tie)鏈鎖住無(wu)支祁(qi)的(de)頸子,又(you)把他(ta)的(de)鼻(bi)孔穿上銅鈴鐺(dang),然(ran)后把他(ta)壓在淮河南邊(bian)的(de)龜山腳下。
打敗了無支祁,禹在桐(tong)柏山(shan)的治水工作(zuo)才得以(yi)順利進行下去,淮水從此平安入海中。
無支(zhi)祁的形(xing)象(xiang),始見于(yu)唐代李肇《唐國史(shi)補》:“楚州有漁人,忽于(yu)淮中釣得古(gu)鐵鎖,挽之(zhi)不絕,以(yi)告官(guan)。刺史(shi)李陽大集人力(li)引(yin)之(zhi)。鎖窮,有青獼猴躍出水,復沒而逝。后有驗《山海經》云:「水獸好(hao)為害(hai),禹鎖于(yu)軍(jun)山之(zhi)下,其名曰無支(zhi)奇(qi)。」”
北宋李昉編撰的《太平廣記(ji)》卷467引(yin)唐(tang)朝小說《戎幕閑談》曰:“有李湯者(zhe),永泰楚州刺史(shi),問漁人(ren)見(jian)龜山下(xia)水(shui)中有大鐵鎖,乃以(yi)人(ren)牛曳(yè)出(chu)之(zhi)。霎時風濤陡作,有一獸形如猿猴(hou),高(gao)五(wu)丈許(xu),白首長(chang)鬐,雪牙金爪,闖然上(shang)岸,張目若電,顧視(shi)人(ren)群,欲發狂怒。觀(guan)者(zhe)畏而奔(ben)走,獸亦徐徐引(yin)鎖曳牛入水(shui)去(qu),竟(jing)不復出(chu)。”后(hou)代學者(zhe)考證《西(xi)游記(ji)》中“孫悟空”的原型可能始(shi)于(yu)無支祁。
英雄(xiong)戰水怪是一個典型的(de)神(shen)話命題。禹治水的(de)范圍之廣,規(gui)模之大(da),都是空前的(de)。這(zhe)就必(bi)然(ran)與(yu)居(ju)住在(zai)各江(jiang)河流域(yu)的(de)許多氏族部落發(fa)生接觸,協調關系,處理利益糾紛,有些(xie)矛(mao)盾分歧可(ke)以通(tong)(tong)過聯(lian)姻、合(he)作(zuo)等方式解決;有些(xie)則必(bi)須通(tong)(tong)過武力才能解決。因此,禹在(zai)各地治水過程中(zhong)不僅要(yao)與(yu)天斗,還(huan)要(yao)與(yu)人斗,后(hou)者(zhe)甚至比前者(zhe)更為(wei)困難。
原始(shi)社會氏族(zu)之間的(de)融合,武力兼并是一(yi)種必不可少的(de)形式。比如:前面提到的(de)“禹逐共工,殺(sha)相柳”和本篇“擒無支祁”的(de)故事都比較典型地反映(ying)了這一(yi)事實。