什么是漏電保護器？

漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)：就是流(liu)入(ru)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)和流(liu)出的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)不等，意味著電(dian)(dian)(dian)路回路中還有其它分支(zhi)，可能是電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)通(tong)(tong)過人體進入(ru)大(da)地(di)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)設備(bei)漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)時，將呈現異常的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)或電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓信(xin)號，漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護器(qi)(qi)(qi)通(tong)(tong)過檢測此異常信(xin)號，使(shi)執行機構動作。我們把根據故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)動作的(de)漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護器(qi)(qi)(qi)叫(jiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)型(xing)漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護器(qi)(qi)(qi)，根據故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓動作的(de)漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護器(qi)(qi)(qi)叫(jiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓型(xing)漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護器(qi)(qi)(qi)。由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓型(xing)漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護器(qi)(qi)(qi)結構復(fu)雜，受外(wai)界干擾動作特性穩定性差(cha)，制造成本高，現已基本淘汰。目前以電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)型(xing)漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護器(qi)(qi)(qi)為主導地(di)位。

家(jia)用的漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)保(bao)護器接入端有“火”“零(ling)”兩根線。如果“火”和“零(ling)”線流(liu)過(guo)的電(dian)(dian)流(liu)不等(deng)，那么感應(ying)線圈(quan)就會識別(bie)微小(xiao)差別(bie)，并(bing)通過(guo)控制部分(fen)，迅速(su)切斷開(kai)關（跳閘(zha)）。保(bao)護漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)通常閾值為(wei)20mA。

但漏電(dian)保(bao)護器是通過控(kong)制某個開關(guan)(guan)(guan)斷(duan)開來實現的，它不能保(bao)證在(zai)整個供電(dian)回路出現短(duan)路時開關(guan)(guan)(guan)觸(chu)點還能斷(duan)開。??空氣開關(guan)(guan)(guan)則起過載或短(duan)路保(bao)護，當回路電(dian)流超(chao)過規定(ding)負載，空氣開關(guan)(guan)(guan)自(zi)動短(duan)路（跳閘）。空氣開關(guan)(guan)(guan)一(yi)般有單(dan)獨“火”線接入(ru)保(bao)護，也有“火”“零”接入(ru)同時保(bao)護。

因(yin)此(ci)，?漏電保護器和空氣(qi)開關各自實現的功能(neng)(neng)不同，不能(neng)(neng)互相代(dai)替！

漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)保(bao)護(hu)器(qi)（漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)保(bao)護(hu)開(kai)關）是一種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣安全裝置(zhi)。將(jiang)漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)保(bao)護(hu)器(qi)安裝在低(di)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路中，當發生漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和觸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)，且(qie)達(da)到保(bao)護(hu)器(qi)所限定的動作(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流值時(shi)，就立即在限定的時(shi)間內動作(zuo)自動斷開(kai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)進行保(bao)護(hu)。

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漏電保護器的工作原理是什么？

1、當(dang)電氣(qi)設備(bei)發生漏電時，出現兩種異常現象：

一是，三相(xiang)電流(liu)的平衡遭到破(po)壞(huai)，出現零序電流(liu)；

二是，正常(chang)時(shi)不帶電的(de)金(jin)屬外殼(ke)出現(xian)對地電壓(ya)（正常(chang)時(shi)，金(jin)屬外殼(ke)與(yu)大地均為零電位）。

2、零序電(dian)流(liu)互(hu)感器(qi)(qi)的作用漏電(dian)保護器(qi)(qi)通過電(dian)流(liu)互(hu)感器(qi)(qi)檢測取得異常訊號，經過中間機構(gou)(gou)轉換傳遞，使執行(xing)機構(gou)(gou)動作，通過開關(guan)裝(zhuang)置斷開電(dian)源(yuan)。電(dian)流(liu)互(hu)感器(qi)(qi)的結構(gou)(gou)與變壓器(qi)(qi)類似，是(shi)由兩個互(hu)相絕緣(yuan)繞在同一鐵心(xin)上(shang)的線圈(quan)(quan)組成(cheng)。當一次線圈(quan)(quan)有剩余電(dian)流(liu)時，二次線圈(quan)(quan)就會感應(ying)出電(dian)流(liu)。

3、漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)保(bao)護(hu)器(qi)工(gong)作原(yuan)理將漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)保(bao)護(hu)器(qi)安裝在(zai)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)中(zhong)，一次(ci)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)網的(de)(de)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)相連接(jie)，二(er)(er)次(ci)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)與漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)保(bao)護(hu)器(qi)中(zhong)的(de)(de)脫扣器(qi)連接(jie)。當(dang)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)設備正(zheng)常運行時，線(xian)(xian)路(lu)中(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流呈平衡(heng)狀態，互(hu)感(gan)(gan)器(qi)中(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流矢(shi)(shi)量(liang)之和(he)為零（電(dian)(dian)(dian)流是(shi)有(you)方向(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)矢(shi)(shi)量(liang)，如按流出的(de)(de)方向(xiang)(xiang)為“＋”，返(fan)(fan)回方向(xiang)(xiang)為“－”，在(zai)互(hu)感(gan)(gan)器(qi)中(zhong)往返(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流大小相等，方向(xiang)(xiang)相反，正(zheng)負(fu)相互(hu)抵銷）。由于(yu)一次(ci)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)中(zhong)沒有(you)剩余(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流，所以不會(hui)感(gan)(gan)應(ying)二(er)(er)次(ci)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)，漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)保(bao)護(hu)器(qi)的(de)(de)開(kai)關(guan)裝置處于(yu)閉合狀態運行。當(dang)設備外殼發生(sheng)(sheng)漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)并(bing)有(you)人(ren)觸及(ji)時，則在(zai)故障(zhang)點產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)分流，此(ci)漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流經人(ren)體？大地？工(gong)作接(jie)地，返(fan)(fan)回變壓(ya)器(qi)中(zhong)性點（并(bing)未(wei)經電(dian)(dian)(dian)流互(hu)感(gan)(gan)器(qi)），致使互(hu)感(gan)(gan)器(qi)申流入、流出的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流出現(xian)了不平衡(heng)（電(dian)(dian)(dian)流矢(shi)(shi)量(liang)之和(he)不為零），一次(ci)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)申產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)剩余(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流。因此(ci)，便會(hui)感(gan)(gan)應(ying)二(er)(er)次(ci)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)，當(dang)這個電(dian)(dian)(dian)流值達到該漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)保(bao)護(hu)器(qi)限定的(de)(de)動作電(dian)(dian)(dian)流值時，自動開(kai)關(guan)脫扣，切斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)源。

漏電斷路器內部結構

漏電斷路器由(you)DZ47系(xi)列斷路器和漏電保護器（習慣上稱之為脫扣器）組裝而成(cheng)。斷路器部分主要包括以下部件。

1）過(guo)電流脫扣(kou)器(qi)（雙金、電磁系統）；

2）滅弧裝置（滅弧系統）；

3）觸頭系統；

4）外殼和接線端子(zi)；

5）操作機構（手柄、鎖扣(kou)、跳扣(kou)、杠桿）。

斷(duan)(duan)路器的(de)過載(zai)保護(hu)(hu)功能(neng)的(de)實現(xian)是利(li)用雙金屬隨著溫度(du)升高而定向按規律彎曲的(de)原理，正常電流(liu)（1.13In）彎曲角度(du)不(bu)(bu)大，因此推力不(bu)(bu)足(zu)以使脫扣(kou)機(ji)構脫扣(kou)，當達過載(zai)電流(liu)（1.45In）彎曲角度(du)大，推力足(zu)以推動脫扣(kou)機(ji)構使開(kai)關斷(duan)(duan)開(kai)，這就(jiu)是過載(zai)保護(hu)(hu)的(de)原理。

斷(duan)路(lu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)短(duan)路(lu)保護功能是由(you)瞬時(shi)(shi)脫扣器(qi)(qi)(qi)（電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)系統）來(lai)實(shi)現的(de)(de)(de)，電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)力(li)與電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)和匝數(shu)(shu)之積成正(zheng)比，由(you)于瞬時(shi)(shi)脫扣器(qi)(qi)(qi)線圈匝數(shu)(shu)少(shao)（一(yi)般只(zhi)有(you)10匝以下），雖然瞬時(shi)(shi)脫扣器(qi)(qi)(qi)串接在電(dian)(dian)路(lu)中(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)路(lu)正(zheng)常工(gong)作時(shi)(shi)，由(you)于匝數(shu)(shu)少(shao)，正(zheng)常工(gong)作電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)產(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)吸力(li)不足以克服彈(dan)簧的(de)(de)(de)反作用(yong)力(li)，因此線路(lu)能正(zheng)常工(gong)作，但(dan)對于短(duan)路(lu)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)來(lai)說，由(you)于產(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)與正(zheng)常工(gong)作的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)相比相差幾倍(bei)以至幾十倍(bei)或(huo)更(geng)大，線圈匝數(shu)(shu)沒變，但(dan)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)增加幾倍(bei)以至幾十倍(bei)，因此吸力(li)也增加了幾倍(bei)以至幾十倍(bei)，只(zhi)要(yao)反力(li)彈(dan)簧選(xuan)擇合(he)(he)理，都能符合(he)(he)B型(xing)、C型(xing)、D型(xing)瞬時(shi)(shi)脫扣器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)整定(ding)要(yao)求(qiu)。

漏電保護器（脫(tuo)扣器）部分主要包括以下部件。

1）電子組件(jian)板(ban)（控制線路(lu)板(ban)）；

2）零序電流互感器(qi)；

3）漏電脫扣器（由牽引線(xian)圈、鐵芯(xin)、彈簧(huang)等組成）；

4）漏電指示部分及試驗按扭等(deng)組成。

當無漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)或漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)達不到(dao)動(dong)(dong)作電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)時(shi)(shi)，零(ling)序(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)以(yi)(yi)感(gan)應(ying)出(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)不足以(yi)(yi)觸發可(ke)控(kong)硅(gui)G 極(ji)(ji)(ji)（控(kong)制極(ji)(ji)(ji)），此(ci)時(shi)(shi)A極(ji)(ji)(ji)（陽(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)）與K極(ji)(ji)(ji)（陰(yin)極(ji)(ji)(ji)）之間相當于(yu)(yu)(yu)一個大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻達1M（1M=1000000歐(ou)姆）以(yi)(yi)上，脫(tuo)扣(kou)(kou)器線(xian)圈(quan)一般為幾(ji)十歐(ou)姆（30-60歐(ou)姆左(zuo)右），脫(tuo)扣(kou)(kou)器線(xian)圈(quan)與可(ke)控(kong)硅(gui)等效(xiao)于(yu)(yu)(yu)串聯狀態(tai)。由于(yu)(yu)(yu)可(ke)控(kong)硅(gui)的(de)(de)等效(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻遠遠大(da)于(yu)(yu)(yu)脫(tuo)扣(kou)(kou)器線(xian)圈(quan)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻值(zhi)，因此(ci)幾(ji)乎(hu)全(quan)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)加(jia)在(zai)可(ke)控(kong)硅(gui)的(de)(de)A與K兩(liang)端，脫(tuo)扣(kou)(kou)器同乎(hu)無壓(ya)降，微小(xiao)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)不能帶動(dong)(dong)脫(tuo)扣(kou)(kou)器工作，因此(ci)保護器處于(yu)(yu)(yu)守(shou)侯(hou)狀態(tai)，斷路器處于(yu)(yu)(yu)正常合(he)閘狀態(tai)。當零(ling)序(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)互感(gan)器感(gan)應(ying)出(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)能觸發可(ke)控(kong)硅(gui)G極(ji)(ji)(ji)時(shi)(shi)，此(ci)時(shi)(shi)A與K兩(liang)端完全(quan)導通，電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻幾(ji)乎(hu)為0，全(quan)部(bu)壓(ya)降加(jia)在(zai)脫(tuo)扣(kou)(kou)線(xian)圈(quan)兩(liang)端，脫(tuo)扣(kou)(kou)器線(xian)圈(quan)產(chan)生(sheng)足夠大(da)的(de)(de)吸力，帶動(dong)(dong)脫(tuo)扣(kou)(kou)機構動(dong)(dong)作，從而切斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)，實現自(zi)我(wo)保護。

漏電(dian)斷路(lu)器(qi)與漏電(dian)保護器(qi)（脫扣器(qi)）二部分拼(pin)裝起來就構成一個(ge)完整的漏電(dian)斷路(lu)器(qi)，具有(you)過載、 短(duan)路(lu)、漏電(dian)保護功(gong)能，根據客戶要(yao)求還可增加過壓保護功(gong)能，過壓保護功(gong)能的實(shi)現(xian)是由(you)漏電(dian)保護器(qi)的電(dian)子組件板增加功(gong)能而(er)實(shi)現(xian)的。