變頻器簡介
變頻器主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)是(shi)用來(lai)(lai)改變(bian)電(dian)機工作(zuo)電(dian)源(yuan)頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)方式來(lai)(lai)控制交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)動(dong)機的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)力控制設備。其(qi)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)是(shi)由整(zheng)流(liu)、濾波(bo)、逆(ni)變(bian)器、制動(dong)單(dan)元(yuan)、驅動(dong)單(dan)元(yuan)、檢測單(dan)元(yuan)微處理(li)單(dan)元(yuan)等組成(cheng)。變(bian)頻(pin)(pin)器靠內部IGBT的(de)(de)(de)開(kai)斷來(lai)(lai)調整(zheng)輸出電(dian)源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)壓和(he)頻(pin)(pin)率(lv),根據電(dian)機的(de)(de)(de)實際需(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)來(lai)(lai)提(ti)供(gong)其(qi)所需(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)壓,進而(er)達到(dao)節能(neng)、調速的(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de),另外,變(bian)頻(pin)(pin)器還有很多的(de)(de)(de)保(bao)護功能(neng),如過流(liu)、過壓、過載保(bao)護等等。隨著工業自(zi)動(dong)化(hua)程度的(de)(de)(de)不斷提(ti)高,變(bian)頻(pin)(pin)器也得到(dao)了非常廣泛的(de)(de)(de)應用。
變頻器作用
變(bian)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)器的(de)(de)分(fen)類方法有多種,按照主電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)工(gong)作方式分(fen)類,可以分(fen)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)型(xing)變(bian)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)器和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)型(xing)變(bian)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)器;電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)型(xing)是(shi)(shi)將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)源(yuan)的(de)(de)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)變(bian)換為(wei)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)變(bian)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)器,直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)回(hui)路(lu)的(de)(de)濾(lv)波(bo)(bo)(bo)是(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)型(xing)是(shi)(shi)將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)源(yuan)的(de)(de)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)變(bian)換為(wei)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)變(bian)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)器,其直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)回(hui)路(lu)濾(lv)波(bo)(bo)(bo)是(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感。而(er)變(bian)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)器的(de)(de)主電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)由整流(liu)(liu)(liu)器、平波(bo)(bo)(bo)回(hui)路(lu)和(he)逆變(bian)器三部分(fen)構成(cheng),將工(gong)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)變(bian)換為(wei)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)功率(lv)的(de)(de)“整流(liu)(liu)(liu)器”,吸收在變(bian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)器和(he)逆變(bian)器產(chan)生的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)脈動的(de)(de)“平波(bo)(bo)(bo)回(hui)路(lu)。
1、整流器
它的作用是把三相(或單(dan)相)交流電(dian)源(yuan)整(zheng)流成直(zhi)流電(dian)源(yuan)。在SPWM變頻器中,大多采用全波整(zheng)流電(dian)路。大多數中、小容量(liang)的變頻器中,整(zheng)流器件采用不可控的整(zheng)流二極(ji)管(guan)或者二極(ji)管(guan)模(mo)塊。
2、逆變器
它的(de)作用與整流器(qi)(qi)相(xiang)反,是(shi)將直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)逆變(bian)(bian)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓和頻(pin)率可變(bian)(bian)的(de)交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),以實現交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機變(bian)(bian)頻(pin)調速。逆變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路由(you)開(kai)關器(qi)(qi)件構成,大多采用橋式電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路,常稱逆變(bian)(bian)橋。在SPWM變(bian)(bian)頻(pin)器(qi)(qi)中,開(kai)關器(qi)(qi)件接受控(kong)制電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路中SPWM調制信號的(de)控(kong)制,將直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)逆變(bian)(bian)成三相(xiang)交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。
3、控制電路
這部分電路由運(yun)算電路、檢測電路、驅動電路、保護(hu)電路等(deng)組(zu)成(cheng),一般(ban)均采用(yong)大規模(mo)集成(cheng)電路。
變頻器的工作原理
我們知道,交流電動(dong)機(ji)的同步轉速表達式位:
n=60 f(1-s)/p (1)
式中
n———異步電動機的轉(zhuan)速;
f———異步(bu)電動機的頻率;
s———電(dian)動機(ji)轉差率(lv);
p———電動機極對數。
由(you)式(shi)(1)可知,轉速(su)n與頻(pin)率(lv)f成(cheng)正(zheng)比(bi),只要(yao)改(gai)(gai)變(bian)(bian)頻(pin)率(lv)f即(ji)可改(gai)(gai)變(bian)(bian)電(dian)動機的(de)轉速(su),當頻(pin)率(lv)f在0~50Hz的(de)范圍內變(bian)(bian)化(hua)時,電(dian)動機轉速(su)調節(jie)范圍非常寬(kuan)。變(bian)(bian)頻(pin)器就(jiu)是通過改(gai)(gai)變(bian)(bian)電(dian)動機電(dian)源頻(pin)率(lv)實現速(su)度調節(jie)的(de),是一(yi)種理想的(de)高效率(lv)、高性能的(de)調速(su)手段(duan)。
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