什么是漏電保護器?
漏(lou)電(dian)(dian):就是流(liu)(liu)入(ru)的電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)和流(liu)(liu)出的電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)不等,意(yi)味著電(dian)(dian)路(lu)回(hui)路(lu)中還有其它分支,可能是電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)通過人體進入(ru)大(da)地。電(dian)(dian)氣設備漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)時(shi),將(jiang)呈現(xian)異(yi)常(chang)(chang)的電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)或電(dian)(dian)壓信號(hao),漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)器(qi)(qi)通過檢測此異(yi)常(chang)(chang)信號(hao),使執行機(ji)構(gou)動作。我們把根據故障(zhang)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)動作的漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)器(qi)(qi)叫電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)型(xing)(xing)漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)器(qi)(qi),根據故障(zhang)電(dian)(dian)壓動作的漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)器(qi)(qi)叫電(dian)(dian)壓型(xing)(xing)漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)器(qi)(qi)。由于電(dian)(dian)壓型(xing)(xing)漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)器(qi)(qi)結構(gou)復雜,受外界(jie)干擾動作特性穩定性差,制造成本高,現(xian)已(yi)基(ji)本淘汰。目前(qian)以電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)型(xing)(xing)漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)器(qi)(qi)為主(zhu)導地位(wei)。
家用(yong)的漏電(dian)保護(hu)器接(jie)入(ru)端有“火(huo)”“零”兩根線。如果“火(huo)”和(he)“零”線流(liu)過的電(dian)流(liu)不等,那(nei)么感應線圈(quan)就會識別(bie)微小差別(bie),并(bing)通過控(kong)制(zhi)部分,迅速切斷(duan)開關(跳閘)。保護(hu)漏電(dian)流(liu)通常閾值為20mA。
但漏電保護(hu)(hu)器是(shi)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)控(kong)制某個開(kai)(kai)關斷開(kai)(kai)來實(shi)現的(de),它不能保證在(zai)整個供電回(hui)路出(chu)現短路時(shi)(shi)開(kai)(kai)關觸(chu)點還能斷開(kai)(kai)。??空(kong)氣開(kai)(kai)關則起(qi)過(guo)(guo)載或短路保護(hu)(hu),當回(hui)路電流(liu)超過(guo)(guo)規(gui)定負載,空(kong)氣開(kai)(kai)關自動短路(跳(tiao)閘)。空(kong)氣開(kai)(kai)關一般(ban)有(you)單(dan)獨“火”線接(jie)入保護(hu)(hu),也有(you)“火”“零”接(jie)入同(tong)時(shi)(shi)保護(hu)(hu)。
因此(ci),?漏電保(bao)護器和(he)空氣開關各自實現的(de)功(gong)能(neng)不同,不能(neng)互相(xiang)代替(ti)!
漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)保(bao)護(hu)器(漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)保(bao)護(hu)開(kai)關)是一種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)安全裝(zhuang)置。將漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)保(bao)護(hu)器安裝(zhuang)在低(di)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路中,當發(fa)生漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)觸(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時,且達到保(bao)護(hu)器所限定的動(dong)作電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流值時,就立即(ji)在限定的時間內動(dong)作自動(dong)斷開(kai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源進行保(bao)護(hu)。
漏電保護器的工作原理是什么?
1、當電(dian)氣(qi)設備發生漏(lou)電(dian)時,出現兩種(zhong)異(yi)常現象:
一是,三相電流(liu)的平衡遭到(dao)破壞,出現(xian)零序電流(liu);
二是(shi),正常時不帶(dai)電(dian)的金屬外(wai)殼(ke)出現對地(di)電(dian)壓(ya)(正常時,金屬外(wai)殼(ke)與大(da)地(di)均為(wei)零電(dian)位(wei))。
2、零(ling)序電(dian)流(liu)(liu)互(hu)感器的(de)作用(yong)漏電(dian)保護(hu)器通過電(dian)流(liu)(liu)互(hu)感器檢(jian)測取(qu)得異(yi)常(chang)訊號,經過中間機構轉換傳遞,使(shi)執(zhi)行機構動作,通過開關裝置斷開電(dian)源。電(dian)流(liu)(liu)互(hu)感器的(de)結構與變(bian)壓器類(lei)似,是(shi)由兩個互(hu)相絕緣繞(rao)在同(tong)一鐵心上的(de)線(xian)(xian)(xian)圈(quan)組成。當一次線(xian)(xian)(xian)圈(quan)有(you)剩(sheng)余電(dian)流(liu)(liu)時,二次線(xian)(xian)(xian)圈(quan)就(jiu)會(hui)感應出電(dian)流(liu)(liu)。
3、漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)保護(hu)器(qi)工作(zuo)原理將漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)保護(hu)器(qi)安裝(zhuang)在線(xian)(xian)路中(zhong)(zhong),一次(ci)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)與電(dian)(dian)網(wang)的(de)線(xian)(xian)路相連接,二(er)次(ci)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)與漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)保護(hu)器(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)脫扣(kou)器(qi)連接。當(dang)用電(dian)(dian)設備正常運行時,線(xian)(xian)路中(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)呈平(ping)衡(heng)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)態,互感(gan)器(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)矢量之和(he)為(wei)零(電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)是有方向的(de)矢量,如按流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)出的(de)方向為(wei)“+”,返(fan)回方向為(wei)“-”,在互感(gan)器(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)往(wang)返(fan)的(de)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)大小相等,方向相反,正負相互抵銷)。由于一次(ci)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)中(zhong)(zhong)沒有剩余電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu),所(suo)以(yi)不(bu)會(hui)感(gan)應二(er)次(ci)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan),漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)保護(hu)器(qi)的(de)開(kai)關(guan)裝(zhuang)置處于閉合狀(zhuang)(zhuang)態運行。當(dang)設備外(wai)殼發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)并有人觸及時,則在故障點產生(sheng)(sheng)分流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu),此漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)經人體?大地?工作(zuo)接地,返(fan)回變壓器(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)性(xing)點(并未經電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)互感(gan)器(qi)),致使互感(gan)器(qi)申流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)入、流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)出的(de)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)出現了不(bu)平(ping)衡(heng)(電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)矢量之和(he)不(bu)為(wei)零),一次(ci)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)申產生(sheng)(sheng)剩余電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)。因此,便會(hui)感(gan)應二(er)次(ci)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan),當(dang)這個(ge)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)值(zhi)達(da)到該漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)保護(hu)器(qi)限定(ding)的(de)動作(zuo)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)值(zhi)時,自(zi)動開(kai)關(guan)脫扣(kou),切斷電(dian)(dian)源。
漏電斷路器內部結構
漏(lou)(lou)電(dian)斷路(lu)器由DZ47系列(lie)斷路(lu)器和漏(lou)(lou)電(dian)保護器(習慣上稱(cheng)之(zhi)為脫扣(kou)器)組裝而成。斷路(lu)器部(bu)分(fen)主要包括以下部(bu)件(jian)。
1)過電流(liu)脫扣(kou)器(雙金、電磁系統);
2)滅(mie)弧(hu)裝置(滅(mie)弧(hu)系統(tong));
3)觸頭系統;
4)外殼和接(jie)線端子;
5)操作機(ji)構(手柄、鎖扣、跳(tiao)扣、杠桿)。
斷路器(qi)的(de)(de)過(guo)載保護功能的(de)(de)實現(xian)是利(li)用雙金(jin)屬隨著(zhu)溫度升高(gao)而定向按規律彎曲的(de)(de)原理(li),正常電流(1.13In)彎曲角度不大,因此推力不足(zu)以使(shi)脫(tuo)扣機構(gou)脫(tuo)扣,當達過(guo)載電流(1.45In)彎曲角度大,推力足(zu)以推動脫(tuo)扣機構(gou)使(shi)開(kai)關斷開(kai),這就是過(guo)載保護的(de)(de)原理(li)。
斷路(lu)(lu)器(qi)的(de)(de)短路(lu)(lu)保(bao)護功能是由(you)(you)(you)瞬時(shi)(shi)脫扣器(qi)(電(dian)磁系統)來實現的(de)(de),電(dian)磁力(li)(li)與電(dian)流(liu)和匝(za)數之積成正(zheng)比,由(you)(you)(you)于(yu)瞬時(shi)(shi)脫扣器(qi)線圈(quan)(quan)匝(za)數少(一般只有10匝(za)以下),雖然瞬時(shi)(shi)脫扣器(qi)串接在電(dian)路(lu)(lu)中,電(dian)路(lu)(lu)正(zheng)常工(gong)作(zuo)時(shi)(shi),由(you)(you)(you)于(yu)匝(za)數少,正(zheng)常工(gong)作(zuo)電(dian)流(liu)產(chan)生的(de)(de)吸力(li)(li)不足(zu)以克服彈簧的(de)(de)反(fan)作(zuo)用(yong)力(li)(li),因(yin)此線路(lu)(lu)能正(zheng)常工(gong)作(zuo),但對于(yu)短路(lu)(lu)電(dian)流(liu)來說,由(you)(you)(you)于(yu)產(chan)生的(de)(de)電(dian)流(liu)與正(zheng)常工(gong)作(zuo)的(de)(de)電(dian)流(liu)相比相差(cha)幾倍以至(zhi)(zhi)幾十(shi)(shi)倍或更(geng)大(da),線圈(quan)(quan)匝(za)數沒變,但電(dian)流(liu)增(zeng)加幾倍以至(zhi)(zhi)幾十(shi)(shi)倍,因(yin)此吸力(li)(li)也增(zeng)加了(le)幾倍以至(zhi)(zhi)幾十(shi)(shi)倍,只要反(fan)力(li)(li)彈簧選擇合(he)理(li),都能符合(he)B型、C型、D型瞬時(shi)(shi)脫扣器(qi)的(de)(de)整定要求(qiu)。
漏(lou)電(dian)保護器(qi)(脫扣器(qi))部分主要(yao)包括以下部件。
1)電子(zi)組件板(控制線路板);
2)零序電流互感器;
3)漏(lou)電脫扣器(由牽引(yin)線(xian)圈、鐵芯、彈(dan)簧(huang)等組(zu)成(cheng));
4)漏(lou)電指示部分(fen)及試(shi)驗按扭等組(zu)成。
當(dang)無漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)或(huo)漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)達不到動(dong)作(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)時,零(ling)序(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)以感(gan)應出的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)不足以觸發(fa)可控(kong)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)G 極(ji)(控(kong)制極(ji)),此時A極(ji)(陽極(ji))與K極(ji)(陰極(ji))之間相當(dang)于一個(ge)大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)達1M(1M=1000000歐(ou)姆)以上,脫(tuo)扣(kou)(kou)器(qi)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)一般為幾十歐(ou)姆(30-60歐(ou)姆左右),脫(tuo)扣(kou)(kou)器(qi)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)與可控(kong)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)等效于串聯狀態(tai)。由于可控(kong)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)的(de)(de)(de)等效電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)遠遠大(da)于脫(tuo)扣(kou)(kou)器(qi)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)值,因(yin)此幾乎(hu)全(quan)(quan)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)加在可控(kong)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)的(de)(de)(de)A與K兩端,脫(tuo)扣(kou)(kou)器(qi)同(tong)乎(hu)無壓(ya)降(jiang),微小的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)不能帶(dai)動(dong)脫(tuo)扣(kou)(kou)器(qi)工作(zuo),因(yin)此保護(hu)器(qi)處于守侯狀態(tai),斷(duan)路(lu)器(qi)處于正常合閘(zha)狀態(tai)。當(dang)零(ling)序(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)互感(gan)器(qi)感(gan)應出的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)能觸發(fa)可控(kong)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)G極(ji)時,此時A與K兩端完全(quan)(quan)導通,電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)幾乎(hu)為0,全(quan)(quan)部(bu)壓(ya)降(jiang)加在脫(tuo)扣(kou)(kou)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)兩端,脫(tuo)扣(kou)(kou)器(qi)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)產生(sheng)足夠大(da)的(de)(de)(de)吸力,帶(dai)動(dong)脫(tuo)扣(kou)(kou)機(ji)構動(dong)作(zuo),從而(er)切斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan),實現(xian)自我保護(hu)。
漏電(dian)斷(duan)路器(qi)與漏電(dian)保護器(qi)(脫扣器(qi))二部分拼裝(zhuang)起來就(jiu)構成(cheng)一個完整(zheng)的(de)(de)漏電(dian)斷(duan)路器(qi),具(ju)有過載、 短路、漏電(dian)保護功(gong)能(neng),根據客戶(hu)要求(qiu)還(huan)可(ke)增加過壓保護功(gong)能(neng),過壓保護功(gong)能(neng)的(de)(de)實現(xian)是(shi)由(you)漏電(dian)保護器(qi)的(de)(de)電(dian)子組件板(ban)增加功(gong)能(neng)而實現(xian)的(de)(de)。
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