一、什么是氣體放電燈
氣(qi)體(ti)(ti)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)燈(deng)(deng)(deng)是(shi)指(zhi)(zhi)由氣(qi)體(ti)(ti)、金屬蒸氣(qi)或(huo)幾種氣(qi)體(ti)(ti)與金屬蒸氣(qi)的(de)混合(he)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)而發(fa)光(guang)(guang)的(de)燈(deng)(deng)(deng),通過氣(qi)體(ti)(ti)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)將電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)轉(zhuan)換為光(guang)(guang)的(de)。氣(qi)體(ti)(ti)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)種類很(hen)多,用(yong)(yong)的(de)較多的(de)是(shi)輝光(guang)(guang)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)弧光(guang)(guang)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian):輝光(guang)(guang)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)一般用(yong)(yong)于霓虹(hong)燈(deng)(deng)(deng)和(he)指(zhi)(zhi)示燈(deng)(deng)(deng);弧光(guang)(guang)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)可有很(hen)強的(de)光(guang)(guang)輸出,照(zhao)明光(guang)(guang)源都(dou)采用(yong)(yong)弧光(guang)(guang)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。熒光(guang)(guang)燈(deng)(deng)(deng)、高壓汞燈(deng)(deng)(deng)、鈉燈(deng)(deng)(deng)和(he)金屬鹵(lu)化物燈(deng)(deng)(deng)是(shi)應用(yong)(yong)最多的(de)照(zhao)明用(yong)(yong)氣(qi)體(ti)(ti)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)燈(deng)(deng)(deng)。氣(qi)體(ti)(ti)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)燈(deng)(deng)(deng)在工業、農業、醫療衛生和(he)科學研(yan)究領域的(de)用(yong)(yong)途極為廣泛。
二、氣體放電燈有哪些種類
1、高強度氣體放電燈:由(you)于(yu)管壁溫度而建立發光電(dian)(dian)弧,其發光管表面負載超(chao)過3W/cm2的放電(dian)(dian)燈。如高(gao)壓汞(gong)燈、高(gao)壓鈉燈、金屬鹵化物燈等。
2、低氣壓放電燈:熒(ying)(ying)光(guang)(guang)燈(deng)(deng)(低壓(ya)汞燈(deng)(deng))、低壓(ya)鈉(na)燈(deng)(deng)、無(wu)極(ji)燈(deng)(deng)。其中的(de)熒(ying)(ying)光(guang)(guang)燈(deng)(deng)是(shi)應該(gai)最廣泛(fan)、用量(liang)最大(da)的(de)氣(qi)體放電光(guang)(guang)源。它具有結構簡(jian)單、光(guang)(guang)效(xiao)高、發(fa)光(guang)(guang)柔(rou)和、壽命(ming)長等優點。熒(ying)(ying)光(guang)(guang)燈(deng)(deng)的(de)發(fa)光(guang)(guang)效(xiao)率是(shi)白熾燈(deng)(deng)的(de)4-5倍,壽命(ming)是(shi)白熾燈(deng)(deng)的(de)3-8倍,是(shi)高效(xiao)節(jie)能(neng)光(guang)(guang)源。
氣體放電燈的種類主要有以上兩種,那么它們有什么特(te)點呢?
三、氣體放電燈泡的特點是什么
1、具有高效率(lv),它們可以把(ba)25~30%的輸(shu)入電能(neng)轉換為光輸(shu)出。
2、壽(shou)命(ming)長。使用壽(shou)命(ming)長達1萬(wan)小(xiao)時(shi)或2萬(wan)小(xiao)時(shi)以上。
3、輻射光(guang)譜具有可選擇性(xing)。通過選擇適當的(de)發光(guang)物(wu)質,可使(shi)輻射光(guang)譜集中于(yu)所要求的(de)波長上,也(ye)可同時使(shi)用幾種發光(guang)物(wu)質,以(yi)求獲得(de)最(zui)佳的(de)組(zu)合(he)光(guang)譜。
4、光(guang)輸出維持特性好,在壽(shou)命終止(zhi)時仍能提供60~80%的初始(shi)光(guang)輸出。
四、氣體放電燈鎮流器工作原理是什么
氣體放(fang)電燈的工作離(li)不開氣體放(fang)電燈輔助(zhu)設備,因為它不能單獨接(jie)到電路(lu)中去,必須與觸發(fa)器(qi)、鎮流器(qi)等輔助(zhu)電器(qi)一(yi)起接(jie)入電路(lu)才能啟動和穩(wen)定工作。鎮流器(qi)的工作原理主要有以(yi)下幾(ji)種:
1、電阻鎮流
電(dian)阻鎮(zhen)流(liu)是依賴電(dian)阻上的(de)電(dian)壓正(zheng)比(bi)于電(dian)流(liu)的(de)關系來調節燈(deng)電(dian)流(liu)的(de),在直流(liu)供電(dian)的(de)氣體放(fang)電(dian)光(guang)源電(dian)路中(zhong)應(ying)用電(dian)阻鎮(zhen)流(liu)器,電(dian)路簡單(dan)、安裝容易。當(dang)兼(jian)顧電(dian)路效率和燈(deng)的(de)工(gong)作(zuo)穩定性時,有VLAMP=0.6Vn時,η=60%,可以看出鎮(zhen)流(liu)電(dian)阻的(de)功耗很大(da),電(dian)路的(de)工(gong)作(zuo)效率很低。
電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)鎮(zhen)流(liu)(liu)(liu)在(zai)交流(liu)(liu)(liu)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)中有少(shao)量應用(yong),如自鎮(zhen)流(liu)(liu)(liu)高壓(ya)汞燈利用(yong)鎢絲(si)作鎮(zhen)流(liu)(liu)(liu)器件(jian),許多高頻基(ji)準鎮(zhen)流(liu)(liu)(liu)器也是(shi)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)制成。在(zai)交流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)中使用(yong)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)鎮(zhen)流(liu)(liu)(liu)器會影響燈電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)波形(xing),燈的(de)發(fa)光效率也會下(xia)降(jiang),電(dian)(dian)路(lu)穩定性變差,但(dan)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)的(de)功(gong)率因數相對較高。
2、電容鎮流
電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容器在低頻(pin)交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)中工(gong)作時(shi),燈電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓波(bo)(bo)形近似為方(fang)(fang)波(bo)(bo)。由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容器不能限制瞬時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流,所以會產生(sheng)一個(ge)峰(feng)值很(hen)高的(de)燈電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流,這(zhe)使燈電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流波(bo)(bo)形嚴重(zhong)失真,對(dui)燈的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極產生(sheng)十(shi)分有害的(de)影響,造成(cheng)燈管壽(shou)命縮(suo)短,并使燈管發光閃動,因此電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容鎮流方(fang)(fang)式在低頻(pin)交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)中很(hen)少應用(yong)。
3、電感鎮流
電(dian)(dian)(dian)感鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)流(liu)是利用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)感器的(de)(de)(de)自(zi)感原理工作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de),即(ji)它通(tong)過電(dian)(dian)(dian)感上的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓正比(bi)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)時間變化率來調節燈電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)。由于(yu)燈電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)滯后電(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓一定(ding)位相(xiang)(所以(yi)也(ye)稱(cheng)為滯后型鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)流(liu)器),電(dian)(dian)(dian)路的(de)(de)(de)功率因數較(jiao)低(di),一般在0.5左右。電(dian)(dian)(dian)感鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)流(liu)對供電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)(de)(de)變化較(jiao)敏感,鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)流(liu)效果(guo)不太穩定(ding)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)感鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)流(liu)具有電(dian)(dian)(dian)路簡單、比(bi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)流(liu)損(sun)耗低(di)、能(neng)改善燈電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)波(bo)形和工作(zuo)穩定(ding)等優點,在各類氣體放電(dian)(dian)(dian)燈中得到廣泛(fan)應用(yong)。
在高壓氣體(ti)放電(dian)(dian)燈(deng)(deng)中,為(wei)了獲得(de)(de)較高的(de)點火電(dian)(dian)壓,可以用(yong)漏磁(ci)變壓器(qi)作為(wei)電(dian)(dian)感型鎮流器(qi)應用(yong)。漏磁(ci)變壓器(qi)屬于滯后(hou)型鎮流器(qi),雖然體(ti)大笨重(zhong),噪(zao)聲也大,但它能(neng)獲得(de)(de)比電(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)壓更高的(de)開路電(dian)(dian)壓,用(yong)于燈(deng)(deng)管電(dian)(dian)壓高于電(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)壓的(de)氣體(ti)放電(dian)(dian)燈(deng)(deng)(例如霓虹燈(deng)(deng)、冷陰極(ji)燈(deng)(deng)、紫外(wai)線(xian)燈(deng)(deng)等)時(shi),能(neng)明(ming)顯改(gai)善啟(qi)動性能(neng)。
4、電感、電容(LC)鎮流
LC鎮(zhen)流(liu)器(qi)有兩種形式,一種是由電(dian)感和電(dian)容(rong)串(chuan)聯組(zu)成的(de)鎮(zhen)流(liu)器(qi),通(tong)常設計成容(rong)抗(kang)比感抗(kang)大,使電(dian)路總體上呈容(rong)性。當容(rong)抗(kang)為(wei)感抗(kang)的(de)2.76倍(bei)時,電(dian)路的(de)恒流(liu)特性最穩定。這種鎮(zhen)流(liu)電(dian)路的(de)燈電(dian)流(liu)超前電(dian)源電(dian)壓一定的(de)相位,屬于超前型鎮(zhen)流(liu)器(qi)。
LC超前型鎮(zhen)流(liu)器功(gong)耗較小,有較好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)穩流(liu)特(te)性(xing),燈(deng)啟動時的(de)(de)(de)短路(lu)特(te)性(xing)也(ye)好(hao),與滯(zhi)后(hou)型的(de)(de)(de)電感鎮(zhen)流(liu)器配合(he)應用,可(ke)較好(hao)地改善(shan)電路(lu)的(de)(de)(de)功(gong)率因數(shu)。但因為燈(deng)電流(liu)過零時,電源電壓(ya)的(de)(de)(de)峰(feng)值(zhi)與燈(deng)電壓(ya)的(de)(de)(de)方向正好(hao)相反(fan),重復(fu)電離(li)的(de)(de)(de)電壓(ya)較低,致使重復(fu)著(zhu)火能力較差(cha)。
5、電子鎮流
電(dian)(dian)子鎮流(liu)(liu)器(qi)是由電(dian)(dian)子元件組合(he)而成的(de)新(xin)型鎮流(liu)(liu)器(qi),它實(shi)質上是一個電(dian)(dian)源變(bian)換(huan)器(qi),將工(gong)頻交流(liu)(liu)轉換(huan)為20~100kHz的(de)交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)壓,用以啟動并(bing)點(dian)亮(liang)熒光燈(deng)。采(cai)用高頻交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)子鎮流(liu)(liu)器(qi)可以提高燈(deng)管的(de)發光效率,避(bi)免工(gong)頻噪(zao)聲(sheng),減小鎮流(liu)(liu)器(qi)的(de)體積和重量,提高功率因數(shu),并(bing)易(yi)于實(shi)現智能控制。原(yuan)則上適(shi)用于各類氣體放(fang)電(dian)(dian)燈(deng),但對熒光燈(deng)特別(bie)是緊湊型熒光燈(deng)的(de)應(ying)用發展更為迅速。
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