吧(ba)(ba)咪(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)山(shan)位于甘肅省中(zhong)部,地(di)(di)處臨(lin)夏回族(zu)(zu)自治(zhi)州(zhou)所屬永(yong)靖、東(dong)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)族(zu)(zu)自治(zhi)縣和定西(xi)地(di)(di)區(qu)所屬臨(lin)洮(tao)縣交界(jie)處,主峰在(zai)(zai)今永(yong)靖縣三(san)(san)條(tiao)峴(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)塔什堡境(jing)內。洮(tao)河由唐(tang)汪川入茅隴(long)峽(xia),繞吧(ba)(ba)咪(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)山(shan)南麓西(xi)行,在(zai)(zai)茅隴(long)峽(xia)口的鸚鴿嘴匯入黃河,入劉(liu)家(jia)峽(xia)水(shui)庫。吧(ba)(ba)咪(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)山(shan)與(yu)(yu)洮(tao)河形成(cheng)山(shan)環水(shui)繞之勢(shi)。吧(ba)(ba)咪(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)山(shan)正處于兩(liang)河匯流(liu)、雙(shuang)峽(xia)交峙的三(san)(san)角地(di)(di)帶。吧(ba)(ba)咪(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)山(shan)區(qu)域南瀕洮(tao)河與(yu)(yu)東(dong)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)族(zu)(zu)自治(zhi)縣唐(tang)汪、董嶺(ling)(ling)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)隔水(shui)相望;北(bei)至前(qian)霧(wu)宿山(shan)柳(liu)(liu)木夾峴(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(海拔2500米(mi))為界(jie)與(yu)(yu)本縣陳井鎮張家(jia)溝村(cun)、年家(jia)灣村(cun)、陳井村(cun)為鄰;東(dong)至格水(shui)嶺(ling)(ling)(又名官水(shui)嶺(ling)(ling))、八面臺與(yu)(yu)徐(xu)頂鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)久長(chang)溝村(cun)和臨(lin)洮(tao)縣紅(hong)旗(qi)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)扎(zha)馬圈村(cun)接壤(rang);西(xi)依荀子(zi)(zi)溝嶺(ling)(ling)、深(shen)峴(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)子(zi)(zi)、大峴(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)子(zi)(zi)與(yu)(yu)劉(liu)家(jia)峽(xia)鎮紅(hong)柳(liu)(liu)村(cun)和三(san)(san)條(tiao)峴(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)紅(hong)峴(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)子(zi)(zi)村(cun)、三(san)(san)條(tiao)峴(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)村(cun)相毗鄰。區(qu)域南北(bei)長(chang)約14公里(li),東(dong)西(xi)寬約11公里(li),總土地(di)(di)面積(ji)為84.36平方公里(li)。另外(wai),加(jia)上(shang)吧(ba)(ba)咪(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)山(shan)東(dong)延余(yu)脈臨(lin)洮(tao)縣境(jing)地(di)(di)約2平方公里(li),構成(cheng)較為完整的吧(ba)(ba)咪(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)山(shan)景區(qu)全貌(mao),總面積(ji)86.36平方公里(li)。
吧(ba)咪山(shan)內有金花菩薩大(da)殿,前(qian)殿、水晶(jing)宮、山(shan)神廟(miao)、土(tu)地廟(miao)、百子(zi)宮、龍王宮、灶王殿、鐘樓、鼓樓等古典建筑群,亭臺樓閣(ge),金碧輝煌。吧(ba)咪山(shan)山(shan)巒起伏,奇峰(feng)競(jing)秀,怪石(shi)嶂峋,峭巖絕壁,似物象形(xing)者枚不勝數(shu),還有洶涌澎湃的洮(tao)河水一瀉千里,形(xing)成(cheng)了(le)獨(du)特的自(zi)然景觀(guan)。
地理位置
吧咪(mi)山(shan)位于甘(gan)肅省(sheng)中部,地處臨(lin)夏(xia)(xia)回族(zu)(zu)自治州(zhou)所(suo)(suo)屬永(yong)靖、東(dong)鄉族(zu)(zu)自治縣(xian)和定西地區所(suo)(suo)屬臨(lin)洮縣(xian)交界處,主(zhu)峰(feng)(feng)在(zai)今永(yong)靖縣(xian)三(san)條(tiao)峴鄉塔什堡境內。另(ling)(ling)外,加上吧咪(mi)山(shan)東(dong)延余脈(mo)臨(lin)洮縣(xian)境地約2平方(fang)公(gong)里(li),構成較為(wei)完整的(de)吧咪(mi)山(shan)景區全貌,總面積86.36平方(fang)公(gong)里(li)。地理坐標介(jie)于東(dong)經103°25′~103°30 ′,北(bei)緯35°53 ′~36°01′之間,主(zhu)峰(feng)(feng)海拔2660.4米。吧咪(mi)山(shan)主(zhu)峰(feng)(feng)西距永(yong)靖縣(xian)城(cheng)劉家峽(xia)鎮12公(gong)里(li),至臨(lin)夏(xia)(xia)州(zhou)府91公(gong)里(li);赴省(sheng)會蘭州(zhou)有兩條(tiao)道(dao)路(lu):一條(tiao)經縣(xian)城(cheng)達(da)蘭州(zhou)85公(gong)里(li),另(ling)(ling)一條(tiao)由沿東(dong)北(bei)林(lin)區三(san)級道(dao)路(lu)接309、213線(xian)國(guo)道(dao)達(da)蘭州(zhou)45公(gong)里(li)。
地質地貌
吧咪(mi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)石(shi)質(zhi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)由古(gu)老的(de)(de)(de)前震旦(dan)系變(bian)質(zhi)巖和(he)(he)(he)早古(gu)生(sheng)代(dai)(dai)侵入(ru)的(de)(de)(de)加里東期花崗(gang)巖所(suo)組(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。前者(zhe)(zhe)分(fen)布(bu)(bu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)洮河(he)(he)口茅隴峽兩岸(an),并延伸到(dao)劉家(jia)峽及其水(shui)庫大(da)壩一帶(dai)(dai);后(hou)(hou)者(zhe)(zhe)分(fen)布(bu)(bu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)青和(he)(he)(he)下溝(gou)(gou)口——吧咪(mi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)頂——房子溝(gou)(gou)一帶(dai)(dai),成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)吧咪(mi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)體。由于祁連(lian)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)長期處(chu)于隆(long)起(qi)狀態,歷經古(gu)生(sheng)代(dai)(dai)風(feng)化剝蝕;中生(sheng)代(dai)(dai)后(hou)(hou),又受到(dao)燕山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)運動的(de)(de)(de)影響,吧咪(mi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)及其周圍廣(guang)(guang)大(da)地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)斷(duan)陷(xian)盆(pen)(pen)(pen)地(di)(di)(di),在(zai)(zai)(zai)盆(pen)(pen)(pen)地(di)(di)(di)內形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)巨(ju)厚的(de)(de)(de)中新(xin)(xin)生(sheng)代(dai)(dai)內陸紅色(se)湖(hu)盆(pen)(pen)(pen)沉積(ji)。吧咪(mi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)北麓(lu)的(de)(de)(de)青和(he)(he)(he)盆(pen)(pen)(pen)地(di)(di)(di)中所(suo)沉積(ji)的(de)(de)(de)就(jiu)是中生(sheng)代(dai)(dai)白堊系紫紅色(se)地(di)(di)(di)層,西邊的(de)(de)(de)紅峴子及黃(huang)河(he)(he)兩岸(an)沉積(ji)的(de)(de)(de)是新(xin)(xin)第三系橘紅色(se)地(di)(di)(di)層。由于當(dang)時氣(qi)候炎熱(re)干燥,形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)區(qu)(qu)域內嚴重干旱缺水(shui)。進入(ru)新(xin)(xin)生(sheng)代(dai)(dai)后(hou)(hou),到(dao)上(shang)新(xin)(xin)世隴山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)運動強烈(lie)上(shang)升,同時伴(ban)生(sheng)汾河(he)(he)期侵蝕,使盆(pen)(pen)(pen)地(di)(di)(di)、山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)均遭到(dao)切割(ge),區(qu)(qu)域地(di)(di)(di)形(xing)(xing)地(di)(di)(di)貌(mao)復雜化,成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)第四(si)(si)紀沉積(ji)物各種(zhong)各樣停積(ji)場,沉積(ji)了(le)(le)(le)河(he)(he)谷及溝(gou)(gou)谷地(di)(di)(di)帶(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)礫石(shi)層和(he)(he)(he)丘(qiu)陵(ling)區(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)風(feng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)離石(shi)黃(huang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(老黃(huang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)),形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)了(le)(le)(le)中更新(xin)(xin)世的(de)(de)(de)沉積(ji)物。特別是到(dao)了(le)(le)(le)第四(si)(si)紀晚(wan)更新(xin)(xin)世迎(ying)來了(le)(le)(le)風(feng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)馬蘭黃(huang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(新(xin)(xin)黃(huang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)),廣(guang)(guang)泛(fan)覆蓋于原(yuan)有地(di)(di)(di)層之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上(shang),便(bian)構成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)了(le)(le)(le)黃(huang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)高原(yuan)梁峁、丘(qiu)陵(ling)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)等現狀。吧咪(mi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)區(qu)(qu)域的(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)形(xing)(xing),由石(shi)質(zhi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)和(he)(he)(he)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)間盆(pen)(pen)(pen)地(di)(di)(di)兩部分(fen)組(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。南北高,中間低,東西地(di)(di)(di)形(xing)(xing)相(xiang)對高。最(zui)底處(chu)為(wei)(wei)洮河(he)(he)岸(an)邊,海(hai)拔為(wei)(wei)1719米;最(zui)高處(chu)為(wei)(wei)吧咪(mi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)頂,海(hai)拔2660.4米。吧咪(mi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)與(yu)前霧宿山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)南北對峙,相(xiang)距10余(yu)公里。中間為(wei)(wei)青和(he)(he)(he)盆(pen)(pen)(pen)地(di)(di)(di),海(hai)拔高度在(zai)(zai)(zai)1900---,2400米之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間。地(di)(di)(di)貌(mao)類型(xing)可劃分(fen)為(wei)(wei)石(shi)質(zhi)中高山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)、黃(huang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)低山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)丘(qiu)陵(ling)、黃(huang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)梁峁溝(gou)(gou)谷和(he)(he)(he)河(he)(he)流灘(tan)地(di)(di)(di)四(si)(si)種(zhong)類型(xing)。
氣候特征
吧咪山區(qu)域范圍(wei)內(nei)屬溫帶半干旱季(ji)(ji)風氣候,地處內(nei)陸(lu),帶有(you)大(da)陸(lu)性氣候明(ming)顯特征。春季(ji)(ji)干旱多風,冬季(ji)(ji)寒(han)冷(leng)少雪‘。溫度適(shi)中,晝夜溫差大(da)。降水量少,多集中在夏秋兩季(ji)(ji);雨熱同季(ji)(ji),.蒸發(fa)量大(da),常有(you)干旱發(fa)生。日照充(chong)足,無霜期短。
傳說,在(zai)明洪武二十二年,蘭州井兒街(jie)有(you)個姑(gu)娘名(ming)叫金花(hua),她端莊聰(cong)慧,四歲的(de)(de)時候就(jiu)開始(shi)捻麻紡(fang)線(xian),到了該婚嫁的(de)(de)年紀,父(fu)母(mu)把她許(xu)配給(gei)一(yi)個富豪(hao)人(ren)家的(de)(de)子弟,金花(hua)執意(yi)不(bu)去(qu),為逃避(bi)“父(fu)母(mu)之(zhi)(zhi)命,媒(mei)妁之(zhi)(zhi)言”,臨出嫁前,她獨自走出家門(men),手拿了根燒飯的(de)(de)火(huo)棍,跑到了吧咪山,喘(chuan)息之(zhi)(zhi)間,便將火(huo)棍插(cha)于石縫間,自己在(zai)一(yi)個山洞(dong)里絕食靜坐(zuo),念念發誓永不(bu)嫁人(ren),一(yi)心修行(xing),達(da)到成佛的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)。金花(hua)反對包辦婚姻的(de)(de)精神感動了山神土地(di),頓時火(huo)棍在(zai)瞬間生(sheng)枝吐葉(xie),變成一(yi)棵郁郁蔥(cong)蔥(cong)的(de)(de)大(da)松樹,這(zhe)棵古樹被(bei)人(ren)們(men)稱之(zhi)(zhi)為“神樹”,這(zhe)個地(di)方因此也被(bei)叫做神樹峴。此后,人(ren)們(men)為金花(hua)蓋(gai)廟(miao)塑像。每逢農歷(li)三月(yue)初(chu)(chu)三、四月(yue)初(chu)(chu)八(ba)、七(qi)月(yue)初(chu)(chu)七(qi)、九月(yue)初(chu)(chu)九舉(ju)行(xing)盛大(da)的(de)(de)民間善會,遠近的(de)(de)善男信女就(jiu)會從水旱兩路云集(ji)而來(lai),頂禮(li)膜拜(bai)。
吧(ba)(ba)咪(mi)山原名(ming)黑山。其來歷有(you)三(san)(san)種(zhong)(zhong)說(shuo)(shuo)法:《甘肅古跡(ji)名(ming)勝辭典》載:“傳說(shuo)(shuo)清(qing)光緒年間,大(da)旱(han)饑饉,滿山忽生吧(ba)(ba)糜,味美能(neng)食”。百姓賴以(yi)度過了(le)荒年,故稱“吧(ba)(ba)咪(mi)寶山"。《黃河(he)三(san)(san)峽移民志(zhi)》記述,除(chu)有(you)此說(shuo)(shuo)外(wai),另有(you)一(yi)說(shuo)(shuo):此地為道(dao)教圣(sheng)地,常常誦讀“嘛(ma)呢(ni)吧(ba)(ba)咪(mi)畔”而得名(ming)。除(chu)上述兩種(zhong)(zhong)說(shuo)(shuo)法外(wai),尚有(you)子實先生撰《南北三(san)(san)蓮花(hua)》認(ren)為,“吧(ba)(ba)咪(mi)”為梵語,意為“蓮花(hua)”,比喻心如(ru)蓮花(hua)一(yi)樣(yang)純潔(jie)無瑕,或其山狀如(ru)蓮花(hua)也。