繼電器接(jie)線圖 繼電器工作原理

繼電器工作原理

下面，我們先來看下繼電器的接線圖(tu)，了解(jie)下它(ta)的工作原理。

繼電器接線圖

從上圖可以看出，繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器一般由(you)鐵(tie)芯(xin)、線(xian)圈、銜(xian)(xian)鐵(tie)、觸點(dian)簧片等組成的(de)(de)。接(jie)通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源后(hou)，會產生電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)效應，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)力就會吸引銜(xian)(xian)鐵(tie)，讓它接(jie)觸到(dao)鐵(tie)芯(xin)，帶動(dong)銜(xian)(xian)鐵(tie)的(de)(de)常閉觸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)與(yu)常開觸點(dian)吸合，在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流切斷后(hou)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)的(de)(de)吸力也就沒有了，銜(xian)(xian)鐵(tie)就又返回到(dao)原來的(de)(de)位置(zhi)，將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路切斷。

一般繼(ji)電器(qi)工(gong)作(zuo)原(yuan)理(li)和特性是：

繼(ji)電(dian)器是(shi)一種電(dian)子控(kong)制器件，它具有控(kong)制系統(tong)（又(you)稱(cheng)輸(shu)入回路）和被控(kong)制系統(tong)（又(you)稱(cheng)輸(shu)出(chu)回路），通常應用于(yu)自動控(kong)制電(dian)路中，它實際上是(shi)用較小的(de)電(dian)流去控(kong)制較大電(dian)流的(de)一種“自動開(kai)關”。故在電(dian)路中起著自動調節、安全(quan)保護、轉(zhuan)換電(dian)路等作用。

作為控制元件(jian)，概括起(qi)來，繼電器有如(ru)下(xia)幾種作用：

繼電(dian)器(qi)的(de)(de)作用(yong)主要有放大(da)，用(yong)一(yi)個(ge)很微小的(de)(de)電(dian)流，就可(ke)以(yi)(yi)控制很大(da)功率(lv)的(de)(de)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)，還能擴大(da)控制范(fan)圍，在信(xin)號達到某一(yi)定(ding)值(zhi)時(shi)，可(ke)以(yi)(yi)按觸點組的(de)(de)不同(tong)形式，同(tong)時(shi)換(huan)接、開斷、接通多(duo)路(lu)(lu)電(dian) 路(lu)(lu)，達到自動開關(guan)的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)。

除了(le)上(shang)述功能之外，繼電器(qi)的(de)(de)作用還有很多(duo)，它可以與其他電器(qi)一起組成(cheng)程序控(kong)(kong)制線路，實現(xian)自動化運(yun)行，在此同時(shi)，它還將信(xin)號綜合起來，當(dang)多(duo)個控(kong)(kong)制信(xin)號按規定(ding)的(de)(de)形式輸(shu)入多(duo)繞組繼電器(qi)時(shi)，經過(guo)比較綜合，達(da)到預定(ding)的(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)制效果。

目前市面上普(pu)遍使(shi)用(yong)的(de)是(shi)電磁繼電器居多，所以我重(zhong)點講講這個。

電磁繼電器工作原理和特性

電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)式繼電(dian)(dian)器一(yi)般由(you)鐵芯(xin)、線(xian)圈(quan)、銜鐵、觸(chu)(chu)點簧(huang)片等組成的(de)(de)(de)。只要在線(xian)圈(quan)兩(liang)端加上一(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，線(xian)圈(quan)中就(jiu)會流(liu)過(guo)一(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)，從而產生電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)效應，銜鐵就(jiu)會在電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)力(li)吸(xi)引的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)下克服返(fan)(fan)回彈(dan)簧(huang)的(de)(de)(de)拉力(li)吸(xi)向鐵芯(xin)，從而帶動(dong)銜鐵的(de)(de)(de)動(dong)觸(chu)(chu)點與(yu)靜觸(chu)(chu)點（常(chang)開觸(chu)(chu)點）吸(xi)合(he)。當線(xian)圈(quan)斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)后，電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)的(de)(de)(de)吸(xi)力(li)也隨之消失，銜鐵就(jiu)會在彈(dan)簧(huang)的(de)(de)(de)反作用(yong)(yong)力(li)返(fan)(fan)回原(yuan)來(lai)(lai)的(de)(de)(de)位置，使動(dong)觸(chu)(chu)點與(yu)原(yuan)來(lai)(lai)的(de)(de)(de)靜觸(chu)(chu)點（常(chang)閉觸(chu)(chu)點）吸(xi)合(he)。這樣吸(xi)合(he)、釋放，從而達到了在電(dian)(dian)路中的(de)(de)(de)導(dao)通、切斷(duan)的(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)。

電磁式繼(ji)電器是應(ying)用得最早、最多的一(yi)種(zhong)型(xing)式。其結(jie)構(gou)及工作原理(li)與接觸(chu)器大體(ti)相同。 由電磁系統、觸(chu)點系統和釋(shi)放(fang)彈簧等組成，。由于繼(ji)電器用于控制電路，流過觸(chu)點的電流比較小(一(yi)般5A以(yi)下)，故不需要(yao)滅弧(hu)裝置。

按電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁鐵(tie)線(xian)(xian)圈匝數的多(duo)少可分為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)；若線(xian)(xian)圈匝數多(duo)、阻(zu)(zu)抗大，可直接(jie)跨(kua)接(jie)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)上(shang)，則稱為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)；若線(xian)(xian)圈匝數少，阻(zu)(zu)抗小，線(xian)(xian)圈可以和負載（例如電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機的某(mou)一(yi)相）串聯起來(lai)，則稱為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)。

光(guang)提繼(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)也許您會感到有些(xie)陌生，其(qi)實它在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路里(li)(li)的(de)(de)開關(guan)作(zuo)(zuo)用，或者更廣義地(di)說是(shi)(shi)“控(kong)制”作(zuo)(zuo)用，卻是(shi)(shi)經常見到的(de)(de)。例(li)如，每(mei)當汽車(che)轉(zhuan)彎(wan)的(de)(de)時(shi)候，它頭(tou)(tou)上的(de)(de)一(yi)只“眼(yan)睛”——指示燈就(jiu)忽閃(shan)忽閃(shan)地(di)亮著(zhu)(zhu)，這就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)繼(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)在(zai)起作(zuo)(zuo)用。無軌電(dian)(dian)(dian)車(che)頭(tou)(tou)上的(de)(de)控(kong)制箱里(li)(li)，總是(shi)(shi)噼里(li)(li)啪啦(la)地(di)響著(zhu)(zhu)，那(nei)是(shi)(shi)許多繼(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)在(zai)繁忙(mang)地(di)工作(zuo)(zuo)，控(kong)制著(zhu)(zhu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)車(che)的(de)(de)快慢和(he)(he)啟(qi)停(ting)。您拿起電(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)機撥上一(yi)個(ge)號碼(ma)，很快就(jiu)和(he)(he)您要通(tong)話(hua)的(de)(de)對方(fang)接通(tong)了(le)。這是(shi)(shi)誰的(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)用呢？還是(shi)(shi)繼(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)，就(jiu)拿我們經常使用的(de)(de)日光(guang)燈來(lai)說吧，那(nei)里(li)(li)的(de)(de)啟(qi)動器(qi)其(qi)實就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)只繼(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)。

其實生(sheng)活(huo)在繼(ji)(ji)電器(qi)無處不在。細心的(de)(de)您是否留意過商場、超市的(de)(de)自(zi)動扶梯(ti)，大多數自(zi)動扶梯(ti)都(dou)有(you)這(zhe)樣的(de)(de)情況：如(ru)(ru)果(guo)上面(mian)有(you)人時運(yun)行速度(du)較(jiao)快，如(ru)(ru)果(guo)上面(mian)沒有(you)人時運(yun)行比較(jiao)緩慢，這(zhe)背后(hou)就是繼(ji)(ji)電器(qi)的(de)(de)功勞。生(sheng)活(huo)中一些常(chang)見的(de)(de)用(yong)電器(qi)上也都(dou)有(you)繼(ji)(ji)電器(qi)的(de)(de)身影，比如(ru)(ru)電話、揚聲器(qi)、冰箱、空調(diao)等(deng)等(deng)。

以(yi)上例子將繼(ji)電(dian)器的重要(yao)性凸顯無(wu)疑，那怎么選購好(hao)的繼(ji)電(dian)器呢(ni)？

1、選擇(ze)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁式繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器線圈的額定工(gong)(gong)作電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)：用晶體(ti)管(guan)或集成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路驅(qu)動(dong)的直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器，其線圈額定工(gong)(gong)作電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(一般為吸合電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)的2倍)應(ying)在驅(qu)動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路的輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)范圍之(zhi)內(nei)。

2、選擇電磁(ci)式(shi)繼(ji)電器接(jie)(jie)(jie)點(dian)類型及接(jie)(jie)(jie)點(dian)負荷：同一種型號的(de)繼(ji)電器通常有多種接(jie)(jie)(jie)點(dian)的(de)形式(shi)可(ke)供(gong)選用(電磁(ci)繼(ji)電器有：單組接(jie)(jie)(jie)點(dian)、雙組接(jie)(jie)(jie)點(dian)、多組接(jie)(jie)(jie)點(dian)及常開(kai)式(shi)接(jie)(jie)(jie)點(dian)、常閉式(shi)接(jie)(jie)(jie)點(dian)等)，應選用適合應用電路的(de)接(jie)(jie)(jie)點(dian)類型。

3、選(xuan)擇(ze)電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)式(shi)繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)線圈電(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)：選(xuan)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)式(shi)繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)時，首先應選(xuan)擇(ze)繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)線圈電(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)是交(jiao)流還是直流。繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的額定工(gong)作(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)一般應小于(yu)或(huo)等于(yu)其控(kong)制電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)的工(gong)作(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。

4、選(xuan)擇電磁(ci)式(shi)繼(ji)(ji)電器(qi)合適的(de)體積(ji)：繼(ji)(ji)電器(qi)體積(ji)的(de)大(da)(da)小(xiao)通常(chang)與(yu)繼(ji)(ji)電器(qi)接(jie)點負(fu)荷的(de)大(da)(da)小(xiao)有(you)關(guan)，選(xuan)用多大(da)(da)體積(ji)的(de)繼(ji)(ji)電器(qi)，還應根據(ju)應用電路的(de)要(yao)求而(er)定(ding)。