一、什么是光伏逆變器
逆變器又稱(cheng)電源調(diao)(diao)整器,根(gen)據(ju)逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)器在光伏(fu)發電系統中的(de)用(yong)(yong)途可(ke)分為獨立型(xing)電源用(yong)(yong)和并(bing)網(wang)用(yong)(yong)二種。根(gen)據(ju)波(bo)形(xing)調(diao)(diao)制方(fang)式又可(ke)分為方(fang)波(bo)逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)器、階梯波(bo)逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)器、正弦(xian)波(bo)逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)器和組合式三相逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)器。對(dui)于用(yong)(yong)于并(bing)網(wang)系統的(de)逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)器,根(gen)據(ju)有(you)無變(bian)(bian)壓器又可(ke)分為變(bian)(bian)壓器型(xing)逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)器和無變(bian)(bian)變(bian)(bian)壓器型(xing)逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)器。
二、結構原理
逆變器是一種由半導體器件組成的電力調整裝置,主要用于把直流電力轉換成交流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力。一(yi)(yi)般由(you)升(sheng)壓回(hui)路(lu)和逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)橋式回(hui)路(lu)構成。升(sheng)壓回(hui)路(lu)把太陽電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)直流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓升(sheng)壓到逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)輸出控制所需(xu)的(de)(de)(de)直流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓;逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)橋式回(hui)路(lu)則把升(sheng)壓后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)直流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等價(jia)地(di)轉換成常用頻率的(de)(de)(de)交流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓。逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)主要由(you)晶體管(guan)等開(kai)關元件構成,通過有規則地(di)讓(rang)開(kai)關元件重復開(kai)-關(ON-OFF),使(shi)直流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)輸入(ru)變(bian)(bian)成交流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)輸出。當然,這(zhe)樣(yang)(yang)單純地(di)由(you)開(kai)和關回(hui)路(lu)產(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)輸出波(bo)(bo)(bo)形(xing)并不實用。一(yi)(yi)般需(xu)要采用高頻脈寬(kuan)調制(SPWM),使(shi)靠近正弦波(bo)(bo)(bo)兩端的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓寬(kuan)度變(bian)(bian)狹(xia),正弦波(bo)(bo)(bo)中(zhong)央的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓寬(kuan)度變(bian)(bian)寬(kuan),并在半周(zhou)期內始終讓(rang)開(kai)關元件按(an)一(yi)(yi)定(ding)頻率朝一(yi)(yi)方向動(dong)作,這(zhe)樣(yang)(yang)形(xing)成一(yi)(yi)個脈沖波(bo)(bo)(bo)列(擬正弦波(bo)(bo)(bo))。然后(hou)讓(rang)脈沖波(bo)(bo)(bo)通過簡單的(de)(de)(de)濾波(bo)(bo)(bo)器(qi)形(xing)成正弦波(bo)(bo)(bo)。
三、逆變器的元器件構成
1、電流傳感器
對于(yu)電(dian)流傳(chuan)感器要求(qiu)(qiu)精度高、響應時間快,而且(qie)耐(nai)低溫、高溫等環境要求(qiu)(qiu),目前國內很多(duo)廠家都用開環電(dian)流傳(chuan)感器來取代閉環電(dian)流傳(chuan)感器,如:JCE1000-AXS、JCE1500-AXS、JCE2000-AXS等
2、電流互感器
一(yi)般采用(yong)BRS系(xi)列電流互感(gan)器,從幾(ji)百到幾(ji)千A不等,輸出信號一(yi)般采用(yong)0-5A為標準
3、電抗器
三、功能
1、自動運行和停機功能
早晨日出(chu)后(hou),太陽(yang)輻射強度逐(zhu)漸(jian)增強,太陽(yang)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)輸(shu)出(chu)也(ye)隨之增大,當達到(dao)逆變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)器(qi)工(gong)作所(suo)需(xu)的(de)(de)(de)輸(shu)出(chu)功率后(hou),逆變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)器(qi)即自動開(kai)始運(yun)行(xing)。進入運(yun)行(xing)后(hou),逆變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)器(qi)便時(shi)(shi)時(shi)(shi)刻(ke)刻(ke)監視太陽(yang)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)組(zu)件的(de)(de)(de)輸(shu)出(chu),只要(yao)太陽(yang)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)組(zu)件的(de)(de)(de)輸(shu)出(chu)功率大于逆變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)器(qi)工(gong)作所(suo)需(xu)的(de)(de)(de)輸(shu)出(chu)功率,逆變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)器(qi)就持續運(yun)行(xing);直到(dao)日落停機,即使陰雨天逆變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)器(qi)也(ye)能運(yun)行(xing)。當太陽(yang)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)組(zu)件輸(shu)出(chu)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)小,逆變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)器(qi)輸(shu)出(chu)接(jie)近0時(shi)(shi),逆變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)器(qi)便形成待機狀態。
2、最大功率跟蹤控制功能
太陽能電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池組件(jian)的(de)(de)輸出是(shi)隨太(tai)陽輻射強度和太(tai)陽電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池組件(jian)自身(shen)溫度(芯片溫度)而(er)變(bian)化(hua)的(de)(de)。另外由(you)于太(tai)陽電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池組件(jian)具有電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓隨電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流增(zeng)大(da)(da)(da)而(er)下(xia)降的(de)(de)特性,因此存在能獲取最(zui)大(da)(da)(da)功(gong)(gong)率的(de)(de)最(zui)佳工作點(dian)。太(tai)陽輻射強度是(shi)變(bian)化(hua)著(zhu)的(de)(de),顯然最(zui)佳工作點(dian)也是(shi)在變(bian)化(hua)的(de)(de)。相對于這些變(bian)化(hua),始終(zhong)讓太(tai)陽電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池組件(jian)的(de)(de)工作點(dian)處于最(zui)大(da)(da)(da)功(gong)(gong)率點(dian),系統(tong)始終(zhong)從太(tai)陽電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池組件(jian)獲取最(zui)大(da)(da)(da)功(gong)(gong)率輸出,這種(zhong)控制(zhi)就是(shi)最(zui)大(da)(da)(da)功(gong)(gong)率跟(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)控制(zhi)。太(tai)陽能發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)用的(de)(de)逆變(bian)器的(de)(de)最(zui)大(da)(da)(da)特點(dian)就是(shi)包括了最(zui)大(da)(da)(da)功(gong)(gong)率點(dian)跟(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(MPPT)這一功(gong)(gong)能。
四、選購步驟及方法
1、功率
一(yi)(yi)般根據系統的要求配置對應功(gong)率段的逆變器,選(xuan)型的逆變器的功(gong)率應該(gai)與太陽能(neng)電池(chi)方陣的最大功(gong)率匹配,一(yi)(yi)般選(xuan)取光(guang)伏逆變器的額定輸出功(gong)率與輸入(ru)總功(gong)率相近左(zuo)右,這樣可(ke)以節約(yue)成本。
2、關鍵技術指標
1)選擇(ze)合適的(de)輸(shu)入輸(shu)出(chu)電(dian)壓范圍,確保產(chan)品的(de)最優組合。
2)逆變器的(de)歐洲效率:它(ta)的(de)高低將(jiang)直(zhi)接(jie)影響到光(guang)伏發電(dian)系統的(de)設計成本與發電(dian)效率。
3)太陽電池方陣最大功(gong)率跟(gen)蹤功(gong)能(MPPT)及(ji)其效率。
4)應注意(yi)所選用的逆變器應有基本的保(bao)護(hu)功能,如過流/短(duan)路保(bao)護(hu)、過功率保(bao)護(hu),過溫保(bao)護(hu),防雷保(bao)護(hu)、孤島保(bao)護(hu)等功能。
5)逆變器輸出電流波形(xing)畸變率(lv)(THD%)要低于(yu)4%。
3、認證標準
作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)光伏(fu)電站的核心(xin)設備,為(wei)(wei)(wei)保證(zheng)電站的穩定、可(ke)靠(kao)、持續運(yun)行,并(bing)(bing)網(wang)逆變(bian)器必須有(you)很高的可(ke)靠(kao)性。它應(ying)具有(you)銷售目的地(di)的安規認(ren)證(zheng),電磁(ci)兼容認(ren)證(zheng),及各國并(bing)(bing)網(wang)認(ren)證(zheng):(以歐(ou)洲為(wei)(wei)(wei)例)
安規:EN62109-1,EN62109-2
電磁(ci)兼容:EN61000-6-1,EN61000-6-2,EN61000-6-3,EN61000-6-4
并網認證:VDE0126-1-1(德(de)國(guo))
4、品牌與服務
建議購買目前市場上口碑不錯的(de)(de)品牌(pai)(pai),因為一(yi)般(ban)品牌(pai)(pai)形象好(hao)的(de)(de)公司,通常會(hui)在(zai)技術,以及維修服務上有較大的(de)(de)投資,能滿足對(dui)客戶的(de)(de)承諾。