【電(dian)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)自(zi)動化(hua)(hua)】電(dian)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)自(zi)動化(hua)(hua)結構 電(dian)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)自(zi)動化(hua)(hua)概述

電力系統自動化結構

電(dian)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)自動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)化對電(dian)能(neng)(neng)生(sheng)產、傳(chuan)輸(shu)和(he)(he)(he)管理(li)(li)實現自動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)控制、自動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)調度(du)和(he)(he)(he)自動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)化管理(li)(li)。電(dian)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)是一個地(di)域(yu)分布遼闊，由發電(dian)廠、變電(dian)站、輸(shu)配電(dian)網絡(luo)和(he)(he)(he)用(yong)戶組成的(de)(de)統(tong)(tong)一調度(du)和(he)(he)(he)運(yun)行(xing)的(de)(de)復雜大系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)。電(dian)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)自動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)化的(de)(de)領域(yu)包括(kuo)生(sheng)產過程的(de)(de)自動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)檢(jian)測、調節和(he)(he)(he)控制，系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)和(he)(he)(he)元件的(de)(de)自動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)安(an)全保(bao)護，網絡(luo)信(xin)息的(de)(de)自動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)傳(chuan)輸(shu)，系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)生(sheng)產的(de)(de)自動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)調度(du)，以(yi)及企業(ye)的(de)(de)自動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)化經濟(ji)(ji)管理(li)(li)等。電(dian)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)自動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)化的(de)(de)主要目標(biao)是保(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)供電(dian)的(de)(de)電(dian)能(neng)(neng)質(zhi)量（頻率和(he)(he)(he)電(dian)壓），保(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)運(yun)行(xing)的(de)(de)安(an)全可靠，提高經濟(ji)(ji)效益和(he)(he)(he)管理(li)(li)效能(neng)(neng)。

傳輸系統

電(dian)力(li)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)信(xin)息自動(dong)傳輸(shu)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)簡稱(cheng)遠(yuan)(yuan)動(dong)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)。其功能是(shi)實(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)調(diao)度(du)中心(xin)和發電(dian)廠(chang)變電(dian)站(zhan)間的(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)時信(xin)息傳輸(shu)。自動(dong)傳輸(shu)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)由遠(yuan)(yuan)動(dong)裝(zhuang)置和遠(yuan)(yuan)動(dong)通道組(zu)成。遠(yuan)(yuan)動(dong)通道有微波(bo)、載波(bo)、高頻、聲頻和光導通信(xin)等多種形(xing)式(shi)。遠(yuan)(yuan)動(dong)裝(zhuang)置按(an)功能分為(wei)遙(yao)(yao)測、遙(yao)(yao)信(xin)、遙(yao)(yao)控三(san)類。把(ba)廠(chang)站(zhan)的(de)(de)模擬量(liang)通過(guo)變換輸(shu)送(song)(song)到位(wei)于調(diao)度(du)中心(xin)的(de)(de)接(jie)收(shou)(shou)端并(bing)加(jia)(jia)以(yi)顯(xian)示的(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)稱(cheng)為(wei)遙(yao)(yao)測。把(ba)廠(chang)站(zhan)的(de)(de)開關量(liang)輸(shu)送(song)(song)到接(jie)收(shou)(shou)端并(bing)加(jia)(jia)以(yi)顯(xian)示的(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)稱(cheng)為(wei)遙(yao)(yao)信(xin)。把(ba)調(diao)度(du)端的(de)(de)控制(zhi)和調(diao)節信(xin)號輸(shu)送(song)(song)到位(wei)于廠(chang)站(zhan)的(de)(de)接(jie)收(shou)(shou)端實(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)對調(diao)節對象的(de)(de)控制(zhi)的(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)，稱(cheng)為(wei)遙(yao)(yao)控或遙(yao)(yao)調(diao)。遠(yuan)(yuan)動(dong)裝(zhuang)置按(an)組(zu)成方式(shi)可分為(wei)布線邏輯(ji)式(shi)遠(yuan)(yuan)動(dong)裝(zhuang)置和存儲程(cheng)序式(shi)邏輯(ji)裝(zhuang)置。前者由硬件(jian)邏輯(ji)電(dian)路以(yi)固定接(jie)線方式(shi)實(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)其功能，后(hou)者是(shi)一種計算機(ji)化(hua)的(de)(de)遠(yuan)(yuan)動(dong)裝(zhuang)置。

事故裝置

反(fan)事故自動(dong)裝置的功能是防止(zhi)電力(li)系統的事故危及系統和電氣設備的運行。在電力(li)系統中裝設的反(fan)事故自動(dong)裝置有兩種(zhong)基本(ben)類型(xing)。

（1）繼電保護裝置：其功能是防止系統故障對電氣設備的損壞，常用來保護線路、母線、發電機、變壓(ya)器、電動機等(deng)電氣設備。按照(zhao)產生保(bao)護(hu)作用的(de)原理，繼電保(bao)護(hu)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)分為過電流保(bao)護(hu)、方向保(bao)護(hu)、差(cha)動保(bao)護(hu)、距(ju)離(li)保(bao)護(hu)和高頻(pin)保(bao)護(hu)等(deng)類型。

（2）系(xi)(xi)(xi)統安(an)全保(bao)(bao)護(hu)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)：用(yong)以保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)電(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統的(de)安(an)全運行，防止出現系(xi)(xi)(xi)統振蕩、失(shi)步解列、全網性(xing)頻(pin)率(lv)崩潰(kui)和電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)崩潰(kui)等災(zai)害性(xing)事(shi)故。系(xi)(xi)(xi)統安(an)全保(bao)(bao)護(hu)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)按功(gong)能分為4種形式：一是(shi)(shi)屬(shu)于(yu)(yu)備(bei)用(yong)設(she)備(bei)的(de)自(zi)(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)投(tou)入(ru)，如備(bei)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)源自(zi)(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)投(tou)入(ru)，輸電(dian)(dian)線路的(de)自(zi)(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)重合閘等；二是(shi)(shi)屬(shu)于(yu)(yu)控(kong)制(zhi)受(shou)電(dian)(dian)端功(gong)率(lv)缺額，如低周波(bo)自(zi)(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)減負荷裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)、低電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)自(zi)(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)減負荷裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)、機(ji)組低頻(pin)自(zi)(zi)(zi)起動(dong)(dong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)等；三是(shi)(shi)屬(shu)于(yu)(yu)控(kong)制(zhi)送電(dian)(dian)端功(gong)率(lv)過(guo)剩，如快速自(zi)(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)切機(ji)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)、快關汽門(men)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)、電(dian)(dian)氣制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)等；四是(shi)(shi)屬(shu)于(yu)(yu)控(kong)制(zhi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統振蕩失(shi)步，如系(xi)(xi)(xi)統振蕩自(zi)(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)解列裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)、自(zi)(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)并列裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)等。

電力系統自動化分類

按照(zhao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)生產和(he)分配過程(cheng)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統(tong)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)包括電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網調度自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)、火(huo)力(li)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)(chang)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)、水(shui)力(li)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)綜合自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統(tong)信息自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)傳(chuan)輸系統(tong)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統(tong)反事故自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)裝置、供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)工(gong)業管理系統(tong)的(de)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)等7個方面，并形成一個分層(ceng)分級(ji)的(de)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)系統(tong)(見圖）。區(qu)(qu)域(yu)調度中(zhong)(zhong)心、區(qu)(qu)域(yu)變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)和(he)區(qu)(qu)域(yu)性電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)(chang)組成最(zui)(zui)低層(ceng)次；中(zhong)(zhong)間層(ceng)次由(you)省（市）調度中(zhong)(zhong)心、樞紐變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)和(he)直屬電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)(chang)組成，由(you)總(zong)調度中(zhong)(zhong)心構成最(zui)(zui)高層(ceng)次。而在(zai)每個層(ceng)次中(zhong)(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)(chang)、變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)、配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網絡等又(you)構成多級(ji)控制。

電網調度

現代(dai)的(de)(de)電(dian)網自動(dong)(dong)化調(diao)度(du)(du)系統是以計(ji)算(suan)機為(wei)(wei)核心的(de)(de)控(kong)制系統，包括實(shi)(shi)時信(xin)息收集和(he)(he)顯(xian)示(shi)(shi)系統，以及供(gong)實(shi)(shi)時計(ji)算(suan)、分(fen)(fen)析(xi)、控(kong)制用的(de)(de)軟件系統。信(xin)息收集和(he)(he)顯(xian)示(shi)(shi)系統具有(you)數據采(cai)集、屏幕顯(xian)示(shi)(shi)、安(an)全(quan)檢(jian)測、運行工況(kuang)計(ji)算(suan)分(fen)(fen)析(xi)和(he)(he)實(shi)(shi)時控(kong)制的(de)(de)功能。在發(fa)電(dian)廠(chang)和(he)(he)變電(dian)站的(de)(de)收集信(xin)息部分(fen)(fen)稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)遠動(dong)(dong)端，位于調(diao)度(du)(du)中心的(de)(de)部分(fen)(fen)稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)調(diao)度(du)(du)端。軟件系統由靜態狀態估計(ji)、自動(dong)(dong)發(fa)電(dian)控(kong)制、最優(you)潮流、自動(dong)(dong)電(dian)壓與無功控(kong)制、負荷預測、最優(you)機組開(kai)停計(ji)劃、安(an)全(quan)監視與安(an)全(quan)分(fen)(fen)析(xi)、緊(jin)急(ji)控(kong)制和(he)(he)電(dian)路恢(hui)復等(deng)程序(xu)組成(cheng)。

火力發電

火力發電廠(chang)的(de)自動化項(xiang)目包括：

（1）廠(chang)內機、爐、電運行(xing)設備的(de)安全檢(jian)測，包(bao)括數(shu)據采集、狀態監視、屏(ping)幕顯(xian)示、越限(xian)報警、故障檢(jian)出等。

（2）計算(suan)機實(shi)時控制，實(shi)現(xian)由(you)點火至并網的全部(bu)自動起動過程(cheng)。

（3）有功(gong)負荷的經濟分(fen)配和自動增減。

（4）母線電壓控(kong)制和無功(gong)功(gong)率的自動增(zeng)減。

（5）穩定監視和控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。采用的控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方式(shi)有兩種(zhong)形式(shi)：一種(zhong)是計(ji)算(suan)機(ji)輸(shu)出通過外圍設(she)備(bei)(bei)去調整常規模擬式(shi)調節(jie)器的設(she)定值(zhi)而實現(xian)監督控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)；另(ling)一種(zhong)是用計(ji)算(suan)機(ji)輸(shu)出外圍設(she)備(bei)(bei)直接控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)生產過程而實現(xian)直接數字控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。

水力發電

需要實施自動化的項目包括大壩(ba)監(jian)護、水(shui)庫調度和電站運行三個方面。

（1）大壩計算機自動監控系統：包括數據采集、計算分(fen)析、越限(xian)報警和提供(gong)維護方案等。

（2）水(shui)庫水(shui)文信息(xi)的(de)自動監控(kong)系統：包括雨量和水(shui)文信息(xi)的(de)自動收(shou)集(ji)、水(shui)庫調(diao)度計劃的(de)制(zhi)訂，以及攔洪(hong)和蓄洪(hong)控(kong)制(zhi)方案的(de)選(xuan)擇等。

（3）廠(chang)內計算機自動監控系(xi)統：包括全(quan)廠(chang)機電(dian)運(yun)行(xing)設備(bei)的安(an)全(quan)監測(ce)、發電(dian)機組的自動控制(zhi)、優化運(yun)行(xing)和經濟負荷分(fen)配(pei)、穩定(ding)監視和控制(zhi)等。