繼電器接線(xian)圖 繼電器工作原理

繼電器工作原理

下面，我們先來看下繼電器的接線圖，了解下它(ta)的工作原理。

繼電器接線圖

從(cong)上圖可(ke)以看出，繼電(dian)器一般(ban)由鐵(tie)芯、線圈、銜鐵(tie)、觸(chu)(chu)點簧片等組(zu)成的。接通電(dian)源后(hou)(hou)，會產生電(dian)磁(ci)效應，電(dian)磁(ci)力(li)就會吸引銜鐵(tie)，讓(rang)它接觸(chu)(chu)到鐵(tie)芯，帶動(dong)銜鐵(tie)的常閉(bi)觸(chu)(chu)電(dian)與常開觸(chu)(chu)點吸合，在(zai)電(dian)流切斷(duan)后(hou)(hou)，電(dian)磁(ci)的吸力(li)也就沒有了，銜鐵(tie)就又返回到原來的位(wei)置，將電(dian)路切斷(duan)。

一(yi)般繼(ji)電(dian)器工作原(yuan)理和(he)特性是：

繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)是(shi)(shi)一種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)子控制(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi)件，它(ta)具(ju)有(you)控制(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)統（又(you)稱輸入(ru)回(hui)路(lu)(lu)）和被(bei)控制(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)統（又(you)稱輸出回(hui)路(lu)(lu)），通常應用(yong)(yong)于自動控制(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)中，它(ta)實(shi)際(ji)上是(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)較小的電(dian)(dian)流(liu)去控制(zhi)(zhi)較大電(dian)(dian)流(liu)的一種(zhong)“自動開關”。故在電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)中起著(zhu)自動調節(jie)、安全保護、轉換(huan)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)等(deng)作用(yong)(yong)。

作(zuo)為控制元件，概括起來，繼電器有如下幾種作(zuo)用：

繼電(dian)器的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)主要(yao)有(you)放大，用(yong)一(yi)個(ge)很微小的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)流，就可(ke)以控制很大功(gong)率的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)路，還(huan)能擴大控制范圍，在(zai)信號達(da)(da)到某一(yi)定值時(shi)，可(ke)以按觸點組(zu)的(de)(de)(de)不同形式，同時(shi)換接(jie)、開斷、接(jie)通(tong)多路電(dian) 路，達(da)(da)到自動開關(guan)的(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)。

除了上(shang)述功(gong)能之外，繼電(dian)器的(de)作用還有很(hen)多，它(ta)可以與其他電(dian)器一起(qi)組成程序控(kong)(kong)制線路(lu)，實現自動(dong)化運行，在此同時，它(ta)還將信號綜合起(qi)來，當多個控(kong)(kong)制信號按(an)規定(ding)的(de)形式輸入多繞組繼電(dian)器時，經過比較綜合，達到預定(ding)的(de)控(kong)(kong)制效果。

目(mu)前市面上普遍使用的是(shi)電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)繼電(dian)(dian)器(qi)居多(duo)，所以我重點(dian)講講這個。

電磁繼電器工作原理和特性

電磁式繼電器(qi)一(yi)般由鐵芯(xin)、線圈、銜鐵、觸(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)(dian)簧(huang)(huang)片等組成的(de)(de)(de)(de)。只要在(zai)線圈兩端(duan)加上一(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)電壓(ya)，線圈中就(jiu)會流過一(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)電流，從而(er)產生(sheng)電磁效應，銜鐵就(jiu)會在(zai)電磁力吸(xi)(xi)引的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)下克(ke)服(fu)返(fan)回彈簧(huang)(huang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)拉(la)力吸(xi)(xi)向鐵芯(xin)，從而(er)帶(dai)動(dong)銜鐵的(de)(de)(de)(de)動(dong)觸(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)(dian)與靜觸(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)(dian)（常開觸(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)(dian)）吸(xi)(xi)合(he)。當線圈斷電后，電磁的(de)(de)(de)(de)吸(xi)(xi)力也隨(sui)之消失，銜鐵就(jiu)會在(zai)彈簧(huang)(huang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)反(fan)作用(yong)力返(fan)回原來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)位置(zhi)，使動(dong)觸(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)(dian)與原來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)靜觸(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)(dian)（常閉觸(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)(dian)）吸(xi)(xi)合(he)。這樣吸(xi)(xi)合(he)、釋放，從而(er)達(da)到了在(zai)電路中的(de)(de)(de)(de)導(dao)通、切斷的(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)。

電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)式(shi)繼電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)是應用得(de)最(zui)早、最(zui)多的一(yi)種型式(shi)。其結構及工(gong)作原理(li)與接(jie)觸器(qi)(qi)大體(ti)相同。 由電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)系統(tong)、觸點(dian)系統(tong)和釋(shi)放彈簧等組(zu)成，。由于(yu)繼電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)用于(yu)控(kong)制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)路，流(liu)過(guo)觸點(dian)的電(dian)(dian)流(liu)比較小(一(yi)般5A以下)，故(gu)不需要滅弧裝置(zhi)。

按電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁鐵線(xian)圈(quan)匝數(shu)的多(duo)少(shao)可分為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)；若(ruo)線(xian)圈(quan)匝數(shu)多(duo)、阻抗大(da)，可直接跨接在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源上，則(ze)稱為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)；若(ruo)線(xian)圈(quan)匝數(shu)少(shao)，阻抗小，線(xian)圈(quan)可以和負載(zai)（例如電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機的某一相）串聯起(qi)來，則(ze)稱為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)。

光提(ti)繼(ji)(ji)電(dian)器(qi)也許您(nin)會感到(dao)有(you)些(xie)陌生，其實(shi)它(ta)在電(dian)路里的(de)(de)開關作(zuo)用，或者更廣義(yi)地說是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“控(kong)制(zhi)”作(zuo)用，卻是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)經常見到(dao)的(de)(de)。例如(ru)，每當汽車(che)轉彎的(de)(de)時候，它(ta)頭(tou)上的(de)(de)一(yi)只“眼睛(jing)”——指示燈就忽(hu)閃(shan)忽(hu)閃(shan)地亮著，這就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)繼(ji)(ji)電(dian)器(qi)在起(qi)作(zuo)用。無軌電(dian)車(che)頭(tou)上的(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi)箱(xiang)里，總是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)噼里啪啦地響著，那(nei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)許多繼(ji)(ji)電(dian)器(qi)在繁忙地工作(zuo)，控(kong)制(zhi)著電(dian)車(che)的(de)(de)快慢(man)和(he)(he)啟(qi)停。您(nin)拿(na)起(qi)電(dian)話機撥上一(yi)個(ge)號碼，很快就和(he)(he)您(nin)要(yao)通話的(de)(de)對方接通了。這是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)誰的(de)(de)作(zuo)用呢(ni)？還(huan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)繼(ji)(ji)電(dian)器(qi)，就拿(na)我們經常使用的(de)(de)日光燈來說吧，那(nei)里的(de)(de)啟(qi)動器(qi)其實(shi)就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)只繼(ji)(ji)電(dian)器(qi)。

其(qi)實生活(huo)在(zai)繼(ji)電(dian)器(qi)無處不在(zai)。細心(xin)的(de)您是(shi)否留意(yi)過商(shang)場、超市的(de)自動扶梯，大多數自動扶梯都(dou)有(you)這樣(yang)的(de)情況：如果(guo)上(shang)面(mian)(mian)有(you)人時(shi)運行速(su)度(du)較(jiao)快，如果(guo)上(shang)面(mian)(mian)沒有(you)人時(shi)運行比(bi)較(jiao)緩慢，這背后(hou)就是(shi)繼(ji)電(dian)器(qi)的(de)功勞。生活(huo)中一(yi)些常見的(de)用電(dian)器(qi)上(shang)也都(dou)有(you)繼(ji)電(dian)器(qi)的(de)身影，比(bi)如電(dian)話、揚聲器(qi)、冰(bing)箱、空調等等。

以上例子將(jiang)繼(ji)電器(qi)的重要性凸顯無疑，那怎么選購(gou)好的繼(ji)電器(qi)呢(ni)？

1、選擇(ze)電磁式(shi)繼(ji)電器線圈的(de)額(e)(e)定(ding)工作電流：用晶體管或(huo)集成(cheng)電路驅動的(de)直流電磁繼(ji)電器，其(qi)線圈額(e)(e)定(ding)工作電流(一般為(wei)吸合(he)電流的(de)2倍)應在驅動電路的(de)輸出電流范(fan)圍之(zhi)內。

2、選擇電(dian)磁式繼(ji)電(dian)器接點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)類型及接點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)負荷：同一種型號的繼(ji)電(dian)器通常(chang)有多種接點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的形式可(ke)供(gong)選用(電(dian)磁繼(ji)電(dian)器有：單組接點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、雙組接點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、多組接點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)及常(chang)開式接點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、常(chang)閉式接點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等)，應選用適合應用電(dian)路(lu)的接點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)類型。

3、選(xuan)擇電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)式(shi)繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)器線圈電(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)：選(xuan)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)式(shi)繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)器時，首先應選(xuan)擇繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)器線圈電(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)是交流(liu)還是直流(liu)。繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)器的額(e)定工(gong)作電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)一般(ban)應小(xiao)于(yu)或等于(yu)其控制電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)的工(gong)作電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)。

4、選(xuan)擇電(dian)磁式繼(ji)電(dian)器(qi)合適(shi)的(de)體積：繼(ji)電(dian)器(qi)體積的(de)大(da)小(xiao)通常與(yu)繼(ji)電(dian)器(qi)接(jie)點負荷的(de)大(da)小(xiao)有關，選(xuan)用多大(da)體積的(de)繼(ji)電(dian)器(qi)，還應(ying)根(gen)據應(ying)用電(dian)路的(de)要(yao)求而定。