注塑機變頻器改造常見問題
1、解決生產周期可能延長的辦法
在(zai)(zai)對注塑機(ji)(ji)進行(xing)變(bian)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)改造時,可能經常會發現,生產(chan)周(zhou)期(qi)在(zai)(zai)變(bian)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)工(gong)作時會慢0.3s~1.2s。且變(bian)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)器功率越大,產(chan)品工(gong)況越復雜,周(zhou)期(qi)就會相(xiang)應地增加(jia)。這(zhe)主要是由于(yu)在(zai)(zai)不同工(gong)序段(duan)切換時,變(bian)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)器需要根據各工(gong)序所需要的不同壓(ya)力(li)、量而不斷改變(bian)輸出頻(pin)(pin)(pin)率,而使電(dian)機(ji)(ji)經常處于(yu)加(jia)減速過(guo)程中。
盡管變頻器的(de)加(jia)減速時(shi)間(jian)可調得很(hen)短,但相比工(gong)(gong)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)運行(xing)時(shi)電(dian)磁閥通斷速度有(you)(you)一(yi)定(ding)的(de)滯(zhi)后,這就(jiu)導致了相同(tong)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)參數(shu)下(xia)變(bian)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)時(shi)單位加(jia)工(gong)(gong)周期有(you)(you)所延長,生產(chan)效率(lv)受(shou)到一(yi)定(ding)影(ying)響。對于(yu)這個(ge)問題(ti),一(yi)方(fang)面(mian),要求選用的(de)變(bian)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)器有(you)(you)很(hen)好的(de)動態響應(ying)性能(neng)(neng),以盡量(liang)縮短響應(ying)時(shi)間(jian);另一(yi)方(fang)面(mian),可以根據實(shi)際情(qing)況,調整注塑(su)機的(de)部分工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)參數(shu),如(ru)加(jia)大壓(ya)(ya)力設定(ding)值等。當然,也可以對液壓(ya)(ya)系(xi)統和(he)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)統進(jin)行(xing)改(gai)進(jin)來(lai)解(jie)決問題(ti)。例如(ru),工(gong)(gong)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)時(shi)注塑(su)機在液壓(ya)(ya)系(xi)統設計要考慮(lv)到液壓(ya)(ya)沖擊帶來(lai)的(de)危害,在液壓(ya)(ya)回路上采(cai)用很(hen)多緩(huan)沖回路。如(ru)果能(neng)(neng)提高液壓(ya)(ya)回路反應(ying)時(shi)間(jian)就(jiu)可以彌(mi)補變(bian)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)加(jia)速過程帶來(lai)的(de)滯(zhi)后。而(er)對于(yu)變(bian)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)器控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)統,如(ru)果能(neng)(neng)采(cai)用流量(liang)和(he)壓(ya)(ya)力兩路信號控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi),也能(neng)(neng)夠較好地解(jie)決這個(ge)問題(ti)。
2、壓力不夠的原因及相應措施
個別(bie)情況(kuang)下,由于(yu)機器采用的(de)(de)元件質量不過關,或保養不好,液(ye)壓(ya)(ya)回路中個別(bie)液(ye)壓(ya)(ya)元件磨(mo)損,導致自身的(de)(de)壓(ya)(ya)力(li)一流量特性有所(suo)下降,造成控制壓(ya)(ya)力(li)隨流量的(de)(de)變化較大。這(zhe)時(shi)(shi)表現出有時(shi)(shi)夠(gou)力(li)而有時(shi)(shi)不夠(gou)力(li)的(de)(de)現象(xiang)。工頻(pin)生產時(shi)(shi)由于(yu)流量恒定(ding),因(yin)此(ci)問題沒(mei)有被暴露出來。采用變頻(pin)控制時(shi)(shi)就會表現出壓(ya)(ya)力(li)不夠(gou)。
為(wei)了(le)解決這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)問題,采用兩(liang)種方法(fa):一(yi)(yi)種是通過調整(zheng)注塑機(ji)的工藝參數,將變頻(pin)(pin)工作時注塑機(ji)的壓(ya)(ya)力流量設(she)定得(de)比工頻(pin)(pin)時高一(yi)(yi)些;另一(yi)(yi)種是從(cong)控(kong)制方法(fa)上想辦(ban)法(fa),例如采用基于速度環(huan)節的壓(ya)(ya)力閉環(huan)控(kong)制,保證壓(ya)(ya)力滿足(zu)要(yao)求(qiu)。
3、應對變頻器對注塑機干擾的措施
由于變(bian)頻器在(zai)工(gong)作(zuo)時輸入、輸出電流中都會有(you)一定(ding)量高(gao)次諧波,會對(dui)注(zhu)塑機的(de)控制系統產生干(gan)擾,嚴重時可能影(ying)響到(dao)注(zhu)塑機的(de)正常動作(zuo)。對(dui)此,可采(cai)取以下(xia)措施:
(1)在輸入側和輸出側加裝變頻器專用濾(lv)波器、電抗(kang)器等以減小高次(ci)諧波電流;
(2)控制信號線使用屏(ping)蔽電(dian)纜(lan),并把屏(ping)蔽層(ceng)一端(duan)接(jie)到變頻器的公共(gong)輸入端(duan)子上;
(3)變頻器的輸(shu)入、輸(shu)出電纜與控(kong)制信號線分開走線,它們之(zhi)間應該至(zhi)少保(bao)證20cm以上的距離且盡可能遠;
(4)減少變頻(pin)(pin)器的載波頻(pin)(pin)率;
(5)同一電(dian)源下的其他(ta)設備最好能做(zuo)到隔離供電(dian)。
4、實際應用中發現的問題
節能變頻(pin)器的使(shi)用(yong)效果,與(yu)注射(she)工藝參數設(she)定密切相(xiang)關。其中涉及塑(su)料制品的重(zhong)量與(yu)注塑(su)機的鎖(suo)模力(li)問題(ti)。
(1)制(zhi)(zhi)品的(de)(de)(de)(de)重量大(da),應(ying)由(you)相應(ying)較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)鎖(suo)模(mo)(mo)力和較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)注射量的(de)(de)(de)(de)注塑機(ji)進(jin)行加工(一般是(shi)在300噸級以上)。這類制(zhi)(zhi)品的(de)(de)(de)(de)加工成型(xing)周期(qi)較(jiao)(jiao)長(chang),特別是(shi)冷卻階段尤為突出,注射動作時(shi)要有可靠的(de)(de)(de)(de)鎖(suo)模(mo)(mo)力和瞬時(shi)增壓力。通過(guo)一些(xie)實(shi)際(ji)使用,進(jin)行變頻調(diao)速的(de)(de)(de)(de)定量泵均能滿足這種工況(kuang),并使變頻調(diao)速的(de)(de)(de)(de)節能作用得到充分發揮。
(2)對于加工全是小型制品的注塑(su)廠,最(zui)大的注塑(su)機鎖模力不超過(guo)180t,工藝參數設定幾乎(hu)沒(mei)有冷卻過(guo)程(cheng),節能效果不顯(xian)著。
注塑機改造中使用變頻器的好處
1、調速節能
根據注塑機的(de)(de)工藝要(yao)求,把總壓(ya)閥(fa)、低(di)壓(ya)閥(fa)、一壓(ya)閥(fa)、二(er)壓(ya)閥(fa)的(de)(de)開(kai)關信(xin)(xin)號(hao)經轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)后加在變頻(pin)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)輸(shu)入(ru)(ru)端作(zuo)為變頻(pin)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)頻(pin)率給定信(xin)(xin)號(hao),變頻(pin)器(qi)(qi)通過(guo)對其進行實時(shi)采樣(yang)并通過(guo)CPU處理,使輸(shu)出頻(pin)率隨比(bi)例閥(fa)的(de)(de)模擬信(xin)(xin)號(hao)成(cheng)線形變化,在需(xu)要(yao)壓(ya)力和(he)(he)流量較(jiao)小的(de)(de)工藝過(guo)程中使電(dian)機轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)降(jiang)低(di),從(cong)而降(jiang)低(di)電(dian)機的(de)(de)輸(shu)出功率,在冷卻和(he)(he)半(ban)成(cheng)品置(zhi)入(ru)(ru)過(guo)程中可以(yi)讓電(dian)機停轉(zhuan)(zhuan),使電(dian)機在整個負載(zai)范圍內的(de)(de)能量損耗達到最小程度。
2、提高功率因數節能
無(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)不但增加線損和設備的(de)發熱,更主要的(de)是因為(wei)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)因數的(de)降(jiang)低(di)導致(zhi)電(dian)網(wang)有(you)(you)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)的(de)降(jiang)低(di)。由公(gong)式S2=P2+Q2,Q=S*SINφ,P=S*COSφ,其中(zhong):S-視在(zai)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)。Q-無(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv),P-有(you)(you)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv),COSφ-功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)因數。可知,當COSφ越大(da),有(you)(you)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)P越大(da)。普通(tong)定量泵注塑機COSφ值在(zai)0.6-0.8之間,而使(shi)用變頻調速裝置后(hou),由于變頻器內(nei)濾波電(dian)容(rong)的(de)補償作用,使(shi)得COSφ≈1,從而減小了無(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)損耗,增大(da)了電(dian)網(wang)的(de)有(you)(you)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)。
3、軟啟動節
由于(yu)原電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機為(wei)直接啟動(dong)(dong)或Y/△啟動(dong)(dong),啟動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)等(deng)于(yu)(3-7)倍額(e)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu),這樣會對(dui)機電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備和(he)(he)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)造(zao)成嚴重的(de)(de)(de)(de)沖擊,而且還會增(zeng)加(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)容量要求,啟動(dong)(dong)時產生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)和(he)(he)震動(dong)(dong)對(dui)設(she)備的(de)(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)壽(shou)(shou)命(ming)極為(wei)不利。而使用(yong)變頻節能裝置后,利用(yong)變頻器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)軟啟動(dong)(dong)功能將使啟動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)從零開始,最大值被限制在變頻器(qi)設(she)置的(de)(de)(de)(de)加(jia)速中(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)限幅水(shui)平以內,一般(ban)不超(chao)過1.7倍額(e)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu),減輕了(le)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)沖擊和(he)(he)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)容量的(de)(de)(de)(de)要求,延長了(le)設(she)備和(he)(he)模具的(de)(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)壽(shou)(shou)命(ming)。
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