吧(ba)咪山(shan)位于甘肅(su)省中部,地(di)處(chu)(chu)臨(lin)夏回(hui)族(zu)自(zi)治州所(suo)(suo)屬永(yong)靖(jing)、東(dong)鄉(xiang)(xiang)族(zu)自(zi)治縣(xian)和(he)定(ding)西(xi)地(di)區(qu)所(suo)(suo)屬臨(lin)洮(tao)(tao)縣(xian)交界(jie)處(chu)(chu),主峰在今永(yong)靖(jing)縣(xian)三(san)條(tiao)峴鄉(xiang)(xiang)塔(ta)什(shen)堡境內。洮(tao)(tao)河(he)(he)由唐(tang)汪川入茅隴峽(xia)(xia),繞吧(ba)咪山(shan)南麓西(xi)行,在茅隴峽(xia)(xia)口的鸚鴿嘴(zui)匯(hui)入黃河(he)(he),入劉家峽(xia)(xia)水(shui)(shui)庫。吧(ba)咪山(shan)與(yu)(yu)洮(tao)(tao)河(he)(he)形成(cheng)山(shan)環水(shui)(shui)繞之勢。吧(ba)咪山(shan)正處(chu)(chu)于兩河(he)(he)匯(hui)流、雙(shuang)峽(xia)(xia)交峙的三(san)角地(di)帶。吧(ba)咪山(shan)區(qu)域南瀕(bin)洮(tao)(tao)河(he)(he)與(yu)(yu)東(dong)鄉(xiang)(xiang)族(zu)自(zi)治縣(xian)唐(tang)汪、董嶺鄉(xiang)(xiang)隔水(shui)(shui)相望;北(bei)至(zhi)前霧宿山(shan)柳木(mu)夾峴(海拔(ba)2500米)為界(jie)與(yu)(yu)本(ben)縣(xian)陳(chen)井(jing)鎮張家溝(gou)(gou)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)、年家灣村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)、陳(chen)井(jing)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)為鄰(lin);東(dong)至(zhi)格水(shui)(shui)嶺(又(you)名官(guan)水(shui)(shui)嶺)、八面(mian)臺與(yu)(yu)徐(xu)頂鄉(xiang)(xiang)久長溝(gou)(gou)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)和(he)臨(lin)洮(tao)(tao)縣(xian)紅(hong)旗鄉(xiang)(xiang)扎馬圈村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)接壤;西(xi)依荀(xun)子(zi)(zi)溝(gou)(gou)嶺、深(shen)峴子(zi)(zi)、大峴子(zi)(zi)與(yu)(yu)劉家峽(xia)(xia)鎮紅(hong)柳村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)和(he)三(san)條(tiao)峴鄉(xiang)(xiang)紅(hong)峴子(zi)(zi)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)、三(san)條(tiao)峴村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)相毗(pi)鄰(lin)。區(qu)域南北(bei)長約(yue)14公(gong)(gong)里(li),東(dong)西(xi)寬約(yue)11公(gong)(gong)里(li),總(zong)土地(di)面(mian)積(ji)為84.36平方(fang)公(gong)(gong)里(li)。另(ling)外,加上吧(ba)咪山(shan)東(dong)延余脈臨(lin)洮(tao)(tao)縣(xian)境地(di)約(yue)2平方(fang)公(gong)(gong)里(li),構成(cheng)較為完整的吧(ba)咪山(shan)景區(qu)全貌(mao),總(zong)面(mian)積(ji)86.36平方(fang)公(gong)(gong)里(li)。
吧(ba)咪(mi)山內有金花菩薩大殿,前殿、水(shui)晶宮、山神廟(miao)、土地廟(miao)、百子宮、龍(long)王宮、灶王殿、鐘樓(lou)、鼓樓(lou)等古典(dian)建筑群,亭(ting)臺樓(lou)閣,金碧(bi)輝煌。吧(ba)咪(mi)山山巒起伏,奇峰競(jing)秀,怪(guai)石嶂(zhang)峋(xun),峭巖絕壁,似(si)物象形者(zhe)枚不(bu)勝數,還(huan)有洶涌澎湃的(de)洮河水(shui)一(yi)瀉千(qian)里,形成了獨(du)特的(de)自然景觀。
地理位置
吧(ba)咪山位于甘肅省中部(bu),地處臨夏(xia)回族(zu)自治州(zhou)所屬永(yong)靖、東(dong)鄉族(zu)自治縣(xian)和定西地區(qu)所屬臨洮縣(xian)交(jiao)界(jie)處,主峰在今(jin)永(yong)靖縣(xian)三條(tiao)峴(xian)鄉塔什堡境內(nei)。另外,加上吧(ba)咪山東(dong)延余(yu)脈臨洮縣(xian)境地約2平方(fang)公里(li),構成(cheng)較為完整的吧(ba)咪山景區(qu)全(quan)貌(mao),總(zong)面積86.36平方(fang)公里(li)。地理坐標介于東(dong)經(jing)103°25′~103°30 ′,北緯35°53 ′~36°01′之間,主峰海拔2660.4米。吧(ba)咪山主峰西距永(yong)靖縣(xian)城劉家峽鎮12公里(li),至臨夏(xia)州(zhou)府91公里(li);赴省會蘭(lan)州(zhou)有兩(liang)條(tiao)道(dao)(dao)(dao)路:一條(tiao)經(jing)縣(xian)城達(da)蘭(lan)州(zhou)85公里(li),另一條(tiao)由沿東(dong)北林區(qu)三級道(dao)(dao)(dao)路接309、213線國(guo)道(dao)(dao)(dao)達(da)蘭(lan)州(zhou)45公里(li)。
地質地貌
吧(ba)咪(mi)(mi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)石(shi)質(zhi)(zhi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)由古(gu)老(lao)的(de)(de)(de)前震旦系變質(zhi)(zhi)巖和早古(gu)生代(dai)(dai)侵入(ru)的(de)(de)(de)加里東(dong)期(qi)花(hua)崗巖所(suo)組(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。前者分(fen)布(bu)在洮河(he)(he)口茅隴(long)(long)峽兩(liang)岸,并延(yan)伸到劉(liu)家(jia)峽及(ji)其水庫大(da)壩一帶;后者分(fen)布(bu)在青(qing)和下溝口——吧(ba)咪(mi)(mi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)頂——房子溝一帶,成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為吧(ba)咪(mi)(mi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)主體。由于(yu)祁連山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)長期(qi)處于(yu)隆起狀態,歷經古(gu)生代(dai)(dai)風化剝蝕(shi);中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)生代(dai)(dai)后,又受到燕山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)運動(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響,吧(ba)咪(mi)(mi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)及(ji)其周圍(wei)廣大(da)地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)斷陷盆(pen)(pen)地(di)(di),在盆(pen)(pen)地(di)(di)內形(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)巨厚的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)新(xin)(xin)生代(dai)(dai)內陸(lu)紅色湖盆(pen)(pen)沉(chen)(chen)(chen)積(ji)。吧(ba)咪(mi)(mi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)之(zhi)北麓的(de)(de)(de)青(qing)和盆(pen)(pen)地(di)(di)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)所(suo)沉(chen)(chen)(chen)積(ji)的(de)(de)(de)就是(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)生代(dai)(dai)白堊系紫(zi)紅色地(di)(di)層,西邊(bian)的(de)(de)(de)紅峴子及(ji)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)河(he)(he)兩(liang)岸沉(chen)(chen)(chen)積(ji)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)新(xin)(xin)第(di)三系橘紅色地(di)(di)層。由于(yu)當時氣候(hou)炎熱干燥,形(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)區(qu)(qu)域內嚴重干旱缺水。進入(ru)新(xin)(xin)生代(dai)(dai)后,到上(shang)(shang)新(xin)(xin)世隴(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)運動(dong)(dong)強烈上(shang)(shang)升,同時伴生汾河(he)(he)期(qi)侵蝕(shi),使盆(pen)(pen)地(di)(di)、山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)均遭到切割(ge),區(qu)(qu)域地(di)(di)形(xing)(xing)(xing)地(di)(di)貌(mao)復雜(za)化,成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為第(di)四(si)紀沉(chen)(chen)(chen)積(ji)物各種各樣(yang)停(ting)積(ji)場,沉(chen)(chen)(chen)積(ji)了河(he)(he)谷(gu)及(ji)溝谷(gu)地(di)(di)帶的(de)(de)(de)礫石(shi)層和丘陵區(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)風成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)離石(shi)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)土(tu)(老(lao)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)土(tu)),形(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)了中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)更新(xin)(xin)世的(de)(de)(de)沉(chen)(chen)(chen)積(ji)物。特別是(shi)(shi)到了第(di)四(si)紀晚更新(xin)(xin)世迎(ying)來了風成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)馬蘭黃(huang)(huang)(huang)土(tu)(新(xin)(xin)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)土(tu)),廣泛覆蓋于(yu)原有地(di)(di)層之(zhi)上(shang)(shang),便(bian)構成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)了黃(huang)(huang)(huang)土(tu)高(gao)(gao)原梁峁(mao)(mao)、丘陵山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)等(deng)現(xian)狀。吧(ba)咪(mi)(mi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)區(qu)(qu)域的(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)形(xing)(xing)(xing),由石(shi)質(zhi)(zhi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)和山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)間(jian)盆(pen)(pen)地(di)(di)兩(liang)部分(fen)組(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。南北高(gao)(gao),中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)低,東(dong)西地(di)(di)形(xing)(xing)(xing)相對高(gao)(gao)。最(zui)底處為洮河(he)(he)岸邊(bian),海(hai)拔(ba)為1719米;最(zui)高(gao)(gao)處為吧(ba)咪(mi)(mi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)頂,海(hai)拔(ba)2660.4米。吧(ba)咪(mi)(mi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)與前霧宿山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)南北對峙(zhi),相距(ju)10余公(gong)里。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)為青(qing)和盆(pen)(pen)地(di)(di),海(hai)拔(ba)高(gao)(gao)度(du)在1900---,2400米之(zhi)間(jian)。地(di)(di)貌(mao)類型(xing)可劃(hua)分(fen)為石(shi)質(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)高(gao)(gao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)、黃(huang)(huang)(huang)土(tu)低山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)丘陵、黃(huang)(huang)(huang)土(tu)梁峁(mao)(mao)溝谷(gu)和河(he)(he)流(liu)灘地(di)(di)四(si)種類型(xing)。
氣候特征
吧咪山區域范圍(wei)內屬(shu)溫帶半干(gan)旱(han)季(ji)(ji)(ji)風氣候,地處內陸(lu),帶有(you)大(da)(da)陸(lu)性氣候明顯(xian)特(te)征。春季(ji)(ji)(ji)干(gan)旱(han)多風,冬季(ji)(ji)(ji)寒冷少雪‘。溫度適中(zhong),晝夜溫差大(da)(da)。降水量少,多集中(zhong)在夏(xia)秋兩季(ji)(ji)(ji);雨熱同季(ji)(ji)(ji),.蒸發量大(da)(da),常有(you)干(gan)旱(han)發生。日照(zhao)充足(zu),無霜期(qi)短。
傳說,在(zai)(zai)(zai)明洪(hong)武二十二年(nian),蘭(lan)州井兒街有(you)個姑娘名叫金(jin)花(hua),她端莊(zhuang)聰慧,四(si)歲的(de)(de)時候就(jiu)開始捻麻(ma)紡線,到(dao)了(le)該婚(hun)嫁的(de)(de)年(nian)紀,父母(mu)把她許配(pei)給一(yi)(yi)(yi)個富豪(hao)人(ren)家的(de)(de)子弟,金(jin)花(hua)執(zhi)意不(bu)去,為(wei)逃避“父母(mu)之(zhi)命,媒(mei)妁之(zhi)言”,臨出嫁前,她獨自走出家門,手(shou)拿了(le)根燒(shao)飯的(de)(de)火(huo)棍(gun),跑(pao)到(dao)了(le)吧(ba)咪(mi)山,喘息之(zhi)間(jian),便將火(huo)棍(gun)插于石縫間(jian),自己在(zai)(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個山洞里絕食靜坐(zuo),念(nian)念(nian)發誓永不(bu)嫁人(ren),一(yi)(yi)(yi)心修行(xing),達到(dao)成佛的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)。金(jin)花(hua)反對包辦婚(hun)姻的(de)(de)精神感動(dong)了(le)山神土地,頓時火(huo)棍(gun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)瞬(shun)間(jian)生(sheng)枝吐(tu)葉,變成一(yi)(yi)(yi)棵(ke)郁郁蔥(cong)蔥(cong)的(de)(de)大松樹,這棵(ke)古樹被人(ren)們稱之(zhi)為(wei)“神樹”,這個地方因此也被叫做神樹峴(xian)。此后,人(ren)們為(wei)金(jin)花(hua)蓋廟(miao)塑像(xiang)。每逢農歷三(san)(san)月初(chu)三(san)(san)、四(si)月初(chu)八、七(qi)月初(chu)七(qi)、九(jiu)月初(chu)九(jiu)舉行(xing)盛大的(de)(de)民間(jian)善會(hui),遠近(jin)的(de)(de)善男信(xin)女就(jiu)會(hui)從水旱兩路(lu)云集而來,頂禮膜拜(bai)。
吧(ba)咪(mi)(mi)山(shan)原名黑山(shan)。其(qi)來(lai)歷(li)有(you)三(san)(san)(san)種說(shuo)法:《甘(gan)肅古跡名勝(sheng)辭典》載:“傳說(shuo)清光緒(xu)年間,大旱饑饉(jin),滿山(shan)忽生吧(ba)糜,味美能食(shi)”。百(bai)姓賴以(yi)度過了(le)荒年,故(gu)稱“吧(ba)咪(mi)(mi)寶山(shan)"。《黃(huang)河三(san)(san)(san)峽移(yi)民(min)志》記述,除有(you)此說(shuo)外,另有(you)一說(shuo):此地(di)為(wei)道(dao)教圣地(di),常常誦(song)讀“嘛呢吧(ba)咪(mi)(mi)畔”而得(de)名。除上述兩種說(shuo)法外,尚有(you)子實先生撰(zhuan)《南北三(san)(san)(san)蓮(lian)花(hua)(hua)》認為(wei),“吧(ba)咪(mi)(mi)”為(wei)梵(fan)語,意為(wei)“蓮(lian)花(hua)(hua)”,比喻心如蓮(lian)花(hua)(hua)一樣純潔無瑕,或其(qi)山(shan)狀如蓮(lian)花(hua)(hua)也(ye)。