太陽能光伏發電原理

太陽能電池與蓄電池組成系統的電源單元，因此(ci)蓄電池性能直接(jie)影響著系統工作(zuo)特性。

（1）電(dian)(dian)(dian)池單(dan)元(yuan)：由(you)于技術和材(cai)料(liao)(liao)原(yuan)因，單(dan)一(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)量是十分有(you)限的(de)(de)，實用中(zhong)的(de)(de)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池是單(dan)一(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池經(jing)串(chuan)、并聯組(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池系統，稱(cheng)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池組(zu)件(jian)（陣列）。單(dan)一(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池是一(yi)只硅(gui)晶體二極(ji)管，根(gen)據(ju)半導(dao)(dao)(dao)體材(cai)料(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)學(xue)特性(xing)，當太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)光(guang)(guang)(guang)照射到由(you)P型(xing)和N型(xing)兩種不同導(dao)(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)類型(xing)的(de)(de)同質(zhi)半導(dao)(dao)(dao)體材(cai)料(liao)(liao)構成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)P-N結(jie)上(shang)時，在一(yi)定的(de)(de)條件(jian)下，太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)輻射被半導(dao)(dao)(dao)體材(cai)料(liao)(liao)吸收(shou)，在導(dao)(dao)(dao)帶和價帶中(zhong)產生非平衡載流子(zi)即電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)和空穴。同于P-N結(jie)勢壘區(qu)存(cun)在著(zhu)較強的(de)(de)內(nei)建靜(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)場(chang)(chang)，因而能(neng)(neng)在光(guang)(guang)(guang)照下形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流密度J，短(duan)路(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流Isc，開(kai)路(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓Uoc。若在內(nei)建電(dian)(dian)(dian)場(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)兩側面引(yin)出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)并接上(shang)負載，理論上(shang)講由(you)P-N結(jie)、連接電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)和負載形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)回路(lu)，于是就有(you)“光(guang)(guang)(guang)生電(dian)(dian)(dian)流”流過(guo)，太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池組(zu)件(jian)就實現了對負載的(de)(de)功率P輸出(chu)(chu)。

（2）電能儲存單元：太陽能電池產生的(de)直流電(dian)先(xian)進(jin)入(ru)蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)儲存，蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)的(de)特(te)性(xing)影響著系統的(de)工作(zuo)效率和(he)特(te)性(xing)。蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)技術是(shi)十(shi)分成熟的(de)，但其(qi)容量(liang)要受到末(mo)端需電(dian)量(liang)，日照時(shi)(shi)間(jian)（發電(dian)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)）的(de)影響。因(yin)此(ci)蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)瓦(wa)時(shi)(shi)容量(liang)和(he)安時(shi)(shi)容量(liang)由(you)預(yu)定的(de)連續(xu)無日照時(shi)(shi)間(jian)決(jue)定。

設置原理

太陽能(neng)光(guang)伏發電系統的(de)(de)設計需要考(kao)慮(lv)的(de)(de)因素：

1、需要考慮太陽能光伏(fu)發電系統使(shi)用的地方(fang)以(yi)及該地日光輻(fu)射情況；

2、需要考慮(lv)太(tai)陽能光(guang)伏發電系統需要承載的(de)負(fu)載功率；

3、系統所(suo)輸(shu)出電壓，以(yi)及考慮應該使用直流電還是交流電；

4、系統每天需要工(gong)作的小時(shi)數；

5、如遇(yu)到(dao)沒(mei)有日光照射的陰雨天(tian)氣(qi)，系統需連(lian)續供電多(duo)少天(tian)；

6、考慮負載的情(qing)況，是(shi)純電(dian)阻性(xing)、電(dian)容性(xing)還是(shi)電(dian)感(gan)性(xing)，啟(qi)動電(dian)流的大小(xiao)。

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太陽能光伏發電系統組成

光伏系統是由太(tai)(tai)陽能(neng)電(dian)池方陣，蓄電(dian)池組，充放電(dian)控制(zhi)器(qi)(qi)，逆變器(qi)(qi)，交(jiao)流(liu)配電(dian)柜、自動(dong)太(tai)(tai)陽能(neng)跟蹤系統、自動(dong)太(tai)(tai)陽能(neng)組件除塵系統等設備(bei)組成。其各部(bu)分設備(bei)的(de)作用是：

1、太陽能電池

在(zai)有光(guang)(guang)照（無(wu)論是(shi)太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)光(guang)(guang)，還(huan)是(shi)其它(ta)發光(guang)(guang)體產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)照）情況下(xia)，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)吸收光(guang)(guang)能(neng)，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)兩端(duan)出現異號電(dian)(dian)荷的(de)(de)積累，即產(chan)生(sheng)“光(guang)(guang)生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)”，這就(jiu)是(shi)“光(guang)(guang)生(sheng)伏特(te)效(xiao)應(ying)(ying)”。在(zai)光(guang)(guang)生(sheng)伏特(te)效(xiao)應(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)下(xia)，太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)兩端(duan)產(chan)生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)勢，將光(guang)(guang)能(neng)轉換(huan)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)，是(shi)能(neng)量轉換(huan)的(de)(de)器件(jian)。太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)一般(ban)為硅(gui)(gui)(gui)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，分(fen)為單(dan)晶硅(gui)(gui)(gui)太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，多晶硅(gui)(gui)(gui)太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)和非晶硅(gui)(gui)(gui)太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)三種。

原材料特點：

電池(chi)片：采(cai)用高效率（16.5%以上）的單晶硅太陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)片封裝，保證太陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)電池(chi)板發電功(gong)率充足。

玻(bo)璃(li)(li)：采用低鐵鋼化絨面玻(bo)璃(li)(li)(又(you)稱為白(bai)玻(bo)璃(li)(li))，厚(hou)度3.2mm,在太陽(yang)電(dian)池光(guang)(guang)(guang)譜響應的波(bo)長范(fan)圍(wei)內(320-1100nm)透光(guang)(guang)(guang)率達91%以上，對(dui)于大于1200 nm的紅外光(guang)(guang)(guang)有較高的反射率。此玻(bo)璃(li)(li)同時能耐太陽(yang)紫外光(guang)(guang)(guang)線的輻射，透光(guang)(guang)(guang)率不下降。

EVA：采用加有抗紫(zi)外劑(ji)(ji)、抗氧化(hua)劑(ji)(ji)和(he)固化(hua)劑(ji)(ji)的厚度為(wei)(wei)0.78mm的優質EVA膜層作為(wei)(wei)太(tai)陽電池的密封劑(ji)(ji)和(he)與玻璃、TPT之間的連接(jie)劑(ji)(ji)。具有較高(gao)的透(tou)光率和(he)抗老化(hua)能力。

TPT：太(tai)陽電池的背面(mian)覆蓋物—氟塑料膜為(wei)白色，對(dui)陽光起(qi)反(fan)射作(zuo)(zuo)用，因此對(dui)組件(jian)的效率略有(you)提(ti)高，并因其具有(you)較高的紅外發(fa)射率，還(huan)可降(jiang)低組件(jian)的工作(zuo)(zuo)溫度，也有(you)利于提(ti)高組件(jian)的效率。當(dang)然(ran)，此氟塑料膜首先(xian)具有(you)太(tai)陽電池封裝材料所要求的耐老化、耐腐蝕、不透氣等(deng)基本要求。

邊(bian)(bian)框：所采用(yong)的(de)鋁合(he)金邊(bian)(bian)框具有高強(qiang)度，抗機械沖擊能力強(qiang)。也是家(jia)用(yong)太陽能發電中價值最高的(de)部分。

2、蓄電池組

其作用(yong)(yong)是(shi)貯存太陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)方陣受光照(zhao)時發(fa)出的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)并可隨時向負載供電(dian)(dian)(dian)。太陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)對所用(yong)(yong)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)本要求是(shi)：a.自放電(dian)(dian)(dian)率(lv)低；b.使(shi)用(yong)(yong)壽命長；c.深放電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)力強(qiang)；d.充電(dian)(dian)(dian)效(xiao)率(lv)高(gao)；e.少維(wei)護或(huo)免維(wei)護；f.工(gong)(gong)作溫度范圍寬；g.價格低廉。目前我國(guo)與太陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)系統配套使(shi)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)主要是(shi)鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)和鎘鎳蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)。配套200Ah以上的(de)(de)(de)(de)鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，一般選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)固定式或(huo)工(gong)(gong)業密(mi)封式免維(wei)護鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，每(mei)只蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)額定電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)為2VDC；配套200Ah以下的(de)(de)(de)(de)鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，一般選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)小型密(mi)封免維(wei)護鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，每(mei)只蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)額定電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)為12VDC。

3、充放電控制器

是(shi)能自動防(fang)止蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)過充(chong)電(dian)和過放(fang)電(dian)的設備。由于蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的循環(huan)充(chong)放(fang)電(dian)次數及放(fang)電(dian)深度(du)是(shi)決定蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)使用壽命的重要(yao)因素，因此能控制蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)組過充(chong)電(dian)或過放(fang)電(dian)的充(chong)放(fang)電(dian)控制器是(shi)必(bi)不可少(shao)的設備。

4、逆變器

是(shi)(shi)將直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)轉(zhuan)換成(cheng)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)的(de)設備。由于(yu)(yu)太陽(yang)能(neng)電(dian)(dian)池和(he)蓄電(dian)(dian)池是(shi)(shi)直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)源，而負(fu)(fu)載(zai)是(shi)(shi)交流(liu)負(fu)(fu)載(zai)時，逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)是(shi)(shi)必不可(ke)少的(de)。逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)按運行(xing)方式，可(ke)分(fen)(fen)為獨立運行(xing)逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)并(bing)網逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)。獨立運行(xing)逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)用于(yu)(yu)獨立運行(xing)的(de)太陽(yang)能(neng)電(dian)(dian)池發電(dian)(dian)系(xi)(xi)統，為獨立負(fu)(fu)載(zai)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)。并(bing)網逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)用于(yu)(yu)并(bing)網運行(xing)的(de)太陽(yang)能(neng)電(dian)(dian)池發電(dian)(dian)系(xi)(xi)統。逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)按輸出波(bo)(bo)型(xing)可(ke)分(fen)(fen)為方波(bo)(bo)逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)正(zheng)弦波(bo)(bo)逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)。方波(bo)(bo)逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)電(dian)(dian)路簡單，造價低(di)，但諧波(bo)(bo)分(fen)(fen)量大，一(yi)般(ban)用于(yu)(yu)幾(ji)百瓦以(yi)下和(he)對諧波(bo)(bo)要求不高的(de)系(xi)(xi)統。正(zheng)弦波(bo)(bo)逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)成(cheng)本高，但可(ke)以(yi)適用于(yu)(yu)各(ge)種負(fu)(fu)載(zai)。

逆變(bian)器保(bao)護(hu)功能(neng)：a、過載保(bao)護(hu)；b、短路(lu)保(bao)護(hu)；c、接反(fan)保(bao)護(hu)；d、欠(qian)壓(ya)保(bao)護(hu)；e、過壓(ya)保(bao)護(hu)；f、過熱(re)保(bao)護(hu)。

5、交流配電柜

其在電站系(xi)統的(de)主要作用是對備用逆變器的(de)切換功(gong)能，保證系(xi)統的(de)正常供(gong)電，同時還有(you)對線路電能的(de)計量。