【股權(quan)轉讓】股權(quan)轉讓是什么意思 如何理(li)解股權(quan)轉讓
在股(gu)(gu)(gu)權(quan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)讓中,出(chu)讓股(gu)(gu)(gu)權(quan)的主體應當是(shi)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)的股(gu)(gu)(gu)東(dong),受讓方可以是(shi)原公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)的股(gu)(gu)(gu)東(dong),也可以是(shi)股(gu)(gu)(gu)東(dong)外(wai)的第三人(ren)。在實踐(jian)中,一(yi)些公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)股(gu)(gu)(gu)東(dong)是(shi)以公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)名義簽訂的股(gu)(gu)(gu)權(quan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)讓合同,這會造成簽約主體的混淆。另外(wai),如果受讓方是(shi)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si),要(yao)考慮是(shi)否需要(yao)經過股(gu)(gu)(gu)東(dong)會決(jue)議通(tong)過;如果是(shi)自然人(ren),則(ze)要(yao)審查其是(shi)否已注冊過一(yi)人(ren)有限(xian)責任公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)。
股權(quan)轉(zhuan)讓是(shi)股東行使(shi)股權(quan)經(jing)常而普遍的方式,中(zhong)國《公司(si)法(fa)》規(gui)定股東有權(quan)通(tong)過(guo)法(fa)定方式轉(zhuan)讓其全部出(chu)資或者部分出(chu)資。
股權自由轉(zhuan)讓(rang)(rang)制(zhi)(zhi)度,是現代公司制(zhi)(zhi)度最為成功的(de)(de)表(biao)現之(zhi)一。隨著中國市場經濟體制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)建立,國有(you)企業改革及公司法的(de)(de)實施,股權轉(zhuan)讓(rang)(rang)成為企業募集資本、產權流動重組、資源(yuan)優化(hua)配置的(de)(de)重要形式,由此引發的(de)(de)糾紛在公司訴訟中最為常見,其中股權轉(zhuan)讓(rang)(rang)合同的(de)(de)效力(li)是該類案件審理的(de)(de)難點所在。
股(gu)(gu)權(quan)(quan)轉(zhuan)讓(rang)協(xie)議是當事(shi)人以(yi)轉(zhuan)讓(rang)股(gu)(gu)權(quan)(quan)為目(mu)的(de)(de)而達(da)成(cheng)的(de)(de)關于(yu)出讓(rang)方(fang)交(jiao)付股(gu)(gu)權(quan)(quan)并收取價金(jin)(jin),受(shou)讓(rang)方(fang)支付價金(jin)(jin)得(de)到股(gu)(gu)權(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)意思(si)表示。股(gu)(gu)權(quan)(quan)轉(zhuan)讓(rang)是一種物(wu)權(quan)(quan)變動(dong)行為,股(gu)(gu)權(quan)(quan)轉(zhuan)讓(rang)后,股(gu)(gu)東基于(yu)股(gu)(gu)東地(di)位(wei)而對公(gong)司所發生(sheng)的(de)(de)權(quan)(quan)利義務關系(xi)全(quan)部(bu)同(tong)時移轉(zhuan)于(yu)受(shou)讓(rang)人,受(shou)讓(rang)人因此成(cheng)為公(gong)司的(de)(de)股(gu)(gu)東,取得(de)股(gu)(gu)東權(quan)(quan)。根據《合同(tong)法》第四十四條(tiao)第一款的(de)(de)規定,股(gu)(gu)權(quan)(quan)轉(zhuan)讓(rang)合同(tong)自成(cheng)立時生(sheng)效。
股(gu)(gu)東在(zai)對外轉讓股(gu)(gu)權前(qian)要征(zheng)求(qiu)其(qi)他(ta)股(gu)(gu)東意見,其(qi)他(ta)股(gu)(gu)東在(zai)同(tong)(tong)等條件下(xia),放棄優(you)先購(gou)買(mai)權時(shi),才(cai)能向股(gu)(gu)東外第三人(ren)轉讓。同(tong)(tong)時(shi),還需注意其(qi)它法(fa)定前(qian)置程序的(de)履(lv)行,否則會(hui)出現無效的(de)法(fa)律后(hou)果(guo)。另(ling)外,無論是開股(gu)(gu)東會(hui)決議還是單個股(gu)(gu)東的(de)意見,均(jun)要形(xing)成書面材料(liao),以避(bi)免其(qi)他(ta)股(gu)(gu)東事后(hou)反悔,導致糾紛產生。
但股(gu)權(quan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)讓合同(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)效(xiao)并(bing)不等同(tong)(tong)(tong)于股(gu)權(quan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)讓生(sheng)(sheng)效(xiao)。股(gu)權(quan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)讓合同(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)效(xiao)是指對合同(tong)(tong)(tong)當(dang)事人(ren)產生(sheng)(sheng)法律約束力的(de)問題(ti),股(gu)權(quan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)讓的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)效(xiao)是指股(gu)權(quan)何(he)時(shi)發生(sheng)(sheng)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)移(yi),即受(shou)讓方何(he)時(shi)取得(de)股(gu)東(dong)身份的(de)問題(ti),所以,必須關(guan)注股(gu)權(quan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)讓協議簽(qian)訂后的(de)適當(dang)履行(xing)問題(ti)。
持股權轉讓,是指持有份額的轉讓,在中國是指有限責任公司的出資份額的轉讓。股份轉讓,根據股份載體的不同,又可分為一般股份轉讓和股票轉讓。一般股份轉讓是指以非股票的形式的股份轉讓,實際包括已繳納資本然而并未出具股票的股份轉讓,也包括那些雖然認購但仍未繳付股款因而還不能出具股票的股份轉讓。股票轉讓,是指以股票為載體的股份轉讓。股票轉讓還可進一步細分為記名股票轉讓與非記名股票的轉讓、有紙化股票的轉讓和無紙化股票的轉讓等。