電(dian)動(dong)車(che)充電(dian)器5種充電(dian)方法比較及充電(dian)注意事項

(1)電動車充電器—恒流充電

恒流充電是指蓄電池充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)時，采用(yong)(yong)分(fen)段(duan)恒流(liu)的方法(fa)進行充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)，并且該電(dian)(dian)流(liu)是用(yong)(yong)調整充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)裝置來達(da)到的。其主要特點(dian)是該充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)方法(fa)有較大的適應(ying)**，可以任意(yi)選(xuan)擇和調整充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)。因此可以對各種不同情況及(ji)狀(zhuang)態(tai)的蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian) (如新蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的初充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)、使用(yong)(yong)過的蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的補(bu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)以及(ji)去硫充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)等)。它特別(bie)適用(yong)(yong)于用(yong)(yong)小電(dian)(dian)流(liu)長時間(jian)的充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)模(mo)式，對由(you)多數(shu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)串聯(lian)的電(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)，且有利(li)于容量恢復較慢(man)的蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)。

但是(shi)，由(you)于該充電(dian)方法開始階段的(de)充電(dian)電(dian)流過(guo)(guo)小(xiao)，在充電(dian)后(hou)期充電(dian)電(dian)流又過(guo)(guo)大(da)，所以整個(ge)充電(dian)過(guo)(guo)程時(shi)(shi)間長、析(xi)出氣體多、對極(ji)板的(de)沖擊(ji)大(da)、能耗高、效率低 (不超過(guo)(guo) 65%)，且整個(ge)充電(dian)過(guo)(guo)程必須有專(zhuan)人(ren)看管。所以，目前只有對蓄電(dian)池(chi)進(jin)行(xing)初充電(dian)及需要長時(shi)(shi)間小(xiao)電(dian)流進(jin)行(xing)去硫充電(dian)時(shi)(shi)才使用。

采用恒流充電方法應注意(yi)以(yi)下事(shi)項：

①因恒流(liu)(liu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的變(bian)型是分段恒流(liu)(liu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，所(suo)以充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時為(wei)避免充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后期電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)過大(da)，應及時調整(zheng)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)。而且充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)的大(da)小、充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間、轉換電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)的時機及充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終止(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的選取等，必須嚴(yan)格(ge)執行充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)規范;

②各(ge)被充蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的剩(sheng)余容(rong)(rong)量應相接近，否則充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流大小必(bi)須按串聯蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組剩(sheng)余容(rong)(rong)量最小的蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)選定，而且當小容(rong)(rong)量蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充足(zu)后應隨即摘除(chu)，再繼續對大容(rong)(rong)量蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充電(dian)(dian);

③充電過程中，每(mei)隔(ge)2～3h檢測一次蓄電池單格電壓，如該電壓已(yi)達到2.4V應(ying)及時轉入第二階段充電;

④當充(chong)電(dian)過程中電(dian)解(jie)液溫(wen)度上(shang)升至(zhi)40℃時(shi)，充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流應減半，如果繼續上(shang)升到 45℃時(shi)應停止(zhi)，待(dai)溫(wen)度降至(zhi)低于(yu)40℃后才可繼續充(chong)電(dian);

⑤充(chong)好的蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)解液密(mi)度應符合規定要求，且(qie)各單格電(dian)池(chi)之間電(dian)解液的密(mi)度差不得超過0.01g/cm3;

⑥免維(wei)護蓄電池(chi)不宜用此(ci)方法充(chong)電。

(2)電動車充電器—恒壓充電

恒(heng)(heng)壓(ya)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)是(shi)指每只單(dan)體電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)均以某一(yi)恒(heng)(heng)定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(一(yi)般取單(dan)格(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)數(shu)×2.5V)進行充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。其主要特點為：充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)初期電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流相(xiang)當大，蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動勢和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液相(xiang)對密度上升較快，隨著充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的延續充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)　　電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流逐漸(jian)減小(xiao)(xiao)，在(zai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終期只有很小(xiao)(xiao)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流通過;充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間短、能耗低，一(yi)般充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)4～5h后蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)即可獲(huo)得(de)本身容量(liang)的90%～95%; 如(ru)果充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)選擇得(de)當，8h即可完成整個充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程，且整個充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程不需人照管，所以廣泛應(ying)用于補充(chong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

恒壓(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)存(cun)在的不(bu)足(zu)是： 由(you)于充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)初始電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)過(guo)大，對放電(dian)(dian)(dian)深(shen)度過(guo)大的蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時，會(hui)引(yin)起初期充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)急驟(zou)上升，易造(zao)成被充(chong)(chong)(chong)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)過(guo)流(liu)及(ji)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備損壞等;充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程中，由(you)于不(bu)能調整(zheng)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，因此(ci)不(bu)適用于蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的初充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)和去硫充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian); 由(you)于充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程中對蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的變化很(hen)難(nan)補償，所以對容量恢復較慢(man)的蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的完全充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)很(hen)難(nan)完成。

采用恒壓充(chong)電方法應注意(yi)以下事項：

①正確選擇充電(dian)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)。若充電(dian)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)過(guo)高，會引起充電(dian)初(chu)期充電(dian)電(dian)流過(guo)大，嚴重時會引起極(ji)板彎曲(qu)、活(huo)**物質(zhi)大量(liang)脫落以及蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)溫升過(guo)高等危害。過(guo)低(di)則會使蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)充電(dian)不足，導致容量(liang)降低(di)、壽命(ming)縮(suo)短;

②被(bei)充蓄電池的端電壓必須完全相(xiang)同。

(3) 電動車充電器—均衡充電

對于由許多單(dan)體(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組成的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組，如(ru)固定型蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，在運行一(yi)定日期以后(hou)，要定期進(jin)行均衡充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。這是因(yin)為平時(shi)按相(xiang)同(tong)條件進(jin)行充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)，極板各個部分的(de)(de)活(huo)**物質(zhi)出(chu)現(xian)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)程度不同(tong)的(de)(de)現(xian)象，結(jie)果活(huo)**物質(zhi)出(chu)現(xian)反應不均衡狀(zhuang)態。另外(wai)，考慮到單(dan)體(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)之間某(mou)些充(chong)(chong)(chong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)特**也(ye)有差別，某(mou)些單(dan)體(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)會產生充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)不足狀(zhuang)態。因(yin)此在正常(chang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)結(jie)束后(hou)繼續用約20h率的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流再(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)1～3h。這種(zhong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)也(ye)稱為過充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。凡是電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)平時(shi)在相(xiang)同(tong)條件下使(shi)用時(shi)，在電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)維(wei)護(hu)上(shang)定期進(jin)行均衡充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)是有好處的(de)(de)。

均衡充電相隔時間(jian)的(de)長短各(ge)用戶有不(bu)同規定，有的(de)規定三個(ge)月或半(ban)年進行一次。近(jin)年來根據(ju)蓄(xu)電池(chi)設計和制造(zao)技術的(de)進步(bu)，蓄(xu)電池(chi)的(de)特**差別(bie)不(bu)大，因此對均衡充電的(de)間(jian)隔時間(jian)有延長的(de)趨(qu)勢。

(4) 電動車充電器—浮充電

間(jian)歇使(shi)(shi)用的(de)(de)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池或(huo)僅(jin)在(zai)交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時才使(shi)(shi)用的(de)(de)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池，其(qi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式為浮充(chong)式。例如，對(dui)固定(ding)型，蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池每(mei)個單體電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池加上(shang)2.15～2.2V的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，以(yi)連續的(de)(de)微(wei)小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流進行充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)與蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池并聯，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流主(zhu)要(yao)能(neng)補充(chong)自放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)損失(shi)，即(ji)約 10h率的(de)(de)0.3% ～1.0%范圍，而(er)平(ping)時的(de)(de)負荷(he)(he)由(you)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)負擔(dan)，對(dui)于短時間(jian)大負荷(he)(he)也(ye)由(you)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。這時由(you)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓下降而(er)自動(dong)進行充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

(5)電動車充電器—恒壓限流充電

恒(heng)(heng)壓限(xian)流充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)主要是用(yong)來補救(jiu)恒(heng)(heng)壓充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)時充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流過大的(de)缺點(dian)(方(fang)法(fa)同(tong)恒(heng)(heng)壓充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian))，通過在(zai)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)源和被充(chong)(chong)蓄電(dian)(dian)池之(zhi)間串聯一電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(限(xian)流電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)) 來自(zi)動調(diao)節充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流。

當充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)過(guo)大時(shi)(shi)，其限流(liu)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)上的(de)(de)壓降也大，從而減小(xiao)(xiao)了(le)充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓; 當充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)小(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)(shi)，限流(liu)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)上的(de)(de)壓降也很小(xiao)(xiao)，充電(dian)(dian)設備輸(shu)出的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)壓損失也小(xiao)(xiao)。這樣，就自動(dong)調節充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)，使之不超過(guo)某個限度。該方法(fa)目(mu)前被廣泛(fan)應用(yong)于免維護蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)初充電(dian)(dian)和(he)普通電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)補充充電(dian)(dian)。