無支(zhi)祁(qi),或支(zhi)無祁(qi)。中(zhong)(zhong)國神話中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)水怪(guai)。他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)的(de)形狀(zhuang)像猿猴,塌(ta)鼻子,凸額頭(tou),白頭(tou)青身,火眼金睛。他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)的(de)頭(tou)頸長達百(bai)尺,力氣超過(guo)九頭(tou)大象,常在淮水興風作(zuo)(zuo)浪(lang),危害(hai)百(bai)姓。大神禹(yu)治淮水時,無支(zhi)祁(qi)作(zuo)(zuo)怪(guai),風雷齊作(zuo)(zuo),木石俱鳴。禹(yu)很惱怒(nu),召集群神,天神庚辰(一說應龍(long))擒獲了(le)無支(zhi)祁(qi)。無支(zhi)祁(qi)雖被抓,但還是擊搏跳騰,誰也管束不住(zhu)。于是禹(yu)用大鐵索(suo)鎖住(zhu)了(le)他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)的(de)頸脖,拿(na)金鈴(ling)穿在他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)的(de)鼻子上,把他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)鎮壓在淮陰龜山腳下,從此(ci)淮水才平靜(jing)地流(liu)入東海(hai)。
亦作“支無(wu)祁”、“無(wu)支奇”、“無(wu)支祈”,古(gu)代傳說中淮水水怪名。濟(ji)南舜井故事里,名曰巫(wu)支祁。
《山(shan)海(hai)經》說:“水獸好為害,禹鎖(suo)于軍山(shan)之(zhi)下,其(qi)名曰無支奇(無支祁)”、“其(qi)形(xing)若猿猴,金目(mu)雪牙,輕利倏忽”。大禹治淮時,無支祁做惡被其(qi)擊(ji)敗,鎖(suo)于淮井之(zhi)中,這就是著(zhu)名的(de)“禹王鎖(suo)蛟”的(de)故事,從此淮水邊也有了著(zhu)名的(de)“支祁井”。
據《山海經》等史籍記載,巫支祁是(shi)(shi)堯舜禹時期的(de)奇(qi)妖(yao),也是(shi)(shi)我國有(you)史以(yi)來最(zui)有(you)神(shen)通(tong)也是(shi)(shi)最(zui)有(you)影響的(de)第(di)一奇(qi)妖(yao)。巫支祁出生在(zai)豫南桐柏(bo)山中(zhong)的(de)花果山,為天生神(shen)猴(hou)。后娶龍女為妻,生了三個(ge)兒子,都是(shi)(shi)神(shen)通(tong)廣大的(de)魔頭。他自(zi)為淮渦水神(shen),在(zai)淮河中(zhong)建有(you)龍宮(gong),其勢力波及黃(huang)河中(zhong)下游和長江中(zhong)下游。
在古籍和民間傳說(shuo)中,他一方面是(shi)妖仙、精(jing)(jing)怪,經常為患(huan)江淮,禍(huo)害(hai)百姓;另一方面,卻以孝子、正神(shen)諸身份(fen)被傳頌及立(li)廟祀奉(feng)。巫(wu)(wu)支(zhi)祁有許(xu)多駭人(ren)(ren)聽聞的(de)神(shen)話(hua)故(gu)事(shi)(shi),特別是(shi)率十幾萬(wan)山(shan)精(jing)(jing)水怪在淮源(yuan)大(da)戰(zhan)禹王(wang),后被庚辰降(jiang)服,囚在淮河下游(you)的(de)龜山(shan)下(一說(shuo)囚在桐柏山(shan)的(de)淮井中)的(de)故(gu)事(shi)(shi),后被吳承恩挪移到《西游(you)記》中,成為膾炙人(ren)(ren)口的(de)大(da)鬧天宮齊天大(da)圣孫悟空。巫(wu)(wu)氏(支(zhi)氏)神(shen)話(hua)主要流傳在淮源(yuan)和淮泗地區。
巫(wu)(wu)支祁(qi)(qi)為(wei)(wei)淮(huai)(huai)神(shen)(shen)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):1、《楚辭·九懷(huai)(huai)·思忠》云:“玄武步(bu)兮水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)母(mu),與吾期(qi)兮南(nan)榮。”這里(li)(li)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)母(mu)為(wei)(wei)神(shen)(shen)。明陶宗(zong)儀在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)《輟耕(geng)錄(lu)》考(kao)證云:水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)母(mu)為(wei)(wei)無(wu)(wu)支祁(qi)(qi)。2、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國現(xian)代神(shen)(shen)話(hua)學大(da)(da)師袁(yuan)珂先生在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國神(shen)(shen)話(hua)傳(chuan)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)詞典》水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)神(shen)(shen)條(tiao)(tiao)謂:“龍(long)王、共工、應龍(long)、無(wu)(wu)支祁(qi)(qi)皆屬水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)神(shen)(shen)”。3、在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)頗具權威的(de)(de)工具書《辭源》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),巫(wu)(wu)支祁(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)辭條(tiao)(tiao)謂“淮(huai)(huai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)神(shen)(shen)也”(見中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華民國四年(nian)(nian)〔1915〕版)。4、袁(yuan)珂先生在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)《西游記散(san)論》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)考(kao)證:“《柳毅》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)柳毅和(he)龍(long)女,《古岳瀆(du)經(jing)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)無(wu)(wu)支祁(qi)(qi),這些神(shen)(shen)話(hua)人物,由于塑造(zao)的(de)(de)成功,在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)民間產生了很(hen)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)影響。人民信之(zhi)(zhi)敬之(zhi)(zhi),甚至(zhi)為(wei)(wei)他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)們立祠造(zao)像。解(jie)放前在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)河(he)南(nan)省黃(huang)(huang)河(he)附近出(chu)土的(de)(de)鐵鑄無(wu)(wu)支祁(qi)(qi)坐(zuo)像,曲頸僂背(bei),頭有(you)雙角,高約(yue)一米,背(bei)上刻有(you)大(da)(da)宋建(jian)(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)三月□日(ri)造(zao)。宋徽宗(zong)趙(zhao)佶曾建(jian)(jian)“建(jian)(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)靖國”年(nian)(nian)號,元(yuan)年(nian)(nian),即1101年(nian)(nian),據今(jin)已近千(qian)年(nian)(nian)。說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)明在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)黃(huang)(huang)淮(huai)(huai)流(liu)域,至(zhi)少從(cong)斯時(shi)始,巫(wu)(wu)支祁(qi)(qi)已被供(gong)奉為(wei)(wei)淮(huai)(huai)神(shen)(shen)了。5、在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)大(da)(da)禹導淮(huai)(huai)前,巫(wu)(wu)氏(支氏)已自(zi)稱(cheng)(cheng)淮(huai)(huai)渦水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)神(shen)(shen)。《上古神(shen)(shen)話(hua)演義》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“巫(wu)(wu)支祁(qi)(qi)獨霸淮(huai)(huai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)流(liu)域數(shu)十年(nian)(nian),已自(zi)稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)淮(huai)(huai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)之(zhi)(zhi)君了,所以(yi)(yi)他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)兒(er)(er)子(zi)都稱(cheng)(cheng)太子(zi)。”巫(wu)(wu)支祁(qi)(qi)還在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)龜山腳(jiao)下(現(xian)洪(hong)澤(ze)湖)建(jian)(jian)了宮殿,俗稱(cheng)(cheng)龍(long)宮。并分別(bie)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)河(he)南(nan)省的(de)(de)光山縣(xian)北,安徽省的(de)(de)霍(huo)邱縣(xian)西和(he)懷(huai)(huai)遠縣(xian)東建(jian)(jian)了三座宮殿,讓(rang)三個兒(er)(er)子(zi)各鎮守一方水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)域。“他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)又竭(jie)力擴(kuo)張勢力,振起(qi)洪(hong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),將淮(huai)(huai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)下流(liu)與長(chang)江(jiang)下流(liu)合二為(wei)(wei)一”。“自(zi)桐柏(bo)山以(yi)(yi)南(nan),直至(zhi)云夢大(da)(da)澤(ze),更(geng)通到湘水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)之(zhi)(zhi)源,到處都有(you)他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)黨(dang)羽(yu)。所以(yi)(yi)千(qian)里(li)(li)之(zhi)(zhi)內(nei),木魅、水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)靈(ling)、山妖(yao)、石怪,莫不聽(ting)他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)命(ming)令,受他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)節制。”6、民間傳(chuan)承(cheng)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)淮(huai)(huai)河(he)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)上游的(de)(de)巫(wu)(wu)支祁(qi)(qi)神(shen)(shen)話(hua)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),多稱(cheng)(cheng)巫(wu)(wu)支祁(qi)(qi)為(wei)(wei)孝(xiao)子(zi)變龍(long),如桐柏(bo)縣(xian)的(de)(de)《淮(huai)(huai)河(he)的(de)(de)由來(lai)》《蛟龍(long)探(tan)母(mu)》等(deng),或(huo)(huo)稱(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)良蛟善龍(long),如信陽(yang)的(de)(de)《烏(wu)龍(long)和(he)烏(wu)龍(long)集(ji)(ji)》、《龍(long)蛋》等(deng);在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)淮(huai)(huai)河(he)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)下游,多稱(cheng)(cheng)其為(wei)(wei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)猿大(da)(da)圣(sheng)、水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)母(mu)或(huo)(huo)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)母(mu)娘(niang)娘(niang)(見淮(huai)(huai)陰市徐省生搜(sou)集(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)《明祖陵的(de)(de)傳(chuan)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)》等(deng))。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)明清時(shi)期(qi),巫(wu)(wu)支祁(qi)(qi)被搬(ban)上舞臺后(hou)(hou),甚至(zhi)與孫(sun)悟空和(he)驪山老(lao)母(mu)稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)兄妹等(deng)(見明·楊景賢的(de)(de)雜劇《西游記》等(deng))。總之(zhi)(zhi),在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)巫(wu)(wu)支祁(qi)(qi)為(wei)(wei)孽和(he)為(wei)(wei)善或(huo)(huo)先孽后(hou)(hou)善的(de)(de)傳(chuan)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),后(hou)(hou)者卻占了上風。所以(yi)(yi),把巫(wu)(wu)支祁(qi)(qi)作為(wei)(wei)淮(huai)(huai)河(he)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)神(shen)(shen),在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)相當一部(bu)分百姓(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),認為(wei)(wei)是合理的(de)(de)。
注:這(zhe)里所說《山(shan)(shan)海(hai)經(jing)(jing)》并非今本《山(shan)(shan)海(hai)經(jing)(jing)》,而是出(chu)自唐(tang)代李肇的(de)《唐(tang)國史補》對古本《山(shan)(shan)海(hai)經(jing)(jing)》的(de)引用(yong):“楚州(zhou)有(you)漁人,忽于(yu)(yu)淮(huai)中釣得(de)古鐵(tie)鎖(suo),挽(wan)之(zhi)(zhi)不絕,以告官。刺史李陽大集人力引之(zhi)(zhi)。鎖(suo)窮,有(you)青獼(mi)猴躍出(chu)水(shui),復沒而逝。后有(you)驗《山(shan)(shan)海(hai)經(jing)(jing)》云:“水(shui)獸好為害,禹鎖(suo)于(yu)(yu)軍(jun)山(shan)(shan)之(zhi)(zhi)下,其(qi)名曰(yue)‘無(wu)支奇(qi)’。”《唐(tang)國史補》收錄于(yu)(yu)《四庫(ku)全書》中。
《太(tai)平廣記》:唐(tang)貞元(yuan)丁(ding)丑(chou)歲,隴西李公佐泛瀟湘、蒼梧,偶(ou)遇征南從事(shi)弘(hong)農楊(yang)衡泊舟(zhou)古岸,淹(yan)留(liu)佛寺,江空月(yue)浮,征異話奇(qi)。
楊(yang)告公(gong)佐云(yun):“永泰中,李湯任楚州刺史時,有漁人,夜釣于龜山(shan)之下(xia)。其釣因(yin)物所制,不(bu)復出(chu)。漁者健水,疾沉于下(xia)五十(shi)丈(zhang)。見(jian)大鐵鎖(suo),盤繞山(shan)足(zu),尋不(bu)知極。遂告湯,湯命(ming)漁人及能水者數十(shi),獲其鎖(suo),力莫能制。加以牛(niu)五十(shi)余頭,鎖(suo)乃振動,稍(shao)稍(shao)就(jiu)岸。
時無風濤,驚浪翻(fan)涌,觀(guan)者大駭。鎖(suo)之末(mo),見一(yi)獸(shou),狀有(you)如猿,白首長鬐,雪牙金爪,闖然(ran)上岸(an),高五丈(zhang)許(xu)。蹲(dun)踞之狀若猿猴,但兩目(mu)不(bu)能開,兀若昏(hun)昧(mei)。目(mu)鼻(bi)水(shui)流如泉(quan),涎(xian)沫腥穢(hui),人不(bu)可(ke)近。久乃引(yin)頸伸欠,雙目(mu)忽開,光彩(cai)若電。顧視人焉,欲發狂怒(nu)。觀(guan)者奔走。獸(shou)亦徐(xu)徐(xu)引(yin)鎖(suo)拽牛(niu),入水(shui)去,竟(jing)不(bu)復出。時楚多知名士(shi),與湯相顧愕悚,不(bu)知其由。
爾時,(“時”原在“者”字(zi)下,據(ju)明抄本移上。)乃(nai)漁者知鎖所,其獸竟不復見。”公(gong)佐至元和八年冬,自常(chang)州餞送給事中(zhong)孟(meng)蕳至朱方,廉(lian)使薛公(gong)蘋館待禮(li)備(bei)。時扶風馬(ma)植(zhi)、范陽盧簡能、河東裴(pei)蘧皆(jie)同館之(zhi),環爐(lu)會語(yu)終夕焉。公(gong)佐復說前事,如楊所言。
至九(jiu)年春,公(gong)(gong)佐訪古(gu)東(dong)吳,從(cong)太守元公(gong)(gong)錫泛洞(dong)庭,登包山(shan)(shan),宿道者周焦君廬(lu)。入靈洞(dong),探仙書,石(shi)穴間得古(gu)《岳(yue)瀆經》第八卷,文字(zi)古(gu)奇,編次蠹毀,不能(neng)解。公(gong)(gong)佐與(yu)焦君共(gong)詳讀(du)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi):“禹理水(shui),三至桐(tong)柏(bo)山(shan)(shan),驚(jing)風(feng)走(zou)雷,石(shi)號(hao)木鳴,夔龍土伯(bo)擁川,天老肅兵,功(gong)不能(neng)興。禹怒,召集百靈,授(shou)(shou)命(ming)(ming)羹龍,桐(tong)柏(bo)等山(shan)(shan)君長稽首(shou)請命(ming)(ming),禹因囚鴻(hong)蒙氏(shi),章商(shang)氏(shi),兜(dou)盧氏(shi),犁婁氏(shi),乃獲淮(huai)渦水(shui)神名無支祁,善應對(dui)言語,辨(bian)江淮(huai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)淺深,原隰之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)遠近,形(xing)若猿猴,縮(suo)鼻高額(e),青軀白首(shou),金(jin)目雪牙,頸(jing)伸百尺(chi),力(li)逾九(jiu)象(xiang),搏擊騰踔(chuo)疾奔,輕利(li)倏(shu)忽,聞視(shi)不可(ke)久。禹授(shou)(shou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)童律,不能(neng)制(zhi);授(shou)(shou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)烏木由,不能(neng)制(zhi);授(shou)(shou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)庚辰(chen),能(neng)制(zhi)。鴟脾(pi)桓胡木魅水(shui)靈山(shan)(shan)祆石(shi)怪(guai)奔號(hao)聚(ju)繞,以(yi)數千載,庚辰(chen)以(yi)戰(一作戟)逐(zhu)去(qu),頸(jing)鎖大(da)索,鼻穿金(jin)鈴(ling),徙淮(huai)陰之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)龜(gui)山(shan)(shan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)足下,俾淮(huai)水(shui)永安(an)流注海也。庚辰(chen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后,皆圖此形(xing)者,免淮(huai)濤風(feng)雨之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)難。
禹為(wei)了治(zhi)理洪水,三次(ci)到過桐(tong)柏(bo)山。可是,每次(ci)桐(tong)柏(bo)山都狂(kuang)風大(da)作,電閃(shan)雷鳴(ming),山石號叫,樹(shu)木驚鳴(ming),土伯壅川,天老進兵。有(you)一(yi)股(gu)看不見的暴(bao)虐力量(liang),阻止禹動工治(zhi)水。
禹知道(dao)遇到妖怪(guai)了,非常生氣,召集諸神和各部落首領(ling)開會,讓(rang)夔龍去掃除(chu)妖孽(nie)。這時(shi),桐(tong)柏(bo)山(shan),以及(ji)附近諸山(shan)的(de)部落首領(ling),唯(wei)恐雙方(fang)打起仗來禍及(ji)自己,都面露懼色,懇請(qing)禹收回除(chu)妖的(de)命令。
看到(dao)鴻蒙(meng)氏、商章(zhang)氏、兜盧氏、犂婁氏等部落首領(ling)臨(lin)戰(zhan)怯陣,不愿出力(li),禹把這(zhe)(zhe)些人都關了起來。這(zhe)(zhe)才知道:原來他們包庇的妖怪是(shi)淮(huai)渦水怪——無支祁。
無支祁(qi)能(neng)言善辯(bian),知道江水、淮水各處的深淺,以及地勢的高(gao)低(di)遠(yuan)近。他長(chang)(chang)得形(xing)似猿猴(hou),縮鼻(bi)高(gao)額、青軀白首、金目(mu)雪(xue)牙。脖子一伸,好像有一百尺長(chang)(chang),力氣比九頭象還大。無論是搏(bo)擊(ji)跳躍,還是快(kuai)速奔跑,他都非常迅捷,常常是眨眼之間(jian)就看不見(jian)了(le)。
雙方在桐柏山下展開(kai)惡戰。禹(yu)先后派童律、烏木(mu)由出戰,都打不敗(bai)無(wu)支(zhi)祁(qi)。最(zui)后,派庚辰(chen)出戰,才擒獲了(le)無(wu)支(zhi)祁(qi)。鴟脾、桓胡(hu)、木(mu)魅、水靈、山妖、石怪等數(shu)以千計的妖怪,看到(dao)無(wu)支(zhi)祁(qi)被(bei)捉,都叫喊著(zhu)沖了(le)上來(lai),想要搶(qiang)走(zou)無(wu)支(zhi)祁(qi)。庚辰(chen)揮舞方天戟,和眾(zhong)神一起沒費吹灰之力就殺散了(le)這群烏合之眾(zhong)。
禹(yu)命人用大鐵鏈鎖住無支祁的頸子,又把他的鼻孔穿(chuan)上銅(tong)鈴鐺,然(ran)后把他壓在淮河(he)南邊(bian)的龜山腳下。
打敗(bai)了無支(zhi)祁,禹在桐柏山的治(zhi)水工作才得以(yi)順利進行下(xia)去,淮水從此平(ping)安入海中。
無支(zhi)祁的形(xing)象,始見于(yu)唐代李(li)肇《唐國史補》:“楚州有(you)(you)漁人,忽(hu)于(yu)淮中(zhong)釣(diao)得古(gu)鐵鎖(suo)(suo),挽之(zhi)不絕,以告(gao)官。刺史李(li)陽大集人力(li)引之(zhi)。鎖(suo)(suo)窮,有(you)(you)青獼猴躍出水,復沒而(er)逝。后有(you)(you)驗《山海經(jing)》云:「水獸好為害,禹鎖(suo)(suo)于(yu)軍(jun)山之(zhi)下,其名曰無支(zhi)奇。」”
北宋李昉編(bian)撰的《太平廣(guang)記(ji)》卷467引唐朝(chao)小(xiao)說《戎(rong)幕閑談(tan)》曰:“有(you)李湯(tang)者,永(yong)泰楚州刺史,問漁人(ren)見龜山下水(shui)中有(you)大鐵鎖(suo),乃以(yi)人(ren)牛曳(ye)(yè)出之。霎時風濤陡(dou)作,有(you)一獸形如猿猴,高五丈(zhang)許(xu),白首(shou)長鬐,雪(xue)牙金(jin)爪,闖然(ran)上岸,張目若(ruo)電,顧視人(ren)群(qun),欲發狂怒(nu)。觀者畏而奔(ben)走,獸亦(yi)徐(xu)徐(xu)引鎖(suo)曳(ye)牛入水(shui)去,竟不(bu)復出。”后代學者考證(zheng)《西游記(ji)》中“孫悟空(kong)”的原型可能始于無(wu)支祁。
英(ying)雄戰水怪(guai)是一個(ge)典(dian)型的神話(hua)命題。禹治(zhi)水的范圍之(zhi)廣,規(gui)模之(zhi)大,都(dou)是空前的。這就(jiu)必(bi)然與居住在(zai)各(ge)江河流域的許(xu)多氏族部(bu)落發生接觸(chu),協調關(guan)系,處理利益糾紛,有些(xie)矛盾分歧可以通過(guo)聯姻、合作等方(fang)式(shi)解決(jue);有些(xie)則(ze)必(bi)須通過(guo)武力才(cai)能(neng)解決(jue)。因此,禹在(zai)各(ge)地治(zhi)水過(guo)程(cheng)中不僅要與天斗(dou)(dou),還(huan)要與人斗(dou)(dou),后者甚至比前者更為困難。
原始(shi)社會氏族(zu)之(zhi)間的(de)融合,武力兼并(bing)是一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)必不可少的(de)形式(shi)。比如:前面提(ti)到的(de)“禹(yu)逐(zhu)共(gong)工,殺(sha)相柳”和(he)本(ben)篇“擒無(wu)支(zhi)祁”的(de)故事都比較典型地(di)反(fan)映了這一(yi)(yi)事實。