齊襄(xiang)公(gong)時,齊國政治混亂。管(guan)仲、召忽保護公(gong)子糾逃到魯(lu)國,鮑叔牙保護小白逃到莒(ju)國。
襄公(gong)(gong)十二(er)年(nian)(nian)(前686年(nian)(nian)),公(gong)(gong)孫無(wu)(wu)知殺齊襄公(gong)(gong),自立為君。次(ci)年(nian)(nian),雍林人殺無(wu)(wu)知,并討(tao)論重立君主。高、國(guo)(guo)(guo)兩家(jia)事先暗地(di)通知了(le)小(xiao)白回(hui)國(guo)(guo)(guo)。魯(lu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)聽說以后也發兵送小(xiao)白的(de)(de)哥(ge)哥(ge)公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)糾(jiu)(jiu)回(hui)國(guo)(guo)(guo),并派(pai)管(guan)仲(zhong)帶兵堵截了(le)莒國(guo)(guo)(guo)到齊國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)路,管(guan)仲(zhong)一箭射(she)中小(xiao)白的(de)(de)帶鉤(gou)。小(xiao)白假裝倒地(di)而死,管(guan)仲(zhong)派(pai)人回(hui)魯(lu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)報捷(jie)。魯(lu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)于是慢慢地(di)送公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)糾(jiu)(jiu)回(hui)國(guo)(guo)(guo),過(guo)了(le)六天才到達齊國(guo)(guo)(guo)。這時小(xiao)白早已兼程趕回(hui)齊國(guo)(guo)(guo),高傒(xi)立他為國(guo)(guo)(guo)君,是為桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)。
齊(qi)(qi)桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)被射(she)中帶鉤(gou),裝(zhuang)死迷(mi)惑管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。躲在帳篷車(che)里日夜兼程趕回(hui)齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo),又有齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)貴族國(guo)(guo)(guo)、高兩(liang)氏支持,成為(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)君(jun),即位以(yi)后(hou)發兵攻擊魯(lu)(lu)(lu)國(guo)(guo)(guo),在乾(qian)時(今桓臺縣)大(da)(da)戰,魯(lu)(lu)(lu)軍敗走。鮑(bao)叔牙(ya)給魯(lu)(lu)(lu)侯寫了(le)一封信,信中說:“公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子糾(jiu)是(shi)齊(qi)(qi)君(jun)的兄弟,不(bu)忍(ren)殺他(ta),請魯(lu)(lu)(lu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)自(zi)己殺他(ta)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子糾(jiu)的老師召忽、管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)仇(chou)人,請魯(lu)(lu)(lu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)把他(ta)們送(song)來。如(ru)不(bu)從命,將要(yao)出兵討伐魯(lu)(lu)(lu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)。”魯(lu)(lu)(lu)人害怕,殺公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子糾(jiu),召忽自(zi)殺,管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)被囚禁。桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)要(yao)殺管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),鮑(bao)叔牙(ya)勸說:“臣幸運地(di)跟從了(le)君(jun)上(shang),君(jun)上(shang)現在成為(wei)了(le)國(guo)(guo)(guo)君(jun)。如(ru)果君(jun)上(shang)只(zhi)想治理齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo),那(nei)么有叔牙(ya)和高傒就夠(gou)了(le)。如(ru)果君(jun)上(shang)想成就天下霸(ba)業,那(nei)么非管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)不(bu)可。管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)到哪(na)個國(guo)(guo)(guo)家,哪(na)個國(guo)(guo)(guo)家就能(neng)強盛(sheng),不(bu)可以(yi)失(shi)去他(ta)。”桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)便聽從他(ta)的建議,假(jia)借殺仇(chou)血恨之名(ming)把管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)接(jie)到齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)。桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)和管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)談論(lun)霸(ba)王之術,大(da)(da)喜過望(wang),拜其為(wei)大(da)(da)夫,委以(yi)政事(shi)。
齊桓(huan)(huan)公拜管(guan)仲為(wei)相之后,君(jun)臣同心,勵精圖治(zhi),對(dui)內整頓朝政、例行(xing)改革(ge),對(dui)外(wai)尊王攘夷,存亡(wang)續絕。這一時(shi)期,齊桓(huan)(huan)公起用了(le)一批各有所長、盡忠職守的(de)出色人才。其中最具(ju)代表性的(de)便(bian)是“桓(huan)(huan)管(guan)五杰”。
桓公十(shi)四年(前672),陳厲公子完(wan)(即田(tian)完(wan))逃到(dao)齊國(guo),桓公想任命他(ta)為卿,他(ta)不接(jie)受,桓公就(jiu)任命他(ta)為工正(zheng)。
攻滅譚遂兩國、北杏會盟
桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)逃(tao)亡時經過了譚國(guo)(guo),但譚國(guo)(guo)待桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)不好(hao),所以桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)在齊桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)二年(前684年)出兵滅(mie)掉(diao)譚國(guo)(guo),譚國(guo)(guo)君主逃(tao)向莒國(guo)(guo)。
齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)五年(nian)(前681年(nian)),齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、宋(song)、陳、蔡、邾五國(guo)國(guo)君在(zai)(zai)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)舉(ju)行“北(bei)杏(xing)會(hui)(hui)盟(meng)”,旨在(zai)(zai)協力平息宋(song)國(guo)內(nei)部爭奪君位的(de)變(bian)亂,齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)首開(kai)以諸侯身份主(zhu)持天下會(hui)(hui)盟(meng)的(de)記錄,齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)的(de)威望在(zai)(zai)諸侯中開(kai)始不斷(duan)升(sheng)高(gao)。會(hui)(hui)盟(meng)前齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)曾邀遂(sui)國(guo)國(guo)君入盟(meng),遭到拒絕。“北(bei)杏(xing)會(hui)(hui)盟(meng)”結束后,齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)吞滅遂(sui)國(guo)。
與魯會盟
齊(qi)桓公(gong)五年(公(gong)元(yuan)前681年)桓公(gong)攻打(da)魯(lu)國(guo)(guo),魯(lu)國(guo)(guo)戰敗,魯(lu)莊公(gong)請求(qiu)割(ge)讓(rang)城池平息戰爭,桓公(gong)應(ying)允,并與魯(lu)在柯地會盟。會上(shang),魯(lu)莊公(gong)的臣子(zi)曹沫(mo)拔(ba)出寶(bao)劍,劫持齊(qi)桓公(gong),要(yao)求(qiu)齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)歸還(huan)魯(lu)國(guo)(guo)在齊(qi)魯(lu)邊境上(shang)的汶陽之田。齊(qi)桓公(gong)答應(ying)曹沫(mo)的要(yao)求(qiu)。
事(shi)(shi)后齊桓(huan)公想不(bu)歸還(huan)土地(di)并殺掉曹沫。管仲勸諫說:“不(bu)給汶(wen)陽之(zhi)田,只是逞一時之(zhi)快。失(shi)信于諸侯,天下人就不(bu)幫我(wo)們了。”最后齊桓(huan)公將汶(wen)陽之(zhi)田還(huan)給了魯國。諸侯們知(zhi)道這(zhe)件事(shi)(shi)情(qing)后,都認為齊桓(huan)公有(you)信譽,漸漸地(di)都想依附(fu)齊國了。
鄄地會盟
齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)六年(nian)(公(gong)元前680年(nian)),參(can)加過“北杏會(hui)(hui)盟(meng)(meng)”的宋國(guo)背叛盟(meng)(meng)約,齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)約請曾參(can)加“北杏會(hui)(hui)盟(meng)(meng)”的陳、蔡二國(guo)一起(qi)出兵伐(fa)宋。
齊桓(huan)公先派人(ren)帶著豐盛的禮(li)物去朝拜周(zhou)天子(zi),說宋國不尊重周(zhou)天子(zi),隨便廢立國君(jun),請周(zhou)天子(zi)興師(shi)問罪。周(zhou)天子(zi)想借齊國的力量來樹立天子(zi)威望,遂答應齊桓(huan)公要求(qiu),派大(da)夫單伯帶部分兵(bing)力,會(hui)同齊、陳、蔡三國合兵(bing)伐宋。
宋國(guo)(guo)看(kan)到齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)打著周(zhou)(zhou)天(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)的旗號來(lai)討伐(fa),不想背負抗御(yu)王師(shi)、與天(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)作(zuo)對(dui)的罪名,請求(qiu)歸順王室、與諸(zhu)侯(hou)和好。齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)公覺得(de)“拉(la)大旗作(zuo)虎(hu)皮”的辦(ban)法(fa)比自己直接出(chu)兵更(geng)有效,便又在第二年(公元前679年)冬天(tian)(tian)請周(zhou)(zhou)天(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)的代表(biao)單伯,約集衛(wei)、鄭(zheng)、宋三國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)君一起在鄄地會盟,各國(guo)(guo)諸(zhu)侯(hou)看(kan)到周(zhou)(zhou)天(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)支(zhi)持齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo),遂共推(tui)齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)公為盟主(zhu),齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)公的霸主(zhu)地位(wei)開始確立。
幽地會盟
齊桓公八年(公元前678年),齊又(you)約集魯、宋、陳、衛、鄭、許(xu)、滑、滕等(deng)國在“幽地(di)會盟(meng)”。會上大家再推齊桓公為盟(meng)主,承認了齊桓公的霸主地(di)位(wei)。
救援燕國
齊(qi)桓公(gong)(gong)二十三年(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)前663年(nian)),山戎(rong)攻打燕(yan)(yan)國(guo),燕(yan)(yan)國(guo)向齊(qi)國(guo)求救(jiu),齊(qi)桓公(gong)(gong)出兵討伐山戎(rong)救(jiu)援燕(yan)(yan)國(guo),一直打到(dao)(dao)孤竹才(cai)回師。燕(yan)(yan)莊公(gong)(gong)于(yu)是送齊(qi)桓公(gong)(gong)回國(guo)一直送到(dao)(dao)了齊(qi)國(guo)的境內。桓公(gong)(gong)說(shuo):“不(bu)是天(tian)子(zi),諸侯(hou)相送不(bu)能出境,我不(bu)可以對燕(yan)(yan)無禮。”于(yu)是把燕(yan)(yan)君所到(dao)(dao)的地方(fang)盡(jin)數(shu)割予燕(yan)(yan)國(guo),并叮囑燕(yan)(yan)君學習召(zhao)公(gong)(gong)為政,像(xiang)在周成王、周康王時那(nei)樣給周天(tian)子(zi)納(na)貢(gong)。諸侯(hou)聽說(shuo)此(ci)事,都擁護齊(qi)國(guo)。
檉之會與重建邢衛
齊桓公(gong)二十七年(公(gong)元前(qian)659年)春,齊、宋、曹三(san)國(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)君各率本(ben)國(guo)(guo)(guo)兵馬共同救邢(xing)。狄人退(tui)兵后,三(san)國(guo)(guo)(guo)決定將邢(xing)國(guo)(guo)(guo)遷得離(li)狄族遠些,齊桓公(gong)幫助(zhu)邢(xing)國(guo)(guo)(guo)把都城(cheng)遷到(dao)靠近(jin)齊國(guo)(guo)(guo)較為安(an)全的夷(yi)儀(今(jin)聊城(cheng)西南)。
不久(jiu)狄(di)人又(you)侵犯(fan)衛國(guo)(guo),齊桓(huan)公考慮到衛國(guo)(guo)已(yi)是君(jun)死國(guo)(guo)滅,需要重新建國(guo)(guo),便(bian)于第二年(前658年)春在(zai)楚(chu)丘幫助(zhu)衛國(guo)(guo)筑(zhu)新城,使衛國(guo)(guo)在(zai)黃河(he)南岸重建國(guo)(guo)都(dou)。
貫之會、陽谷之會與召陵之盟
齊(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)二十九年(nian)(公(gong)元前657),桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)和蔡(cai)姬(ji)(ji)在(zai)(zai)水中游玩,蔡(cai)姬(ji)(ji)晃(huang)船,桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)心怕,阻(zu)止蔡(cai)姬(ji)(ji)。蔡(cai)姬(ji)(ji)不(bu)(bu)聽,晃(huang)個不(bu)(bu)停(ting)。齊(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)大發雷(lei)霆,將蔡(cai)姬(ji)(ji)送了(le)回去。蔡(cai)國(guo)(guo)也不(bu)(bu)高(gao)興,把(ba)蔡(cai)姬(ji)(ji)又嫁(jia)給(gei)別人。桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)便興兵(bing)討伐蔡(cai)國(guo)(guo)。秋、楚兩國(guo)(guo)進攻鄭國(guo)(guo),齊(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)約集各國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)君(jun)在(zai)(zai)“陽谷會盟”,商討伐楚救鄭。
齊(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)三(san)十年(前656年)春,齊(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)率領齊(qi)(qi)(qi)、魯(lu)、宋、陳、衛、鄭、許、曹等(deng)八國聯軍(jun)先對楚(chu)(chu)國的盟國蔡國實行(xing)軍(jun)事行(xing)動(dong);接著,齊(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)率大(da)軍(jun)聯合進攻楚(chu)(chu)國。兩(liang)者相持不下,通過外交(jiao)談判,楚(chu)(chu)國答應遵守諸侯(hou)的本(ben)分(fen),恢復向周天子(zi)納貢。于是齊(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)和各小國諸侯(hou)共同與楚(chu)(chu)國在召陵訂立盟約(yue),互(hu)相結盟,各自退兵,史稱(cheng)“召陵之盟”。
首止之會、寧母之會與洮之會
齊桓公三十一(yi)年(nian)(公元前(qian)655年(nian)),周(zhou)王室發(fa)生更立(li)太(tai)子之事:周(zhou)惠(hui)王已立(li)王子鄭為太(tai)子,因惠(hui)后喜(xi)歡小(xiao)兒(er)子帶(dai),周(zhou)惠(hui)王便欲(yu)廢鄭立(li)帶(dai)。在(zai)周(zhou)惠(hui)王死后,齊桓公約(yue)集(ji)魯、宋(song)、衛、許、曹、陳(chen)等國在(zai)洮會(hui)盟,正(zheng)式將(jiang)王太(tai)子鄭扶(fu)上周(zhou)天(tian)子寶座,是為周(zhou)襄王。
葵丘會盟
齊桓公(gong)三十五年(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)前651年(nian)),齊桓公(gong)與各諸(zhu)侯國(guo)在古葵丘會盟(meng)時,周襄王因(yin)齊桓公(gong)帶頭支持自(zi)己繼(ji)位(wei),便派宰孔(kong)賜(si)給(gei)齊桓公(gong)祭(ji)廟所用的胙(zuo)肉(rou)、彤弓矢以及(ji)天子(zi)車馬,這(zhe)是周天子(zi)對于(yu)諸(zhu)侯國(guo)的最(zui)高(gao)獎賞。
《孟子(zi)·告子(zi)下》記載了(le)齊桓公“葵丘會盟(meng)”盟(meng)辭的(de)“五(wu)禁”條款:“一是誅殺不(bu)(bu)(bu)孝(xiao)之人(ren)(ren)(ren),勿改(gai)變已確(que)立的(de)太子(zi),不(bu)(bu)(bu)要以妾為(wei)妻;二(er)是尊重賢能(neng)之人(ren)(ren)(ren),培育人(ren)(ren)(ren)才,要大力(li)表彰那些有德行的(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren);三是尊重老人(ren)(ren)(ren),愛護孩童,不(bu)(bu)(bu)忘來賓和旅客(ke);四是士不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)世世為(wei)官,官吏的(de)事情讓他們(men)自(zi)己去辦(ban),不(bu)(bu)(bu)要獨攬。取士一定(ding)要得到能(neng)人(ren)(ren)(ren),不(bu)(bu)(bu)專(zhuan)殺大夫;五(wu)是不(bu)(bu)(bu)要故(gu)意設(she)堤(di)壩,不(bu)(bu)(bu)要阻止別國(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)來糴糧食,也(ye)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)報告天子(zi)就封國(guo)(guo)封邑。
”這“五禁”條款分明是齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)公成就霸(ba)業(ye)的經(jing)驗總結(jie)。周(zhou)襄王派大臣與會并(bing)送重(zhong)禮,說明周(zhou)襄王承(cheng)認了齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)公的霸(ba)主地(di)位,會上(shang)齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)公儼然代周(zhou)天子號令諸侯(hou),標(biao)志(zhi)著齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)公霸(ba)業(ye)達(da)致顛峰。
鹽之會、牡丘之會、淮之會與抗楚援徐之戰
魯僖公十有五(wu)(wu)年(前(qian)645年)。春,王正月(yue),公如齊。楚(chu)人伐徐(xu)。三(san)月(yue),公會齊侯、宋(song)公、陳侯、衛(wei)候、鄭伯、許男、曹(cao)伯盟于牡丘,遂(sui)次于匡。公孫敖帥(shuai)師及諸侯之大夫救徐(xu)。夏,五(wu)(wu)月(yue),日有食之。秋,七月(yue),齊師、曹(cao)師伐厲。
魯僖公(gong)十(shi)有(you)六(liu)年(前644年)。冬,十(shi)有(you)二月(yue),公(gong)會齊侯(hou)(hou)、宋公(gong)、陳侯(hou)(hou)、衛侯(hou)(hou)、鄭伯、許男、邢侯(hou)(hou)、曹伯于淮。
魯僖公十有七年(前643年)。春,齊人(ren)(ren)、徐人(ren)(ren)伐英氏。
管仲逝世
桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)四十(shi)一年(nian)(前645年(nian)),管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)重病(bing),桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)問他(ta):“群臣中(zhong)誰可以(yi)(yi)代你為相?”管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)說(shuo):“了解臣下沒有人(ren)比得上君主(zhu)。”桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)說(shuo):“易牙(ya)如(ru)何?”管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)回答:“殺掉孩子來(lai)討好君主(zhu),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)合(he)(he)人(ren)情(qing),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可以(yi)(yi)。”桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)說(shuo):“開方(fang)如(ru)何?”管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)回答:“背棄親(qin)人(ren)來(lai)討好君主(zhu),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)合(he)(he)人(ren)情(qing),難以(yi)(yi)親(qin)近。”桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)說(shuo):“豎刁(diao)如(ru)何?”管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)回答:“自己閹割來(lai)討好君主(zhu),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)合(he)(he)人(ren)情(qing),難以(yi)(yi)親(qin)愛(ai)。”桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)說(shuo):“常(chang)(chang)之(zhi)巫如(ru)何?”管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)回答:“死生,是無法(fa)逃避的;疾病(bing),是人(ren)體失常(chang)(chang)所致(zhi)。君主(zhu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)順其(qi)自然,守護根本(ben),卻完(wan)全依賴于(yu)常(chang)(chang)之(zhi)巫,那他(ta)將對國君無所不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)為了。”管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)死后,齊桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)聽管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的話(hua),重用四人(ren),四人(ren)專(zhuan)權。
死后凄清
桓公四十二年(nian)(前644年(nian)),戎攻打周朝(chao),周告急于齊(qi),齊(qi)令(ling)各(ge)國諸侯(hou)發兵救周。
桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)四十三年(前(qian)643年),齊桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)重病(bing)(bing),五公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)無(wu)虧(kui)、公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)昭、公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)潘、公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)元、公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)商人)各率黨羽爭位。冬十月(yue)七日乙(yi)亥(前(qian)643年9月(yue)12日),齊桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)病(bing)(bing)死(si)。五公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)互相(xiang)攻打對方,齊國一片混(hun)亂。桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)尸(shi)體在(zai)床上(shang)放了(le)六十七天,尸(shi)蟲(chong)都(dou)從窗子(zi)(zi)里(li)爬了(le)出來。直到(dao)十二月(yue)十四日新立的(de)齊君無(wu)虧(kui)才把桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)收殮。
齊桓公在位(wei)時致力于(yu)劃(hua)分和整(zheng)頓行(xing)政區劃(hua)和機構(gou),把國都(dou)劃(hua)分為(wei)六(liu)個(ge)工商鄉(xiang)(xiang)和十(shi)五(wu)個(ge)士鄉(xiang)(xiang),共二十(shi)一個(ge)鄉(xiang)(xiang)。十(shi)五(wu)個(ge)士鄉(xiang)(xiang)是(shi)齊國的(de)主要兵(bing)源。齊桓公自己管理五(wu)個(ge)鄉(xiang)(xiang),上卿國子和高(gao)子各(ge)管五(wu)個(ge)鄉(xiang)(xiang)。
齊桓公強(qiang)調寓兵于農,規定國都中五(wu)(wu)(wu)家為一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)軌(gui)(gui),每(mei)(mei)(mei)軌(gui)(gui)設(she)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)軌(gui)(gui)長(chang)。十軌(gui)(gui)為一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)里,每(mei)(mei)(mei)里設(she)里有(you)(you)司。四(si)里為一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)連(lian),每(mei)(mei)(mei)連(lian)設(she)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)連(lian)長(chang)。十連(lian)為一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)鄉(xiang),每(mei)(mei)(mei)鄉(xiang)設(she)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)鄉(xiang)良人(ren)(ren),主管鄉(xiang)的軍令(ling)。戰時組成軍隊(dui),每(mei)(mei)(mei)戶出(chu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)人(ren)(ren),一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)軌(gui)(gui)五(wu)(wu)(wu)人(ren)(ren),五(wu)(wu)(wu)人(ren)(ren)為一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)伍,由軌(gui)(gui)長(chang)帶領(ling)。一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)里五(wu)(wu)(wu)十人(ren)(ren),五(wu)(wu)(wu)十人(ren)(ren)為一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)小戍,由里有(you)(you)司帶領(ling)。一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)連(lian)二百人(ren)(ren),二百人(ren)(ren)為一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)卒,由連(lian)長(chang)帶領(ling)。一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)鄉(xiang)二千人(ren)(ren),二千人(ren)(ren)為一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)旅(lv),由鄉(xiang)良人(ren)(ren)帶領(ling)。五(wu)(wu)(wu)鄉(xiang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)萬人(ren)(ren),立一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)元帥,一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)萬人(ren)(ren)為一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)軍,由五(wu)(wu)(wu)鄉(xiang)元帥率領(ling)。齊桓公、國子(zi)、高子(zi)三人(ren)(ren)就(jiu)是元帥。
管仲在改革中提出(chu)“相地(di)而衰(shuai)征”的(de)(de)土(tu)地(di)稅收(shou)政(zheng)策(ce),就是根據土(tu)地(di)的(de)(de)好壞不同,來(lai)征收(shou)多(duo)少不等(deng)的(de)(de)賦(fu)稅。這樣使賦(fu)稅負(fu)擔(dan)趨于合理(li),提高了(le)人(ren)民的(de)(de)生產積(ji)極性。他(ta)又提倡發展(zhan)(zhan)經(jing)濟,積(ji)財通貨(huo),設“輕重九府”,觀察(cha)年景豐歉(qian),人(ren)民的(de)(de)需(xu)求,來(lai)收(shou)散糧(liang)食(shi)和物品。又規定國(guo)家鑄造(zao)錢幣,發展(zhan)(zhan)漁(yu)業(ye)(ye)、鹽業(ye)(ye),鼓勵(li)與境(jing)外(wai)的(de)(de)貿(mao)易。桓公大力推行這些經(jing)濟政(zheng)策(ce),齊國(guo)經(jing)濟開始繁榮起來(lai)。