大耳菊(ju)頭蝠(fu)(學名:Rhinolophus macrotis)是菊(ju)頭蝠(fu)科、菊(ju)頭蝠(fu)屬蝙蝠(fu)。體型較(jiao)小,耳特大,耳長(chang)23-27毫米。鼻葉(xie)(xie)(xie)之馬蹄計寬(kuan)大,中間具明顯缺刻,前(qian)面兩側均具一小附葉(xie)(xie)(xie)。鞍狀(zhuang)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)寬(kuan)約(yue)為(wei)其長(chang)之半,頂端(duan)呈圓(yuan)形,兩側緣平行,基(ji)部擴大并與(yu)鼻問(wen)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)聯成一線形杯狀(zhuang)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)。聯接葉(xie)(xie)(xie)特別低,呈圓(yuan)弧(hu)形。頂葉(xie)(xie)(xie)之高(gao)度(du)與(yu)鞍狀(zhuang)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)相(xiang)似,側緣微凹,頂端(duan)圓(yuan)鈍。下唇具3條(tiao)縱行唇溝(gou)。前(qian)肢第3掌(zhang)骨(gu)(gu)較(jiao)短,第4、5掌(zhang)骨(gu)(gu)近乎等長(chang),第3指的第2指節(jie)長(chang)不(bu)及第1指節(jie)之1.5倍,第4、5指的第1指節(jie)均略短于其第2指節(jie)。通體毛暗灰色或灰褐色,基(ji)部灰白色,腹毛毛色淺淡。
大耳菊頭蝠習性生活于山(shan)洞(dong)中,數量不多,與其他蝙蝠共棲,一般停留在洞(dong)邊緣或(huo)近(jin)洞(dong)口巖石頂壁上。以夜行性飛行生活的昆蟲為食(shi)。分布于孟加拉國(guo)、中國(guo)、印(yin)度、印(yin)度尼西亞(ya)(蘇門答臘)、老(lao)撾人民民主共和國(guo)、馬(ma)來西亞(ya)(馬(ma)來西亞(ya)半島(dao))、緬甸、尼泊(bo)爾(er)、巴基斯(si)坦、泰國(guo)、越南、菲律賓。
存在不確定:不丹
存(cun)在:孟加(jia)拉國(guo)(guo)、中國(guo)(guo)、印度、印度尼西(xi)亞(蘇門答臘)、老撾(zhua)人民民主(zhu)共和(he)國(guo)(guo)、馬來(lai)西(xi)亞(馬來(lai)西(xi)亞半島)、緬甸、尼泊爾、巴基斯坦、泰國(guo)(guo)、越南(nan)(nan)、菲律(lv)賓。在中國(guo)(guo)分布于(yu)陜西(xi)、浙江、江西(xi)、貴州、四川、福建、云南(nan)(nan)、廣西(xi)、湖(hu)南(nan)(nan)、山西(xi)。
體(ti)型較小,體(ti)重4.7(4-5)克,體(ti)長36.4(32-40.0)毫(hao)(hao)米,前(qian)臂長42.4(41-43.2)毫(hao)(hao)米。耳(er)特大,耳(er)長23-27毫(hao)(hao)米。鼻(bi)葉(xie)(xie)之(zhi)(zhi)馬蹄(ti)計寬大,中(zhong)間具明顯缺刻,前(qian)面兩側均(jun)具一小附葉(xie)(xie)。鞍狀葉(xie)(xie)寬約為其長之(zhi)(zhi)半,頂(ding)端呈圓(yuan)(yuan)形,兩側緣平行(xing)(xing),基部擴大并與(yu)鼻(bi)問(wen)葉(xie)(xie)聯成一線(xian)形杯(bei)狀葉(xie)(xie)。聯接葉(xie)(xie)特別低,呈圓(yuan)(yuan)弧形。頂(ding)葉(xie)(xie)之(zhi)(zhi)高度(du)與(yu)鞍狀葉(xie)(xie)相(xiang)似,側緣微(wei)凹,頂(ding)端圓(yuan)(yuan)鈍。下唇(chun)具3條縱行(xing)(xing)唇(chun)溝。前(qian)肢第(di)(di)(di)3掌骨(gu)較短(duan),第(di)(di)(di)4、5掌骨(gu)近乎等長,第(di)(di)(di)3指(zhi)的第(di)(di)(di)2指(zhi)節長不(bu)及第(di)(di)(di)1指(zhi)節之(zhi)(zhi)1.5倍,第(di)(di)(di)4、5指(zhi)的第(di)(di)(di)1指(zhi)節均(jun)略短(duan)于其第(di)(di)(di)2指(zhi)節。
通體毛(mao)(mao)暗灰色(se)(se)或灰褐色(se)(se),基(ji)部灰白色(se)(se),腹毛(mao)(mao)毛(mao)(mao)色(se)(se)淺淡(dan)。
頭骨吻部之鼓泡發達(da)。矢(shi)狀脊不明顯(xian),腭(e)橋(qiao)長度(du)超過(guo)上(shang)頰齒(chi)(chi)列(lie)長1/3。眶間距狹縮,顴(quan)寬等于或略大予后頭寬。下頜(he)之冠(guan)狀突低。上(shang)頜(he)第1前臼(jiu)齒(chi)(chi)較(jiao)發達(da),位于齒(chi)(chi)列(lie)之中。下頜(he)第1前臼(jiu)齒(chi)(chi)位置偏向齒(chi)(chi)列(lie)外側。
大耳菊頭蝠習性生活于山洞中,數量不多,與其他蝙蝠共(gong)棲,一般停留在洞邊緣或近洞口(kou)巖石頂壁上(shang)。以(yi)夜行性飛行生活的昆蟲為(wei)食。
大(da)耳菊(ju)(ju)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)蝠(fu)(fu)(Rhinolophus macrotis)屬philippinensis種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)組,Csorba等(2003)記(ji)錄(lu)了該種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)組6種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)菊(ju)(ju)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)蝠(fu)(fu):大(da)耳菊(ju)(ju)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)蝠(fu)(fu)(Rhinolophus macrotis)、馬氏菊(ju)(ju)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)蝠(fu)(fu)(Rhinolophus marshalli)、高鞍菊(ju)(ju)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)蝠(fu)(fu)(Rhinolophus paradoxolophus)、貴州(zhou)菊(ju)(ju)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)蝠(fu)(fu)(Rhinolophus rex)、帝汶菊(ju)(ju)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)蝠(fu)(fu)(Rhinolophus montanus)和菲(fei)律賓菊(ju)(ju)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)蝠(fu)(fu)(Rhinolophus philippinensis)。Wu等(2008)發表(biao)philippinensis種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)組的一個(ge)(ge)新種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)——華南(nan)菊(ju)(ju)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)蝠(fu)(fu)(Rhinolophus huananus)。大(da)耳菊(ju)(ju)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)蝠(fu)(fu)分布(bu)廣,種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)內亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)分化較多,曾記(ji)載7個(ge)(ge)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),即:指明亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(Rhinolophus macrotis macrotis)、印尼亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(Rhinolophus macrotis dohrni)、菲(fei)律賓亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(Rhinolophus macrotis hirsutus)、四川亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(Rhinolophus macrotis episcopus)、福建亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(Rhinolophus macrotis caldwelli)、泰國(guo)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(Rhinolophus macrotis siamensis)和巴(ba)基斯坦亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(Rhinolophus macrotis topali,Csorba&Bates,1995;Csorba et al.,2003;王(wang)應祥,2003)。大(da)耳菊(ju)(ju)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)蝠(fu)(fu)泰國(guo)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(Rhinolophus macrotis siamensis)體形(xing)最小(xiao)(前臂長36.6毫米,顱全(quan)長15.2毫米),Simmons(2005)將(jiang)其(qi)獨立成為一個(ge)(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(Rhinolophus siamensis),并得到許多學(xue)者的支持(Wu et al.,2008;Smith,解焱,2009)。因(yin)此,philippinensis種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)組應該包括8種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)菊(ju)(ju)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)蝠(fu)(fu),其(qi)中大(da)耳菊(ju)(ju)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)蝠(fu)(fu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)下可(ke)分為6個(ge)(ge)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。
大(da)耳(er)(er)菊(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)蝠(fu)在中國已記錄2個亞種(zhong):四(si)川亞種(zhong)(Rhinolophus macrotis episcopus),分(fen)布在四(si)川、重慶(qing)、貴(gui)州(zhou)和陜西;福(fu)建亞種(zhong)(Rhinolophus macrotis caldwelli),分(fen)布于(yu)浙江、江西、廣東、廣西、福(fu)建(Allen,1938-1940;羅(luo)(luo)蓉,1993;Smith,解(jie)焱,2009)。湖南(nan)發(fa)現(xian)的(de)大(da)耳(er)(er)菊(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)蝠(fu)的(de)前臂長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)、顱全長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)、顴(quan)寬、乳突(tu)外寬、上(shang)齒列(lie)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)和下(xia)齒列(lie)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)等測量(liang)數據與重慶(qing)萬縣及貴(gui)州(zhou)開陽的(de)近(jin)似,而與福(fu)建亞種(zhong)(前臂長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)43.0毫(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi),顱全長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)18.0毫(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi))區(qu)(qu)別(bie)(bie)明(ming)顯(Allen,1938-1940;羅(luo)(luo)蓉,1993)。雖然(ran)華(hua)南(nan)菊(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)蝠(fu)(Rhinolophus huananus)的(de)外形與大(da)耳(er)(er)菊(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)蝠(fu)非常(chang)相似,但前者的(de)體形大(da)小(前臂長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)41.4毫(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi),顱全長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)16.6毫(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi))介于(yu)大(da)耳(er)(er)菊(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)蝠(fu)(Rhinolophus macrotis)和泰(tai)國大(da)耳(er)(er)菊(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)蝠(fu)(Rhinolophus siamensis)之(zhi)間(Wu et al.,2008),易與之(zhi)區(qu)(qu)別(bie)(bie)。因(yin)此將湖南(nan)湘西采集的(de)大(da)耳(er)(er)菊(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)蝠(fu)鑒(jian)定(ding)為四(si)川亞種(zhong)(Rhinolophus macrotis episcopus)。
中文(wen)名(ming) 學名(ming) 命名(ming)者及年代
大耳(er)菊頭蝠福建(jian)亞種 Rhinolophus macrotis caldwelli Allen,1923
大(da)耳(er)菊頭蝠印尼亞(ya)種 Rhinolophus macrotis dohrni K. Andersen,1907
大耳(er)菊頭蝠四川(chuan)亞(ya)種 Rhinolophus macrotis episcopus Allen,1923
大(da)耳菊(ju)頭(tou)蝠(fu)菲律賓亞(ya)種 Rhinolophus macrotis hirsutus K. Andersen,1905
大耳菊頭蝠指(zhi)名(ming)亞種 Rhinolophus macrotis macrotis Blyth,1844
大耳菊頭蝠巴基斯坦亞種 Rhinolophus macrotis topali Csorba and Bates,1995
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