【建筑(zhu)模板】什么(me)是建筑(zhu)模板 建筑(zhu)模板種類有哪(na)些

一、什么是建筑模板

建筑模板是(shi)一種臨時性(xing)支護(hu)結構，按設計要求制作(zuo)，使混(hun)凝土(tu)結構、構件按規定的(de)位置、幾何尺寸成形，保持其(qi)正(zheng)確位置，并(bing)承(cheng)受建筑模板自重及作(zuo)用在其(qi)上的(de)外部荷(he)載。進行(xing)模板工程(cheng)的(de)目的(de)，是(shi)保證(zheng)混(hun)凝土(tu)工程(cheng)質量與施工安全、加快施工進度和降低工程(cheng)成本。

二、建筑模板的組成部件

現澆混凝土結構(gou)工程施工用的建筑模板結構(gou)，主要由(you)面板、支撐結構(gou)和(he)連接件三部分組成。

1、面板是直接(jie)接(jie)觸新澆混凝(ning)土的承(cheng)力板；

2、支撐(cheng)結構(gou)則是支承面板、混凝土和施(shi)工荷載的(de)臨(lin)時結構(gou)，保證建筑模板結構(gou)牢固(gu)地組合，做到不(bu)變(bian)形、不(bu)破壞；

3、連(lian)(lian)接件是將面板(ban)與支(zhi)撐結(jie)構連(lian)(lian)接成整(zheng)體的配件。

三、建筑模板的分類

（一）按材料分類

模(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)按(an)所用的材(cai)料不同，分為(wei)木(mu)模(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)、鋼木(mu)模(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)、鋼模(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)、鋼竹模(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)、膠合(he)板(ban)(ban)(ban)模(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)、塑料模(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)、玻璃鋼模(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)、鋁合(he)金(jin)模(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)等。

1、木(mu)(mu)模(mo)板(ban)的(de)樹種(zhong)可按各地區實際情況選用(yong)(yong)，一般多(duo)為(wei)(wei)松木(mu)(mu)和杉木(mu)(mu)。由于木(mu)(mu)模(mo)板(ban)木(mu)(mu)材消(xiao)耗量(liang)大、重復使用(yong)(yong)率低，為(wei)(wei)節(jie)約木(mu)(mu)材，在(zai)現澆鋼筋混凝土結(jie)構中應盡量(liang)少用(yong)(yong)或不用(yong)(yong)木(mu)(mu)模(mo)板(ban)。 鋼木(mu)(mu)模(mo)板(ban)是以(yi)角鋼為(wei)(wei)邊框，以(yi)木(mu)(mu)板(ban)作面(mian)板(ban)的(de)定型模(mo)板(ban),其優點(dian)是可以(yi)充分利(li)用(yong)(yong)短(duan)木(mu)(mu)料(liao)并能多(duo)次周轉使用(yong)(yong)；

2、膠合(he)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)模(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)是以(yi)膠合(he)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)為(wei)面板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)，角鋼為(wei)邊(bian)(bian)框(kuang)的定型模(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)。以(yi)膠合(he)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)為(wei)面板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)，克服了木材(cai)的不(bu)等(deng)方向性(xing)的缺點，受(shou)力性(xing)能好。這種(zhong)(zhong)模(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)具有強度高(gao)、自重小、不(bu)翹曲、不(bu)開裂及板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)幅(fu)大(da)、接縫少(shao)的優點。鋼竹模(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)是以(yi)角鋼為(wei)邊(bian)(bian)框(kuang)，以(yi)竹編膠合(he)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)為(wei)面板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)的定型板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)。這種(zhong)(zhong)模(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)剛(gang)度較大(da)、不(bu)易變(bian)形(xing)、重量(liang)輕、操作方便；

3、鋼(gang)模(mo)板一(yi)般均做成定型模(mo)板，用(yong)(yong)連接構件拼裝成各種(zhong)形(xing)(xing)狀和(he)(he)尺寸，適用(yong)(yong)于多種(zhong)結構形(xing)(xing)式(shi)，在現澆鋼(gang)筋混凝土結構施工中廣(guang)泛(fan)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)。鋼(gang)模(mo)板一(yi)次投資量大，但周轉率高(gao)，在使(shi)用(yong)(yong)過程中應(ying)注(zhu)意(yi)保管和(he)(he)維護、防(fang)止生銹以延長鋼(gang)模(mo)板的使(shi)用(yong)(yong)壽命；

4、塑料模(mo)板、玻璃(li)鋼模(mo)板、鋁合金模(mo)板具有重(zhong)量輕、剛度大、拼裝方便、周轉率高的特點(dian)，但由于造價較高，在施工中尚未普遍使(shi)用(yong)。

（二）按結構類型分類

各(ge)(ge)種現澆鋼筋混凝(ning)土(tu)結構(gou)構(gou)件，由于其(qi)形(xing)狀、尺寸、構(gou)造(zao)不(bu)同(tong)，模(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)構(gou)造(zao)及組裝方法也不(bu)同(tong)，形(xing)成各(ge)(ge)自的(de)特點(dian)。按結構(gou)的(de)類型模(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)分為：基礎模(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、柱模(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、梁模(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、樓板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)模(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、樓梯(ti)模(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、墻模(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、殼模(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、煙囪模(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)等(deng)多種。

（三）按施工方法分類

1、現場裝拆(chai)式模板(ban)

在(zai)施工(gong)現(xian)(xian)場按照設計要求的結(jie)構形狀，尺寸及空(kong)間(jian)位置現(xian)(xian)場組裝(zhuang)的模(mo)板，當混凝土達到拆(chai)模(mo)強度后拆(chai)除模(mo)板。現(xian)(xian)場裝(zhuang)拆(chai)式模(mo)板多用定(ding)形模(mo)板和(he)工(gong)具式支撐；

2、固定式模板

制作預制構件(jian)用的模(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)。按(an)照構件(jian)的形狀、尺寸在現場或預制廠(chang)制作模(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)。各種胎(tai)模(mo)(mo)(mo)（土胎(tai)模(mo)(mo)(mo)、磚胎(tai)模(mo)(mo)(mo)、混凝(ning)土胎(tai)模(mo)(mo)(mo)）即屬固(gu)定式(shi)模(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)；

3、移動式模板

隨(sui)著混凝(ning)土(tu)的(de)(de)澆筑，模板(ban)可(ke)沿垂直方向或水平方向移(yi)動(dong)，稱為移(yi)動(dong)式模板(ban)。如煙囪、水塔、墻柱混凝(ning)土(tu)澆筑時采(cai)用(yong)的(de)(de)滑升(sheng)模板(ban)、提升(sheng)模板(ban)和(he)筒殼澆筑混凝(ning)土(tu)時采(cai)用(yong)的(de)(de)水平移(yi)動(dong)式模板(ban)等。