據(ju)maigoo網編了解,水準儀(yi)主要由三部(bu)分組(zu)成:望遠鏡、水準器、基座(zuo)。 各部(bu)件功能(neng)如下:
望遠鏡(jing)視線精(jing)確水平后(hou)的(de)瞬間(jian),應(ying)立即利用中絲在(zai)尺(chi)上讀(du)(du)數(shu)(shu)(shu)。讀(du)(du)數(shu)(shu)(shu)時應(ying)從小數(shu)(shu)(shu)往大(da)數(shu)(shu)(shu)讀(du)(du),并估讀(du)(du)至毫米。必須讀(du)(du)出四個數(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)。讀(du)(du)數(shu)(shu)(shu)完畢后(hou)應(ying)再(zai)檢查一下水準(zhun)管氣泡(pao)是(shi)否(fou)仍然居(ju)中。讀(du)(du)數(shu)(shu)(shu)后(hou)用后(hou)視減前視計算高(gao)差。 如(ru)果是(shi)自動(dong)安(an)平的(de)水準(zhun)儀,整平后(hou)直接讀(du)(du)數(shu)(shu)(shu)就(jiu)行(xing)了(le)。具體讀(du)(du)數(shu)(shu)(shu)方(fang)法細看水準(zhun)尺(chi),只要(yao)尺(chi)上會讀(du)(du),在(zai)望遠鏡(jing)里就(jiu)能(neng)會讀(du)(du)了(le),一小格是(shi)一厘(li)米。例如(ru):
圖中1.5邊(bian)上的(de)反E最下角帶個(ge)(ge)尖出來的(de)那(nei)黑(hei)道為(wei)1.5、反E下邊(bian)的(de)一個(ge)(ge)白道為(wei)0.01一個(ge)(ge)黑(hei)道為(wei)0.01(2個(ge)(ge)白的(de)不到2個(ge)(ge)黑(hei)的(de))從上向(xiang)下讀正好 0.038不到0.04。
用十字絲(si)(si)橫絲(si)(si)在水準尺上按小(xiao)到大的方向讀數(shu),讀取(qu)米、分米、厘(li)米、毫米(估讀數(shu))四位數(shu)字。如(ru)圖讀數(shu)0.860m
借(jie)助于微(wei)(wei)傾(qing)(qing)螺旋(xuan)獲得水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)平視線的(de)一種常用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)儀。作業時先用(yong)(yong)圓(yuan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)器將儀器粗(cu)略整(zheng)平,每次讀(du)數前再借(jie)助微(wei)(wei)傾(qing)(qing)螺旋(xuan),使符合(he)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)器在豎直面內俯仰(yang),直到符合(he)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)氣泡精確居中,使視線水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)平。微(wei)(wei)傾(qing)(qing)的(de)精密水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)儀同普通(tong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)儀比(bi)較,前者管(guan)(guan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)器的(de)分劃值(zhi)(zhi)小(xiao)、靈敏度(du)(du)(du)高(gao),望(wang)遠(yuan)(yuan)鏡(jing)(jing)的(de)放大(da)倍(bei)率大(da),明亮(liang)度(du)(du)(du)強,儀器結(jie)構(gou)堅固,特別(bie)是望(wang)遠(yuan)(yuan)鏡(jing)(jing)與管(guan)(guan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)器之(zhi)間的(de)聯接(jie)牢固,裝有光(guang)學測(ce)微(wei)(wei)器,并(bing)配有精密水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)標尺,以提(ti)高(gao)讀(du)數精度(du)(du)(du)。中國(guo)生產的(de)微(wei)(wei)傾(qing)(qing)式精密水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)儀,其望(wang)遠(yuan)(yuan)鏡(jing)(jing)放大(da)倍(bei)率為40倍(bei),管(guan)(guan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)器分劃值(zhi)(zhi)為10″/2毫米(mi)(mi),光(guang)學測(ce)微(wei)(wei)器最(zui)小(xiao)讀(du)數為0.05毫米(mi)(mi),望(wang)遠(yuan)(yuan)鏡(jing)(jing)照準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)部分、管(guan)(guan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)器和(he)光(guang)學測(ce)微(wei)(wei)器都共同安裝在防熱罩(zhao)內。
借助于自動(dong)安平(ping)(ping)(ping)補償(chang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)獲得水平(ping)(ping)(ping)視(shi)(shi)線(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一種水準(zhun)儀。它的(de)(de)(de)(de)特點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)主要是(shi)當望(wang)遠(yuan)鏡(jing)(jing)視(shi)(shi)線(xian)有微量傾斜(xie)時(shi),補償(chang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)在重力作用(yong)下對(dui)望(wang)遠(yuan)鏡(jing)(jing)作相對(dui)移(yi)動(dong),從(cong)而能自動(dong)而迅(xun)速地獲得視(shi)(shi)線(xian)水平(ping)(ping)(ping)時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)標尺(chi)讀數。補償(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基本原理是(shi):當望(wang)遠(yuan)鏡(jing)(jing)視(shi)(shi)線(xian)水平(ping)(ping)(ping)時(shi),與物(wu)鏡(jing)(jing)主點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)同高的(de)(de)(de)(de)水準(zhun)標尺(chi)上物(wu)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)P構成的(de)(de)(de)(de)像點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)Z0應落(luo)在十字絲交(jiao)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)Z上。當望(wang)遠(yuan)鏡(jing)(jing)對(dui)水平(ping)(ping)(ping)線(xian)傾斜(xie)一小角α后,十字絲交(jiao)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)Z向上移(yi)動(dong),但像點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)Z0仍在原處,這(zhe)樣即產生一讀數差Z0Z。當很小時(shi)可(ke)以(yi)認為(wei)Z0Z的(de)(de)(de)(de)間(jian)距(ju)為(wei)α×f′(f′為(wei)物(wu)鏡(jing)(jing)焦距(ju)),這(zhe)時(shi)可(ke)在光(guang)路中(zhong)K點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝一補償(chang)器(qi)(qi)(qi),使(shi)光(guang)線(xian)產生屈折角β,在可(ke)以(yi)滿(man)足α×f′=β×S0(S0為(wei)補償(chang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)至十字絲中(zhong)心的(de)(de)(de)(de)距(ju)離,即KZ)的(de)(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)件下,像Z0就(jiu)落(luo)在Z點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)上;或使(shi)十字絲自動(dong)對(dui)儀器(qi)(qi)(qi)作反方向擺動(dong),十字絲交(jiao)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)Z落(luo)在Z0點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)上。
如光路中不(bu)采用光線屈折而采用平(ping)(ping)移時,只(zhi)要平(ping)(ping)移量等于(yu)Z0Z,則(ze)十字(zi)絲交點Z落在(zai)像點Z0上,也(ye)同樣能達到(dao)Z0和(he)(he)Z重合的目的。自動(dong)(dong)(dong)安平(ping)(ping)補償(chang)器(qi)(qi)按結構可分為活(huo)(huo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物鏡(jing)(jing)、活(huo)(huo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)十字(zi)絲和(he)(he)懸掛棱鏡(jing)(jing)等多種。補償(chang)裝置都有(you)一個“擺”,當望遠(yuan)鏡(jing)(jing)視線略有(you)傾斜(xie)時,補償(chang)元(yuan)件將(jiang)產生(sheng)擺動(dong)(dong)(dong),為使“擺”的擺動(dong)(dong)(dong)能盡快地(di)得到(dao)穩(wen)定,必須裝一空氣(qi)阻(zu)尼器(qi)(qi)或磁力(li)阻(zu)尼器(qi)(qi)。這種儀器(qi)(qi)較微傾水(shui)準儀工效高、精度穩(wen)定,尤其在(zai)多風和(he)(he)氣(qi)溫變化大的地(di)區作(zuo)業更為顯著。
利用激(ji)光束代替人工讀數的一種水(shui)準(zhun)儀。將(jiang)激(ji)光器(qi)發出的激(ji)光束導入望遠鏡筒(tong)內,使其(qi)沿視準(zhun)軸(zhou)方向射出水(shui)平(ping)激(ji)光束。
利用激(ji)光(guang)的(de)(de)(de)單(dan)色(se)性和(he)相(xiang)干性,可(ke)(ke)在(zai)望(wang)遠(yuan)鏡物鏡前(qian)裝配一塊(kuai)具有一定遮光(guang)圖案的(de)(de)(de)玻(bo)璃片或(huo)(huo)金屬片,即(ji)波帶板(ban),使(shi)之所生衍射干涉。經過望(wang)遠(yuan)鏡調焦(jiao),在(zai)波帶板(ban)的(de)(de)(de)調焦(jiao)范圍(wei)內,獲得(de)一明亮而精細(xi)的(de)(de)(de)十字(zi)型或(huo)(huo)圓形(xing)的(de)(de)(de)激(ji)光(guang)光(guang)斑,從而更精確地(di)照準(zhun)目標。如(ru)在(zai)前(qian)、后水準(zhun)標尺(chi)上(shang)配備能(neng)自動跟蹤的(de)(de)(de)光(guang)電接收靶(ba),即(ji)可(ke)(ke)進行水準(zhun)測(ce)量。在(zai)施(shi)工測(ce)量和(he)大(da)型構件裝配中,常用激(ji)光(guang)水準(zhun)儀建(jian)立水平面或(huo)(huo)水平線。
數(shu)(shu)字水(shui)準(zhun)儀是目(mu)前(qian)最先進的(de)水(shui)準(zhun)儀,配合專門的(de)條(tiao)碼(ma)水(shui)準(zhun)尺,通過儀器中內置的(de)數(shu)(shu)字成像系統(tong),自動(dong)獲取(qu)水(shui)準(zhun)尺的(de)條(tiao)碼(ma)讀(du)數(shu)(shu),不再需(xu)要人工讀(du)數(shu)(shu)。這種儀器可大(da)大(da)降低測繪作業勞(lao)動(dong)強度,避免人為的(de)主觀讀(du)數(shu)(shu)誤(wu)差,提高測量精度和效率。
電(dian)(dian)子水(shui)(shui)(shui)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)又稱數字水(shui)(shui)(shui)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)儀(yi)(yi)(yi),它是(shi)在自動安(an)平水(shui)(shui)(shui)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)基(ji)礎上發展起來的(de)(de)。它采用條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)碼標(biao)(biao)尺(chi)(chi),各(ge)廠家標(biao)(biao)尺(chi)(chi)編碼的(de)(de)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)碼圖案(an)不(bu)相同,不(bu)能互換使用。2013年前照準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)標(biao)(biao)尺(chi)(chi)和(he)調(diao)焦仍(reng)需目視進行。人工(gong)完成(cheng)照準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)和(he)調(diao)焦之后,標(biao)(biao)尺(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)碼一(yi)方面被成(cheng)像在望遠鏡分(fen)化板上,供(gong)目視觀測(ce),另一(yi)方面通過望遠鏡的(de)(de)分(fen)光鏡,標(biao)(biao)尺(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)碼又被成(cheng)像在光電(dian)(dian)傳(chuan)感器(又稱探測(ce)器)上,即(ji)線陣CCD器件上,供(gong)電(dian)(dian)子讀數。因此,如果使用傳(chuan)統水(shui)(shui)(shui)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)標(biao)(biao)尺(chi)(chi),電(dian)(dian)子水(shui)(shui)(shui)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)又可以像普(pu)(pu)通自動安(an)平水(shui)(shui)(shui)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)一(yi)樣使用。不(bu)過這時(shi)的(de)(de)測(ce)量精(jing)(jing)度低于(yu)電(dian)(dian)子測(ce)量的(de)(de)精(jing)(jing)度。特別是(shi)精(jing)(jing)密電(dian)(dian)子水(shui)(shui)(shui)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)儀(yi)(yi)(yi),由于(yu)沒有光學測(ce)微(wei)器,當成(cheng)普(pu)(pu)通自動安(an)平水(shui)(shui)(shui)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)使用時(shi),其精(jing)(jing)度更低。
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