【鏡(jing)子原(yuan)(yuan)理(li)】平面(mian)鏡(jing)成像原(yuan)(yuan)理(li) 鏡(jing)子的原(yuan)(yuan)理(li)是什么
平面鏡成像原理
原理是遵從光(guang)的反射定(ding)律
光的反(fan)射(she)(she)(she)(she)定律:反(fan)射(she)(she)(she)(she)光線(xian)(xian)(xian)與(yu)入(ru)射(she)(she)(she)(she)光線(xian)(xian)(xian)、法(fa)線(xian)(xian)(xian)在(zai)同一平面上;反(fan)射(she)(she)(she)(she)光線(xian)(xian)(xian)和入(ru)射(she)(she)(she)(she)光線(xian)(xian)(xian)分居在(zai)法(fa)線(xian)(xian)(xian)的兩(liang)側;反(fan)射(she)(she)(she)(she)角等于入(ru)射(she)(she)(she)(she)角。可(ke)歸納為:“三線(xian)(xian)(xian)共面,兩(liang)線(xian)(xian)(xian)分居,兩(liang)角相(xiang)等,光路可(ke)逆”。
鏡子的原理是什么
單(dan)位(wei)時間內從界面(mian)單(dan)位(wei)面(mian)積(ji)上反(fan)(fan)(fan)射(she)(she)(she)光(guang)所帶走的(de)能量與入(ru)射(she)(she)(she)光(guang)入(ru)射(she)(she)(she)的(de)能量之(zhi)比(bi),稱(cheng)為(wei)反(fan)(fan)(fan)射(she)(she)(she)率(lv)(lv)。能量之(zhi)比(bi)等于光(guang)強之(zhi)比(bi),故反(fan)(fan)(fan)射(she)(she)(she)率(lv)(lv)即為(wei)反(fan)(fan)(fan)射(she)(she)(she)光(guang)強與入(ru)射(she)(she)(she)光(guang)強之(zhi)比(bi),也(ye)等于反(fan)(fan)(fan)射(she)(she)(she)光(guang)與入(ru)射(she)(she)(she)光(guang)的(de)振(zhen)幅平方之(zhi)比(bi)。正反(fan)(fan)(fan)射(she)(she)(she)時,反(fan)(fan)(fan)射(she)(she)(she)率(lv)(lv)可(ke)用第(di)(di)二媒質(zhi)對(dui)第(di)(di)一(yi)媒質(zhi)的(de)相對(dui)折射(she)(she)(she)率(lv)(lv)n21(=n2/n1)表示,為(wei)R=(n21-1)2/(n21+2)2。反(fan)(fan)(fan)射(she)(she)(she)光(guang)波振(zhen)幅與入(ru)射(she)(she)(she)光(guang)波振(zhen)幅之(zhi)比(bi),稱(cheng)為(wei)反(fan)(fan)(fan)射(she)(she)(she)比(bi)或反(fan)(fan)(fan)射(she)(she)(she)系數。
研(yan)究(jiu)某材料(liao)的反(fan)(fan)射(she)情(qing)況(kuang),需(xu)要測(ce)定(ding)該材料(liao)樣品平面(mian)在(zai)各(ge)方(fang)向(xiang)上對各(ge)種波長的反(fan)(fan)射(she)率。對于(yu)一般性(xing)的研(yan)究(jiu)工作,國際照(zhao)(zhao)明委(wei)員會(hui)(簡寫CIE)推薦取45°±5°方(fang)向(xiang)上照(zhao)(zhao)明,90°±10°的法線方(fang)向(xiang)觀(guan)測(ce);也可以(yi)(yi)90°±10°照(zhao)(zhao)明而以(yi)(yi)45°±5°觀(guan)測(ce)。物(wu)質的反(fan)(fan)射(she)率與厚度有關(guan),因為一部(bu)分光要稍進入物(wu)體內部(bu),然后再被反(fan)(fan)射(she)出來。故嚴格的定(ding)義(yi)還應限定(ding)材料(liao)樣品的厚度。
反射率(lv)(lv)有時也稱(cheng)為反射比(bi),反射系(xi)數,反射本領或(huo)反射因數。我國(guo)全國(guo)自然科學名(ming)詞(ci)審定委(wei)員會(hui)于1988年公(gong)布(bu)的(de)物理(li)(li)學名(ming)詞(ci)(基礎物理(li)(li)學部分)中,把這些術語統一(yi)規范為強度反射率(lv)(lv)和振(zhen)幅反射率(lv)(lv)。
光的反射(she)是生(sheng)活(huo)中常見的現象(xiang)。例如人們日常照鏡子,物體(ti)在湖面形成倒(dao)影等(deng),都屬于光的反射(she)現象(xiang)。
反(fan)(fan)射(she)(she)鏡(mirror)利(li)用反(fan)(fan)射(she)(she)面(mian)反(fan)(fan)射(she)(she)光線(xian)的光學元件。通(tong)常(chang)有平面(mian)反(fan)(fan)射(she)(she)鏡、球面(mian)反(fan)(fan)射(she)(she)鏡和(he)非球面(mian)反(fan)(fan)射(she)(she)鏡三種。根據(ju)反(fan)(fan)射(she)(she)的程(cheng)度又(you)可分為(wei)全反(fan)(fan)射(she)(she)和(he)半透半反(fan)(fan)射(she)(she)兩種,后者常(chang)簡稱為(wei)分束(shu)鏡。
平(ping)(ping)面鏡(jing)反射鏡(jing)通(tong)常(chang)由鍍銀或鍍鋁的(de)(de)平(ping)(ping)面玻璃制成。平(ping)(ping)面反射鏡(jing)對實物成虛像(xiang),對虛物成實像(xiang)。它是唯一不破壞光束單心性的(de)(de)光學(xue)元件,能(neng)形成完善的(de)(de)像(xiang)。
球面(mian)反(fan)射(she)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)反(fan)射(she)面(mian)為(wei)(wei)球面(mian)。若球心(xin)位于(yu)受光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)面(mian)一(yi)(yi)側(ce),則稱為(wei)(wei)凹(ao)球面(mian)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing),簡(jian)稱凹(ao)面(mian)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing);球心(xin)位于(yu)受光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)面(mian)另一(yi)(yi)側(ce),則稱為(wei)(wei)凸球面(mian)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing),簡(jian)稱凸面(mian)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)。凹(ao)面(mian)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)是會聚(ju)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing),平行(xing)(xing)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)束(shu)經它反(fan)射(she)后會聚(ju)于(yu)一(yi)(yi)點(dian)(dian),此(ci)點(dian)(dian)為(wei)(wei)實焦點(dian)(dian)。把點(dian)(dian)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)源放在實焦點(dian)(dian)位置(zhi)上,光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)束(shu)經反(fan)射(she)后成為(wei)(wei)平行(xing)(xing)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)束(shu)。凸面(mian)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)是發散鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing),平行(xing)(xing)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)束(shu)經它反(fan)射(she)后成發散光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)束(shu),反(fan)射(she)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)線(xian)的(de)反(fan)向延長線(xian)交(jiao)于(yu)一(yi)(yi)點(dian)(dian),此(ci)點(dian)(dian)為(wei)(wei)虛焦點(dian)(dian)。汽車駕駛室兩旁安置(zhi)的(de)觀察鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)為(wei)(wei)凸面(mian)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing),遠(yuan)處的(de)物體在虛焦點(dian)(dian)前附近形(xing)成正立縮(suo)小的(de)虛像。
非球(qiu)(qiu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)反(fan)(fan)(fan)射(she)鏡(jing)(jing)有拋(pao)物(wu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)鏡(jing)(jing)、雙(shuang)曲面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)鏡(jing)(jing)、橢球(qiu)(qiu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)鏡(jing)(jing)、錐面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)和(he)柱面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)反(fan)(fan)(fan)射(she)鏡(jing)(jing)等。平(ping)行光軸的光束經拋(pao)物(wu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)鏡(jing)(jing)反(fan)(fan)(fan)射(she)后(hou)會聚于(yu)拋(pao)物(wu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)的焦(jiao)點(dian),在(zai)反(fan)(fan)(fan)射(she)式天文(wen)望(wang)遠鏡(jing)(jing)中(zhong)做(zuo)物(wu)鏡(jing)(jing),可以(yi)(yi)使遙(yao)遠的星體(ti)成(cheng)(cheng)像(xiang)于(yu)焦(jiao)點(dian)處。反(fan)(fan)(fan)之由焦(jiao)點(dian)發出的光束經拋(pao)物(wu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)鏡(jing)(jing)反(fan)(fan)(fan)射(she)后(hou)形成(cheng)(cheng)平(ping)行光束,用于(yu)做(zuo)探照(zhao)燈(deng)。雙(shuang)曲面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)鏡(jing)(jing)和(he)橢球(qiu)(qiu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)鏡(jing)(jing)常用于(yu)某些(xie)特殊(shu)的光學系統(tong)中(zhong),以(yi)(yi)簡化結(jie)構和(he)改(gai)進(jin)成(cheng)(cheng)像(xiang)質量。