一、什么是氣體放電燈

氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)燈(deng)(deng)是(shi)指由氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)、金(jin)屬(shu)蒸氣(qi)(qi)或幾種氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)與金(jin)屬(shu)蒸氣(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)混合放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)而(er)發(fa)光的(de)(de)燈(deng)(deng)，通過氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)將電(dian)能轉換為光的(de)(de)。氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)的(de)(de)種類很(hen)多(duo)，用的(de)(de)較多(duo)的(de)(de)是(shi)輝光放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)和(he)弧(hu)(hu)光放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)：輝光放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)一般用于(yu)霓虹燈(deng)(deng)和(he)指示燈(deng)(deng)；弧(hu)(hu)光放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)可有很(hen)強的(de)(de)光輸出，照(zhao)明光源都采(cai)用弧(hu)(hu)光放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)。熒光燈(deng)(deng)、高(gao)壓(ya)汞燈(deng)(deng)、鈉(na)燈(deng)(deng)和(he)金(jin)屬(shu)鹵化物(wu)燈(deng)(deng)是(shi)應用最多(duo)的(de)(de)照(zhao)明用氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)燈(deng)(deng)。氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)燈(deng)(deng)在工業(ye)、農(nong)業(ye)、醫(yi)療衛生和(he)科學研究領域(yu)的(de)(de)用途極(ji)為廣泛(fan)。

二、氣體放電燈有哪些種類

1、高強度氣體放電燈：由于(yu)管(guan)壁溫度而建立發光電弧，其(qi)發光管(guan)表面負載(zai)超過3W/cm2的放電燈(deng)(deng)。如高壓汞燈(deng)(deng)、高壓鈉燈(deng)(deng)、金(jin)屬(shu)鹵化物燈(deng)(deng)等(deng)。

2、低氣壓放電燈：熒(ying)光(guang)(guang)燈(deng)(deng)（低壓汞(gong)燈(deng)(deng)）、低壓鈉燈(deng)(deng)、無(wu)極燈(deng)(deng)。其(qi)中的(de)熒(ying)光(guang)(guang)燈(deng)(deng)是(shi)應該最廣泛、用量最大(da)的(de)氣體放電光(guang)(guang)源(yuan)。它具有結構(gou)簡單(dan)、光(guang)(guang)效高(gao)、發光(guang)(guang)柔和、壽命長等(deng)優點。熒(ying)光(guang)(guang)燈(deng)(deng)的(de)發光(guang)(guang)效率是(shi)白熾燈(deng)(deng)的(de)4-5倍(bei)，壽命是(shi)白熾燈(deng)(deng)的(de)3-8倍(bei)，是(shi)高(gao)效節能光(guang)(guang)源(yuan)。

氣體放電燈的種(zhong)類主要有(you)(you)以上兩種(zhong)，那(nei)么它們有(you)(you)什么特點(dian)呢？

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三、氣體放電燈泡的特點是什么

1、具(ju)有高效率(lv)，它們(men)可(ke)以(yi)把25～30％的(de)輸(shu)入電能轉換為光輸(shu)出。

2、壽命長。使用壽命長達1萬小時或2萬小時以上。

3、輻(fu)射(she)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)譜具有(you)可選(xuan)擇性。通過選(xuan)擇適當的發(fa)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)物(wu)質，可使(shi)輻(fu)射(she)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)譜集中于所要求的波長上，也可同時(shi)使(shi)用幾種發(fa)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)物(wu)質，以求獲得最佳的組合(he)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)譜。

4、光輸出(chu)維持(chi)特(te)性好(hao)，在壽命(ming)終止時仍(reng)能提供60～80％的初(chu)始(shi)光輸出(chu)。

四、氣體放電燈鎮流器工作原理是什么

氣體(ti)放電(dian)(dian)燈的工作離不(bu)開氣體(ti)放電(dian)(dian)燈輔助(zhu)設備，因為它不(bu)能單獨接(jie)到電(dian)(dian)路中去，必(bi)須(xu)與(yu)觸發器、鎮流(liu)器等輔助(zhu)電(dian)(dian)器一起接(jie)入電(dian)(dian)路才能啟(qi)動和穩定(ding)工作。鎮流(liu)器的工作原理(li)主要有(you)以下幾種：

1、電阻鎮流

電(dian)(dian)阻鎮(zhen)流(liu)(liu)是依賴電(dian)(dian)阻上(shang)的電(dian)(dian)壓正比于電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)的關(guan)系來調節燈電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)的，在直流(liu)(liu)供電(dian)(dian)的氣體放電(dian)(dian)光(guang)源電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)中應用電(dian)(dian)阻鎮(zhen)流(liu)(liu)器(qi)，電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)簡(jian)單、安裝(zhuang)容易。當(dang)兼(jian)顧電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)效率(lv)和(he)燈的工作穩定(ding)性(xing)時，有VLAMP=0.6Vn時，η=60%，可以看出鎮(zhen)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)阻的功耗很大(da)，電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)的工作效率(lv)很低(di)。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻鎮(zhen)流(liu)(liu)(liu)在(zai)交流(liu)(liu)(liu)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)中有少量應(ying)用(yong)，如自鎮(zhen)流(liu)(liu)(liu)高壓汞燈利用(yong)鎢絲作鎮(zhen)流(liu)(liu)(liu)器件，許多高頻基準鎮(zhen)流(liu)(liu)(liu)器也(ye)是用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻制(zhi)成(cheng)。在(zai)交流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路中使用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻鎮(zhen)流(liu)(liu)(liu)器會影響燈電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)的波形，燈的發光效率也(ye)會下降(jiang)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)路穩定性變差，但電(dian)(dian)(dian)路的功率因數相對(dui)較高。

2、電容鎮流

電容(rong)器在低頻(pin)交流電路中工作時，燈電壓(ya)波(bo)形近似為(wei)方波(bo)。由于電容(rong)器不能限制瞬時電流，所(suo)以會產(chan)生一個(ge)峰值很高的燈電流，這使(shi)燈電流波(bo)形嚴(yan)重失真，對燈的電極產(chan)生十分有害的影(ying)響，造成燈管(guan)(guan)壽命縮短，并使(shi)燈管(guan)(guan)發光(guang)閃動，因此(ci)電容(rong)鎮流方式在低頻(pin)交流電路中很少應用。

3、電感鎮流

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)(gan)鎮(zhen)流是利用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)自感(gan)(gan)(gan)原理(li)工作的(de)(de)(de)，即(ji)它通過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)(gan)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)正比于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)(de)時間變化(hua)(hua)率來調節燈電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流。由于(yu)燈電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流滯(zhi)后電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)一定位相（所以也稱(cheng)為滯(zhi)后型鎮(zhen)流器(qi)），電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路的(de)(de)(de)功率因數較低(di)，一般(ban)在0.5左右(you)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)(gan)鎮(zhen)流對供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)(de)(de)變化(hua)(hua)較敏感(gan)(gan)(gan)，鎮(zhen)流效果不太穩(wen)定。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)(gan)鎮(zhen)流具(ju)有電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路簡單、比電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻鎮(zhen)流損耗低(di)、能(neng)改善燈電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流波形(xing)和工作穩(wen)定等(deng)優點，在各類氣(qi)體放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)燈中得到(dao)廣(guang)泛應用。

在高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)氣體放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)燈(deng)中(zhong)，為了(le)獲(huo)得較(jiao)高(gao)的(de)點火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，可以(yi)用漏磁變壓(ya)(ya)器作為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感型鎮流器應用。漏磁變壓(ya)(ya)器屬于(yu)滯后型鎮流器，雖然體大笨重(zhong)，噪聲也(ye)大，但它能(neng)獲(huo)得比電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)更高(gao)的(de)開路電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，用于(yu)燈(deng)管電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)高(gao)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)氣體放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)燈(deng)（例如霓虹燈(deng)、冷陰(yin)極燈(deng)、紫外線燈(deng)等）時，能(neng)明顯改善(shan)啟動性能(neng)。

4、電感、電容（LC）鎮流

LC鎮(zhen)流器(qi)有兩(liang)種(zhong)形式，一種(zhong)是(shi)由電(dian)感(gan)(gan)和電(dian)容(rong)串聯組(zu)成的(de)鎮(zhen)流器(qi)，通(tong)常(chang)設計(ji)成容(rong)抗(kang)比(bi)感(gan)(gan)抗(kang)大，使電(dian)路總體(ti)上呈容(rong)性。當容(rong)抗(kang)為感(gan)(gan)抗(kang)的(de)2.76倍時，電(dian)路的(de)恒流特性最穩定。這(zhe)種(zhong)鎮(zhen)流電(dian)路的(de)燈電(dian)流超(chao)前電(dian)源電(dian)壓一定的(de)相位，屬于超(chao)前型(xing)鎮(zhen)流器(qi)。

LC超前型鎮流器(qi)(qi)功耗較(jiao)小，有較(jiao)好的(de)(de)穩流特性，燈(deng)啟動時的(de)(de)短(duan)路特性也好，與滯后型的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感鎮流器(qi)(qi)配合(he)應(ying)用，可較(jiao)好地改善電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路的(de)(de)功率因數。但因為燈(deng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流過(guo)零(ling)時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)(de)峰(feng)值與燈(deng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)(de)方向正好相反，重復電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)離的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓較(jiao)低，致使重復著火能力較(jiao)差。

5、電子鎮流

電(dian)子(zi)(zi)鎮(zhen)流(liu)器(qi)是由電(dian)子(zi)(zi)元件組合而成的新(xin)型(xing)鎮(zhen)流(liu)器(qi)，它實質上是一個電(dian)源變(bian)換(huan)器(qi)，將工頻(pin)交流(liu)轉(zhuan)換(huan)為20～100kHz的交流(liu)電(dian)壓，用以啟動并(bing)點亮熒光燈。采(cai)用高(gao)頻(pin)交流(liu)電(dian)子(zi)(zi)鎮(zhen)流(liu)器(qi)可以提高(gao)燈管(guan)的發(fa)光效率(lv)，避免工頻(pin)噪聲(sheng)，減小鎮(zhen)流(liu)器(qi)的體(ti)(ti)積和(he)重量，提高(gao)功率(lv)因數，并(bing)易(yi)于實現智能控(kong)制。原則上適(shi)用于各類氣體(ti)(ti)放電(dian)燈，但(dan)對熒光燈特別是緊湊型(xing)熒光燈的應用發(fa)展(zhan)更為迅速。