齊襄(xiang)公時,齊國(guo)政治混亂。管仲、召忽保護(hu)公子糾逃(tao)到魯國(guo),鮑叔牙(ya)保護(hu)小白(bai)逃(tao)到莒國(guo)。
襄公(gong)十二(er)年(前(qian)686年),公(gong)孫無知(zhi)殺(sha)齊襄公(gong),自立為(wei)君(jun)。次年,雍(yong)林(lin)人殺(sha)無知(zhi),并討論重立君(jun)主(zhu)。高(gao)、國兩家事(shi)先暗地(di)通知(zhi)了(le)(le)小(xiao)白(bai)(bai)回(hui)(hui)國。魯(lu)(lu)國聽(ting)說以后也發(fa)兵送小(xiao)白(bai)(bai)的(de)哥哥公(gong)子(zi)糾(jiu)回(hui)(hui)國,并派管(guan)仲帶兵堵截了(le)(le)莒國到(dao)齊國的(de)路,管(guan)仲一(yi)箭射中小(xiao)白(bai)(bai)的(de)帶鉤。小(xiao)白(bai)(bai)假裝倒地(di)而死(si),管(guan)仲派人回(hui)(hui)魯(lu)(lu)國報捷。魯(lu)(lu)國于是慢慢地(di)送公(gong)子(zi)糾(jiu)回(hui)(hui)國,過了(le)(le)六天才(cai)到(dao)達(da)齊國。這時小(xiao)白(bai)(bai)早已兼程趕回(hui)(hui)齊國,高(gao)傒立他為(wei)國君(jun),是為(wei)桓(huan)公(gong)。
齊桓公(gong)被(bei)射中帶(dai)鉤,裝死(si)迷惑(huo)管(guan)仲(zhong)。躲在(zai)帳篷車里(li)日夜兼程(cheng)趕回齊國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),又有齊國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)貴族國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)、高(gao)兩氏支持,成為(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun),即位以(yi)后發兵攻擊魯國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),在(zai)乾時(今桓臺縣)大(da)(da)戰,魯軍敗走。鮑(bao)叔(shu)牙給魯侯寫了一封信,信中說(shuo):“公(gong)子(zi)(zi)糾是(shi)齊君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)的(de)兄弟,不忍殺(sha)他(ta),請(qing)魯國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)自己殺(sha)他(ta)。公(gong)子(zi)(zi)糾的(de)老師(shi)召忽(hu)、管(guan)仲(zhong)是(shi)仇人(ren),請(qing)魯國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)把他(ta)們送(song)來(lai)。如不從(cong)命,將要出兵討伐魯國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。”魯人(ren)害怕,殺(sha)公(gong)子(zi)(zi)糾,召忽(hu)自殺(sha),管(guan)仲(zhong)被(bei)囚禁。桓公(gong)要殺(sha)管(guan)仲(zhong),鮑(bao)叔(shu)牙勸說(shuo):“臣幸運(yun)地跟(gen)從(cong)了君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)上(shang),君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)上(shang)現在(zai)成為(wei)了國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)。如果(guo)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)上(shang)只想治理齊國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),那么有叔(shu)牙和高(gao)傒就(jiu)夠了。如果(guo)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)上(shang)想成就(jiu)天下霸(ba)(ba)業,那么非管(guan)仲(zhong)不可。管(guan)仲(zhong)到哪個國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家,哪個國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家就(jiu)能強盛,不可以(yi)失去他(ta)。”桓公(gong)便(bian)聽從(cong)他(ta)的(de)建議,假借(jie)殺(sha)仇血恨(hen)之名把管(guan)仲(zhong)接到齊國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。桓公(gong)和管(guan)仲(zhong)談(tan)論(lun)霸(ba)(ba)王之術,大(da)(da)喜過望(wang),拜(bai)其為(wei)大(da)(da)夫,委以(yi)政事(shi)。
齊桓公(gong)拜管仲為相(xiang)之后(hou),君臣同心(xin),勵精圖治,對(dui)內整頓(dun)朝政、例行改革,對(dui)外尊王攘夷,存亡續絕。這一(yi)時期,齊桓公(gong)起用了一(yi)批各有所長、盡(jin)忠職守的出色人(ren)才(cai)。其中最具(ju)代表性的便是“桓管五杰”。
桓(huan)公十四年(前672),陳厲公子(zi)完(wan)(即田完(wan))逃到齊國,桓(huan)公想任命他為(wei)卿(qing),他不接(jie)受,桓(huan)公就任命他為(wei)工(gong)正。
攻滅譚遂兩國、北杏會盟
桓(huan)(huan)公逃亡時經過了譚(tan)國,但譚(tan)國待桓(huan)(huan)公不(bu)好,所以桓(huan)(huan)公在齊桓(huan)(huan)公二(er)年(前684年)出(chu)兵滅掉譚(tan)國,譚(tan)國君(jun)主逃向(xiang)莒國。
齊桓(huan)(huan)公五(wu)年(前681年),齊、宋、陳、蔡、邾(zhu)五(wu)國國君在(zai)齊國舉行“北杏(xing)(xing)會(hui)盟”,旨在(zai)協(xie)力平息宋國內部爭(zheng)奪君位的(de)變亂,齊國首開以諸侯身(shen)份主持天下會(hui)盟的(de)記錄(lu),齊桓(huan)(huan)公的(de)威望在(zai)諸侯中開始不斷升高。會(hui)盟前齊桓(huan)(huan)公曾邀遂國國君入盟,遭(zao)到(dao)拒絕。“北杏(xing)(xing)會(hui)盟”結(jie)束后,齊桓(huan)(huan)公吞滅(mie)遂國。
與魯會盟
齊(qi)(qi)桓公(gong)(gong)五年(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)前681年)桓公(gong)(gong)攻打魯國(guo),魯國(guo)戰敗(bai),魯莊公(gong)(gong)請(qing)求(qiu)割讓(rang)城池(chi)平(ping)息(xi)戰爭,桓公(gong)(gong)應允,并與魯在柯地(di)會盟。會上,魯莊公(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)臣(chen)子曹(cao)沫(mo)(mo)拔出寶劍(jian),劫持齊(qi)(qi)桓公(gong)(gong),要(yao)求(qiu)齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)歸(gui)還魯國(guo)在齊(qi)(qi)魯邊(bian)境上的(de)(de)汶陽之田。齊(qi)(qi)桓公(gong)(gong)答應曹(cao)沫(mo)(mo)的(de)(de)要(yao)求(qiu)。
事(shi)后(hou)齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)想不歸還土地并殺掉曹沫。管仲勸諫說:“不給汶陽之田(tian),只是逞一時之快。失信于諸侯,天下人就(jiu)不幫(bang)我(wo)們了。”最(zui)后(hou)齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)將(jiang)汶陽之田(tian)還給了魯國(guo)(guo)。諸侯們知道這件事(shi)情后(hou),都認為齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)有信譽,漸(jian)漸(jian)地都想依附(fu)齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)了。
鄄地會盟
齊桓(huan)公(gong)六(liu)年(公(gong)元(yuan)前680年),參(can)加過(guo)“北(bei)杏會盟”的宋國背叛盟約,齊桓(huan)公(gong)約請曾參(can)加“北(bei)杏會盟”的陳(chen)、蔡二國一起出兵伐宋。
齊桓公先派人帶著豐盛的禮物去朝拜周天子(zi)(zi)(zi),說(shuo)宋國(guo)不尊重周天子(zi)(zi)(zi),隨便(bian)廢立國(guo)君,請(qing)周天子(zi)(zi)(zi)興師(shi)問罪。周天子(zi)(zi)(zi)想(xiang)借齊國(guo)的力量來樹立天子(zi)(zi)(zi)威望,遂答(da)應齊桓公要求,派大夫(fu)單(dan)伯(bo)帶部分兵力,會同齊、陳、蔡三國(guo)合兵伐宋。
宋國看到齊(qi)國打著周(zhou)天(tian)(tian)子(zi)的(de)(de)(de)旗(qi)號來(lai)討伐,不想背(bei)負抗御王師、與天(tian)(tian)子(zi)作對的(de)(de)(de)罪名,請求(qiu)歸順王室、與諸侯(hou)和好。齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)覺得“拉大旗(qi)作虎皮”的(de)(de)(de)辦法比自己直接出兵更(geng)有效,便又在(zai)(zai)第(di)二(er)年(公(gong)(gong)(gong)元前679年)冬天(tian)(tian)請周(zhou)天(tian)(tian)子(zi)的(de)(de)(de)代表(biao)單伯,約集衛、鄭、宋三國國君(jun)一(yi)起(qi)在(zai)(zai)鄄地會盟(meng),各國諸侯(hou)看到周(zhou)天(tian)(tian)子(zi)支持齊(qi)國,遂共(gong)推(tui)齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)為盟(meng)主,齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)霸主地位開(kai)始確立。
幽地會盟
齊(qi)桓公八年(公元前678年),齊(qi)又約集(ji)魯、宋、陳(chen)、衛、鄭(zheng)、許、滑(hua)、滕等(deng)國在“幽地會(hui)盟”。會(hui)上大家(jia)再(zai)推(tui)齊(qi)桓公為盟主,承認了(le)齊(qi)桓公的霸(ba)主地位。
救援燕國
齊(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)二十三年(公(gong)(gong)元前663年),山戎(rong)攻打燕(yan)(yan)國(guo)(guo),燕(yan)(yan)國(guo)(guo)向齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)求(qiu)救,齊(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)出兵討伐(fa)山戎(rong)救援(yuan)燕(yan)(yan)國(guo)(guo),一直打到孤(gu)竹才回師(shi)。燕(yan)(yan)莊公(gong)(gong)于(yu)是送齊(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)回國(guo)(guo)一直送到了齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)的(de)境內(nei)。桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)說:“不是天(tian)子,諸(zhu)侯(hou)相送不能出境,我不可以對燕(yan)(yan)無禮。”于(yu)是把燕(yan)(yan)君所(suo)到的(de)地方盡數割予(yu)燕(yan)(yan)國(guo)(guo),并叮囑燕(yan)(yan)君學習召(zhao)公(gong)(gong)為政,像在周成王、周康王時(shi)那樣給(gei)周天(tian)子納貢。諸(zhu)侯(hou)聽(ting)說此事,都(dou)擁護齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)。
檉之會與重建邢衛
齊桓公二十七年(nian)(公元前659年(nian))春,齊、宋、曹三國(guo)(guo)(guo)之君各率本國(guo)(guo)(guo)兵馬(ma)共同救邢。狄(di)人(ren)退兵后(hou),三國(guo)(guo)(guo)決定(ding)將邢國(guo)(guo)(guo)遷(qian)得離狄(di)族(zu)遠些,齊桓公幫助邢國(guo)(guo)(guo)把都城遷(qian)到靠近齊國(guo)(guo)(guo)較為安全的夷儀(今(jin)聊城西南)。
不(bu)久狄人(ren)又侵犯衛(wei)國,齊桓公考慮到(dao)衛(wei)國已是君死國滅,需要(yao)重(zhong)新(xin)建國,便于(yu)第二年(前658年)春在楚丘幫助衛(wei)國筑(zhu)新(xin)城,使衛(wei)國在黃(huang)河南(nan)岸重(zhong)建國都。
貫之會、陽谷之會與召陵之盟
齊桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公二(er)十九年(nian)(公元前(qian)657),桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公和蔡(cai)(cai)姬在水中游玩,蔡(cai)(cai)姬晃(huang)船,桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公心(xin)怕,阻止(zhi)蔡(cai)(cai)姬。蔡(cai)(cai)姬不(bu)聽,晃(huang)個不(bu)停(ting)。齊桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公大發雷霆(ting),將蔡(cai)(cai)姬送了(le)回去。蔡(cai)(cai)國(guo)也不(bu)高(gao)興,把蔡(cai)(cai)姬又嫁給別人。桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公便興兵討(tao)伐(fa)蔡(cai)(cai)國(guo)。秋、楚(chu)兩國(guo)進攻鄭國(guo),齊桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公約集(ji)各國(guo)國(guo)君在“陽谷會盟”,商討(tao)伐(fa)楚(chu)救鄭。
齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)三十年(nian)(前656年(nian))春,齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)率(lv)領齊(qi)(qi)、魯(lu)、宋(song)、陳、衛、鄭、許、曹等八國(guo)(guo)聯軍(jun)先(xian)對楚國(guo)(guo)的(de)盟國(guo)(guo)蔡(cai)國(guo)(guo)實行軍(jun)事行動(dong);接著,齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)率(lv)大軍(jun)聯合進攻楚國(guo)(guo)。兩者相持(chi)不下,通過外交談(tan)判,楚國(guo)(guo)答應(ying)遵守諸侯(hou)的(de)本分,恢復(fu)向周天子納貢(gong)。于(yu)是齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)和各小國(guo)(guo)諸侯(hou)共同與(yu)楚國(guo)(guo)在(zai)召陵(ling)訂立盟約,互相結盟,各自退兵,史稱“召陵(ling)之盟”。
首止之會、寧母之會與洮之會
齊桓公(gong)三(san)十(shi)一年(公(gong)元前655年),周(zhou)王(wang)(wang)(wang)室發生更立太子之事:周(zhou)惠(hui)王(wang)(wang)(wang)已立王(wang)(wang)(wang)子鄭(zheng)為太子,因惠(hui)后(hou)喜歡小兒子帶,周(zhou)惠(hui)王(wang)(wang)(wang)便(bian)欲廢鄭(zheng)立帶。在周(zhou)惠(hui)王(wang)(wang)(wang)死后(hou),齊桓公(gong)約集魯、宋、衛、許、曹、陳等國(guo)在洮會盟,正(zheng)式將王(wang)(wang)(wang)太子鄭(zheng)扶上周(zhou)天子寶座,是(shi)為周(zhou)襄王(wang)(wang)(wang)。
葵丘會盟
齊(qi)(qi)桓公(gong)(gong)三十五年(公(gong)(gong)元前651年),齊(qi)(qi)桓公(gong)(gong)與各諸侯(hou)國(guo)(guo)在(zai)古葵(kui)丘(qiu)會(hui)盟(meng)時,周襄王因(yin)齊(qi)(qi)桓公(gong)(gong)帶頭支持自(zi)己繼位(wei),便派(pai)宰孔賜給齊(qi)(qi)桓公(gong)(gong)祭廟所用的(de)胙(zuo)肉(rou)、彤弓矢以及天子車馬,這是周天子對于(yu)諸侯(hou)國(guo)(guo)的(de)最高獎賞。
《孟子(zi)(zi)·告子(zi)(zi)下(xia)》記載了齊桓(huan)公(gong)“葵丘會(hui)盟”盟辭的“五禁”條款:“一(yi)是(shi)誅殺不(bu)孝(xiao)之(zhi)人(ren)(ren),勿改(gai)變(bian)已確立的太子(zi)(zi),不(bu)要(yao)(yao)以妾為妻(qi);二是(shi)尊重賢能(neng)之(zhi)人(ren)(ren),培育人(ren)(ren)才,要(yao)(yao)大(da)力表彰那些有德(de)行的人(ren)(ren);三是(shi)尊重老人(ren)(ren),愛護孩童,不(bu)忘(wang)來賓和旅客;四是(shi)士不(bu)能(neng)世世為官(guan),官(guan)吏的事情(qing)讓他們(men)自己去辦,不(bu)要(yao)(yao)獨攬。取士一(yi)定(ding)要(yao)(yao)得到(dao)能(neng)人(ren)(ren),不(bu)專(zhuan)殺大(da)夫;五是(shi)不(bu)要(yao)(yao)故意設堤壩(ba),不(bu)要(yao)(yao)阻止別國(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)來糴(di)糧食,也不(bu)能(neng)不(bu)報告天子(zi)(zi)就(jiu)封國(guo)(guo)封邑。
”這“五禁”條(tiao)款分明(ming)是(shi)齊桓公(gong)(gong)成就霸業(ye)的經驗總結。周(zhou)襄王(wang)派大臣(chen)與會并送重禮,說明(ming)周(zhou)襄王(wang)承認(ren)了齊桓公(gong)(gong)的霸主(zhu)地位,會上齊桓公(gong)(gong)儼然代(dai)周(zhou)天子號令諸侯,標(biao)志著(zhu)齊桓公(gong)(gong)霸業(ye)達(da)致顛峰。
鹽之會、牡丘之會、淮之會與抗楚援徐之戰
魯僖(xi)公(gong)(gong)十有五(wu)年(nian)(前645年(nian))。春,王正(zheng)月(yue),公(gong)(gong)如齊。楚人伐徐(xu)。三(san)月(yue),公(gong)(gong)會齊侯、宋公(gong)(gong)、陳侯、衛候、鄭伯(bo)、許男(nan)、曹伯(bo)盟于牡(mu)丘,遂次(ci)于匡。公(gong)(gong)孫敖帥師及諸侯之大夫救徐(xu)。夏,五(wu)月(yue),日有食之。秋,七月(yue),齊師、曹師伐厲。
魯僖(xi)公十有六年(前644年)。冬,十有二月,公會(hui)齊(qi)侯、宋公、陳侯、衛侯、鄭(zheng)伯、許男、邢侯、曹伯于淮(huai)。
魯僖公十有七年(前(qian)643年)。春(chun),齊人(ren)、徐人(ren)伐英氏。
管仲逝世
桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)四(si)十一年(前645年),管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)重病,桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)問(wen)他:“群臣(chen)中誰(shui)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)代你(ni)為相?”管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)說:“了(le)解臣(chen)下(xia)沒有人(ren)比得上君主(zhu)(zhu)。”桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)說:“易牙如(ru)何?”管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)回答(da)(da):“殺掉(diao)孩子(zi)來(lai)討(tao)好君主(zhu)(zhu),不合人(ren)情(qing)(qing),不可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)。”桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)說:“開(kai)方(fang)如(ru)何?”管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)回答(da)(da):“背棄親人(ren)來(lai)討(tao)好君主(zhu)(zhu),不合人(ren)情(qing)(qing),難以(yi)(yi)(yi)親近。”桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)說:“豎刁如(ru)何?”管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)回答(da)(da):“自(zi)己閹(yan)割來(lai)討(tao)好君主(zhu)(zhu),不合人(ren)情(qing)(qing),難以(yi)(yi)(yi)親愛。”桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)說:“常之(zhi)巫(wu)如(ru)何?”管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)回答(da)(da):“死生,是(shi)無(wu)法逃(tao)避的(de);疾病,是(shi)人(ren)體(ti)失常所致。君主(zhu)(zhu)不順其(qi)自(zi)然,守(shou)護根本,卻完全依賴于常之(zhi)巫(wu),那(nei)他將對國君無(wu)所不為了(le)。”管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)死后,齊桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)不聽管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)的(de)話,重用四(si)人(ren),四(si)人(ren)專(zhuan)權。
死后凄清
桓公四(si)十二(er)年(前644年),戎攻打周(zhou)朝,周(zhou)告急于(yu)齊,齊令(ling)各國諸侯發兵(bing)救(jiu)周(zhou)。
桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)四(si)十(shi)三年(nian)(nian)(前(qian)643年(nian)(nian)),齊桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)重病(bing),五公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(公(gong)(gong)(gong)子無虧、公(gong)(gong)(gong)子昭(zhao)、公(gong)(gong)(gong)子潘(pan)、公(gong)(gong)(gong)子元、公(gong)(gong)(gong)子商(shang)人)各(ge)率(lv)黨羽爭位。冬十(shi)月七日(ri)乙亥(前(qian)643年(nian)(nian)9月12日(ri)),齊桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)病(bing)死。五公(gong)(gong)(gong)子互相攻(gong)打對方(fang),齊國一片混亂。桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)尸體在床上(shang)放了六十(shi)七天,尸蟲(chong)都從窗子里爬了出來。直到十(shi)二(er)月十(shi)四(si)日(ri)新立(li)的齊君無虧才把(ba)桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)收殮。
齊(qi)桓公(gong)在位時致力于劃分(fen)和整頓行政(zheng)區(qu)劃和機(ji)構,把(ba)國都劃分(fen)為六個(ge)工商(shang)鄉(xiang)和十五個(ge)士鄉(xiang),共二十一個(ge)鄉(xiang)。十五個(ge)士鄉(xiang)是齊(qi)國的(de)主(zhu)要兵源(yuan)。齊(qi)桓公(gong)自己(ji)管(guan)理(li)五個(ge)鄉(xiang),上卿國子和高子各管(guan)五個(ge)鄉(xiang)。
齊(qi)桓公(gong)強調寓兵于農(nong),規定國(guo)都中五(wu)(wu)家(jia)為(wei)(wei)一(yi)軌(gui)(gui),每(mei)(mei)軌(gui)(gui)設(she)(she)一(yi)軌(gui)(gui)長。十(shi)(shi)軌(gui)(gui)為(wei)(wei)一(yi)里(li),每(mei)(mei)里(li)設(she)(she)里(li)有(you)司。四里(li)為(wei)(wei)一(yi)連(lian)(lian)(lian),每(mei)(mei)連(lian)(lian)(lian)設(she)(she)一(yi)連(lian)(lian)(lian)長。十(shi)(shi)連(lian)(lian)(lian)為(wei)(wei)一(yi)鄉(xiang),每(mei)(mei)鄉(xiang)設(she)(she)一(yi)鄉(xiang)良(liang)人(ren)(ren)(ren),主(zhu)管鄉(xiang)的軍(jun)令。戰時組成軍(jun)隊,每(mei)(mei)戶(hu)出一(yi)人(ren)(ren)(ren),一(yi)軌(gui)(gui)五(wu)(wu)人(ren)(ren)(ren),五(wu)(wu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)一(yi)伍,由(you)(you)軌(gui)(gui)長帶領(ling)。一(yi)里(li)五(wu)(wu)十(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren),五(wu)(wu)十(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)一(yi)小戍(shu),由(you)(you)里(li)有(you)司帶領(ling)。一(yi)連(lian)(lian)(lian)二(er)(er)百人(ren)(ren)(ren),二(er)(er)百人(ren)(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)一(yi)卒,由(you)(you)連(lian)(lian)(lian)長帶領(ling)。一(yi)鄉(xiang)二(er)(er)千(qian)人(ren)(ren)(ren),二(er)(er)千(qian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)一(yi)旅,由(you)(you)鄉(xiang)良(liang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)帶領(ling)。五(wu)(wu)鄉(xiang)一(yi)萬人(ren)(ren)(ren),立一(yi)元帥(shuai),一(yi)萬人(ren)(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)一(yi)軍(jun),由(you)(you)五(wu)(wu)鄉(xiang)元帥(shuai)率領(ling)。齊(qi)桓公(gong)、國(guo)子、高子三人(ren)(ren)(ren)就是元帥(shuai)。
管仲在改(gai)革中提(ti)出“相地(di)而衰征”的(de)土地(di)稅收(shou)政(zheng)策,就是(shi)根據土地(di)的(de)好壞(huai)不同,來(lai)(lai)征收(shou)多(duo)少不等的(de)賦稅。這樣(yang)使賦稅負擔趨于合(he)理,提(ti)高了人民的(de)生產積極性。他(ta)又提(ti)倡發展經(jing)(jing)濟(ji),積財通貨(huo),設“輕(qing)重九府”,觀察(cha)年景豐歉,人民的(de)需求,來(lai)(lai)收(shou)散糧食和(he)物(wu)品。又規定國(guo)家鑄造錢幣,發展漁業(ye)、鹽業(ye),鼓(gu)勵與境外的(de)貿(mao)易。桓(huan)公(gong)大力推(tui)行這些經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)政(zheng)策,齊國(guo)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)開始繁(fan)榮起來(lai)(lai)。