太陽能光伏發電原理

太陽能電池與蓄電池組成(cheng)系統的電源單元(yuan)，因此(ci)蓄電池性(xing)能(neng)直接(jie)影(ying)響著系統工作特性(xing)。

（1）電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池單元：由于技術和材(cai)料原因(yin)(yin)，單一(yi)(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量是十分有(you)限的(de)(de)(de)(de)，實用中的(de)(de)(de)(de)太(tai)陽能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池是單一(yi)(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池經(jing)串、并聯組(zu)(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池系統，稱為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池組(zu)(zu)件（陣列）。單一(yi)(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池是一(yi)(yi)只硅晶(jing)體二極管，根據半導(dao)體材(cai)料的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)學(xue)特性(xing)，當太(tai)陽光(guang)照射到(dao)由P型和N型兩(liang)種不同(tong)導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)類型的(de)(de)(de)(de)同(tong)質半導(dao)體材(cai)料構成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)P-N結上時，在(zai)一(yi)(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)件下，太(tai)陽能(neng)輻(fu)射被半導(dao)體材(cai)料吸收，在(zai)導(dao)帶(dai)和價(jia)帶(dai)中產(chan)生非(fei)平衡載(zai)流子(zi)即電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)和空穴(xue)。同(tong)于P-N結勢壘區存在(zai)著(zhu)較(jiao)強的(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)建靜電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場，因(yin)(yin)而能(neng)在(zai)光(guang)照下形成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流密度(du)J，短(duan)路電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流Isc，開路電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓Uoc。若在(zai)內(nei)建電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場的(de)(de)(de)(de)兩(liang)側面(mian)引出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極并接(jie)上負載(zai)，理論上講由P-N結、連接(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路和負載(zai)形成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)回(hui)路，于是就有(you)“光(guang)生電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流”流過，太(tai)陽能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池組(zu)(zu)件就實現了對負載(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)功率P輸出。

（2）電能儲存單元：太陽能電池產(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)先(xian)進入蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池儲存(cun)，蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)特性影(ying)響著系(xi)統的(de)(de)(de)工作效率和特性。蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池技術是十分成(cheng)熟(shu)的(de)(de)(de)，但其容量(liang)要受到末端需電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)，日照時(shi)間（發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間）的(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響。因此蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池瓦時(shi)容量(liang)和安時(shi)容量(liang)由(you)預定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)連續(xu)無日照時(shi)間決定(ding)(ding)。

設置原理

太陽(yang)能光(guang)伏發電系(xi)統的設計需要考慮的因素：

1、需要考慮太(tai)陽能光(guang)伏發(fa)電(dian)系統使用的地方以(yi)及該地日光(guang)輻射情況；

2、需要(yao)考慮太陽能光伏發(fa)電系統需要(yao)承載(zai)的負(fu)載(zai)功(gong)率；

3、系統所輸(shu)出電(dian)壓(ya)，以(yi)及考慮應該使用直流電(dian)還是交流電(dian)；

4、系統每天需要工作的小時數；

5、如遇(yu)到沒有日光照射(she)的(de)陰雨天氣，系統需連(lian)續供(gong)電(dian)多少天；

6、考慮負載的情況，是純電(dian)阻(zu)性、電(dian)容性還是電(dian)感性，啟動電(dian)流的大小。

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太陽能光伏發電系統組成

光伏系(xi)統(tong)(tong)是由太陽能(neng)電(dian)(dian)池方陣，蓄電(dian)(dian)池組(zu)，充放電(dian)(dian)控制(zhi)器，逆變器，交(jiao)流(liu)配電(dian)(dian)柜(ju)、自動太陽能(neng)跟蹤系(xi)統(tong)(tong)、自動太陽能(neng)組(zu)件(jian)除(chu)塵系(xi)統(tong)(tong)等設備組(zu)成。其(qi)各部分設備的(de)作用是：

1、太陽能電池

在有光(guang)(guang)(guang)照（無論是(shi)太(tai)陽光(guang)(guang)(guang)，還是(shi)其它(ta)發光(guang)(guang)(guang)體產生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)照）情況下，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)吸收光(guang)(guang)(guang)能(neng)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)兩端出現異號(hao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷的(de)(de)積累，即(ji)產生(sheng)(sheng)“光(guang)(guang)(guang)生(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓”，這(zhe)就是(shi)“光(guang)(guang)(guang)生(sheng)(sheng)伏特(te)效應(ying)”。在光(guang)(guang)(guang)生(sheng)(sheng)伏特(te)效應(ying)的(de)(de)作用下，太(tai)陽能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)兩端產生(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)勢(shi)，將(jiang)光(guang)(guang)(guang)能(neng)轉換(huan)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)，是(shi)能(neng)量轉換(huan)的(de)(de)器件。太(tai)陽能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)一(yi)般為(wei)硅電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，分為(wei)單晶硅太(tai)陽能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，多(duo)晶硅太(tai)陽能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)和非晶硅太(tai)陽能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)三種。

原材料特點：

電(dian)池(chi)(chi)片(pian)：采用高(gao)效率（16.5%以上）的單晶硅太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)能片(pian)封裝，保(bao)證太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)能電(dian)池(chi)(chi)板(ban)發電(dian)功率充足。

玻璃(li)：采用低鐵鋼(gang)化(hua)絨面(mian)玻璃(li)(又稱為白玻璃(li))，厚度3.2mm,在太陽(yang)電池光(guang)(guang)譜響應的(de)波長范圍內(nei)(320-1100nm)透光(guang)(guang)率(lv)達91%以上，對(dui)于(yu)大于(yu)1200 nm的(de)紅外光(guang)(guang)有較高的(de)反射(she)率(lv)。此(ci)玻璃(li)同時能耐太陽(yang)紫外光(guang)(guang)線的(de)輻射(she)，透光(guang)(guang)率(lv)不下(xia)降。

EVA：采用加有(you)抗紫外劑、抗氧化劑和(he)固化劑的(de)(de)厚(hou)度為0.78mm的(de)(de)優質EVA膜層作為太陽電(dian)池的(de)(de)密(mi)封劑和(he)與玻璃(li)、TPT之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)(de)連接(jie)劑。具有(you)較高的(de)(de)透(tou)光率和(he)抗老(lao)化能力。

TPT：太(tai)陽(yang)電(dian)池(chi)的(de)背面(mian)覆蓋(gai)物—氟塑(su)料膜為白色，對(dui)陽(yang)光起反(fan)射(she)作用，因此(ci)對(dui)組(zu)件的(de)效(xiao)率(lv)略有提(ti)高(gao)，并因其具有較高(gao)的(de)紅外發射(she)率(lv)，還可降低(di)組(zu)件的(de)工作溫度，也有利于提(ti)高(gao)組(zu)件的(de)效(xiao)率(lv)。當然，此(ci)氟塑(su)料膜首先(xian)具有太(tai)陽(yang)電(dian)池(chi)封裝材(cai)料所要求的(de)耐老化、耐腐蝕、不透氣等基本要求。

邊(bian)框：所采用的鋁合金邊(bian)框具有高(gao)強度，抗機械沖擊能力強。也(ye)是(shi)家用太陽能發電中(zhong)價值(zhi)最高(gao)的部分(fen)。

2、蓄電池組

其作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)是(shi)貯存太陽(yang)能電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)方陣(zhen)受(shou)光照時發(fa)(fa)出的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能并可隨時向(xiang)負(fu)載供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。太陽(yang)能電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)對(dui)所用(yong)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)的(de)(de)(de)基本(ben)要求是(shi)：a.自放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率低(di)；b.使用(yong)壽命(ming)長；c.深放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能力(li)強；d.充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效率高；e.少維護(hu)(hu)或(huo)免(mian)維護(hu)(hu)；f.工作(zuo)(zuo)溫(wen)度范圍寬；g.價格(ge)低(di)廉。目(mu)前(qian)我國與太陽(yang)能發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統配(pei)套(tao)使用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)主(zhu)要是(shi)鉛酸(suan)(suan)(suan)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)和(he)鎘鎳蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)。配(pei)套(tao)200Ah以(yi)(yi)上的(de)(de)(de)鉛酸(suan)(suan)(suan)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，一般(ban)選(xuan)用(yong)固定(ding)式或(huo)工業密封(feng)式免(mian)維護(hu)(hu)鉛酸(suan)(suan)(suan)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，每只(zhi)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)額(e)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓為(wei)2VDC；配(pei)套(tao)200Ah以(yi)(yi)下的(de)(de)(de)鉛酸(suan)(suan)(suan)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，一般(ban)選(xuan)用(yong)小型(xing)密封(feng)免(mian)維護(hu)(hu)鉛酸(suan)(suan)(suan)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，每只(zhi)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)額(e)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓為(wei)12VDC。

3、充放電控制器

是能自動(dong)防止(zhi)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)過(guo)(guo)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)和過(guo)(guo)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)設備(bei)。由(you)于蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)循(xun)環(huan)充(chong)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)次數及放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)深度是決定(ding)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)使用壽命的(de)(de)重要因素(su)，因此(ci)能控(kong)制蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)過(guo)(guo)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)或過(guo)(guo)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)充(chong)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)控(kong)制器是必不(bu)可少的(de)(de)設備(bei)。

4、逆變器

是(shi)將直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)轉(zhuan)換成交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)設備(bei)。由(you)于太(tai)陽能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池和(he)(he)(he)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池是(shi)直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)源，而(er)負(fu)(fu)載是(shi)交流負(fu)(fu)載時，逆(ni)(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器是(shi)必不可少(shao)的(de)。逆(ni)(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器按運(yun)行方(fang)式，可分(fen)為獨(du)(du)(du)立(li)(li)運(yun)行逆(ni)(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器和(he)(he)(he)并網逆(ni)(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器。獨(du)(du)(du)立(li)(li)運(yun)行逆(ni)(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器用于獨(du)(du)(du)立(li)(li)運(yun)行的(de)太(tai)陽能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)，為獨(du)(du)(du)立(li)(li)負(fu)(fu)載供電(dian)(dian)(dian)。并網逆(ni)(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器用于并網運(yun)行的(de)太(tai)陽能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)。逆(ni)(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器按輸出波(bo)(bo)型可分(fen)為方(fang)波(bo)(bo)逆(ni)(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器和(he)(he)(he)正弦波(bo)(bo)逆(ni)(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器。方(fang)波(bo)(bo)逆(ni)(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)簡單(dan)，造價低，但(dan)諧波(bo)(bo)分(fen)量大，一般用于幾百瓦以下(xia)和(he)(he)(he)對諧波(bo)(bo)要求不高的(de)系(xi)統(tong)。正弦波(bo)(bo)逆(ni)(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器成本高，但(dan)可以適用于各種負(fu)(fu)載。

逆變(bian)器保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)功能：a、過載(zai)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)；b、短路保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)；c、接反(fan)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)；d、欠壓(ya)(ya)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)；e、過壓(ya)(ya)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)；f、過熱保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)。

5、交流配電柜

其在(zai)電站系(xi)統的(de)主(zhu)要(yao)作(zuo)用(yong)是對備(bei)用(yong)逆變器的(de)切換(huan)功能，保證(zheng)系(xi)統的(de)正常(chang)供(gong)電，同時還有對線路電能的(de)計量。