如(ru)何(he)自制(zhi)經(jing)緯儀 經(jing)緯儀的制(zhi)作方法(fa)
如何自(zi)制經緯儀 經緯儀的制作方法
如何自製經緯儀
一、赤經及赤緯
在茫茫大海中(zhong),航(hang)行的(de)(de)船隻(zhi)遇到(dao)危險,求急救(jiu)時(shi),第(di)一就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)要(yao)(yao)讓(rang)救(jiu)援的(de)(de)人知道船隻(zhi)的(de)(de)所(suo)在處(chu),也就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)說(shuo)要(yao)(yao)將船隻(zhi)所(suo)在的(de)(de)經緯度(du)告知救(jiu)援的(de)(de)人。經緯度(du)不(bu)僅能在海洋上指出船隻(zhi)的(de)(de)位(wei)(wei)置。它的(de)(de)最大好處(chu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)能將一個物(wu)體的(de)(de)確(que)實位(wei)(wei)置,很簡潔(jie)地讓(rang)大家都能明了。同樣的(de)(de),在無際無涯的(de)(de)夜(ye)空星(xing)海中(zhong),一旦發現了新的(de)(de)星(xing)體,你如何將它的(de)(de)正確(que)位(wei)(wei)置,公諸于(yu)世呢?你是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)否想(xiang)到(dao)應(ying)該有一種類似經緯度(du)的(de)(de)度(du)量系(xi)(xi)統,來標定星(xing)球位(wei)(wei)置,製(zhi)作星(xing)圖(tu)呢?天文學家所(suo)使用的(de)(de)度(du)量系(xi)(xi)統是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)赤(chi)經(Right ascension)及赤(chi)緯(Declination),赤(chi)緯的(de)(de)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)度(du)(Degrees),赤(chi)經單(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)時(shi)(Hours)、分(Minutes),我(wo)們對這些也許(xu)并不(bu)熟悉,但要(yao)(yao)了解也并不(bu)難。
由(you)于(yu)星辰距我們(men)(men)甚(shen)遠(yuan),單靠眼(yan)睛(jing)實(shi)在(zai)辨別不(bu)出它(ta)們(men)(men)之(zhi)(zhi)間的(de)遠(yuan)近差別,因(yin)此這些星球(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)在(zai)我們(men)(men)看(kan)來都好(hao)像(xiang)(xiang)同樣遠(yuan)近。我們(men)(men)就(jiu)假想(xiang)有一(yi)懸空(kong)之(zhi)(zhi)球(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)殼(ke)罩(zhao)住了整(zheng)個(ge)(ge)地(di)球(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu),這個(ge)(ge)假想(xiang)的(de)球(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)就(jiu)叫(jiao)做天(tian)球(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(Celestial sphere),而(er)(er)這些星星就(jiu)固(gu)定在(zai)球(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)殼(ke)內面,每次(ci)我們(men)(men)只能看(kan)到(dao)半(ban)個(ge)(ge)球(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)面。因(yin)為地(di)球(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)自(zi)轉(zhuan)的(de)結果,天(tian)球(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)便(bian)好(hao)像(xiang)(xiang)由(you)東至西不(bu)斷地(di)繞著我們(men)(men)旋(xuan)轉(zhuan),而(er)(er)天(tian)球(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)北(bei)(南(nan))極(ji)恰在(zai)地(di)球(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)地(di)理北(bei)(南(nan))極(ji)的(de)正(zheng)上(shang)空(kong),天(tian)球(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)赤(chi)道也恰在(zai)地(di)球(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)赤(chi)道的(de)正(zheng)上(shang)空(kong),即位在(zai)二天(tian)極(ji)的(de)中央。像(xiang)(xiang)地(di)球(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)一(yi)樣,我們(men)(men)將天(tian)球(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)刻劃上(shang)了經(jing)(jing)緯度,在(zai)天(tian)文學(xue)中這相當于(yu)地(di)球(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)緯(經(jing)(jing))度的(de),便(bian)叫(jiao)做赤(chi)緯(赤(chi)經(jing)(jing))。從天(tian)極(ji)到(dao)天(tian)球(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)赤(chi)道間,赤(chi)緯共分(fen)90°;而(er)(er)赤(chi)經(jing)(jing)共分(fen)24時(shi),1時(shi)又分(fen)60分(fen),即1h=60m=15°,這是(shi)因(yin)為地(di)球(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)或天(tian)球(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)每小時(shi)旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)15°而(er)(er)得名(ming)。
這套決定天體位(wei)(wei)置(zhi)(zhi)的(de)方法,看(kan)起來相(xiang)當(dang)複(fu)雜,但是它有許多(duo)好處。例如(ru),天球不斷旋轉,所(suo)以星(xing)星(xing)的(de)視(shi)位(wei)(wei)置(zhi)(zhi)不斷改變,像是由東(dong)至西(xi)橫過夜空;同(tong)時,又因(yin)地球公(gong)轉結果,雖在同(tong)一時刻,隔幾(ji)天后,星(xing)星(xing)位(wei)(wei)置(zhi)(zhi)也稍稍偏(pian)西(xi);或(huo)是你由北(bei)向南(nan)行走(zou)時,星(xing)星(xing)對地平(ping)線之(zhi)(zhi)相(xiang)對位(wei)(wei)置(zhi)(zhi),也都有所(suo)改變。既然星(xing)星(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)視(shi)位(wei)(wei)置(zhi)(zhi),如(ru)此善(shan)變,故要依照所(suo)見(jian)來說(shuo)明(ming)其位(wei)(wei)置(zhi)(zhi),是相(xiang)當(dang)困難的(de),只(zhi)能藉著赤(chi)經、赤(chi)緯(wei)來說(shuo)明(ming)了,因(yin)為每(mei)一個星(xing)球恰與一組赤(chi)經緯(wei)度相(xiang)對應。但也由于星(xing)象瞬息萬變,到底應如(ru)何去測量其赤(chi)經及赤(chi)緯(wei)呢?
二、簡易經緯儀之製作
簡易經緯儀使用
經緯儀(Theodolite)是(shi)用來量度赤經、赤緯的,它是(shi)一種具有許(xu)多天(tian)文望遠鏡(jing)特性的觀測裝置(zhi)。
現在介紹一種簡單的經緯儀做(zuo)法,所須(xu)材料列于表(biao)一,各材料之(zhi)尺(chi)寸大(da)小僅供參(can)改(gai),可自斟(zhen)酌(zhuo),但各零(ling)件之(zhi)相關位置必須(xu)弄清。
1.用厚(3/8)"之三夾(jia)板,鋸下二(er)個圓(yuan)盤(pan)(pan),直徑(jing)比(bi)量角(jiao)器(分(fen)度器)稍(shao)大約(1/2)"即可(ke)。以(yi)強力膠在每一圓(yuan)盤(pan)(pan)上,黏上二(er)塊(kuai)量角(jiao)器,量角(jiao)器底邊中點,須確實黏在圓(yuan)盤(pan)(pan)中心(xin)上。
2.把(ba)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)圓(yuan)盤用二根(gen)螺絲釘(ding),固定在(zai)D上(shang),圓(yuan)盤之(zhi)圓(yuan)心與90°之(zhi)連線(xian)(xian),必須與D之(zhi)中線(xian)(xian)重疊,在(zai)D之(zhi)兩端(duan)各釘(ding)上(shang)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)螺絲圈,(注(zhu)意(yi)不是釘(ding)在(zai)有圓(yuan)盤的那一(yi)(yi)面,)視線(xian)(xian)便可通過兩個(ge)小圈觀察(cha)。
3.在另一圓盤圓心處,鑿一(1/4)"的(de)洞,這洞要同時穿(chuan)過A、C,用一螺絲穿(chuan)過栓好,調整一下鬆緊程度,使C很容易旋轉。
4.從附于D之量角器圓心鑿洞,以木栓或螺絲將(jiang)D、C旋緊。但D、C間要(yao)能轉動(dong),不要(yao)固(gu)定。
5.用(yong)鐵片截取三(san)個三(san)角形(xing)(xing),以(yi)螺絲釘或小(xiao)釘子將它(ta)們附于C上,三(san)角形(xing)(xing)之尖端必(bi)須平貼(tie)于量角器上。
6.以鉸鍊將A、B接好。
7.G、H上距(ju)一(yi)端(duan)(3/4)"處鑿一(yi)小洞(dong),距(ju)此洞(dong) 1"處起,沿(yan)每(mei)一(yi)木絛之(zhi)中線,鑿一(yi)寬(kuan)(3/16)"之(zhi)細(xi)縫(feng),直(zhi)到距(ju)另一(yi)端(duan)1"處。在小洞(dong)處以螺(luo)絲釘(ding)將G、H栓在A之(zhi)二(er)邊,再(zai)用座鉆(zhan)通過(guo)細(xi)縫(feng)將G、H栓在B 之(zhi)邊上,這是(shi)用來調整角度x的。釘(ding)螺(luo)絲或座鉆(zhan)時(shi),應(ying)釘(ding)在適(shi)當位置,以致當調整至細(xi)縫(feng)末端(duan)時(shi),A、B能夠重合。
經緯儀這時便可(ke)使用了。