【電(dian)力系(xi)(xi)統自動化(hua)(hua)】電(dian)力系(xi)(xi)統自動化(hua)(hua)結構 電(dian)力系(xi)(xi)統自動化(hua)(hua)概述(shu)

電力系統自動化結構

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)化(hua)(hua)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能生(sheng)產(chan)、傳輸(shu)和(he)(he)(he)(he)管理(li)實現自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)控(kong)制、自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)和(he)(he)(he)(he)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)化(hua)(hua)管理(li)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)是一(yi)個地域分布遼闊，由發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)、變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站、輸(shu)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)絡和(he)(he)(he)(he)用戶組成的(de)(de)統(tong)(tong)(tong)一(yi)調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)和(he)(he)(he)(he)運行(xing)的(de)(de)復雜(za)大系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)領域包括生(sheng)產(chan)過程的(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)檢測、調(diao)(diao)節和(he)(he)(he)(he)控(kong)制，系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)和(he)(he)(he)(he)元件的(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)安全保(bao)護，網(wang)絡信(xin)息的(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)傳輸(shu)，系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)，以及企業的(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)化(hua)(hua)經濟(ji)管理(li)等。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)主(zhu)要目標是保(bao)證供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能質量（頻率(lv)和(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓），保(bao)證系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)運行(xing)的(de)(de)安全可(ke)靠(kao)，提高經濟(ji)效益和(he)(he)(he)(he)管理(li)效能。

傳輸系統

電力(li)系(xi)統(tong)信(xin)息自(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)傳輸系(xi)統(tong)簡稱遠(yuan)(yuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)系(xi)統(tong)。其(qi)功(gong)能(neng)是(shi)(shi)實(shi)現(xian)調(diao)(diao)度中心和(he)(he)(he)發電廠(chang)變(bian)電站(zhan)間(jian)的(de)(de)實(shi)時(shi)信(xin)息傳輸。自(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)傳輸系(xi)統(tong)由(you)遠(yuan)(yuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)裝置和(he)(he)(he)遠(yuan)(yuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)通(tong)道組(zu)成。遠(yuan)(yuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)通(tong)道有微波、載波、高頻、聲頻和(he)(he)(he)光導通(tong)信(xin)等多種形式(shi)(shi)(shi)。遠(yuan)(yuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)裝置按功(gong)能(neng)分(fen)(fen)為遙(yao)測(ce)、遙(yao)信(xin)、遙(yao)控(kong)三(san)類。把(ba)廠(chang)站(zhan)的(de)(de)模擬量通(tong)過(guo)變(bian)換(huan)輸送到位于調(diao)(diao)度中心的(de)(de)接收(shou)端并加(jia)以(yi)顯(xian)(xian)示(shi)的(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)稱為遙(yao)測(ce)。把(ba)廠(chang)站(zhan)的(de)(de)開關量輸送到接收(shou)端并加(jia)以(yi)顯(xian)(xian)示(shi)的(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)稱為遙(yao)信(xin)。把(ba)調(diao)(diao)度端的(de)(de)控(kong)制和(he)(he)(he)調(diao)(diao)節信(xin)號輸送到位于廠(chang)站(zhan)的(de)(de)接收(shou)端實(shi)現(xian)對(dui)調(diao)(diao)節對(dui)象的(de)(de)控(kong)制的(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)，稱為遙(yao)控(kong)或遙(yao)調(diao)(diao)。遠(yuan)(yuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)裝置按組(zu)成方式(shi)(shi)(shi)可分(fen)(fen)為布線(xian)邏輯式(shi)(shi)(shi)遠(yuan)(yuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)裝置和(he)(he)(he)存儲程(cheng)序式(shi)(shi)(shi)邏輯裝置。前者由(you)硬件邏輯電路以(yi)固(gu)定接線(xian)方式(shi)(shi)(shi)實(shi)現(xian)其(qi)功(gong)能(neng)，后者是(shi)(shi)一種計算機(ji)化(hua)的(de)(de)遠(yuan)(yuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)裝置。

事故裝置

反(fan)(fan)事(shi)(shi)故自(zi)動(dong)裝置的功能是防止電力系統的事(shi)(shi)故危及系統和電氣(qi)設備的運行(xing)。在電力系統中裝設的反(fan)(fan)事(shi)(shi)故自(zi)動(dong)裝置有兩種基本(ben)類型。

（1）繼電保護裝置：其功能是防止系統故障對電氣設備的損壞，常用來保護線路、母線、發電機、變壓器(qi)、電動機(ji)等電氣設(she)備。按照產生保(bao)護(hu)(hu)作(zuo)用的原理，繼電保(bao)護(hu)(hu)裝置分(fen)為過電流(liu)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)、方向保(bao)護(hu)(hu)、差動保(bao)護(hu)(hu)、距離保(bao)護(hu)(hu)和高(gao)頻保(bao)護(hu)(hu)等類(lei)型。

（2）系(xi)統安全(quan)(quan)(quan)保(bao)(bao)護裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)置：用(yong)以(yi)保(bao)(bao)證電(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統的(de)(de)安全(quan)(quan)(quan)運行，防(fang)止(zhi)出現系(xi)統振蕩(dang)、失步(bu)解列(lie)(lie)、全(quan)(quan)(quan)網性(xing)(xing)頻率崩(beng)潰和電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓崩(beng)潰等災害(hai)性(xing)(xing)事(shi)故。系(xi)統安全(quan)(quan)(quan)保(bao)(bao)護裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)置按功能分為(wei)4種(zhong)形式：一(yi)是(shi)屬于(yu)(yu)備用(yong)設備的(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)投入(ru)，如(ru)備用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)投入(ru)，輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)線路的(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)重合(he)閘(zha)等；二是(shi)屬于(yu)(yu)控制(zhi)(zhi)受電(dian)(dian)(dian)端(duan)功率缺額(e)，如(ru)低(di)周波自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)減負(fu)荷裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)置、低(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)減負(fu)荷裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)置、機(ji)組低(di)頻自(zi)(zi)起動(dong)(dong)(dong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)置等；三是(shi)屬于(yu)(yu)控制(zhi)(zhi)送電(dian)(dian)(dian)端(duan)功率過剩，如(ru)快速自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)切機(ji)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)置、快關汽門裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)置、電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)置等；四是(shi)屬于(yu)(yu)控制(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)統振蕩(dang)失步(bu)，如(ru)系(xi)統振蕩(dang)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)解列(lie)(lie)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)置、自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)并列(lie)(lie)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)置等。

電力系統自動化分類

按照電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的生產和(he)分(fen)配過程(cheng)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)自動(dong)(dong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)包(bao)括電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網調(diao)(diao)度(du)自動(dong)(dong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)、火力(li)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)(chang)自動(dong)(dong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)、水力(li)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)綜合(he)自動(dong)(dong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)信(xin)息自動(dong)(dong)傳輸系統(tong)(tong)(tong)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)反(fan)事故自動(dong)(dong)裝(zhuang)置、供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)自動(dong)(dong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)工業(ye)管理系統(tong)(tong)(tong)的自動(dong)(dong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)等7個(ge)(ge)方(fang)面(mian)，并形成(cheng)一個(ge)(ge)分(fen)層(ceng)分(fen)級的自動(dong)(dong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)(見圖）。區域調(diao)(diao)度(du)中心(xin)、區域變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)和(he)區域性(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)(chang)組成(cheng)最(zui)低層(ceng)次；中間層(ceng)次由(you)省（市）調(diao)(diao)度(du)中心(xin)、樞紐變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)和(he)直屬電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)(chang)組成(cheng)，由(you)總(zong)調(diao)(diao)度(du)中心(xin)構(gou)成(cheng)最(zui)高層(ceng)次。而在每個(ge)(ge)層(ceng)次中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)(chang)、變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)、配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網絡等又構(gou)成(cheng)多級控制。

電網調度

現(xian)代的(de)(de)電(dian)網自(zi)動(dong)(dong)化調(diao)度系統(tong)是以計(ji)算(suan)機(ji)為(wei)(wei)核(he)心的(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)系統(tong)，包括實時(shi)(shi)(shi)信(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)集(ji)和顯(xian)(xian)示系統(tong)，以及供實時(shi)(shi)(shi)計(ji)算(suan)、分析(xi)、控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)用(yong)的(de)(de)軟(ruan)件系統(tong)。信(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)集(ji)和顯(xian)(xian)示系統(tong)具有數(shu)據采集(ji)、屏(ping)幕顯(xian)(xian)示、安(an)全檢測、運行(xing)工況(kuang)計(ji)算(suan)分析(xi)和實時(shi)(shi)(shi)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)的(de)(de)功能。在發(fa)電(dian)廠(chang)和變(bian)電(dian)站的(de)(de)收(shou)集(ji)信(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)部(bu)分稱為(wei)(wei)遠動(dong)(dong)端，位于調(diao)度中心的(de)(de)部(bu)分稱為(wei)(wei)調(diao)度端。軟(ruan)件系統(tong)由靜態狀態估計(ji)、自(zi)動(dong)(dong)發(fa)電(dian)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)、最優潮(chao)流、自(zi)動(dong)(dong)電(dian)壓與(yu)無功控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)、負(fu)荷預測、最優機(ji)組開停計(ji)劃、安(an)全監視(shi)與(yu)安(an)全分析(xi)、緊急控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)和電(dian)路恢復等程序組成。

火力發電

火(huo)力發電廠的(de)自動化(hua)項目(mu)包括(kuo)：

（1）廠內機、爐、電(dian)運行(xing)設備的安全檢測，包括數(shu)據(ju)采(cai)集、狀(zhuang)態監視、屏幕顯示、越(yue)限報警、故障(zhang)檢出(chu)等(deng)。

（2）計算機(ji)實(shi)時控制，實(shi)現由點火至并網的全部自動(dong)起(qi)動(dong)過程。

（3）有功負荷的(de)經濟(ji)分配和自動增(zeng)減。

（4）母線電(dian)壓控制(zhi)和無功功率的自動增減。

（5）穩(wen)定監視和控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。采用的控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方式有兩種(zhong)形式：一(yi)種(zhong)是(shi)計算機輸出通過外圍設備去調整常規模擬(ni)式調節器的設定值(zhi)而實現監督控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)；另一(yi)種(zhong)是(shi)用計算機輸出外圍設備直(zhi)接(jie)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)生產過程而實現直(zhi)接(jie)數字(zi)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。

水力發電

需(xu)要實(shi)施自動化的項(xiang)目包括(kuo)大壩監護、水庫調度(du)和電(dian)站(zhan)運行(xing)三個方面(mian)。

（1）大壩計(ji)算機自動(dong)監控系(xi)統：包括數據采集、計(ji)算分析、越限報警(jing)和提供維護方案等(deng)。

（2）水庫水文信息(xi)的(de)(de)(de)自動(dong)監控系統：包括雨量和水文信息(xi)的(de)(de)(de)自動(dong)收集(ji)、水庫調度計劃的(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)訂(ding)，以及攔(lan)洪和蓄(xu)洪控制(zhi)方案的(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)擇等。

（3）廠(chang)(chang)內(nei)計算機(ji)自動監控(kong)系統：包括全(quan)廠(chang)(chang)機(ji)電運行設備的(de)安全(quan)監測(ce)、發電機(ji)組的(de)自動控(kong)制、優化(hua)運行和經濟(ji)負荷分配、穩定監視和控(kong)制等。