一、什么是光伏逆變器
逆變器又稱電源調整器(qi)(qi)(qi),根據逆變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)在光伏(fu)發電系(xi)統(tong)(tong)中的用(yong)途可分(fen)為(wei)獨立型(xing)電源用(yong)和并(bing)(bing)網用(yong)二(er)種。根據波(bo)形(xing)調制方式又可分(fen)為(wei)方波(bo)逆變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、階梯波(bo)逆變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、正弦波(bo)逆變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)和組合(he)式三相(xiang)逆變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)。對于(yu)用(yong)于(yu)并(bing)(bing)網系(xi)統(tong)(tong)的逆變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)(qi),根據有(you)無變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓器(qi)(qi)(qi)又可分(fen)為(wei)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓器(qi)(qi)(qi)型(xing)逆變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)和無變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓器(qi)(qi)(qi)型(xing)逆變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)。
二、結構原理
逆變器是一種由半導體器件組成的電力調整裝置,主要用于把直流電力轉換成(cheng)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電力。一(yi)般(ban)由(you)升(sheng)壓回(hui)(hui)路(lu)和逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)橋(qiao)式(shi)回(hui)(hui)路(lu)構成(cheng)。升(sheng)壓回(hui)(hui)路(lu)把太(tai)陽電池的(de)(de)(de)直流(liu)(liu)電壓升(sheng)壓到逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)器輸出(chu)控(kong)制所需的(de)(de)(de)直流(liu)(liu)電壓;逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)橋(qiao)式(shi)回(hui)(hui)路(lu)則把升(sheng)壓后的(de)(de)(de)直流(liu)(liu)電壓等價地轉換成(cheng)常用(yong)(yong)頻率的(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電壓。逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)器主(zhu)要(yao)由(you)晶體管等開(kai)關元件(jian)構成(cheng),通(tong)過(guo)有(you)規則地讓開(kai)關元件(jian)重復開(kai)-關(ON-OFF),使直流(liu)(liu)輸入變(bian)(bian)成(cheng)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)輸出(chu)。當然,這樣(yang)單純地由(you)開(kai)和關回(hui)(hui)路(lu)產生的(de)(de)(de)逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)器輸出(chu)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)形(xing)并不實用(yong)(yong)。一(yi)般(ban)需要(yao)采用(yong)(yong)高頻脈寬調制(SPWM),使靠近正弦波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)兩端(duan)的(de)(de)(de)電壓寬度(du)變(bian)(bian)狹,正弦波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)中央的(de)(de)(de)電壓寬度(du)變(bian)(bian)寬,并在半周期(qi)內始終(zhong)讓開(kai)關元件(jian)按一(yi)定頻率朝一(yi)方(fang)向動(dong)作,這樣(yang)形(xing)成(cheng)一(yi)個脈沖波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)列(擬正弦波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo))。然后讓脈沖波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)通(tong)過(guo)簡(jian)單的(de)(de)(de)濾(lv)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)器形(xing)成(cheng)正弦波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)。
三、逆變器的元器件構成
1、電流傳感器
對于電(dian)流傳(chuan)感器(qi)要求精度高、響應時間快(kuai),而且耐(nai)低溫(wen)、高溫(wen)等環(huan)(huan)境要求,目前國內很多廠家都用開環(huan)(huan)電(dian)流傳(chuan)感器(qi)來取代閉環(huan)(huan)電(dian)流傳(chuan)感器(qi),如:JCE1000-AXS、JCE1500-AXS、JCE2000-AXS等
2、電流互感器
一般采用BRS系列電流互(hu)感(gan)器,從幾(ji)百到幾(ji)千A不(bu)等,輸出信號一般采用0-5A為標準
3、電抗器
三、功能
1、自動運行和停機功能
早晨日出(chu)(chu)(chu)后,太(tai)陽(yang)輻射強度逐漸增(zeng)強,太(tai)陽(yang)電(dian)(dian)池的輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)也隨(sui)之增(zeng)大(da),當(dang)(dang)達(da)到逆變器工(gong)作(zuo)所需(xu)的輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)功率后,逆變器即自(zi)動開始運(yun)行(xing)。進入(ru)運(yun)行(xing)后,逆變器便(bian)時時刻刻監視太(tai)陽(yang)電(dian)(dian)池組件的輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu),只要太(tai)陽(yang)電(dian)(dian)池組件的輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)功率大(da)于逆變器工(gong)作(zuo)所需(xu)的輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)功率,逆變器就持續(xu)運(yun)行(xing);直到日落(luo)停機(ji),即使陰雨天逆變器也能運(yun)行(xing)。當(dang)(dang)太(tai)陽(yang)電(dian)(dian)池組件輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)變小,逆變器輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)接近0時,逆變器便(bian)形(xing)成(cheng)待機(ji)狀態(tai)。
2、最大功率跟蹤控制功能
太陽能電(dian)池(chi)組(zu)件的(de)(de)輸出是隨太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)輻(fu)(fu)射強(qiang)度和(he)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)電(dian)池(chi)組(zu)件自身溫(wen)度(芯片溫(wen)度)而變(bian)(bian)化(hua)的(de)(de)。另外由(you)于(yu)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)電(dian)池(chi)組(zu)件具有電(dian)壓(ya)隨電(dian)流(liu)增大(da)(da)(da)而下降的(de)(de)特性(xing),因此存在能(neng)獲(huo)取最(zui)(zui)大(da)(da)(da)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)最(zui)(zui)佳工作(zuo)(zuo)點。太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)輻(fu)(fu)射強(qiang)度是變(bian)(bian)化(hua)著的(de)(de),顯然(ran)最(zui)(zui)佳工作(zuo)(zuo)點也是在變(bian)(bian)化(hua)的(de)(de)。相對于(yu)這(zhe)些(xie)變(bian)(bian)化(hua),始終讓(rang)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)電(dian)池(chi)組(zu)件的(de)(de)工作(zuo)(zuo)點處于(yu)最(zui)(zui)大(da)(da)(da)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)點,系統始終從(cong)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)電(dian)池(chi)組(zu)件獲(huo)取最(zui)(zui)大(da)(da)(da)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)輸出,這(zhe)種控(kong)制就是最(zui)(zui)大(da)(da)(da)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)跟蹤(zong)控(kong)制。太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)發電(dian)系統用的(de)(de)逆變(bian)(bian)器的(de)(de)最(zui)(zui)大(da)(da)(da)特點就是包括了最(zui)(zui)大(da)(da)(da)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)點跟蹤(zong)(MPPT)這(zhe)一(yi)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)。
四、選購步驟及方法
1、功率
一般根據系統的要求配置對應功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)段的逆(ni)變器,選型(xing)的逆(ni)變器的功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)應該與(yu)太陽能電(dian)池方陣的最大功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)匹配,一般選取光(guang)伏逆(ni)變器的額定輸(shu)出功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)與(yu)輸(shu)入總功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)相近(jin)左(zuo)右,這樣可以(yi)節約(yue)成本。
2、關鍵技術指標
1)選(xuan)擇合適的輸入輸出電壓范(fan)圍(wei),確(que)保(bao)產品的最優組合。
2)逆(ni)變器(qi)的歐(ou)洲(zhou)效(xiao)率:它的高低將直接影響到光伏發電系統(tong)的設計成本(ben)與發電效(xiao)率。
3)太陽電池方陣最大(da)功率(lv)跟蹤功能(MPPT)及其(qi)效率(lv)。
4)應注意所選用的(de)逆變器(qi)應有基本的(de)保(bao)(bao)護功(gong)(gong)能,如過(guo)(guo)流/短路保(bao)(bao)護、過(guo)(guo)功(gong)(gong)率保(bao)(bao)護,過(guo)(guo)溫保(bao)(bao)護,防(fang)雷保(bao)(bao)護、孤島保(bao)(bao)護等功(gong)(gong)能。
5)逆變器輸出電流波形畸變率(THD%)要低于(yu)4%。
3、認證標準
作(zuo)為(wei)光伏電站(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)核心設(she)備,為(wei)保證電站(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)穩定、可靠(kao)、持續(xu)運行(xing),并網逆變器必須有很(hen)高的(de)(de)可靠(kao)性。它應具(ju)有銷售目的(de)(de)地的(de)(de)安規(gui)認(ren)證,電磁(ci)兼(jian)容認(ren)證,及各國(guo)并網認(ren)證:(以歐(ou)洲為(wei)例)
安(an)規(gui):EN62109-1,EN62109-2
電磁兼容:EN61000-6-1,EN61000-6-2,EN61000-6-3,EN61000-6-4
并網認證:VDE0126-1-1(德國)
4、品牌與服務
建議購買(mai)目(mu)前(qian)市場上(shang)口碑不錯的(de)品牌,因為一般品牌形(xing)象(xiang)好的(de)公司,通常會在技術,以及(ji)維修服務(wu)上(shang)有較大的(de)投資(zi),能(neng)滿足(zu)對客戶的(de)承(cheng)諾。