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太陽能光伏發電原理 太陽能光伏發電系統組成

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摘要:太陽能發電系統是利用電池組件將太陽能直接轉變為電能的裝置系統。在光照條件下,太陽電池組件產生一定的電動勢,通過組件的串并聯形成太陽能電池方陣,使得方陣電壓達到系統輸入電壓的要求。光伏系統是由太陽能電池方陣,蓄電池組,充放電控制器,逆變器,交流配電柜、自動太陽能跟蹤系統、自動太陽能組件除塵系統等設備組成。下面就和小編一起了解一下吧。

太陽能光伏發電原理

太陽能電池與蓄電池組成(cheng)系統(tong)的電源(yuan)單元,因此蓄電池(chi)性能(neng)直(zhi)接影響著系統(tong)工作特性。

(1)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)單(dan)(dan)元:由于(yu)技術和(he)(he)材料原(yuan)因,單(dan)(dan)一電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量是(shi)十(shi)分有(you)限的(de),實用中(zhong)的(de)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)能電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)是(shi)單(dan)(dan)一電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)經串、并聯組(zu)成(cheng)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)系統,稱為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)件(陣(zhen)列)。單(dan)(dan)一電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)是(shi)一只(zhi)硅晶體(ti)二極(ji)管,根據半(ban)導(dao)體(ti)材料的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子學特性,當太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)光(guang)照(zhao)射到(dao)由P型(xing)和(he)(he)N型(xing)兩種(zhong)不同導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)類型(xing)的(de)同質半(ban)導(dao)體(ti)材料構成(cheng)的(de)P-N結上(shang)時,在一定(ding)的(de)條(tiao)件下,太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)能輻射被半(ban)導(dao)體(ti)材料吸收,在導(dao)帶(dai)(dai)和(he)(he)價帶(dai)(dai)中(zhong)產生非平衡載(zai)流子即(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子和(he)(he)空(kong)穴。同于(yu)P-N結勢壘區存在著較強的(de)內建靜(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場(chang),因而能在光(guang)照(zhao)下形成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流密度J,短路(lu)(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流Isc,開(kai)路(lu)(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)Uoc。若在內建電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場(chang)的(de)兩側面引出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)并接上(shang)負載(zai),理論上(shang)講(jiang)由P-N結、連(lian)接電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)和(he)(he)負載(zai)形成(cheng)的(de)回路(lu)(lu),于(yu)是(shi)就有(you)“光(guang)生電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流”流過,太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)能電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)件就實現(xian)了對負載(zai)的(de)功率P輸出。

(2)電能儲存單元:太陽能電池產生的(de)直(zhi)流電先進入蓄電池(chi)儲存,蓄電池(chi)的(de)特性影響著系統的(de)工作效率和特性。蓄電池(chi)技術是十分成熟的(de),但其容量(liang)要受到末(mo)端需電量(liang),日(ri)照(zhao)時(shi)(shi)間(發電時(shi)(shi)間)的(de)影響。因此蓄電池(chi)瓦時(shi)(shi)容量(liang)和安時(shi)(shi)容量(liang)由預定(ding)的(de)連續無日(ri)照(zhao)時(shi)(shi)間決定(ding)。

設置原理

太(tai)陽能光伏發電系統的(de)設計需要考慮的(de)因素(su):

1、需要考慮(lv)太陽能(neng)光(guang)伏發(fa)電系統使用(yong)的地方以及(ji)該(gai)地日(ri)光(guang)輻射情況;

2、需要考(kao)慮太(tai)陽能(neng)光伏發電系統需要承載(zai)(zai)的負載(zai)(zai)功率;

3、系統(tong)所輸出電壓,以及考慮應該使用直(zhi)流(liu)電還是交流(liu)電;

4、系統每天需要工作(zuo)的(de)小時(shi)數(shu);

5、如(ru)遇到沒(mei)有日(ri)光照射的陰雨天(tian)氣,系統需連續供電多少天(tian);

6、考(kao)慮負載(zai)的情(qing)況,是純電阻性(xing)、電容性(xing)還是電感性(xing),啟動電流的大(da)小。

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太陽能光伏發電系統組成

光伏系統是(shi)由太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能電池方陣,蓄電池組,充放(fang)電控制器(qi),逆變(bian)器(qi),交流(liu)配電柜(ju)、自(zi)動太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能跟蹤系統、自(zi)動太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能組件除塵系統等設備組成。其(qi)各部分設備的作用是(shi):

1、太陽能電池

在(zai)有(you)光(guang)照(無論(lun)是太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)光(guang),還是其它(ta)發光(guang)體產(chan)(chan)生的(de)光(guang)照)情況下,電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池吸收光(guang)能(neng)(neng)(neng),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池兩端出現異號電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷的(de)積(ji)累(lei),即產(chan)(chan)生“光(guang)生電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓”,這就(jiu)是“光(guang)生伏特效(xiao)應(ying)”。在(zai)光(guang)生伏特效(xiao)應(ying)的(de)作用下,太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)兩端產(chan)(chan)生電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動勢,將光(guang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)轉換(huan)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng),是能(neng)(neng)(neng)量轉換(huan)的(de)器件(jian)。太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池一(yi)般為(wei)硅電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池,分(fen)為(wei)單晶硅太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池,多晶硅太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池和(he)非晶硅太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池三種(zhong)。

原材料特點:

電(dian)池(chi)片(pian):采用高效率(lv)(16.5%以上(shang))的單晶硅太(tai)陽能片(pian)封裝,保證太(tai)陽能電(dian)池(chi)板發電(dian)功(gong)率(lv)充足(zu)。

玻璃:采(cai)用低鐵鋼化絨(rong)面玻璃(又稱為白玻璃),厚(hou)度3.2mm,在太陽電池光(guang)(guang)譜響應的(de)(de)波長范(fan)圍內(320-1100nm)透光(guang)(guang)率達(da)91%以上,對(dui)于(yu)大于(yu)1200 nm的(de)(de)紅外光(guang)(guang)有較高的(de)(de)反(fan)射率。此(ci)玻璃同時能(neng)耐太陽紫外光(guang)(guang)線的(de)(de)輻射,透光(guang)(guang)率不下(xia)降。

EVA:采用加(jia)有抗(kang)(kang)紫(zi)外劑、抗(kang)(kang)氧化劑和固(gu)化劑的(de)(de)厚度為0.78mm的(de)(de)優質EVA膜層作為太(tai)陽電池的(de)(de)密封劑和與玻(bo)璃、TPT之(zhi)間的(de)(de)連接劑。具有較高的(de)(de)透光(guang)率和抗(kang)(kang)老化能力。

TPT:太陽電(dian)池(chi)的(de)背面覆(fu)蓋物—氟塑料(liao)膜為白色,對(dui)陽光起反射(she)(she)作用,因(yin)此對(dui)組件的(de)效率略有(you)提高,并(bing)因(yin)其(qi)具(ju)(ju)有(you)較高的(de)紅外發射(she)(she)率,還可降低組件的(de)工作溫度(du),也有(you)利于提高組件的(de)效率。當(dang)然,此氟塑料(liao)膜首先(xian)具(ju)(ju)有(you)太陽電(dian)池(chi)封裝材料(liao)所要(yao)求的(de)耐老化(hua)、耐腐蝕、不透氣等基(ji)本要(yao)求。

邊框(kuang):所采用的鋁合(he)金邊框(kuang)具有高(gao)強度,抗機械沖擊能(neng)力強。也(ye)是家用太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)發電中價值最(zui)高(gao)的部(bu)分(fen)。

2、蓄電池組

其作用(yong)(yong)是(shi)(shi)貯存太陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)方陣受(shou)光照時發出(chu)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)并可隨時向負載供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。太陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)對所用(yong)(yong)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)組的(de)(de)基本(ben)要求(qiu)是(shi)(shi):a.自放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率(lv)低;b.使用(yong)(yong)壽命長;c.深放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)力強;d.充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效率(lv)高;e.少維護或免(mian)維護;f.工作溫度范圍寬;g.價格低廉。目前我國與太陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統配(pei)(pei)套(tao)使用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)主(zhu)要是(shi)(shi)鉛(qian)(qian)酸蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)和鎘鎳蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)。配(pei)(pei)套(tao)200Ah以(yi)上的(de)(de)鉛(qian)(qian)酸蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi),一般選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)固定(ding)式或工業密封式免(mian)維護鉛(qian)(qian)酸蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi),每只蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)額定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為2VDC;配(pei)(pei)套(tao)200Ah以(yi)下的(de)(de)鉛(qian)(qian)酸蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi),一般選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)小型密封免(mian)維護鉛(qian)(qian)酸蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi),每只蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)額定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為12VDC。

3、充放電控制器

是能(neng)自動防止(zhi)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)過(guo)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)和(he)過(guo)放電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)設備。由于(yu)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)循環充(chong)放電(dian)(dian)次數及放電(dian)(dian)深(shen)度是決(jue)定蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)使(shi)用壽命的(de)(de)(de)重要因(yin)素,因(yin)此能(neng)控制蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組過(guo)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)或過(guo)放電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)放電(dian)(dian)控制器是必不(bu)可少的(de)(de)(de)設備。

4、逆變器

是(shi)將(jiang)直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)轉換(huan)成交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)設備(bei)。由于太陽(yang)能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池和蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池是(shi)直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源,而負載是(shi)交流(liu)負載時,逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)器是(shi)必不(bu)可(ke)少的(de)。逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)器按(an)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)方(fang)式,可(ke)分為(wei)獨(du)立運(yun)行(xing)(xing)逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)器和并網(wang)逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)器。獨(du)立運(yun)行(xing)(xing)逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)器用(yong)(yong)于獨(du)立運(yun)行(xing)(xing)的(de)太陽(yang)能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池發電(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)(xi)統,為(wei)獨(du)立負載供電(dian)(dian)(dian)。并網(wang)逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)器用(yong)(yong)于并網(wang)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)的(de)太陽(yang)能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池發電(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)(xi)統。逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)器按(an)輸出波(bo)型可(ke)分為(wei)方(fang)波(bo)逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)器和正弦波(bo)逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)器。方(fang)波(bo)逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)器電(dian)(dian)(dian)路簡(jian)單,造價低(di),但諧(xie)波(bo)分量大,一般用(yong)(yong)于幾(ji)百瓦(wa)以(yi)下和對諧(xie)波(bo)要(yao)求不(bu)高的(de)系(xi)(xi)統。正弦波(bo)逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)器成本高,但可(ke)以(yi)適(shi)用(yong)(yong)于各(ge)種負載。

逆變器保護功能:a、過載保護;b、短路保護;c、接(jie)反(fan)保護;d、欠(qian)壓保護;e、過壓保護;f、過熱保護。

5、交流配電柜

其在電(dian)站系(xi)統(tong)的(de)主要作用(yong)是對(dui)(dui)備用(yong)逆變器的(de)切換功能,保證(zheng)系(xi)統(tong)的(de)正常供電(dian),同時還有對(dui)(dui)線路電(dian)能的(de)計量。

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