電(dian)(dian)力(li)的(de)輸送方式(shi) 電(dian)(dian)力(li)的(de)傳輸原理和過程

電(dian)力的輸送(song)方(fang)式 電(dian)力的傳(chuan)輸原理(li)和過程

一、傳輸

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)(de)傳輸(shu)，它和(he)(he)變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)一起，構成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統的(de)(de)整體(ti)功能。通過輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，把相(xiang)(xiang)距甚遠的(de)(de)(可達(da)數千千米(mi))發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠和(he)(he)負(fu)荷中心(xin)聯系起來(lai)(lai)，使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)(de)開(kai)發(fa)和(he)(he)利(li)用超越地(di)域的(de)(de)限制。和(he)(he)其他能源(yuan)的(de)(de)傳輸(shu)(如輸(shu)煤、輸(shu)油等(deng))相(xiang)(xiang)比，輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)損(sun)耗小、效(xiao)益(yi)高、靈活方便、易(yi)于調(diao)控、環境污染(ran)少;輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)還(huan)可以(yi)將(jiang)不同地(di)點的(de)(de)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠連接起來(lai)(lai)，實行峰谷調(diao)節(jie)。輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)是(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能利(li)用優越性(xing)的(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)體(ti)現，在現代化(hua)社會中，它是(shi)(shi)重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)能源(yuan)動脈。

輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)按(an)結構形(xing)式可分為架(jia)空輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)和地(di)(di)下輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)。前(qian)者(zhe)由線(xian)(xian)路(lu)桿塔、導線(xian)(xian)、絕緣(yuan)子(zi)等構成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，架(jia)設在地(di)(di)面上;后者(zhe)主要用電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)，敷設在地(di)(di)下(或水下)。輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)按(an)所送電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)性質(zhi)可分為直流(liu)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)和交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。19世紀80年(nian)(nian)代首(shou)先成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)功地(di)(di)實(shi)現了直流(liu)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，后因受(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)提不高的(de)限制(輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)量大(da)體與輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)平方成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)比(bi)例)19世紀末為交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)所取代。交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)功，迎(ying)來了20世紀電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)化時代。20世紀60年(nian)(nian)代以來，由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)技術的(de)發(fa)展，直流(liu)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)又有新發(fa)展，與交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)相(xiang)配(pei)合，形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)交(jiao)(jiao)直流(liu)混(hun)合的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統。

輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的高低是輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)技術發(fa)展水平的主要標志。到20世紀90年代，世界各國常(chang)用(yong)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)有(you)220千伏(fu)及以(yi)上的高壓(ya)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)330～765千伏(fu)的超高壓(ya)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)，1000千伏(fu)及以(yi)上的特(te)高壓(ya)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)。

二.變電

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統中(zhong)(zhong)，發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠將(jiang)(jiang)天然的(de)(de)一次能(neng)(neng)源轉變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)，向遠方的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)用(yong)戶(hu)送(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，為(wei)了減小輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線路上(shang)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)損耗及(ji)線路阻抗壓(ya)降，需要將(jiang)(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)升高;為(wei)了滿足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)用(yong)戶(hu)安全(quan)的(de)(de)需要，又(you)要將(jiang)(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)降低(di)，并(bing)分(fen)配給各個(ge)用(yong)戶(hu)，這就需要能(neng)(neng)升高和降低(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，并(bing)能(neng)(neng)分(fen)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所(suo)(suo)。所(suo)(suo)以(yi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所(suo)(suo)是(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統中(zhong)(zhong)通(tong)過(guo)其變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)換電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)、接受和分(fen)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)工(gong)裝置(zhi)，它是(shi)(shi)聯(lian)系(xi)(xi)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)用(yong)戶(hu)的(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)間環節，同時(shi)通(tong)過(guo)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所(suo)(suo)將(jiang)(jiang)各電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等(deng)級的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網聯(lian)系(xi)(xi)起來，變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所(suo)(suo)的(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)是(shi)(shi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)換電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，傳輸和分(fen)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)。變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所(suo)(suo)由(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器、配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝置(zhi)、二次系(xi)(xi)統及(ji)必要的(de)(de)附屬設備組成。

變(bian)壓(ya)器是(shi)變(bian)電所的中心設備，變(bian)壓(ya)器利用的是(shi)電磁感應(ying)原理。

配(pei)電(dian)(dian)裝置(zhi)是變(bian)電(dian)(dian)所(suo)中所(suo)有(you)的(de)開(kai)關電(dian)(dian)器(qi)、載流導(dao)體輔(fu)助設備(bei)連接(jie)在一起的(de)裝置(zhi)。其(qi)作用是接(jie)受和分配(pei)電(dian)(dian)能。配(pei)電(dian)(dian)裝置(zhi)主要(yao)由母線、高壓斷路器(qi)開(kai)關、電(dian)(dian)抗器(qi)線圈、互感器(qi)、電(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)容器(qi)、避雷器(qi)、高壓熔斷器(qi)、二次設備(bei)及必要(yao)的(de)其(qi)他輔(fu)助設備(bei)所(suo)組(zu)成。

二次設備是指一(yi)次系統(tong)狀態測量、控制、監察和保護(hu)的(de)設備裝置(zhi)。由這些(xie)設備構成的(de)回路叫(jiao)二次回路，總稱二次系統(tong)。

二(er)次(ci)系(xi)統(tong)的設備(bei)包含測量裝(zhuang)置(zhi)、控(kong)制裝(zhuang)置(zhi)、繼電保護(hu)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)、自動控(kong)制裝(zhuang)置(zhi)、直流系(xi)統(tong)及必(bi)要的附屬(shu)設備(bei)。