【電力系(xi)統(tong)自(zi)(zi)(zi)動(dong)化】電力系(xi)統(tong)自(zi)(zi)(zi)動(dong)化結(jie)構 電力系(xi)統(tong)自(zi)(zi)(zi)動(dong)化概述(shu)

電力系統自動化結構

電力(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)自(zi)動(dong)化對電能(neng)生產(chan)、傳(chuan)輸(shu)和(he)管(guan)理實(shi)現自(zi)動(dong)控(kong)制、自(zi)動(dong)調度(du)和(he)自(zi)動(dong)化管(guan)理。電力(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)是(shi)一個(ge)地(di)域分布(bu)遼闊(kuo)，由發電廠、變電站、輸(shu)配電網(wang)絡(luo)(luo)和(he)用戶(hu)組成的(de)統(tong)一調度(du)和(he)運行(xing)的(de)復雜大(da)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)。電力(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)自(zi)動(dong)化的(de)領域包括生產(chan)過(guo)程的(de)自(zi)動(dong)檢測、調節(jie)和(he)控(kong)制，系(xi)(xi)統(tong)和(he)元件(jian)的(de)自(zi)動(dong)安全(quan)保護，網(wang)絡(luo)(luo)信息的(de)自(zi)動(dong)傳(chuan)輸(shu)，系(xi)(xi)統(tong)生產(chan)的(de)自(zi)動(dong)調度(du)，以及企(qi)業的(de)自(zi)動(dong)化經濟(ji)管(guan)理等。電力(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)自(zi)動(dong)化的(de)主(zhu)要目(mu)標是(shi)保證(zheng)供電的(de)電能(neng)質量（頻(pin)率和(he)電壓），保證(zheng)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)運行(xing)的(de)安全(quan)可(ke)靠，提高經濟(ji)效(xiao)益和(he)管(guan)理效(xiao)能(neng)。

傳輸系統

電力(li)系(xi)統信(xin)息自(zi)動(dong)傳(chuan)(chuan)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)系(xi)統簡稱遠(yuan)動(dong)系(xi)統。其(qi)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)是實(shi)現(xian)(xian)調(diao)度(du)中(zhong)心和(he)發電廠變電站間(jian)的(de)(de)實(shi)時信(xin)息傳(chuan)(chuan)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)。自(zi)動(dong)傳(chuan)(chuan)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)系(xi)統由遠(yuan)動(dong)裝置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和(he)遠(yuan)動(dong)通道(dao)組成。遠(yuan)動(dong)通道(dao)有微波、載波、高頻、聲頻和(he)光(guang)導(dao)通信(xin)等多種(zhong)形式。遠(yuan)動(dong)裝置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)按功(gong)(gong)能(neng)分為遙(yao)(yao)測(ce)、遙(yao)(yao)信(xin)、遙(yao)(yao)控三類。把廠站的(de)(de)模擬量(liang)通過(guo)變換輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)送到(dao)位于(yu)調(diao)度(du)中(zhong)心的(de)(de)接收(shou)端(duan)并(bing)(bing)加以顯示的(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)稱為遙(yao)(yao)測(ce)。把廠站的(de)(de)開關量(liang)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)送到(dao)接收(shou)端(duan)并(bing)(bing)加以顯示的(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)稱為遙(yao)(yao)信(xin)。把調(diao)度(du)端(duan)的(de)(de)控制和(he)調(diao)節信(xin)號輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)送到(dao)位于(yu)廠站的(de)(de)接收(shou)端(duan)實(shi)現(xian)(xian)對調(diao)節對象的(de)(de)控制的(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)，稱為遙(yao)(yao)控或遙(yao)(yao)調(diao)。遠(yuan)動(dong)裝置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)按組成方式可分為布線(xian)邏(luo)輯(ji)式遠(yuan)動(dong)裝置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和(he)存(cun)儲程(cheng)序式邏(luo)輯(ji)裝置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。前者由硬(ying)件(jian)邏(luo)輯(ji)電路(lu)以固(gu)定(ding)接線(xian)方式實(shi)現(xian)(xian)其(qi)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)，后(hou)者是一種(zhong)計算機(ji)化的(de)(de)遠(yuan)動(dong)裝置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。

事故裝置

反事(shi)故自動裝(zhuang)置的功能是防止電(dian)力(li)系(xi)統(tong)的事(shi)故危及系(xi)統(tong)和電(dian)氣設備的運行。在電(dian)力(li)系(xi)統(tong)中裝(zhuang)設的反事(shi)故自動裝(zhuang)置有(you)兩種基本類(lei)型。

（1）繼電保護裝置：其功能是防止系統故障對電氣設備的損壞，常用來保護線路、母線、發電機、變壓器(qi)、電(dian)動(dong)機等電(dian)氣設備(bei)。按照產生保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)作用的原理，繼(ji)電(dian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)裝置分為過電(dian)流保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)、方向保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)、差動(dong)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)、距離保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)和高頻保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)等類型。

（2）系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)安全(quan)(quan)保(bao)護裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)：用(yong)以保(bao)證電(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)的安全(quan)(quan)運行，防止(zhi)出現系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)振(zhen)蕩、失(shi)步解(jie)列、全(quan)(quan)網性頻(pin)率(lv)崩潰和電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓崩潰等(deng)(deng)災(zai)害性事(shi)故。系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)安全(quan)(quan)保(bao)護裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)按功(gong)能分為(wei)4種形式：一是屬于(yu)備(bei)用(yong)設(she)備(bei)的自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)投入，如備(bei)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)投入，輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路的自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)重(zhong)合閘等(deng)(deng)；二是屬于(yu)控(kong)制受電(dian)(dian)(dian)端功(gong)率(lv)缺(que)額，如低(di)周波(bo)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)減負荷(he)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、低(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)減負荷(he)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、機組(zu)低(di)頻(pin)自(zi)(zi)起(qi)動(dong)(dong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)等(deng)(deng)；三(san)是屬于(yu)控(kong)制送電(dian)(dian)(dian)端功(gong)率(lv)過(guo)剩(sheng)，如快(kuai)速自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)切機裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、快(kuai)關(guan)汽門裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣制動(dong)(dong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)等(deng)(deng)；四是屬于(yu)控(kong)制系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)振(zhen)蕩失(shi)步，如系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)振(zhen)蕩自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)解(jie)列裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)并列裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)等(deng)(deng)。

電力系統自動化分類

按照電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的生產和分(fen)配過程，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)自(zi)動(dong)化(hua)包(bao)括(kuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)自(zi)動(dong)化(hua)、火力(li)(li)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)自(zi)動(dong)化(hua)、水(shui)力(li)(li)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站綜(zong)合自(zi)動(dong)化(hua)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)信息自(zi)動(dong)傳(chuan)輸系(xi)(xi)統(tong)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)反事故自(zi)動(dong)裝置(zhi)、供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)自(zi)動(dong)化(hua)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工(gong)業管理(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)的自(zi)動(dong)化(hua)等7個方面，并形成(cheng)一個分(fen)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)分(fen)級的自(zi)動(dong)化(hua)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(見圖）。區域(yu)調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)中心(xin)、區域(yu)變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站和區域(yu)性電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)組成(cheng)最低層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)次(ci)；中間層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)次(ci)由省（市(shi)）調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)中心(xin)、樞(shu)紐(niu)變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站和直屬(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)組成(cheng)，由總調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)中心(xin)構(gou)成(cheng)最高層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)次(ci)。而(er)在每個層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)次(ci)中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)、變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站、配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網絡等又構(gou)成(cheng)多級控制。

電網調度

現代的電網自動化調(diao)度系統(tong)是以計算(suan)(suan)(suan)機為(wei)核(he)心的控制系統(tong)，包括(kuo)實(shi)時信(xin)息(xi)(xi)收(shou)集(ji)和顯示(shi)系統(tong)，以及供實(shi)時計算(suan)(suan)(suan)、分(fen)析、控制用(yong)的軟件系統(tong)。信(xin)息(xi)(xi)收(shou)集(ji)和顯示(shi)系統(tong)具有(you)數據采集(ji)、屏幕顯示(shi)、安(an)全檢(jian)測(ce)、運行工(gong)況計算(suan)(suan)(suan)分(fen)析和實(shi)時控制的功能。在(zai)發電廠(chang)和變電站的收(shou)集(ji)信(xin)息(xi)(xi)部分(fen)稱(cheng)為(wei)遠動端，位(wei)于(yu)調(diao)度中心的部分(fen)稱(cheng)為(wei)調(diao)度端。軟件系統(tong)由靜(jing)態狀態估計、自動發電控制、最(zui)優潮流、自動電壓與無功控制、負荷預測(ce)、最(zui)優機組開停計劃、安(an)全監視與安(an)全分(fen)析、緊急控制和電路恢(hui)復等程(cheng)序(xu)組成(cheng)。

火力發電

火力發電廠的自動化項目包括：

（1）廠內機、爐(lu)、電運行設備的安全(quan)檢測，包(bao)括數據(ju)采集(ji)、狀(zhuang)態監視、屏(ping)幕顯示、越限報警(jing)、故障檢出等。

（2）計算機實(shi)(shi)時控(kong)制，實(shi)(shi)現由點火至(zhi)并網的全部(bu)自動起動過程。

（3）有功負荷的(de)經濟(ji)分配和自動增減。

（4）母線電壓控制和無(wu)功功率的自動增(zeng)減。

（5）穩定監(jian)視和控制(zhi)(zhi)。采(cai)用(yong)的控制(zhi)(zhi)方式(shi)有兩種形式(shi)：一種是計算機輸出通過外(wai)圍(wei)設(she)(she)備去(qu)調整常規模擬式(shi)調節器(qi)的設(she)(she)定值而實現監(jian)督控制(zhi)(zhi)；另(ling)一種是用(yong)計算機輸出外(wai)圍(wei)設(she)(she)備直(zhi)(zhi)接(jie)控制(zhi)(zhi)生產(chan)過程而實現直(zhi)(zhi)接(jie)數字控制(zhi)(zhi)。

水力發電

需要實施自動(dong)化的項目(mu)包括大壩監護、水庫調度和電站運行三個方面。

（1）大壩計(ji)(ji)算機自(zi)動監控系統：包括數據(ju)采集(ji)、計(ji)(ji)算分(fen)析、越(yue)限報警(jing)和提供維護方案等。

（2）水(shui)庫(ku)水(shui)文信(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)的自(zi)動監控(kong)系統：包(bao)括雨量和(he)水(shui)文信(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)的自(zi)動收集、水(shui)庫(ku)調度計劃的制(zhi)訂，以及(ji)攔洪和(he)蓄洪控(kong)制(zhi)方(fang)案的選擇等。

（3）廠內計(ji)算機自(zi)動監(jian)控(kong)系(xi)統：包括全(quan)廠機電(dian)運行(xing)設備的安全(quan)監(jian)測、發電(dian)機組(zu)的自(zi)動控(kong)制(zhi)、優(you)化(hua)運行(xing)和(he)經(jing)濟負荷分配(pei)、穩定(ding)監(jian)視和(he)控(kong)制(zhi)等。