絲蟲(chong)(filarial worm),線蟲(chong)動(dong)物門(men),尾(wei)感(gan)器綱,旋尾(wei)目(mu)動(dong)物。絲蟲(chong)是由(you)節(jie)肢動(dong)物傳播的(de)一(yi)類(lei)線蟲(chong),寄生于人體的(de)已知有8種,其(qi)中(zhong)班(ban)氏絲蟲(chong)和馬來絲蟲(chong)引(yin)起(qi)的(de)淋巴(ba)絲蟲(chong)病(Filariasis)及由(you)盤尾(wei)絲蟲(chong)所致的(de)"河盲癥"對人類(lei)危(wei)害最嚴重。成蟲(chong)乳白(bai)色,細(xi)長如絲線,體長不到(dao)1cm;雄蟲(chong)尾(wei)端卷曲(qu)半(ban)到(dao)3圈(quan),具交(jiao)合刺(ci)。雌蟲(chong)大于雄蟲(chong),尾(wei)端直。
絲蟲(chong)(chong)一種寄生線蟲(chong)(chong)(nematode worm)。主產(chan)于中非(fei)、亞洲和(he)(he)太平洋西南(nan)部地(di)區。其中班氏吳策線蟲(chong)(chong)(Wuchereriabancrofti)和(he)(he)馬來布魯線蟲(chong)(chong)(Brugia malayi)可(ke)引起絲蟲(chong)(chong)病。幼蟲(chong)(chong)長(chang)約1.4毫米(mi)(mi),隨著蚊(wen)子或螨蟲(chong)(chong)的唾液(ye)進入人體。幼蟲(chong)(chong)在淋巴和(he)(he)血(xue)管中長(chang)成長(chang)可(ke)達8厘米(mi)(mi)的成蟲(chong)(chong),可(ke)引起腫脹和(he)(he)疼痛(參(can)見“象皮病”〔elephantiasis〕)。
共8種,即:
班氏吳策線蟲(chong)(chong)[Wuchereria bancrofti(Cobbold,1877)](班氏絲蟲(chong)(chong))、
馬(ma)來布魯線蟲[Brugia malayi(Brug,1927)](馬(ma)來絲蟲)、
帝汶(wen)布魯線蟲(chong)[Brugia tinori (Partono et al,1977)](帝汶(wen)絲蟲(chong))、
旋盤尾絲蟲(chong)[Onchocerca volvulus(Leukart,1893)](盤尾絲蟲(chong))、
羅(luo)(luo)(luo)阿羅(luo)(luo)(luo)阿絲蟲[Loa loa(Cobbold,1865)](羅(luo)(luo)(luo)阿絲蟲)、
鏈(lian)尾唇棘(ji)線蟲[Dipetalonema streptocerca(Macfie & Corson,1922](鏈(lian)尾絲蟲)、
常現唇棘線蟲[Dipetalonema perstans(Manson,1891)](常現絲蟲)、
和奧氏曼(man)森線蟲[Mansonella ozzardi(Manson,1892)](奧氏絲蟲)。
班氏絲蟲病呈世(shi)(shi)界性分布(bu),主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)流行(xing)于熱帶(dai)和亞熱帶(dai);馬來絲蟲病僅限(xian)于亞洲(zhou)(zhou),主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)流行(xing)于東(dong)南亞。根據1992年世(shi)(shi)界衛生組織的估計,全世(shi)(shi)界受(shou)淋巴絲蟲病威脅的逾7億人,主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)在亞洲(zhou)(zhou)與非洲(zhou)(zhou)。
絲蟲病是我國五大寄生蟲病之一。
我國(guo)中部和(he)南(nan)部的(de)山(shan)東(dong)、河南(nan)、安(an)徽(hui)、江(jiang)蘇、上海、浙江(jiang)、江(jiang)西(xi)、福(fu)建、廣東(dong)、廣西(xi)、海南(nan)、湖南(nan)、湖北、貴州、四川和(he)臺灣等16個(ge)省(sheng)、市(shi)、自治區有絲(si)(si)蟲(chong)病流(liu)行。除山(shan)東(dong)、海南(nan)及臺灣省(sheng)僅有班氏(shi)絲(si)(si)蟲(chong)病流(liu)行外(wai),其余13個(ge)省(sheng)、市(shi)則(ze)兩種絲(si)(si)蟲(chong)均有。
據50年(nian)(nian)代調查,全國共(gong)有(you)864個(ge)縣(市)流(liu)行本病,病人約3099.4萬。經30多年(nian)(nian)大(da)力防治(zhi),取得了巨大(da)成績(ji),到1990年(nian)(nian),已(yi)有(you)823個(ge)流(liu)行縣、市達到部頒基本消滅絲蟲(chong)(chong)病的標(biao)準(以行政村為(wei)單位(wei),人群微絲蚴率(lv)降到1%以下),占流(liu)行地區(qu)的95.3%。16個(ge)流(liu)行省(sheng)(sheng)、市、自治(zhi)區(qu)中,除(chu)安(an)徽省(sheng)(sheng)外,其余均已(yi)先(xian)后(hou)達到基本消滅絲蟲(chong)(chong)病。
兩種成(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)形態(tai)相似(si)。蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)體(ti)乳白色(se),細長(chang)(chang)(chang)如絲線(xian),班氏絲蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)口(kou)小,無(wu)口(kou)囊(nang),雌(ci)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)體(ti)長(chang)(chang)(chang)6~10cm,寬(kuan)300μm,生殖(zhi)孔靠近食道(dao)中部,雄(xiong)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)長(chang)(chang)(chang)約4cm,寬(kuan)約100μm,雌(ci)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)大(da)于雄(xiong)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong),體(ti)表光滑。頭端(duan)略膨大(da),呈(cheng)球形或橢球形,口(kou)在頭頂(ding)正中,周(zhou)圍有兩圈乳突。雄(xiong)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)尾端(duan)向(xiang)腹面(mian)卷曲(qu)成(cheng)圓,泄殖(zhi)腔周(zhou)圍有數對乳突,從中伸(shen)出長(chang)(chang)(chang)短(duan)交合刺各(ge)一(yi)根。雌(ci)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)尾端(duan)鈍圓,略向(xiang)腹面(mian)彎曲(qu),生殖(zhi)系統為(wei)(wei)雙管(guan)型(xing),陰門靠近頭端(duan)的(de)(de)腹面(mian),卵巢信(xin)于蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)體(ti)后部。子宮粗(cu)大(da),幾乎(hu)充滿蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)體(ti),子宮近卵巢段(duan)含(han)大(da)量卵細胞,向(xiang)前逐漸成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)不同發育程度(du)的(de)(de)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)卵,成(cheng)熟蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)卵殼薄而(er)透明,內含(han)卷曲(qu)的(de)(de)幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)。在向(xiang)陰門移動的(de)(de)過程中,幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)伸(shen)直(zhi),卵殼隨之(zhi)伸(shen)展(zhan)成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)鞘膜而(er)被于幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)體(ti)表,此(ci)幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)稱為(wei)(wei)微(wei)絲蚴。
蟲體(ti)細(xi)長,頭端鈍圓,尾(wei)(wei)端尖細(xi),外被有(you)鞘膜(mo)。體(ti)內有(you)很多圓形(xing)或(huo)橢圓形(xing)的(de)體(ti)核,頭端無核區(qu)為頭間隙,在蟲體(ti)前端1/5處的(de)無核區(qu)為神經環(huan),尾(wei)(wei)逐漸變細(xi),近尾(wei)(wei)端腹(fu)側有(you)肛孔。尾(wei)(wei)端有(you)無尾(wei)(wei)核因種(zhong)而異。以(yi)上(shang)結構在兩種(zhong)微絲(si)蚴有(you)所不(bu)同,其鑒別要點見表16-5。
又稱絲狀蚴,寄生于蚊體(ti)內。蟲體(ti)細長,活(huo)躍。
班氏(shi)絲(si)狀蚴平(ping)均(jun)長(chang)1.617mm,馬來(lai)絲(si)狀蚴平(ping)均(jun)長(chang)1.304mm。
詳細:
長(chang)×寬(µm)244~296×5.3~7.0 177~230×5~6
體態 柔和(he),彎(wan)(wan)曲較(jiao)大(da) 硬(ying)直,大(da)彎(wan)(wan)上有小(xiao)彎(wan)(wan)
頭間隙(xi)(長(chang):寬)較短(1:1或1:2)較長(chang)(2:1)
體核 圓(yuan)(yuan)形或橢圓(yuan)(yuan)形,各(ge)核分開,排(pai)列整齊,清晰可數 橢圓(yuan)(yuan)形,大(da)小不等(deng),排(pai)列緊密,常互(hu)相重疊,不易(yi)分清
尾核 無 有2個,前后排列,尾核處(chu)角皮略膨大。
當蚊(wen)叮吸帶有微絲(si)蚴(you)的(de)患者(zhe)血液時,微絲(si)蚴(you)隨血液進(jin)行蚊(wen)胃,約(yue)經(jing)(jing)(jing)1~7小時,脫去鞘(qiao)膜,穿過胃壁經(jing)(jing)(jing)血腔(qiang)侵入(ru)胸肌(ji)(ji),在胸肌(ji)(ji)內(nei)經(jing)(jing)(jing)2~4天,蟲體(ti)活(huo)動減弱(ruo),縮短變(bian)(bian)粗(cu),形似臘腸(chang),稱臘腸(chang)期(qi)幼蟲。其后蟲體(ti)繼續(xu)發育,又變(bian)(bian)為(wei)細(xi)長(chang),內(nei)部組織分(fen)化(hua)(hua),其間(jian)蛻皮2次,發育為(wei)活(huo)躍的(de)感(gan)染期(qi)絲(si)狀蚴(you)。絲(si)狀蚴(you)離開胸肌(ji)(ji),又變(bian)(bian)為(wei)細(xi)長(chang),內(nei)部組織分(fen)化(hua)(hua),其間(jian)蛻皮2次,發育為(wei)活(huo)躍的(de)感(gan)染期(qi)絲(si)狀蚴(you)。絲(si)狀蚴(you)離開胸肌(ji)(ji),進(jin)入(ru)蚊(wen)血腔(qiang),其中(zhong)大多數到達蚊(wen)的(de)下唇,當蚊(wen)再次叮人(ren)吸血時,幼蟲自(zi)蚊(wen)下唇逸出,經(jing)(jing)(jing)吸血傷口或正常皮膚侵入(ru)人(ren)體(ti)。
在蚊(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)體(ti)(ti)寄生階(jie)段,幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)僅進行發育并(bing)無增殖(zhi)。微(wei)絲蚴(you)(you)侵入(ru)蚊(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)體(ti)(ti)后很(hen)多(duo)在胃內即(ji)可(ke)被消滅,有(you)的(de)可(ke)隨蚊(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)的(de)排泄物排出,最后能形成感染期(qi)幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)而到達(da)蚊(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)下唇者(zhe)為數(shu)不(bu)多(duo)。微(wei)絲蚴(you)(you)對蚊(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)體(ti)(ti)也有(you)一(yi)定影響,如機械損(sun)害(hai),吸取蚊(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)體(ti)(ti)營養(yang)等。患者(zhe)血(xue)(xue)(xue)液中(zhong)微(wei)絲蚴(you)(you)密度較高,可(ke)使已感染的(de)蚊(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)死亡(wang)率增高。故有(you)人(ren)認為微(wei)絲蚴(you)(you)在血(xue)(xue)(xue)液中(zhong)的(de)密度須達(da)到15條/20mm³血(xue)(xue)(xue)以上時(shi),才能使蚊(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)受染,多(duo)于100條/20mm³時(shi),常可(ke)致蚊(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)死亡(wang)。
微(wei)絲蚴(you)在(zai)蚊體(ti)內(nei)發育(yu)所需的時(shi)間,與溫度(du)(du)和濕(shi)度(du)(du)有關。最(zui)適(shi)合的溫度(du)(du)為(wei)20~30℃,相對濕(shi)度(du)(du)為(wei)75%~90%。在(zai)此溫、濕(shi)度(du)(du)條(tiao)件(jian)下,班氏微(wei)絲蚴(you)在(zai)易感(gan)蚊體(ti)內(nei)約(yue)需10~14天發育(yu)成感(gan)染期(qi)絲狀蚴(you),馬來微(wei)絲蚴(you)則需6~6.5天。溫度(du)(du)高于35℃或低于10℃,則不利于絲蟲(chong)幼(you)蟲(chong)在(zai)蚊體(ti)的發育(yu)。感(gan)染期(qi)絲狀蚴(you)入(ru)侵(qin)人體(ti)時(shi),也(ye)需較(jiao)高的溫、濕(shi)度(du)(du)。
感染期(qi)絲(si)狀蚴進入(ru)人體后的(de)(de)具(ju)體移(yi)行(xing)途徑,至(zhi)今尚未(wei)完全清(qing)楚。一(yi)般認(ren)為(wei)(wei),幼(you)蟲(chong)可迅速侵(qin)入(ru)附近的(de)(de)淋(lin)(lin)巴(ba)(ba)管,再移(yi)行(xing)至(zhi)大淋(lin)(lin)巴(ba)(ba)管及淋(lin)(lin)巴(ba)(ba)結(jie),幼(you)蟲(chong)在(zai)此再經2次蛻皮(pi)發育(yu)為(wei)(wei)成(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)。雌雄成(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)常互相纏繞在(zai)一(yi)起,以淋(lin)(lin)巴(ba)(ba)液(ye)為(wei)(wei)食。成(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)交配后,雌蟲(chong)產出微絲(si)蚴,微絲(si)蚴可停留在(zai)淋(lin)(lin)巴(ba)(ba)系統內,但大多隨淋(lin)(lin)巴(ba)(ba)液(ye)進入(ru)血循環。自感染期(qi)幼(you)蟲(chong)侵(qin)入(ru)人體至(zhi)發育(yu)為(wei)(wei)成(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)產生微絲(si)蚴所(suo)需(xu)的(de)(de)時間(jian),過(guo)去認(ren)為(wei)(wei)班(ban)氏絲(si)蟲(chong)約需(xu)1年,但檢查患者淋(lin)(lin)巴(ba)(ba)結(jie)組(zu)織,最(zui)早于感染后3個月(yue)即可查到成(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)。據我(wo)國學者用(yong)周(zhou)期(qi)型馬來絲(si)蟲(chong)絲(si)狀蚴人工感染長爪沙鼠的(de)(de)觀察,雌蟲(chong)于接種后57天即發育(yu)成(cheng)(cheng)熟,63天在(zai)鼠腹腔液(ye)中可查見微絲(si)蚴。
兩種(zhong)(zhong)絲蟲(chong)成蟲(chong)寄(ji)生(sheng)于(yu)人體淋(lin)巴(ba)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)的部位有(you)所不同。班(ban)氏絲蟲(chong)除寄(ji)生(sheng)于(yu)淺(qian)部淋(lin)巴(ba)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)外,多寄(ji)生(sheng)于(yu)深部淋(lin)巴(ba)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)中,主(zhu)要見(jian)于(yu)下(xia)肢、陰囊、精索、腹(fu)股溝、腹(fu)腔(qiang)、腎盂等處。馬來絲蟲(chong)多寄(ji)生(sheng)于(yu)上、下(xia)肢淺(qian)部淋(lin)巴(ba)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong),以(yi)下(xia)肢為多見(jian)。此外兩種(zhong)(zhong)絲蟲(chong)均(jun)可(ke)有(you)異位寄(ji)生(sheng),如眼(yan)前房(fang)、乳(ru)房(fang)、肺、脾、心包(bao)等處,以(yi)班(ban)氏絲蟲(chong)較多見(jian)。微絲蚴除可(ke)在(zai)外周(zhou)血(xue)液發現外,也有(you)在(zai)乳(ru)糜(mi)尿,乳(ru)糜(mi)胸腔(qiang)積(ji)液、心包(bao)積(ji)液和骨髓(sui)內等查到的報道。
兩種絲(si)蟲成(cheng)蟲的(de)(de)壽(shou)命一般(ban)為(wei)4~10年(nian)(nian),個(ge)(ge)別(bie)可(ke)長達40年(nian)(nian)。微(wei)絲(si)蚴(you)的(de)(de)壽(shou)命一般(ban)約為(wei)2~3個(ge)(ge)月(yue),有人認(ren)為(wei)可(ke)活2年(nian)(nian)以上。在實驗動物體內微(wei)絲(si)蚴(you)可(ke)活9個(ge)(ge)月(yue)以上,在體外4℃下(xia)可(ke)活6周(zhou)。
人(ren)是班氏絲(si)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)唯一的(de)終宿(su)主。但國(guo)內(nei)外(wai)學者(zhe)用班氏絲(si)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)感(gan)染(ran)(ran)期幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)人(ren)工感(gan)染(ran)(ran)黑脊葉(xie)(xie)猴(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)、銀(yin)葉(xie)(xie)猴(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)及(ji)恒(heng)(heng)河猴(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)后(hou),均可(ke)(ke)檢獲(huo)到成蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)及(ji)微絲(si)蚴。Cross(1973)應用臺灣猴(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)作(zuo)人(ren)工感(gan)染(ran)(ran)實(shi)(shi)驗,結(jie)果可(ke)(ke)在(zai)(zai)猴(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)體發(fa)育(yu)為成蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong),且(qie)在(zai)(zai)末梢血液(ye)中檢獲(huo)微絲(si)蚴。馬(ma)來絲(si)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)除寄生于人(ren)體外(wai),還能(neng)在(zai)(zai)多種(zhong)脊椎動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)體內(nei)發(fa)育(yu)成熟。在(zai)(zai)國(guo)外(wai),能(neng)自(zi)然感(gan)染(ran)(ran)亞周期型(xing)(xing)馬(ma)來絲(si)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu),有長尾(wei)猴(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)、黑葉(xie)(xie)猴(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)、群葉(xie)(xie)猴(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)和葉(xie)(xie)猴(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),以及(ji)家貓(mao)(mao)、豹貓(mao)(mao)、野貓(mao)(mao)、貍貓(mao)(mao)、麝貓(mao)(mao)、穿山甲等,其(qi)中葉(xie)(xie)猴(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)感(gan)染(ran)(ran)率可(ke)(ke)達70%。它(ta)們所引起的(de)森林動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)絲(si)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)病(bing),為重要的(de)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)源疾(ji)病(bing),可(ke)(ke)發(fa)生動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)至人(ren)的(de)傳播。國(guo)內(nei)于70年代用周期型(xing)(xing)馬(ma)來絲(si)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)接種(zhong)長爪沙(sha)鼠獲(huo)得成功,建立了動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)模(mo)型(xing)(xing)。接種(zhong)后(hou)第57天,雌(ci)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)發(fa)育(yu)成熟,第60和90天可(ke)(ke)分別(bie)在(zai)(zai)沙(sha)鼠腹腔(qiang)液(ye)和外(wai)周血液(ye)檢到微絲(si)蚴。此外(wai),實(shi)(shi)驗證明周期型(xing)(xing)馬(ma)來絲(si)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)可(ke)(ke)在(zai)(zai)人(ren)與(yu)恒(heng)(heng)河猴(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)間相互(hu)感(gan)染(ran)(ran),在(zai)(zai)恒(heng)(heng)河猴(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)與(yu)長爪沙(sha)鼠間亦可(ke)(ke)相互(hu)感(gan)染(ran)(ran),提(ti)示我國(guo)似乎(hu)亦存在(zai)(zai)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)傳染(ran)(ran)源的(de)可(ke)(ke)能(neng)性(xing)。
人感(gan)染(ran)(ran)絲(si)蟲主要是由蚊(wen)叮剌吸血(xue)經(jing)(jing)皮膚(fu)感(gan)染(ran)(ran)的(de)。在絲(si)蟲病(bing)動(dong)物模型研究中,發現(xian)感(gan)染(ran)(ran)期(qi)(qi)幼(you)蟲經(jing)(jing)口感(gan)染(ran)(ran)亦能成(cheng)(cheng)功;還發現(xian)從落入水中的(de)死蚊(wen)體(ti)逸出的(de)感(gan)染(ran)(ran)期(qi)(qi)幼(you)蟲經(jing)(jing)口或皮膚(fu)接種沙鼠均可(ke)獲(huo)成(cheng)(cheng)功,提示可(ke)能還有(you)其他的(de)感(gan)染(ran)(ran)途徑(jing)。
根據微絲(si)蚴(you)(you)在(zai)(zai)外(wai)周(zhou)血(xue)液中出現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的時(shi)間,可將(jiang)班(ban)氏絲(si)蟲(chong)(chong)和馬(ma)來絲(si)蟲(chong)(chong)分為(wei)(wei)夜現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)周(zhou)期(qi)(qi)型(xing)和亞周(zhou)期(qi)(qi)型(xing)。周(zhou)期(qi)(qi)型(xing)的微絲(si)蚴(you)(you)在(zai)(zai)人體外(wai)周(zhou)血(xue)液中的出現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)有(you)一定的周(zhou)期(qi)(qi)性(xing),一般為(wei)(wei)夜多晝少,它們(men)白天滯留在(zai)(zai)肺毛細血(xue)管(guan)中,夜晚(wan)則(ze)出現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)于外(wai)周(zhou)血(xue)液,這(zhe)種現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)象稱夜現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)周(zhou)期(qi)(qi)性(xing)(nocturnal periodicity)。兩種微絲(si)蚴(you)(you)在(zai)(zai)外(wai)周(zhou)血(xue)液中出現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的高峰時(shi)間略有(you)不同,班(ban)氏微絲(si)蚴(you)(you)為(wei)(wei)晚(wan)上10時(shi)至(zhi)次晨2時(shi),馬(ma)來微絲(si)蚴(you)(you)為(wei)(wei)晚(wan)上8時(shi)至(zhi)次晨4時(shi)。世界上流行(xing)的絲(si)蟲(chong)(chong)大多具有(you)明顯的夜現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)周(zhou)期(qi)(qi)性(xing),但少數(shu)地區其周(zhou)期(qi)(qi)性(xing)可不明顯,有(you)些(xie)地區的患(huan)者(zhe)無論晝夜均可查(cha)到微絲(si)蚴(you)(you),未見明顯高峰。班(ban)絲(si)蟲(chong)(chong)還有(you)晝現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)亞周(zhou)期(qi)(qi)型(xing)。此外(wai),感染度低者(zhe)其高峰期(qi)(qi)也相對地推遲。
關(guan)(guan)于微(wei)絲(si)(si)(si)蚴(you)(you)(you)夜(ye)現(xian)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)期(qi)(qi)(qi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)機制(zhi)(zhi)至今尚未闡(chan)明。有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)人(ren)認(ren)為與(yu)(yu)宿(su)主(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)樞神(shen)(shen)經(jing)(jing)系(xi)統(tong)、特(te)別是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)迷(mi)走神(shen)(shen)經(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)興奮(fen)(fen)、抑制(zhi)(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)關(guan)(guan)。如果(guo)絲(si)(si)(si)蟲(chong)感染者(zhe)換成(cheng)夜(ye)間工(gong)作白天睡(shui)眠(mian),經(jing)(jing)過一(yi)段時(shi)間后(hou),末梢血(xue)(xue)液中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)微(wei)絲(si)(si)(si)蚴(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)出現(xian)規律就(jiu)會(hui)(hui)顛倒過來,以中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)午為最(zui)多。這是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)提示微(wei)絲(si)(si)(si)蚴(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)期(qi)(qi)(qi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)與(yu)(yu)宿(su)主(zhu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)樞神(shen)(shen)經(jing)(jing)系(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)興奮(fen)(fen)、抑制(zhi)(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)關(guan)(guan)。進一(yi)步(bu)(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)驗證明,注(zhu)射(she)(she)抑制(zhi)(zhi)迷(mi)走神(shen)(shen)經(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)阿托品,會(hui)(hui)使血(xue)(xue)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)微(wei)絲(si)(si)(si)蚴(you)(you)(you)減少,反之(zhi)(zhi)注(zhu)射(she)(she)興奮(fen)(fen)迷(mi)走神(shen)(shen)經(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)毛(mao)果(guo)蕓香堿或乙酰膽堿,血(xue)(xue)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)微(wei)絲(si)(si)(si)蚴(you)(you)(you)就(jiu)會(hui)(hui)增多。人(ren)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)睡(shui)眠(mian)時(shi),迷(mi)走神(shen)(shen)經(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)興奮(fen)(fen)度(du)增高(gao)(gao),使內(nei)(nei)(nei)臟(zang)毛(mao)細(xi)(xi)血(xue)(xue)管(guan)擴張(zhang),因此(ci)(ci)微(wei)絲(si)(si)(si)蚴(you)(you)(you)就(jiu)易從(cong)肺(fei)(fei)毛(mao)細(xi)(xi)血(xue)(xue)管(guan)移行(xing)到周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)期(qi)(qi)(qi)血(xue)(xue)循環;反之(zhi)(zhi),在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)人(ren)清(qing)醒時(shi),迷(mi)走神(shen)(shen)經(jing)(jing)興奮(fen)(fen)度(du)減弱,內(nei)(nei)(nei)臟(zang)毛(mao)細(xi)(xi)血(xue)(xue)管(guan)收縮,微(wei)絲(si)(si)(si)蚴(you)(you)(you)就(jiu)不能(neng)進入(ru)外(wai)(wai)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)血(xue)(xue)液。也(ye)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)人(ren)認(ren)為微(wei)絲(si)(si)(si)蚴(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)夜(ye)現(xian)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)期(qi)(qi)(qi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)與(yu)(yu)宿(su)主(zhu)肺(fei)(fei)血(xue)(xue)氧含量有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)關(guan)(guan),當夜(ye)晚給(gei)患者(zhe)吸氧時(shi),可(ke)導(dao)致外(wai)(wai)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)血(xue)(xue)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)微(wei)絲(si)(si)(si)蚴(you)(you)(you)密度(du)下(xia)降;而(er)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)白天給(gei)低氧時(shi),密度(du)就(jiu)可(ke)升高(gao)(gao)。進一(yi)步(bu)(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)驗證明,控制(zhi)(zhi)微(wei)絲(si)(si)(si)蚴(you)(you)(you)聚集在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)肺(fei)(fei)內(nei)(nei)(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)刺激不是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)那里氧壓的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)絕對水平(ping),而(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)肺(fei)(fei)動脈內(nei)(nei)(nei)靜脈血(xue)(xue)和肺(fei)(fei)靜脈內(nei)(nei)(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動物(wu)血(xue)(xue)兩者(zhe)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氧張(zhang)力(li)之(zhi)(zhi)差。當氧張(zhang)力(li)差在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)7.3kPa(55mmHg)或更(geng)高(gao)(gao)時(shi),微(wei)絲(si)(si)(si)蚴(you)(you)(you)聚集于肺(fei)(fei)血(xue)(xue)管(guan)內(nei)(nei)(nei);差異下(xia)降到接(jie)近5.9kPa(44mmHg)或更(geng)低時(shi),微(wei)絲(si)(si)(si)蚴(you)(you)(you)則(ze)移行(xing)至外(wai)(wai)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)血(xue)(xue)液。國外(wai)(wai)學(xue)(xue)者(zhe)還發(fa)現(xian)夜(ye)現(xian)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)期(qi)(qi)(qi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)與(yu)(yu)微(wei)絲(si)(si)(si)蚴(you)(you)(you)體(ti)內(nei)(nei)(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)發(fa)熒(ying)光(guang)(guang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)關(guan)(guan)。夜(ye)現(xian)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)期(qi)(qi)(qi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)明顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)微(wei)絲(si)(si)(si)蚴(you)(you)(you)不經(jing)(jing)染色即可(ke)見到彌漫的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)發(fa)熒(ying)光(guang)(guang)及(ji)大量熒(ying)光(guang)(guang)顆粒,而(er)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)期(qi)(qi)(qi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)不明顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)則(ze)體(ti)內(nei)(nei)(nei)熒(ying)光(guang)(guang)顆粒較少,有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)些無(wu)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)期(qi)(qi)(qi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)及(ji)晝現(xian)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)期(qi)(qi)(qi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蟲(chong)種則(ze)無(wu)熒(ying)光(guang)(guang)顆粒。上述資料表明,微(wei)絲(si)(si)(si)蚴(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)期(qi)(qi)(qi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)與(yu)(yu)宿(su)主(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)因素有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)關(guan)(guan),也(ye)和微(wei)絲(si)(si)(si)蚴(you)(you)(you)自(zi)身的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)學(xue)(xue)特(te)點有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)關(guan)(guan)。總之(zhi)(zhi),周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)期(qi)(qi)(qi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)現(xian)象(xiang)產生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原因是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)復雜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),這是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)寄生(sheng)(sheng)蟲(chong)與(yu)(yu)宿(su)主(zhu)長期(qi)(qi)(qi)互相適(shi)應的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結果(guo),進一(yi)步(bu)(bu)(bu)闡(chan)明其機制(zhi)(zhi)仍有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)待深入(ru)探討(tao)。此(ci)(ci)外(wai)(wai),國外(wai)(wai)學(xue)(xue)者(zhe)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)觀(guan)察絲(si)(si)(si)蟲(chong)病人(ren)及(ji)動物(wu)模(mo)型中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),均(jun)發(fa)現(xian)外(wai)(wai)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)血(xue)(xue)液中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)微(wei)絲(si)(si)(si)蚴(you)(you)(you)還具有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)季節周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)期(qi)(qi)(qi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),夏(xia)、秋季的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)密度(du)高(gao)(gao)于冬、春季,與(yu)(yu)蚊(wen)媒活動季節相吻合,這在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)流行(xing)病學(xue)(xue)調查中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)值(zhi)得注(zhu)意。
絲蟲(chong)(filaria)是由吸(xi)(xi)血(xue)節肢動物(wu)傳播的(de)一類(lei)寄生(sheng)(sheng)性(xing)線(xian)蟲(chong)。成蟲(chong)寄生(sheng)(sheng)在脊椎動物(wu)終宿主(zhu)的(de)淋巴(ba)系統、皮(pi)(pi)下組織、腹腔(qiang)、胸腔(qiang)等處。雌蟲(chong)為卵胎生(sheng)(sheng),產出(chu)帶鞘或不帶鞘的(de)微絲蚴(you)(microfilaria)。大多數微絲蚴(you)出(chu)現于血(xue)液中(zhong),少數出(chu)現于皮(pi)(pi)內(nei)或皮(pi)(pi)下組織。幼(you)蟲(chong)在某些(xie)吸(xi)(xi)血(xue)節肢動物(wu)中(zhong)間宿主(zhu)體(ti)(ti)內(nei)進行發育(yu)。當(dang)這(zhe)些(xie)中(zhong)間宿主(zhu)吸(xi)(xi)血(xue)時,成熟的(de)感染期幼(you)蟲(chong)即自(zi)其喙逸(yi)出(chu),經皮(pi)(pi)膚侵入(ru)終宿主(zhu)體(ti)(ti)內(nei)發育(yu)為成蟲(chong)。
由班氏(shi)絲(si)(si)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)及(ji)馬來絲(si)(si)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)引起的(de)淋巴絲(si)(si)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)病(bing)(Lymphatic filariasis)及(ji)由盤尾絲(si)(si)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)所致的(de)“河盲癥(river blindness)”是嚴(yan)重危害人體(ti)健康(kang)的(de)絲(si)(si)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)病(bing)。在我國僅有班氏(shi)絲(si)(si)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)和馬來絲(si)(si)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)。班氏(shi)吳(wu)策線蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)和馬來布(bu)魯線蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)
絲蟲病(bing)在我(wo)國早有記載(zai),如(ru)隋唐(tang)時代(dai)(公元589~908年(nian))的醫(yi)書中關于猞病(bing)(淋(lin)巴管炎)、蒾病(bing)(象皮(pi)腫)及膏熱、熱淋(lin)(乳糜尿(niao))等的描述,以(yi)及“小(xiao)便白如(ru)米汁”“癩疝重(zhong)墜,囊大如(ru)斗”等記載(zai)均為(wei)絲蟲病(bing)的歷史資料。
兩種絲蟲(chong)引(yin)起絲蟲(chong)病(bing)的(de)(de)臨床(chuang)表(biao)現很相似(si),急性期(qi)為反(fan)復發作的(de)(de)淋(lin)巴管炎(yan)、淋(lin)巴結(jie)炎(yan)和(he)發熱(re),慢性期(qi)為淋(lin)巴水腫和(he)象(xiang)皮腫,嚴(yan)重危害流(liu)行區居民(min)的(de)(de)健康和(he)經濟發展。據(ju)國外80年代后期(qi)資料估計全世界有(you)(you)27億(yi)(yi)人生(sheng)活在有(you)(you)淋(lin)巴絲蟲(chong)病(bing)流(liu)行的(de)(de)國家中,其(qi)中9.05億(yi)(yi)人生(sheng)活在有(you)(you)感(gan)染(ran)威脅(xie)的(de)(de)流(liu)行區,9.02千萬人感(gan)染(ran)了淋(lin)巴絲蟲(chong)病(bing),其(qi)中班氏絲蟲(chong)病(bing)的(de)(de)人數(shu)約有(you)(you)8.16千萬。
班氏絲(si)蟲(chong)是(shi)寄(ji)生人體的絲(si)蟲(chong)中(zhong)最(zui)普遍的一種絲(si)蟲(chong)。
Demarquay(1863)在巴黎首次從(cong)一(yi)來(lai)自哈(ha)瓦(wa)那患(huan)者(zhe)(zhe)陰(yin)(yin)囊鞘膜積液(ye)中(zhong)發(fa)現本蟲微絲蚴(you)。成蟲最(zui)早是(shi)由Bancroft在1876年(nian)于澳(ao)大利亞布里(li)斯班(ban)一(yi)個中(zhong)國患(huan)者(zhe)(zhe)的(de)手臂淋巴膿腫中(zhong)發(fa)現一(yi)條死蟲,其后他又從(cong)一(yi)鞘膜積液(ye)患(huan)者(zhe)(zhe)的(de)精(jing)索獲(huo)得4條活雌蟲。Meadow(1871)最(zui)早描述(shu)了(le)我國浙江寧波(bo)一(yi)帶的(de)象皮腫病(bing)人;自1872~1878年(nian)Manson在福(fu)建(jian)廈(sha)門(men)發(fa)現很(hen)多(duo)陰(yin)(yin)囊象皮腫患(huan)者(zhe)(zhe),并在鞘膜積液(ye)內找到微絲蚴(you)及一(yi)段雌蟲。Manson(1877,1879)在廈(sha)門(men)首次描述(shu)絲蟲是(shi)蚊子傳播(bo)和(he)微絲蚴(you)具有(you)夜現周(zhou)期性(xing)的(de)兩個重要發(fa)現。Bancroft(1899)和(he)Low(1900)發(fa)現蚊體內發(fa)育成熟的(de)絲蟲幼蟲可從(cong)蚊喙逸出,經皮膚鉆入人體發(fa)育為成蟲。從(cong)而澄清了(le)班(ban)氏絲蟲生活史中(zhong)的(de)宿主關系和(he)傳播(bo)途徑(jing)。
馬來絲蟲(chong)(chong)引起的馬來絲蟲(chong)(chong)病,流行(xing)僅限于(yu)(yu)亞(ya)洲(zhou)。1940年Rao和Maplestone首(shou)次(ci)在一名印度患者(zhe)的前臂(bei)囊腫中(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)現本蟲(chong)(chong)的兩條雌(ci)蟲(chong)(chong)和兩雄(xiong)蟲(chong)(chong)。馮蘭洲(zhou)(1933)首(shou)先發(fa)現我國(guo)有(you)馬來絲蟲(chong)(chong)流行(xing),又于(yu)(yu)1934年證實中(zhong)(zhong)華按蚊和常型(xing)曼(man)蚊為其傳播媒介。
人體(ti)感(gan)染(ran)(ran)絲(si)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)后(hou),其(qi)發病機(ji)(ji)制取(qu)決于多種(zhong)因素,如(ru)機(ji)(ji)體(ti)對(dui)絲(si)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)抗原性刺激的(de)(de)反應(ying)、侵入的(de)(de)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)種(zhong)和數(shu)量、重復感(gan)染(ran)(ran)的(de)(de)次(ci)數(shu)、蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)體(ti)的(de)(de)死活(huo)情況(kuang)、寄生部(bu)位和有無繼發感(gan)染(ran)(ran)等。在(zai)絲(si)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)病的(de)(de)發病過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中,成(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)尤其(qi)是雌蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)起主要作(zuo)用(yong);感(gan)染(ran)(ran)期幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)在(zai)其(qi)移行、發育(yu)至成(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中也起一定的(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)。過(guo)(guo)去認(ren)為(wei)血液中的(de)(de)微絲(si)蚴與(yu)發病關系(xi)不(bu)(bu)大,但許多資料證(zheng)明微絲(si)蚴能(neng)引起熱帶肺嗜酸性粒細胞增多癥(topical pulmonary eosinophilia,TPE)。在(zai)人群中,依據他們(men)有無感(gan)染(ran)(ran)史,以(yi)及(ji)感(gan)染(ran)(ran)者(zhe)對(dui)絲(si)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)抗原產生的(de)(de)免疫(yi)應(ying)答能(neng)力的(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)同,患(huan)者(zhe)可出現不(bu)(bu)同的(de)(de)臨(lin)床(chuang)表現,大致分為(wei)以(yi)下三種(zhong)類型:
幼蟲和成蟲的(de)分泌物(wu)、代謝及(ji)蟲體分解產物(wu)及(ji)雌蟲子宮排出物(wu)等均(jun)可(ke)刺激機體產生局(ju)部(bu)和全身(shen)性(xing)反(fan)應(ying)。早期(qi)在淋(lin)巴(ba)(ba)管(guan)(guan)可(ke)出現(xian)內膜(mo)腫脹,內皮細胞增生,隨之管(guan)(guan)壁及(ji)周(zhou)圍組織發生炎癥細胞浸(jin)潤(run),導(dao)致(zhi)淋(lin)巴(ba)(ba)管(guan)(guan)壁增厚,瓣膜(mo)功能受損(sun),管(guan)(guan)內形成淋(lin)巴(ba)(ba)栓。浸(jin)潤(run)的(de)細胞中有大量(liang)的(de)嗜酸性(xing)粒(li)細胞。提示急性(xing)炎癥與過敏反(fan)應(ying)有關,有人認為屬于Ⅰ型(xing)或Ⅲ型(xing)變態反(fan)應(ying)。
急(ji)性(xing)期的(de)臨床(chuang)癥狀(zhuang)(zhuang)表現(xian)(xian)為(wei)淋(lin)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)管炎(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、淋(lin)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)結炎(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)及(ji)丹毒樣皮(pi)(pi)炎(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)等。淋(lin)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)管炎(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)特征為(wei)逆行(xing)性(xing),發(fa)作時(shi)可(ke)見皮(pi)(pi)下(xia)一條紅線離心(xin)性(xing)地(di)發(fa)展(zhan),俗稱“流火”或“紅線”。上下(xia)肢(zhi)均(jun)可(ke)發(fa)生(sheng),但(dan)以(yi)下(xia)肢(zhi)為(wei)多見。當(dang)炎(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)癥波(bo)及(ji)皮(pi)(pi)膚淺(qian)表微細淋(lin)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)管時(shi),局(ju)部皮(pi)(pi)膚出現(xian)(xian)彌漫性(xing)紅腫,表面光亮,有(you)壓(ya)痛(tong)及(ji)灼熱感,即(ji)為(wei)丹毒樣皮(pi)(pi)炎(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan),病變部位多見于小腿中下(xia)部。在(zai)班氏絲蟲,如果成蟲寄生(sheng)于陰囊(nang)內淋(lin)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)管中,可(ke)引起精(jing)索炎(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、附睪炎(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)或睪丸炎(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)。在(zai)出現(xian)(xian)局(ju)部癥狀(zhuang)(zhuang)的(de)同時(shi),患者常伴有(you)畏寒發(fa)熱、頭(tou)痛(tong)、關節酸痛(tong)等,即(ji)絲蟲熱。有(you)些患者可(ke)僅(jin)有(you)寒熱而無局(ju)部癥狀(zhuang)(zhuang),可(ke)能為(wei)深部淋(lin)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)管炎(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)和(he)淋(lin)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)結炎(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)表現(xian)(xian)。
絲蟲(chong)性(xing)淋巴管炎的好發年齡以青壯年為多(duo)。首次發作最早可見于(yu)感(gan)染(ran)后幾周(zhou),但多(duo)數(shu)見于(yu)感(gan)染(ran)數(shu)月至一年后,并(bing)常(chang)有周(zhou)期性(xing)反(fan)復發作,每月或數(shu)月發作一次。一般都在受涼、疲勞、下水(shui)、氣候炎熱等引起機(ji)體抵抗力降低時(shi)發生(sheng)。
淋(lin)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)系統阻(zu)塞(sai)是引起(qi)絲(si)蟲(chong)(chong)病慢性(xing)體(ti)征的(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)因素。由于成蟲(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)刺激,淋(lin)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)管(guan)擴張,瓣膜關(guan)閉不全,淋(lin)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)液(ye)淤積,出現凹陷(xian)性(xing)淋(lin)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)液(ye)腫(zhong)。以(yi)后淋(lin)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)管(guan)壁(bi)出現炎(yan)癥細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)浸潤(run)、內皮細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)增(zeng)生、管(guan)腔變窄而導(dao)致(zhi)淋(lin)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)管(guan)閉塞(sai)。以(yi)死亡的(de)(de)成蟲(chong)(chong)和微絲(si)蚴為中心(xin),周期(qi)浸潤(run)大量炎(yan)癥細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)、巨噬細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)、漿(jiang)細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)和嗜酸性(xing)粒細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)等而形成絲(si)蟲(chong)(chong)性(xing)肉芽腫(zhong),最終(zhong)導(dao)致(zhi)淋(lin)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)管(guan)栓(shuan)塞(sai)。阻(zu)塞(sai)部(bu)位(wei)遠端(duan)的(de)(de)淋(lin)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)管(guan)內壓力(li)增(zeng)高(gao),形成淋(lin)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)管(guan)曲張甚(shen)至破裂,淋(lin)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)液(ye)流入周期(qi)組織。由于阻(zu)塞(sai)部(bu)位(wei)不同(tong),患者產生的(de)(de)臨床表現也因之而異(yi)。
象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)腫(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(elephantiasis):是(shi)(shi)晚期(qi)絲(si)(si)蟲(chong)病(bing)最多(duo)見的(de)(de)(de)體(ti)征(zheng)。象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)腫(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)初期(qi)為淋(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)巴(ba)(ba)液(ye)腫(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。若在肢(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)體(ti),大多(duo)為壓(ya)凹性(xing)(xing)水腫(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),提高肢(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)體(ti)位(wei)置(zhi),可消(xiao)退。繼之,組織纖(xian)維(wei)化,出(chu)現(xian)非(fei)壓(ya)凹性(xing)(xing)水腫(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),提高肢(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)體(ti)位(wei)置(zhi)不(bu)能(neng)消(xiao)退,皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)膚(fu)彈性(xing)(xing)消(xiao)失。最后發展(zhan)為象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)腫(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),肢(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)體(ti)體(ti)積(ji)(ji)(ji)增(zeng)(zeng)大,有(you)(you)大量纖(xian)維(wei)組織和脂肪以(yi)及(ji)擴張的(de)(de)(de)淋(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)巴(ba)(ba)管(guan)和積(ji)(ji)(ji)留的(de)(de)(de)淋(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)巴(ba)(ba)液(ye),皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)膚(fu)的(de)(de)(de)上皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)角化或(huo)出(chu)現(xian)疣樣肥(fei)厚(hou)。其發病(bing)機(ji)(ji)制一(yi)(yi)般(ban)認(ren)為是(shi)(shi)由(you)于(yu)淋(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)巴(ba)(ba)管(guan)阻塞(sai)致使淋(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)巴(ba)(ba)管(guan)破裂,淋(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)巴(ba)(ba)液(ye)積(ji)(ji)(ji)聚于(yu)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)下組織,刺激纖(xian)維(wei)組織增(zeng)(zeng)生(sheng),使局(ju)部皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)膚(fu)明顯(xian)增(zeng)(zeng)厚(hou)、變(bian)粗、變(bian)硬形(xing)似象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)。國內外(wai)許多(duo)學(xue)者經淋(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)巴(ba)(ba)系(xi)統造影術(shu)證明,象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)腫(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)患者的(de)(de)(de)淋(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)巴(ba)(ba)通(tong)道(dao)多(duo)數并未(wei)阻塞(sai)。認(ren)為絲(si)(si)蟲(chong)性(xing)(xing)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)腫(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)(shi)由(you)于(yu)淋(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)巴(ba)(ba)管(guan)曲(qu)張,淋(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)巴(ba)(ba)循(xun)環動力學(xue)發生(sheng)了嚴重的(de)(de)(de)病(bing)理生(sheng)理改變(bian),而不(bu)單(dan)是(shi)(shi)機(ji)(ji)械性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)閉塞(sai)不(bu)通(tong);也(ye)有(you)(you)人認(ren)為淋(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)巴(ba)(ba)管(guan)曲(qu)張是(shi)(shi)由(you)于(yu)活成蟲(chong)產生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)某些因子與宿主的(de)(de)(de)體(ti)液(ye)-細胞的(de)(de)(de)炎癥(zheng)反應相互(hu)作(zuo)用而導(dao)致淋(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)巴(ba)(ba)回(hui)流(liu)不(bu)暢所致。因象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)腫(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)患處皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)膚(fu)變(bian)硬變(bian)粗,致使局(ju)部血液(ye)循(xun)環障礙,皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)膚(fu)的(de)(de)(de)抵(di)抗(kang)力降低,易引起(qi)細菌(jun)感染(ran),導(dao)致局(ju)部急性(xing)(xing)炎癥(zheng)或(huo)慢性(xing)(xing)潰(kui)瘍。這些病(bing)變(bian)反過(guo)來加重了象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)腫(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)。象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)腫(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)較多(duo)發生(sheng)于(yu)下肢(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)及(ji)陰(yin)囊,其它如上肢(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、陰(yin)莖、陰(yin)唇(chun)、陰(yin)蒂(di)和乳房等處也(ye)可出(chu)現(xian)。由(you)于(yu)兩種絲(si)(si)蟲(chong)寄生(sheng)部位(wei)不(bu)同,上下肢(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)腫(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)可見于(yu)兩種絲(si)(si)蟲(chong)病(bing),而生(sheng)殖系(xi)統象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)腫(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)則僅見于(yu)班氏絲(si)(si)蟲(chong)病(bing)。一(yi)(yi)般(ban)在象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)腫(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)患者血中常(chang)不(bu)易查到微絲(si)(si)蚴。
睪丸鞘膜(mo)積液(ye)(hydrocele testis):由(you)于(yu)精索、睪丸的淋巴管阻(zu)塞,使淋巴液(ye)流入鞘膜(mo)腔內,引(yin)起睪丸鞘膜(mo)積液(ye)。但也有少(shao)數病人系由(you)于(yu)急(ji)性炎癥反應所致(zhi),故(gu)在(zai)消炎后即可(ke)恢復。睪丸鞘膜(mo)積液(ye)在(zai)班氏絲(si)蟲病中(zhong)較常見。部份病人可(ke)在(zai)積液(ye)中(zhong)找到微絲(si)蚴。
乳(ru)糜(mi)尿(niao)(niao)(chyluria):是(shi)班氏(shi)絲蟲病患(huan)者的(de)(de)(de)泌尿(niao)(niao)及腹部(bu)淋(lin)(lin)(lin)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)管(guan)阻(zu)塞后所致的(de)(de)(de)病變。阻(zu)塞部(bu)位在(zai)主(zhu)動(dong)脈前淋(lin)(lin)(lin)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)結(jie)或腸(chang)干(gan)淋(lin)(lin)(lin)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)結(jie)。若由于胸導管(guan)以下(xia)、腰(yao)干(gan)以上的(de)(de)(de)淋(lin)(lin)(lin)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)管(guan)瓣(ban)膜(mo)損傷(shang)及炎癥纖維化使(shi)(shi)淋(lin)(lin)(lin)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)管(guan)阻(zu)塞,造(zao)成腰(yao)干(gan)淋(lin)(lin)(lin)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)壓力增高,使(shi)(shi)從小腸(chang)吸(xi)收來的(de)(de)(de)乳(ru)糜(mi)液(ye)(ye)回(hui)流受阻(zu),而經側支流入(ru)腎(shen)淋(lin)(lin)(lin)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)管(guan),致使(shi)(shi)在(zai)腎(shen)乳(ru)頭粘(zhan)膜(mo)薄弱(ruo)處潰破,乳(ru)糜(mi)液(ye)(ye)即(ji)可(ke)流入(ru)腎(shen)盂(yu),混(hun)于尿(niao)(niao)中排(pai)出。與淋(lin)(lin)(lin)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)管(guan)伴行的(de)(de)(de)腎(shen)毛細血(xue)管(guan)在(zai)腎(shen)乳(ru)頭部(bu)潰破時(shi)同時(shi)破裂,是(shi)乳(ru)糜(mi)尿(niao)(niao)患(huan)者常(chang)伴有血(xue)尿(niao)(niao)的(de)(de)(de)原因。乳(ru)糜(mi)尿(niao)(niao)常(chang)多次間歇發作(zuo),發作(zuo)時(shi)尿(niao)(niao)呈(cheng)乳(ru)白色,混(hun)有血(xue)液(ye)(ye)時(shi)呈(cheng)粉紅色。乳(ru)糜(mi)尿(niao)(niao)中含大量(liang)蛋白及脂肪,沉淀物中有時(shi)可(ke)查(cha)到微絲蚴。
除上(shang)述病變外,女性乳房的絲(si)蟲結節在流行區(qu)并不少見(jian)。此外,絲(si)蟲還偶可引起眼部(bu)絲(si)蟲病,脾、胸、背、頸、臂等部(bu)位的絲(si)蟲性肉芽腫,絲(si)蟲性心包(bao)炎(yan)、乳糜(mi)胸腔(qiang)積液,乳糜(mi)血痰,以及(ji)骨髓(sui)內微絲(si)蚴(you)癥等。
也稱熱(re)帶肺(fei)嗜酸性粒細胞增(zeng)多癥,臨床表現為(wei)夜間發作性哮喘或咳(ke)嗽,伴疲乏和低熱(re),血中嗜酸性粒細胞超度增(zeng)多,IgE水(shui)平顯著升高,胸部X線透視可見(jian)中下(xia)肺(fei)彌漫(man)性粟粒樣陰(yin)影。外周血中查不到(dao)微(wei)絲蚴,但在(zai)肺(fei)或淋(lin)巴結的活(huo)檢(jian)中可查到(dao)微(wei)絲蚴。該癥是宿主(zhu)對(dui)絲蟲抗原,特別對(dui)微(wei)絲蚴抗原所表現的Ⅰ型(xing)變態(tai)反應(ying),微(wei)絲蚴在(zai)肺(fei)內被清除。絲蟲病人(ren)中出(chu)現此癥者少于1%。
包括從(cong)外(wai)周(zhou)血液、乳糜尿、抽出液中查微絲蚴和(he)成蟲。
一、血檢微(wei)絲蚴:由于微(wei)絲蚴具(ju)有夜現周期性(xing),取血時(shi)間以(yi)晚(wan)上9時(shi)至次(ci)晨2時(shi)為宜。
厚(hou)血(xue)膜法(fa):取末(mo)梢血(xue)60µl(3大滴)涂成厚(hou)片(pian),干后溶(rong)血(xue)鏡檢。如經染色可減少遺漏(lou)并可鑒(jian)別蟲種。
新鮮血滴法:取末梢血1大滴于(yu)載玻片(pian)上(shang)的生理(li)鹽水中(zhong),加蓋片(pian)后立即鏡檢,觀察(cha)微絲蚴的活(huo)動(dong)情況(kuang)。本法適用于(yu)教學(xue)及衛生宣傳活(huo)動(dong)。
濃(nong)集法(fa):取靜脈血(xue)1~2ml,經(jing)溶血(xue)后離心沉(chen)淀,取沉(chen)渣鏡檢。此法(fa)可提高檢出率,但需(xu)取靜脈血(xue),且手續較復雜。
海(hai)群生白天(tian)誘出法(fa):白天(tian)給被(bei)檢者口服海(hai)群生2~6mg/kg體重,于(yu)服后30~60分鐘(zhong)間采(cai)血檢查。此(ci)法(fa)可用于(yu)夜間取血不(bu)方便者,但對低度感染者易(yi)漏(lou)診。
二、體液和(he)(he)尿(niao)液檢查微絲蚴(you):微絲蚴(you)亦可(ke)(ke)見于(yu)各種體液和(he)(he)尿(niao)液,故可(ke)(ke)于(yu)鞘膜積液、淋巴液、腹水、乳(ru)糜(mi)尿(niao)和(he)(he)尿(niao)液等查到微絲蚴(you)。可(ke)(ke)取(qu)上(shang)列體液直接涂(tu)片,染色鏡檢;或采用(yong)離(li)心濃集(ji)法(fa)(fa)、薄(bo)膜過濾(lv)濃集(ji)法(fa)(fa)等檢查。含(han)乳(ru)糜(mi)的液體可(ke)(ke)加(jia)乙醚使脂(zhi)肪充(chong)分溶解,去(qu)除上(shang)面的脂(zhi)肪層,加(jia)水稀釋(shi)10倍后,以1500~2000rpm離(li)心3~5分鐘,取(qu)沉渣鏡檢。
三、成(cheng)蟲檢查法:
直接查(cha)(cha)蟲法:對(dui)淋巴(ba)系統(tong)炎癥正(zheng)在(zai)發作的患(huan)(huan)者(zhe),或在(zai)治療后出(chu)現淋巴(ba)結節(jie)(jie)的患(huan)(huan)者(zhe),可用注射器從可疑(yi)的結節(jie)(jie)中抽取成(cheng)蟲,或切除(chu)可疑(yi)結節(jie)(jie),在(zai)解剖鏡下(xia)或肉眼下(xia)剝離組(zu)織(zhi)檢查(cha)(cha)成(cheng)蟲。取得的蟲體,按常規(gui)線(xian)蟲成(cheng)蟲標本制作技術,殺(sha)死固定,然后置線(xian)蟲透明液中,鏡檢、定種。
病理切片檢查:將取下(xia)的可疑結節,按常規法制成(cheng)病理切片鏡檢。若為絲(si)蟲(chong)性結節,可見結節中心有成(cheng)蟲(chong),其(qi)周(zhou)圍為典型的絲(si)蟲(chong)性病變(bian)。
目的(de):為檢測(ce)血清中的(de)絲蟲抗體(ti)和抗原,可(ke)用作輔助診(zhen)斷(duan)。
皮內試驗:不能用(yong)作確診病(bing)人(ren)的依(yi)據(ju),可用(yong)于流行病(bing)學調查。
檢測抗(kang)(kang)體(ti):試(shi)驗方法很多,以絲蟲(chong)成(cheng)蟲(chong)冰凍切(qie)片抗(kang)(kang)原(yuan)間接熒光抗(kang)(kang)體(ti)試(shi)驗(IFAT)、成(cheng)蟲(chong)冰凍切(qie)片免疫酶(mei)染色(se)試(shi)驗(IEST)及馬來(lai)絲蟲(chong)成(cheng)蟲(chong)或微絲蚴的可溶(rong)性(xing)抗(kang)(kang)原(yuan)酶(mei)聯免疫吸附試(shi)驗(ELISA)的敏感性(xing)和特異(yi)性(xing)均(jun)較高。
檢測(ce)抗原:國內制備抗絲(si)蟲抗原的單(dan)克隆抗體進(jin)行ELISA雙抗體法和斑點ELISA法分別檢測(ce)班氏(shi)和馬(ma)氏(shi)絲(si)蟲循環抗原的實(shi)驗研究(jiu)已(yi)獲初步進(jin)展。
傳染(ran)(ran)源:血中(zhong)有微絲(si)蚴(you)的帶蟲者及病(bing)(bing)人都是絲(si)蟲病(bing)(bing)的傳染(ran)(ran)源。人群中(zhong)殘存微絲(si)蚴(you)血癥者的微絲(si)蚴(you)密度在(zai)5條/60µl以(yi)(yi)下時(shi),即使不繼續防治,也可陸續轉陰(yin)。因此(ci),在(zai)基本(ben)消滅該病(bing)(bing)的地區應加強對(dui)外(wai)來人口(kou)的查治,以(yi)(yi)防止傳染(ran)(ran)源的輸入。
傳(chuan)(chuan)播(bo)(bo)媒(mei)介:我國(guo)傳(chuan)(chuan)播(bo)(bo)絲(si)(si)蟲病的(de)(de)蚊(wen)(wen)(wen)媒(mei)有(you)10多種。班氏絲(si)(si)蟲的(de)(de)主要(yao)傳(chuan)(chuan)播(bo)(bo)媒(mei)介為淡色庫蚊(wen)(wen)(wen)和致倦庫蚊(wen)(wen)(wen),次要(yao)媒(mei)介有(you)中(zhong)(zhong)華按蚊(wen)(wen)(wen)。馬來絲(si)(si)蟲的(de)(de)主要(yao)媒(mei)介為嗜人按蚊(wen)(wen)(wen)和中(zhong)(zhong)華按蚊(wen)(wen)(wen),東(dong)鄉伊蚊(wen)(wen)(wen)是我國(guo)東(dong)南(nan)沿海地區(qu)的(de)(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)播(bo)(bo)媒(mei)介之(zhi)一。
易感人群:男(nan)女老少均(jun)可感染。流(liu)行區微絲蚴感染率(lv)高峰多在21~30歲。
影(ying)響(xiang)流行的(de)(de)因素(su):自然因素(su)主(zhu)要為(wei)溫(wen)度、濕度、雨量、地理環境等。這些因素(su)既影(ying)響(xiang)蚊(wen)蟲的(de)(de)孳(zi)生、繁殖和吸血活(huo)動(dong),也影(ying)響(xiang)絲(si)(si)(si)蟲幼蟲在(zai)蚊(wen)體內的(de)(de)發育。如微(wei)絲(si)(si)(si)蚴(you)在(zai)蚊(wen)體內發育的(de)(de)適(shi)宜濕度為(wei)25~30℃,相對溫(wen)度為(wei)70%~90%;氣溫(wen)高于35℃或低于10℃,微(wei)絲(si)(si)(si)蚴(you)在(zai)蚊(wen)體內即(ji)不(bu)能發育。因此,絲(si)(si)(si)蟲病的(de)(de)感染季節(jie)主(zhu)要為(wei)5~10月。我國建國后(hou)對絲(si)(si)(si)蟲病防治(zhi)取得(de)的(de)(de)巨大(da)成績(ji),說明了社會因素(su)的(de)(de)重(zhong)要性(xing)。
在絲(si)蟲病防(fang)治工作(zuo)中,普(pu)查普(pu)治和防(fang)蚊滅蚊是(shi)兩項主要(yao)措(cuo)施。在已(yi)達基(ji)本消滅絲(si)蟲病指標的地區,應(ying)將防(fang)治工作(zuo)重要(yao)轉入(ru)監測管理階段(duan)。
及(ji)(ji)早發現患者(zhe)(zhe)和帶(dai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)者(zhe)(zhe),及(ji)(ji)時(shi)治(zhi)愈(yu),既(ji)保(bao)證人民健康,又減少(shao)和杜絕傳(chuan)染源。普查(cha)應以1周歲以上的(de)全體居民為(wei)對(dui)(dui)(dui)象,要求95%以上居民接(jie)受采血。治(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)藥物(wu)主要是海(hai)(hai)群生(hetrazan,又名乙胺嗪diethylcarbamazine,DEC)。海(hai)(hai)群生對(dui)(dui)(dui)兩種絲(si)(si)(si)(si)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)均有(you)殺滅(mie)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong),對(dui)(dui)(dui)馬來(lai)絲(si)(si)(si)(si)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)療(liao)(liao)(liao)效(xiao)(xiao)優于(yu)班(ban)氏絲(si)(si)(si)(si)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong),對(dui)(dui)(dui)微絲(si)(si)(si)(si)蚴(you)的(de)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)優于(yu)成(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)。國(guo)內海(hai)(hai)群生的(de)常用(yong)(yong)療(liao)(liao)(liao)法(fa)(fa)為(wei)4.2g7日(ri)(ri)療(liao)(liao)(liao)法(fa)(fa)治(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)班(ban)氏絲(si)(si)(si)(si)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)病(bing)(bing);1.5~2.0g3~4日(ri)(ri)療(liao)(liao)(liao)法(fa)(fa)治(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)馬來(lai)絲(si)(si)(si)(si)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)病(bing)(bing)。患者(zhe)(zhe)服藥后可因(yin)大量(liang)微絲(si)(si)(si)(si)蚴(you)的(de)死(si)亡而引起變態(tai)反應,出現發熱、寒戰、頭(tou)痛等癥(zheng)狀,應及(ji)(ji)時(shi)處(chu)理。為(wei)了減少(shao)海(hai)(hai)群生的(de)副作(zuo)用(yong)(yong),防治(zhi)工作(zuo)中廣(guang)泛(fan)采用(yong)(yong)了海(hai)(hai)群生藥鹽,按(an)每人每天(tian)平均服用(yong)(yong)海(hai)(hai)群生50mg計,制成(cheng)(cheng)濃度(du)為(wei)0.3%的(de)藥鹽,食(shi)用(yong)(yong)半(ban)年,可使中、低度(du)流行區的(de)微絲(si)(si)(si)(si)蚴(you)陽性(xing)率至1%以下,且副作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)輕微。我國(guo)研制成(cheng)(cheng)功抗(kang)絲(si)(si)(si)(si)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)新藥呋喃嘧酮(furapyrimidone),對(dui)(dui)(dui)微絲(si)(si)(si)(si)蚴(you)與成(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)均有(you)殺滅(mie)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong),對(dui)(dui)(dui)兩種絲(si)(si)(si)(si)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)均有(you)良好效(xiao)(xiao)果(guo)。用(yong)(yong)總劑量(liang)140mg/kg體重7日(ri)(ri)療(liao)(liao)(liao)法(fa)(fa),對(dui)(dui)(dui)班(ban)氏絲(si)(si)(si)(si)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)病(bing)(bing)的(de)療(liao)(liao)(liao)效(xiao)(xiao)優于(yu)海(hai)(hai)群生。
對(dui)象(xiang)皮(pi)腫(zhong)(zhong)患者除給予海群(qun)生殺(sha)蟲外(wai),還可(ke)結合中(zhong)醫(yi)中(zhong)藥及桑葉注射液加綁(bang)扎(zha)療法或(huo)烘綁(bang)療法治療。對(dui)陰囊象(xiang)皮(pi)腫(zhong)(zhong)及鞘膜積液患者,可(ke)用(yong)鞘膜翻轉術外(wai)科(ke)手(shou)術治療。對(dui)乳糜尿(niao)患者,輕者經休息可(ke)自(zi)愈;也可(ke)用(yong)1%硝酸銀腎盂沖(chong)洗治療。嚴重者以(yi)顯微外(wai)科(ke)手(shou)術作淋(lin)巴管-血管吻合術治療,可(ke)取(qu)得(de)較好療效。
見“醫學節肢動物”蚊(wen)一節。加強(qiang)(qiang)對(dui)已達基本消滅(mie)絲(si)蟲病指標地區(qu)的(de)流(liu)行病學檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)在監測(ce)(ce)工(gong)作中應注意:①對(dui)原(yuan)陽(yang)性病人(ren)復查(cha)復治(zhi);對(dui)以(yi)(yi)往未(wei)檢(jian)者進行補查(cha)補治(zhi);同(tong)時加強(qiang)(qiang)流(liu)動人(ren)口管理,發(fa)現(xian)病人(ren),及時治(zhi)療直(zhi)至轉陰。②加強(qiang)(qiang)對(dui)血檢(jian)陽(yang)性戶(hu)的(de)蚊(wen)媒監測(ce)(ce),發(fa)現(xian)感染蚊(wen),即以(yi)(yi)感染蚊(wen)戶(hu)為(wei)中心,向周圍人(ren)群擴大查(cha)血和滅(mie)蚊(wen),以(yi)(yi)清除疫點(dian),防止(zhi)繼續傳播。
班(ban)氏絲蟲感(gan)染可致艾滋病(bing)病(bing)毒感(gan)染風(feng)險倍增
2017-08-17 20:10 來源:新華社(she)
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為什么艾滋病(bing)病(bing)毒在(zai)非洲地(di)區(qu)傳(chuan)播尤為迅速?德(de)國感染(ran)研究中心3日說,研究人(ren)員在(zai)坦(tan)桑尼亞研究發現,班氏絲蟲感染(ran)可使(shi)人(ren)們(men)感染(ran)艾滋病(bing)病(bing)毒的(de)風險大(da)大(da)提高。
班氏絲(si)(si)蟲(chong)(chong)感(gan)染(ran)可引發淋巴(ba)絲(si)(si)蟲(chong)(chong)病。這種通過蚊(wen)子傳播的熱帶疾(ji)病可導(dao)致四肢或生殖器(qi)嚴重水(shui)腫(zhong)。非洲國家(jia)常(chang)(chang)用的聯合藥物通常(chang)(chang)只能(neng)殺(sha)滅血液中的微絲(si)(si)蚴(you),即絲(si)(si)蟲(chong)(chong)幼蟲(chong)(chong),而成(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)卻常(chang)(chang)年寄生在人體淋巴(ba)系統(tong)中。
針對(dui)坦(tan)桑尼亞1000多名班(ban)氏(shi)絲蟲(chong)感(gan)(gan)染者的研究發現,在(zai)14歲至25歲、25歲至45歲、45歲以上三個(ge)年(nian)齡段中,與未感(gan)(gan)染班(ban)氏(shi)絲蟲(chong)的人相比,班(ban)氏(shi)絲蟲(chong)感(gan)(gan)染者感(gan)(gan)染艾滋(zi)病(bing)病(bing)毒的風險分別(bie)提高至3.2倍(bei)、2.4倍(bei)和1.2倍(bei)。
這(zhe)項研(yan)究(jiu)結果發表在英國(guo)醫學(xue)期刊《柳葉刀》上。研(yan)究(jiu)人(ren)員說,確定班氏絲(si)蟲感染(ran)可增(zeng)加艾(ai)滋病病毒感染(ran)風(feng)險后,如何快速(su)殺(sha)滅(mie)班氏絲(si)蟲成蟲變得非常重要。此(ci)外,從(cong)免疫學(xue)角度看,這(zhe)項研(yan)究(jiu)有助于人(ren)們(men)更好地了解導致易感染(ran)艾(ai)滋病病毒的(de)因素,從(cong)而找到相(xiang)應預防(fang)和治(zhi)療方案。