【電力系(xi)統自(zi)動化(hua)】電力系(xi)統自(zi)動化(hua)結構 電力系(xi)統自(zi)動化(hua)概(gai)述

電力系統自動化結構

電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)動(dong)化(hua)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)、傳輸(shu)(shu)和(he)管(guan)理(li)實現自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)動(dong)控制、自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)動(dong)調度(du)(du)和(he)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)動(dong)化(hua)管(guan)理(li)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)是一(yi)(yi)個(ge)地(di)域(yu)分布遼(liao)闊，由發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠、變電(dian)(dian)(dian)站、輸(shu)(shu)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)網絡和(he)用戶組(zu)成的(de)(de)(de)(de)統(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)調度(du)(du)和(he)運行的(de)(de)(de)(de)復雜大系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)動(dong)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)領域(yu)包括生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)過程的(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)動(dong)檢測、調節和(he)控制，系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)和(he)元件的(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)動(dong)安全(quan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護，網絡信息的(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)動(dong)傳輸(shu)(shu)，系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)動(dong)調度(du)(du)，以及企(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)動(dong)化(hua)經濟(ji)管(guan)理(li)等。電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)動(dong)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要目(mu)標是保(bao)(bao)(bao)證供電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)質量（頻率和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓），保(bao)(bao)(bao)證系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)運行的(de)(de)(de)(de)安全(quan)可靠，提高經濟(ji)效益和(he)管(guan)理(li)效能(neng)。

傳輸系統

電力系統(tong)信(xin)息自(zi)動(dong)(dong)傳(chuan)輸系統(tong)簡稱遠(yuan)動(dong)(dong)系統(tong)。其(qi)功能(neng)是實(shi)(shi)現調度中心和(he)發電廠(chang)變(bian)電站(zhan)間的(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)時信(xin)息傳(chuan)輸。自(zi)動(dong)(dong)傳(chuan)輸系統(tong)由遠(yuan)動(dong)(dong)裝置(zhi)(zhi)和(he)遠(yuan)動(dong)(dong)通(tong)道組成。遠(yuan)動(dong)(dong)通(tong)道有微波、載(zai)波、高頻(pin)、聲(sheng)頻(pin)和(he)光導通(tong)信(xin)等多種(zhong)形式(shi)(shi)。遠(yuan)動(dong)(dong)裝置(zhi)(zhi)按(an)(an)功能(neng)分為(wei)遙(yao)測、遙(yao)信(xin)、遙(yao)控三類(lei)。把(ba)廠(chang)站(zhan)的(de)(de)模擬量通(tong)過變(bian)換輸送(song)到(dao)位于調度中心的(de)(de)接收端(duan)并加(jia)以(yi)顯示(shi)的(de)(de)過程(cheng)(cheng)稱為(wei)遙(yao)測。把(ba)廠(chang)站(zhan)的(de)(de)開(kai)關量輸送(song)到(dao)接收端(duan)并加(jia)以(yi)顯示(shi)的(de)(de)過程(cheng)(cheng)稱為(wei)遙(yao)信(xin)。把(ba)調度端(duan)的(de)(de)控制和(he)調節信(xin)號(hao)輸送(song)到(dao)位于廠(chang)站(zhan)的(de)(de)接收端(duan)實(shi)(shi)現對(dui)(dui)調節對(dui)(dui)象(xiang)的(de)(de)控制的(de)(de)過程(cheng)(cheng)，稱為(wei)遙(yao)控或遙(yao)調。遠(yuan)動(dong)(dong)裝置(zhi)(zhi)按(an)(an)組成方式(shi)(shi)可分為(wei)布線(xian)(xian)邏輯(ji)式(shi)(shi)遠(yuan)動(dong)(dong)裝置(zhi)(zhi)和(he)存儲程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)式(shi)(shi)邏輯(ji)裝置(zhi)(zhi)。前(qian)者由硬件邏輯(ji)電路(lu)以(yi)固(gu)定接線(xian)(xian)方式(shi)(shi)實(shi)(shi)現其(qi)功能(neng)，后者是一種(zhong)計(ji)算機(ji)化(hua)的(de)(de)遠(yuan)動(dong)(dong)裝置(zhi)(zhi)。

事故裝置

反(fan)事(shi)故(gu)自動裝置的功能是防止電力系(xi)(xi)統的事(shi)故(gu)危及系(xi)(xi)統和電氣設備(bei)的運行。在電力系(xi)(xi)統中(zhong)裝設的反(fan)事(shi)故(gu)自動裝置有(you)兩種基本類型。

（1）繼電保護裝置：其功能是防止系統故障對電氣設備的損壞，常用來保護線路、母線、發電機、變壓器、電動機等(deng)電氣設備。按照產生保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)作用的原理，繼(ji)電保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)裝置分為過電流保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)、方向保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)、差動保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)、距離保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)和高頻保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)等(deng)類型。

（2）系統(tong)(tong)安全(quan)(quan)保護裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)：用以保證電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統(tong)(tong)的安全(quan)(quan)運行，防止出現系統(tong)(tong)振蕩、失(shi)步解(jie)列、全(quan)(quan)網性頻率(lv)崩(beng)潰(kui)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)崩(beng)潰(kui)等災害性事故(gu)。系統(tong)(tong)安全(quan)(quan)保護裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)按功(gong)能分(fen)為4種形式：一(yi)是(shi)屬于(yu)備用設備的自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)投(tou)入，如(ru)備用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)投(tou)入，輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線路的自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)重合閘(zha)等；二是(shi)屬于(yu)控制受電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)端功(gong)率(lv)缺額，如(ru)低周(zhou)波(bo)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)減(jian)負荷裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)、低電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)減(jian)負荷裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)、機(ji)組低頻自(zi)(zi)起(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)等；三是(shi)屬于(yu)控制送電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)端功(gong)率(lv)過(guo)剩，如(ru)快速自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)切機(ji)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)、快關汽門裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣制動(dong)(dong)(dong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)等；四是(shi)屬于(yu)控制系統(tong)(tong)振蕩失(shi)步，如(ru)系統(tong)(tong)振蕩自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)解(jie)列裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)、自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)并列裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)等。

電力系統自動化分類

按照電(dian)能的(de)(de)生產(chan)和(he)(he)分(fen)配(pei)過程(cheng)，電(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)自(zi)(zi)(zi)動化包(bao)括電(dian)網(wang)調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)自(zi)(zi)(zi)動化、火力(li)(li)發電(dian)廠自(zi)(zi)(zi)動化、水力(li)(li)發電(dian)站(zhan)綜合自(zi)(zi)(zi)動化、電(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)信息(xi)自(zi)(zi)(zi)動傳輸系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)、電(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)反事故自(zi)(zi)(zi)動裝置、供電(dian)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)自(zi)(zi)(zi)動化、電(dian)力(li)(li)工(gong)業(ye)管理系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)(zi)動化等7個(ge)方面，并形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)一個(ge)分(fen)層(ceng)(ceng)分(fen)級的(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)(zi)動化系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(見(jian)圖）。區域(yu)(yu)調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)中(zhong)心、區域(yu)(yu)變(bian)電(dian)站(zhan)和(he)(he)區域(yu)(yu)性(xing)電(dian)廠組成(cheng)(cheng)最低層(ceng)(ceng)次(ci)；中(zhong)間層(ceng)(ceng)次(ci)由(you)省（市(shi)）調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)中(zhong)心、樞(shu)紐(niu)變(bian)電(dian)站(zhan)和(he)(he)直屬(shu)電(dian)廠組成(cheng)(cheng)，由(you)總調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)中(zhong)心構成(cheng)(cheng)最高層(ceng)(ceng)次(ci)。而在(zai)每個(ge)層(ceng)(ceng)次(ci)中(zhong)，電(dian)廠、變(bian)電(dian)站(zhan)、配(pei)電(dian)網(wang)絡等又構成(cheng)(cheng)多級控制。

電網調度

現代的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網自動(dong)化(hua)調(diao)度系(xi)統(tong)是以(yi)計(ji)算(suan)機(ji)為(wei)核心的(de)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)統(tong)，包(bao)括(kuo)實時信息收集(ji)和(he)顯示系(xi)統(tong)，以(yi)及供實時計(ji)算(suan)、分(fen)(fen)析(xi)、控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)用的(de)軟件系(xi)統(tong)。信息收集(ji)和(he)顯示系(xi)統(tong)具有數據采集(ji)、屏幕(mu)顯示、安全檢測(ce)、運(yun)行(xing)工(gong)況計(ji)算(suan)分(fen)(fen)析(xi)和(he)實時控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)功能。在發電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)和(he)變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)的(de)收集(ji)信息部分(fen)(fen)稱為(wei)遠動(dong)端(duan)，位于調(diao)度中心的(de)部分(fen)(fen)稱為(wei)調(diao)度端(duan)。軟件系(xi)統(tong)由靜態狀態估計(ji)、自動(dong)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)、最(zui)優潮(chao)流(liu)、自動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓與無功控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)、負荷預測(ce)、最(zui)優機(ji)組開停計(ji)劃、安全監視與安全分(fen)(fen)析(xi)、緊急(ji)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路恢復等程序組成。

火力發電

火力發電廠(chang)的自動化項目包括：

（1）廠內機(ji)、爐、電運(yun)行(xing)設備的安(an)全檢(jian)測，包括(kuo)數據采集、狀態(tai)監視、屏幕顯示、越限報警、故障檢(jian)出(chu)等。

（2）計算(suan)機實時控制(zhi)，實現由(you)點火至并網(wang)的全(quan)部自(zi)動(dong)起動(dong)過程。

（3）有功負荷的經(jing)濟(ji)分(fen)配和自(zi)動增減(jian)。

（4）母(mu)線電壓控(kong)制和無(wu)功功率的自動(dong)增減。

（5）穩(wen)定(ding)監(jian)視和控制(zhi)。采用(yong)的控制(zhi)方式有兩種(zhong)形式：一種(zhong)是(shi)計算機(ji)輸出通過(guo)外圍設(she)備去調整(zheng)常規模擬式調節(jie)器的設(she)定(ding)值而實現監(jian)督控制(zhi)；另一種(zhong)是(shi)用(yong)計算機(ji)輸出外圍設(she)備直接控制(zhi)生(sheng)產(chan)過(guo)程(cheng)而實現直接數(shu)字控制(zhi)。

水力發電

需要實施自動(dong)化的項目(mu)包括(kuo)大壩監護、水庫(ku)調度和(he)電站運行三個方面。

（1）大壩計算機自(zi)動監(jian)控系統：包括(kuo)數據采集、計算分析、越(yue)限(xian)報(bao)警和(he)提供維護方案(an)等。

（2）水庫水文(wen)信息的(de)自動監控系統：包括(kuo)雨量(liang)和(he)水文(wen)信息的(de)自動收集、水庫調度計劃的(de)制訂，以及(ji)攔洪(hong)和(he)蓄洪(hong)控制方(fang)案(an)的(de)選(xuan)擇(ze)等。

（3）廠內計(ji)算機自(zi)動監控系統：包括(kuo)全廠機電(dian)(dian)運(yun)行設備的安全監測、發電(dian)(dian)機組(zu)的自(zi)動控制(zhi)、優(you)化(hua)運(yun)行和經濟負(fu)荷分配、穩(wen)定監視和控制(zhi)等。