天然樹脂是什么 樹脂分類與作用淺談

簡介

天然(ran)樹脂(zhi)主(zhu)要來源于(yu)植物(wu)滲(shen)（泌）出(chu)物(wu)的無定形半固(gu)體(ti)或固(gu)體(ti)有機物(wu)。受熱時變軟，并可熔化，在應力作用下(xia)有流動的傾(qing)向，一般不溶于(yu)水，而能溶于(yu)醇、醚、酮及其他有機溶劑(ji)。

分類

這類(lei)物(wu)質種類(lei)繁多，來源于植(zhi)物(wu)者(zhe)，主要(yao)有松香、大漆(qi)、琥珀和?瑪樹脂等；來源于動(dong)物(wu)者(zhe)，主要(yao)有蟲(chong)膠(jiao)，它是紫膠(jiao)蟲(chong)的分泌物(wu)。天然(ran)樹脂可(ke)根據樹脂組分、樹脂形(xing)成(cheng)的歷史進行分類(lei)。

按照樹脂的基本組分可分為三大類：

①純樹(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)，即(ji)由萜類物(wu)質及粗香(xiang)精油組成(cheng)的樹(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)狀物(wu)質。一(yi)般不(bu)溶于水，而溶于有機溶劑，如(ru)松香(xiang)等。

②含樹膠脂或(huo)稱樹膠樹脂，是由多醣類物質組成，可溶(rong)(rong)于水(shui)(shui)或(huo)遇水(shui)(shui)溶(rong)(rong)脹，而不溶(rong)(rong)于醇及有機溶(rong)(rong)劑，如乳香等。

③含(han)油樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)或(huo)稱香膠，是指(zhi)含(han)有較多精(jing)油、能溶于油中的(de)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)。按樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)的(de)形成(cheng)歷(li)史可分為化石樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)、半化石樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)和新鮮樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)。后者是最(zui)重(zhong)要的(de)天(tian)然(ran)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)來源。有些天(tian)然(ran)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)由最(zui)早集運出口的(de)港口名稱得名，如瑪樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)、柯巴樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)等。

作用

天(tian)然樹(shu)脂(zhi)主(zhu)要(yao)用(yong)作(zuo)(zuo)涂料(liao)(liao)(liao)（見天(tian)然樹(shu)脂(zhi)涂料(liao)(liao)(liao)），也可用(yong)于造紙、絕緣(yuan)材料(liao)(liao)(liao)、膠(jiao)粘(zhan)劑、醫藥、香料(liao)(liao)(liao)等的(de)(de)生產過程；有些可作(zuo)(zuo)裝飾工(gong)藝品的(de)(de)原料(liao)(liao)(liao)(如琥珀)；還有的(de)(de)如加(jia)拿(na)大膠(jiao)，其折光指(zhi)數(shu)與普通玻璃相似，故作(zuo)(zuo)為顯微鏡等光學(xue)器材的(de)(de)透明(ming)膠(jiao)粘(zhan)劑。由于合成(cheng)樹(shu)脂(zhi)的(de)(de)發展，天(tian)然樹(shu)脂(zhi)的(de)(de)應用(yong)日趨減少。

常見天然樹脂

松(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)。從松(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)樹(shu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)泌的(de)粘稠(chou)液體(ti)中(zhong)(zhong)精制而得。是(shi)(shi)(shi)一種透明脆性的(de)固體(ti)物(wu)質，顏(yan)(yan)色(se)(se)由(you)微黃至棕(zong)紅(hong)色(se)(se)。從其采集(ji)方法可(ke)分(fen)(fen)(fen)為脂松(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)和(he)木(mu)松(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)。脂松(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)又稱膠松(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)。從松(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)樹(shu)干上(shang)直接割(ge)口收集(ji)流出的(de)粘稠(chou)汁液，稱為毛(mao)松(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang);蒸出松(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)節油(you)(you)后(hou)，精制便得到成(cheng)(cheng)品脂松(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)，其特點(dian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)顏(yan)(yan)色(se)(se)淺(qian)、酸值(zhi)高、軟化點(dian)高。木(mu)松(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)從殘(can)留(liu)的(de)松(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)樁(zhuang)或樹(shu)根(gen)，經溶劑萃取、蒸餾分(fen)(fen)(fen)離(li)揮(hui)發性油(you)(you)后(hou)而制得，質量(liang)不(bu)(bu)如(ru)脂松(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)好。松(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)的(de)品質由(you)顏(yan)(yan)色(se)(se)、酸值(zhi)、軟化點(dian)等的(de)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)而分(fen)(fen)(fen)級。松(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)中(zhong)(zhong)90％以(yi)上(shang)為各(ge)(ge)種同(tong)分(fen)(fen)(fen)異(yi)構的(de)松(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)酸，其余是(shi)(shi)(shi)這(zhe)些(xie)酸的(de)酯類(lei)和(he)一些(xie)不(bu)(bu)皂化物(wu)。松(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)酸是(shi)(shi)(shi)一種弱酸，可(ke)以(yi)進行酯化、皂化等反應；對氧(yang)的(de)作用很(hen)敏感，氧(yang)化后(hou)使松(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)顏(yan)(yan)色(se)(se)變深，也能聚合成(cheng)(cheng)二(er)聚體(ti)；在250～260°C能受熱分(fen)(fen)(fen)解。松(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)主(zhu)要用于(yu)肥皂、造紙等工業，制成(cheng)(cheng)各(ge)(ge)種加工產(chan)品如(ru)松(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)皂、松(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)酯等用于(yu)涂料工業。松(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)在中(zhong)(zhong)國產(chan)量(liang)很(hen)大，主(zhu)要產(chan)于(yu)西南(nan)、華南(nan)地(di)區。

琥(hu)珀。松樹(shu)分泌(mi)的(de)樹(shu)脂(zhi)在地下長期埋藏而(er)得(de)到的(de)一種(zhong)化石樹(shu)脂(zhi)，多用于珠(zhu)寶、其他工(gong)藝品。

柯(ke)(ke)(ke)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和(he)(he)瑪(ma)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。從非洲(zhou)和(he)(he)新(xin)西蘭等地的(de)(de)(de)(de)木本(ben)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)分(fen)(fen)泌物(wu)(wu)得(de)到的(de)(de)(de)(de)一類(lei)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。根據產地和(he)(he)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)來源不同有多(duo)種名稱(cheng)，產于非洲(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)有剛(gang)果柯(ke)(ke)(ke)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)、馬(ma)達(da)加斯加柯(ke)(ke)(ke)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)等，產于新(xin)西蘭的(de)(de)(de)(de)有高里(li)柯(ke)(ke)(ke)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)等，產于菲(fei)律賓的(de)(de)(de)(de)有馬(ma)尼(ni)拉柯(ke)(ke)(ke)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)等。從植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)直接采(cai)取制(zhi)(zhi)得(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)軟(ruan)質柯(ke)(ke)(ke)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)，如馬(ma)尼(ni)拉柯(ke)(ke)(ke)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)；樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)木分(fen)(fen)泌物(wu)(wu)長(chang)期(qi)埋(mai)藏于地下轉化(hua)而(er)成(cheng)化(hua)石樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，是(shi)硬(ying)質柯(ke)(ke)(ke)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)或化(hua)石柯(ke)(ke)(ke)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)，如剛(gang)果柯(ke)(ke)(ke)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)等，采(cai)得(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)粗樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經過精制(zhi)(zhi)即得(de)各種柯(ke)(ke)(ke)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。它們的(de)(de)(de)(de)軟(ruan)化(hua)點約(yue)在 100～300°C，多(duo)數約(yue)在150°C。柯(ke)(ke)(ke)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要成(cheng)分(fen)(fen)為樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)酸，瑪(ma)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)則是(shi)龍腦香科植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)泌物(wu)(wu)。瑪(ma)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和(he)(he)柯(ke)(ke)(ke)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)在19世紀為涂料的(de)(de)(de)(de)原料，現已幾乎不用。

蟲膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)。也(ye)稱(cheng)紫膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)，是印度(du)、馬來西亞(ya)和中國云南等地產的(de)(de)(de)紫膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)蟲，由(you)于新陳(chen)代謝作用(yong)，分泌出的(de)(de)(de)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)質積累在樹(shu)枝上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)一種(zhong)動物質樹(shu)脂(zhi)。從樹(shu)枝上(shang)剝取的(de)(de)(de)分泌物，經過精制即成為蟲膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)片。蟲膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)能溶于乙醇。現在在涂料工業中還有少量(liang)應用(yong)。