一、什么是氣體放電燈

氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)燈(deng)(deng)是指(zhi)由氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)、金屬蒸(zheng)氣(qi)(qi)或幾種(zhong)氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)與金屬蒸(zheng)氣(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)混(hun)合放(fang)電(dian)(dian)而發光(guang)(guang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)燈(deng)(deng)，通(tong)過氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)將電(dian)(dian)能(neng)轉換為光(guang)(guang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)類很(hen)多，用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)較多的(de)(de)(de)(de)是輝(hui)光(guang)(guang)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)和(he)弧(hu)光(guang)(guang)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)：輝(hui)光(guang)(guang)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)一般用(yong)于霓虹燈(deng)(deng)和(he)指(zhi)示(shi)燈(deng)(deng)；弧(hu)光(guang)(guang)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)可有很(hen)強的(de)(de)(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)輸(shu)出，照明光(guang)(guang)源都(dou)采用(yong)弧(hu)光(guang)(guang)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)。熒光(guang)(guang)燈(deng)(deng)、高壓汞燈(deng)(deng)、鈉燈(deng)(deng)和(he)金屬鹵(lu)化物燈(deng)(deng)是應用(yong)最多的(de)(de)(de)(de)照明用(yong)氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)燈(deng)(deng)。氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)燈(deng)(deng)在工業、農業、醫療衛生(sheng)和(he)科學研究領域的(de)(de)(de)(de)用(yong)途極為廣泛。

二、氣體放電燈有哪些種類

1、高強度氣體放電燈：由于管(guan)壁溫(wen)度而(er)建立(li)發(fa)光電弧，其(qi)發(fa)光管(guan)表(biao)面負載超(chao)過3W/cm2的(de)放(fang)電燈。如高壓(ya)汞(gong)燈、高壓(ya)鈉燈、金屬鹵化(hua)物(wu)燈等。

2、低氣壓放電燈：熒光(guang)(guang)燈（低壓汞燈）、低壓鈉燈、無極燈。其(qi)中的熒光(guang)(guang)燈是(shi)應該(gai)最(zui)廣泛、用量(liang)最(zui)大的氣體放電光(guang)(guang)源。它具有(you)結構簡單(dan)、光(guang)(guang)效(xiao)高(gao)、發(fa)光(guang)(guang)柔(rou)和、壽(shou)命(ming)長等優點。熒光(guang)(guang)燈的發(fa)光(guang)(guang)效(xiao)率是(shi)白熾(chi)燈的4-5倍(bei)，壽(shou)命(ming)是(shi)白熾(chi)燈的3-8倍(bei)，是(shi)高(gao)效(xiao)節能光(guang)(guang)源。

氣體放電燈的種(zhong)類主要有以上兩種(zhong)，那么(me)它(ta)們(men)有什么(me)特點呢？

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三、氣體放電燈泡的特點是什么

1、具有高效率，它們可以把(ba)25～30％的輸入(ru)電能轉換為光(guang)輸出。

2、壽(shou)命長。使用壽(shou)命長達1萬小(xiao)時(shi)或(huo)2萬小(xiao)時(shi)以上。

3、輻(fu)(fu)射(she)光譜具有可(ke)選(xuan)擇性。通(tong)過選(xuan)擇適(shi)當的(de)發光物(wu)質，可(ke)使輻(fu)(fu)射(she)光譜集中于所要求的(de)波(bo)長上，也可(ke)同時使用幾種發光物(wu)質，以求獲得最佳的(de)組合光譜。

4、光輸出(chu)(chu)維持特性(xing)好，在壽(shou)命(ming)終(zhong)止時仍能提(ti)供60～80％的初始光輸出(chu)(chu)。

四、氣體放電燈鎮流器工作原理是什么

氣體放(fang)電(dian)燈的工作離不開氣體放(fang)電(dian)燈輔(fu)助(zhu)設備，因為它不能單獨接到電(dian)路中去(qu)，必須與觸發器、鎮流器等輔(fu)助(zhu)電(dian)器一起接入(ru)電(dian)路才能啟動(dong)和穩定工作。鎮流器的工作原理主要有以下幾種：

1、電阻鎮流

電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)鎮(zhen)(zhen)流(liu)(liu)(liu)是依賴電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)上的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)正比(bi)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)關(guan)系(xi)來調節燈(deng)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)，在(zai)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)供電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)氣體放電(dian)(dian)光源電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)中應用電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)鎮(zhen)(zhen)流(liu)(liu)(liu)器，電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)簡單、安裝容易。當兼顧電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)效率和燈(deng)的(de)(de)工(gong)作穩定性時(shi)，有VLAMP=0.6Vn時(shi)，η=60%，可以看(kan)出鎮(zhen)(zhen)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)功耗(hao)很(hen)大，電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)工(gong)作效率很(hen)低。

電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)鎮(zhen)流(liu)在交流(liu)供電(dian)中有(you)少量應用(yong)，如自鎮(zhen)流(liu)高(gao)(gao)壓汞燈(deng)利用(yong)鎢絲(si)作(zuo)鎮(zhen)流(liu)器(qi)件，許(xu)多高(gao)(gao)頻(pin)基準鎮(zhen)流(liu)器(qi)也是(shi)用(yong)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)制成。在交流(liu)電(dian)路中使(shi)用(yong)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)鎮(zhen)流(liu)器(qi)會(hui)影響燈(deng)電(dian)流(liu)的(de)波形，燈(deng)的(de)發光效率也會(hui)下(xia)降，電(dian)路穩定性變差，但電(dian)路的(de)功率因數相對較高(gao)(gao)。

2、電容鎮流

電(dian)容(rong)器在低(di)(di)頻(pin)交流電(dian)路(lu)中工作時，燈(deng)電(dian)壓波形近似為方(fang)(fang)波。由(you)于電(dian)容(rong)器不能限(xian)制瞬時電(dian)流，所(suo)以會產生一(yi)個峰值(zhi)很高(gao)的燈(deng)電(dian)流，這使燈(deng)電(dian)流波形嚴重失真，對(dui)燈(deng)的電(dian)極(ji)產生十分(fen)有害的影響，造成燈(deng)管壽(shou)命縮短(duan)，并(bing)使燈(deng)管發(fa)光(guang)閃動，因此電(dian)容(rong)鎮流方(fang)(fang)式在低(di)(di)頻(pin)交流電(dian)路(lu)中很少應用。

3、電感鎮流

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)鎮(zhen)流(liu)(liu)(liu)是(shi)利用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)器的(de)自感(gan)原理工(gong)作的(de)，即它通過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)上(shang)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)正比于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)時間變化率來(lai)調節燈(deng)(deng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)。由于燈(deng)(deng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)滯(zhi)后電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)一(yi)(yi)定位(wei)相(xiang)（所(suo)以也稱(cheng)為(wei)滯(zhi)后型鎮(zhen)流(liu)(liu)(liu)器），電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路的(de)功率因(yin)數(shu)較(jiao)低(di)，一(yi)(yi)般在0.5左右(you)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)鎮(zhen)流(liu)(liu)(liu)對(dui)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)變化較(jiao)敏感(gan)，鎮(zhen)流(liu)(liu)(liu)效(xiao)果(guo)不太穩定。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)鎮(zhen)流(liu)(liu)(liu)具有電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路簡單、比電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻鎮(zhen)流(liu)(liu)(liu)損耗低(di)、能改善燈(deng)(deng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)波形和工(gong)作穩定等優(you)點，在各(ge)類(lei)氣(qi)體放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)燈(deng)(deng)中得到廣(guang)泛應(ying)用(yong)。

在高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)氣體(ti)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)燈(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)中(zhong)，為了獲得(de)較高(gao)(gao)的點火電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，可以用漏磁(ci)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)作為電(dian)(dian)感型鎮流器(qi)(qi)應用。漏磁(ci)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)屬(shu)于滯(zhi)后型鎮流器(qi)(qi)，雖然體(ti)大笨重，噪(zao)聲(sheng)也大，但它能獲得(de)比電(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)更高(gao)(gao)的開路(lu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，用于燈(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)管電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)高(gao)(gao)于電(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)的氣體(ti)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)燈(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)（例如霓虹燈(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)、冷(leng)陰(yin)極(ji)燈(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)、紫外線(xian)燈(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)等）時(shi)，能明顯改善啟動性能。

4、電感、電容（LC）鎮流

LC鎮流(liu)(liu)器(qi)有兩種形式，一種是由電(dian)感和電(dian)容串(chuan)聯組成的(de)鎮流(liu)(liu)器(qi)，通常設(she)計成容抗(kang)比感抗(kang)大，使電(dian)路總(zong)體上呈容性。當容抗(kang)為(wei)感抗(kang)的(de)2.76倍(bei)時(shi)，電(dian)路的(de)恒(heng)流(liu)(liu)特性最穩定。這種鎮流(liu)(liu)電(dian)路的(de)燈電(dian)流(liu)(liu)超前(qian)(qian)電(dian)源電(dian)壓一定的(de)相位，屬(shu)于(yu)超前(qian)(qian)型鎮流(liu)(liu)器(qi)。

LC超(chao)前型(xing)鎮流器(qi)功(gong)耗較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)小，有較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)穩流特性，燈(deng)啟動時的(de)(de)短路(lu)特性也(ye)好(hao)(hao)，與滯后型(xing)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)感(gan)鎮流器(qi)配合應用，可(ke)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)好(hao)(hao)地改善電(dian)(dian)路(lu)的(de)(de)功(gong)率因數。但(dan)因為燈(deng)電(dian)(dian)流過零時，電(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)壓的(de)(de)峰值(zhi)與燈(deng)電(dian)(dian)壓的(de)(de)方(fang)向正好(hao)(hao)相反，重復(fu)電(dian)(dian)離的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)壓較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)低(di)，致(zhi)使重復(fu)著火能(neng)力較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)差。

5、電子鎮流

電(dian)(dian)子鎮流(liu)器是(shi)(shi)由電(dian)(dian)子元件組合而成(cheng)的(de)新型鎮流(liu)器，它(ta)實質上是(shi)(shi)一個電(dian)(dian)源變(bian)換器，將工頻(pin)(pin)交流(liu)轉換為(wei)20～100kHz的(de)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)壓，用(yong)以(yi)啟(qi)動并點亮熒光(guang)燈(deng)。采(cai)用(yong)高頻(pin)(pin)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)子鎮流(liu)器可以(yi)提高燈(deng)管(guan)的(de)發(fa)(fa)光(guang)效率(lv)，避免工頻(pin)(pin)噪聲，減(jian)小鎮流(liu)器的(de)體(ti)積和重(zhong)量，提高功率(lv)因數，并易于實現智能(neng)控制(zhi)。原則上適(shi)用(yong)于各類(lei)氣體(ti)放電(dian)(dian)燈(deng)，但對熒光(guang)燈(deng)特(te)別是(shi)(shi)緊湊型熒光(guang)燈(deng)的(de)應用(yong)發(fa)(fa)展更為(wei)迅速(su)。