太陽能光伏發電原理

太陽能電池與蓄電池組成(cheng)系(xi)統的電源單元，因此蓄電池(chi)性能直接影響(xiang)著系(xi)統工(gong)作特性。

（1）電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)單(dan)(dan)元：由于技術和(he)(he)材料(liao)原因，單(dan)(dan)一(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)量是十分有(you)限(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，實用中的(de)(de)(de)(de)太陽能電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)是單(dan)(dan)一(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)經串、并聯(lian)組(zu)(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)系統(tong)，稱為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)組(zu)(zu)件(jian)（陣列）。單(dan)(dan)一(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)是一(yi)只硅晶體二極管(guan)，根據半(ban)導體材料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子學(xue)特性，當(dang)太陽光(guang)照(zhao)射到由P型和(he)(he)N型兩種(zhong)不同(tong)(tong)導電(dian)(dian)(dian)類型的(de)(de)(de)(de)同(tong)(tong)質半(ban)導體材料(liao)構成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)P-N結(jie)上時(shi)，在(zai)一(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)條件(jian)下(xia)，太陽能輻射被半(ban)導體材料(liao)吸收(shou)，在(zai)導帶(dai)和(he)(he)價帶(dai)中產生非平(ping)衡(heng)載(zai)流子即電(dian)(dian)(dian)子和(he)(he)空穴。同(tong)(tong)于P-N結(jie)勢壘區存在(zai)著較強的(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)建(jian)靜電(dian)(dian)(dian)場(chang)，因而能在(zai)光(guang)照(zhao)下(xia)形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流密度J，短路(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流Isc，開路(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓Uoc。若在(zai)內(nei)建(jian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)場(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)兩側面引出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)極并接上負(fu)載(zai)，理論(lun)上講由P-N結(jie)、連接電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)和(he)(he)負(fu)載(zai)形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)回(hui)路(lu)，于是就有(you)“光(guang)生電(dian)(dian)(dian)流”流過，太陽能電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)組(zu)(zu)件(jian)就實現了對負(fu)載(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)率P輸出(chu)。

（2）電能儲存單元：太陽能電池產生的(de)直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)先進入蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)儲存(cun)，蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)特(te)性(xing)影響著系(xi)統的(de)工(gong)作效(xiao)率和特(te)性(xing)。蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)技術(shu)是十分成熟的(de)，但其容量要受到末端(duan)需電(dian)(dian)量，日(ri)照時(shi)間(jian)(jian)（發電(dian)(dian)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)）的(de)影響。因(yin)此蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)瓦時(shi)容量和安時(shi)容量由預(yu)定(ding)的(de)連續(xu)無日(ri)照時(shi)間(jian)(jian)決(jue)定(ding)。

設置原理

太陽(yang)能(neng)光伏(fu)發電系統的設計需(xu)要(yao)考慮的因素：

1、需(xu)要考慮太陽能光伏發電系統使用的地(di)(di)方以及該(gai)地(di)(di)日(ri)光輻射情況；

2、需(xu)要(yao)考慮(lv)太陽(yang)能(neng)光伏發(fa)電系統需(xu)要(yao)承載的負載功率；

3、系統(tong)所輸出電(dian)壓，以及(ji)考慮應該使用直流電(dian)還是交流電(dian)；

4、系(xi)統每天需要工(gong)作的小(xiao)時數；

5、如(ru)遇到沒有(you)日光照(zhao)射(she)的陰雨(yu)天氣，系統(tong)需連續(xu)供電多(duo)少天；

6、考慮負(fu)載的(de)情況，是純電阻性、電容(rong)性還是電感性，啟(qi)動電流(liu)的(de)大小(xiao)。

該圖片由注冊用戶"知識君"提供，版權聲明反饋

太陽能光伏發電系統組成

光伏系(xi)統(tong)是(shi)(shi)由太(tai)陽能(neng)電池(chi)方陣，蓄電池(chi)組(zu)，充放電控制(zhi)器(qi)，逆變器(qi)，交流配電柜、自動太(tai)陽能(neng)跟蹤系(xi)統(tong)、自動太(tai)陽能(neng)組(zu)件(jian)除塵系(xi)統(tong)等設(she)備組(zu)成。其(qi)各部分(fen)設(she)備的作用是(shi)(shi)：

1、太陽能電池

在(zai)有光(guang)(guang)照（無(wu)論是(shi)太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)光(guang)(guang)，還是(shi)其它發光(guang)(guang)體產生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)照）情況下，電(dian)(dian)池吸收(shou)光(guang)(guang)能(neng)(neng)，電(dian)(dian)池兩端出現異(yi)號電(dian)(dian)荷的(de)(de)(de)積累，即產生(sheng)“光(guang)(guang)生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)壓”，這就是(shi)“光(guang)(guang)生(sheng)伏特(te)效(xiao)應(ying)”。在(zai)光(guang)(guang)生(sheng)伏特(te)效(xiao)應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)作用下，太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)兩端產生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)動勢，將光(guang)(guang)能(neng)(neng)轉換(huan)(huan)成電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)，是(shi)能(neng)(neng)量轉換(huan)(huan)的(de)(de)(de)器件。太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)池一般為(wei)硅(gui)電(dian)(dian)池，分為(wei)單晶(jing)硅(gui)太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)池，多晶(jing)硅(gui)太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)池和非晶(jing)硅(gui)太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)池三種。

原材料特點：

電池片：采用高效率(lv)（16.5%以上）的(de)單晶(jing)硅太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能片封裝，保證太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能電池板發電功率(lv)充足。

玻璃(li)：采用低鐵鋼化絨(rong)面玻璃(li)(又稱為白玻璃(li))，厚(hou)度3.2mm,在太(tai)陽(yang)電池光(guang)譜響應的波(bo)長范圍內(nei)(320-1100nm)透光(guang)率(lv)達91%以(yi)上，對于大于1200 nm的紅外(wai)光(guang)有(you)較高的反射(she)(she)率(lv)。此玻璃(li)同時能耐太(tai)陽(yang)紫外(wai)光(guang)線(xian)的輻射(she)(she)，透光(guang)率(lv)不(bu)下降(jiang)。

EVA：采用加有抗(kang)(kang)紫外劑(ji)、抗(kang)(kang)氧(yang)化劑(ji)和(he)固化劑(ji)的(de)厚度為(wei)0.78mm的(de)優質EVA膜層(ceng)作為(wei)太陽電池的(de)密封劑(ji)和(he)與玻璃、TPT之間的(de)連接(jie)劑(ji)。具有較高的(de)透光率(lv)和(he)抗(kang)(kang)老化能力。

TPT：太(tai)陽電池的(de)背面(mian)覆蓋物(wu)—氟塑(su)料膜為白色，對陽光起反(fan)射作用，因此對組件(jian)的(de)效率(lv)略有提高，并(bing)因其具有較高的(de)紅外發(fa)射率(lv)，還可(ke)降低組件(jian)的(de)工作溫度，也有利于提高組件(jian)的(de)效率(lv)。當然，此氟塑(su)料膜首先具有太(tai)陽電池封裝材料所要求(qiu)的(de)耐(nai)老化(hua)、耐(nai)腐蝕、不透氣等(deng)基(ji)本要求(qiu)。

邊框(kuang)：所采用的鋁(lv)合金邊框(kuang)具有高(gao)強度，抗機械沖擊能力(li)強。也是家(jia)用太(tai)陽能發電中價值最(zui)高(gao)的部分。

2、蓄電池組

其作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)是(shi)貯存太(tai)陽能電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)方陣受光照(zhao)時(shi)發(fa)出的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能并可隨時(shi)向負(fu)載(zai)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。太(tai)陽能電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)對所用(yong)(yong)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)的(de)基本(ben)要(yao)求是(shi)：a.自放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率低；b.使用(yong)(yong)壽命長；c.深放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能力強；d.充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效率高；e.少維(wei)(wei)護(hu)或(huo)免維(wei)(wei)護(hu)；f.工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)溫度范圍寬；g.價格低廉。目前(qian)我國(guo)與太(tai)陽能發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)配(pei)套使用(yong)(yong)的(de)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)主要(yao)是(shi)鉛酸(suan)(suan)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)和鎘(ge)鎳(nie)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)。配(pei)套200Ah以上的(de)鉛酸(suan)(suan)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，一般選用(yong)(yong)固定式或(huo)工(gong)業密封式免維(wei)(wei)護(hu)鉛酸(suan)(suan)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，每只(zhi)(zhi)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)額(e)定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為2VDC；配(pei)套200Ah以下的(de)鉛酸(suan)(suan)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，一般選用(yong)(yong)小(xiao)型(xing)密封免維(wei)(wei)護(hu)鉛酸(suan)(suan)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，每只(zhi)(zhi)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)額(e)定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為12VDC。

3、充放電控制器

是能(neng)自動防止蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池過充(chong)電(dian)(dian)和過放電(dian)(dian)的(de)設備(bei)。由于蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池的(de)循環充(chong)放電(dian)(dian)次(ci)數(shu)及(ji)放電(dian)(dian)深度是決定(ding)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池使用壽命的(de)重要因素，因此能(neng)控制(zhi)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池組過充(chong)電(dian)(dian)或過放電(dian)(dian)的(de)充(chong)放電(dian)(dian)控制(zhi)器(qi)是必不可少(shao)的(de)設備(bei)。

4、逆變器

是(shi)將(jiang)直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)轉換成(cheng)(cheng)交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)的設備(bei)。由于(yu)太(tai)陽能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)和(he)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)是(shi)直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)源，而負(fu)載(zai)是(shi)交流負(fu)載(zai)時，逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)是(shi)必不(bu)可(ke)少的。逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)按運(yun)(yun)行(xing)方(fang)(fang)式，可(ke)分為獨立(li)(li)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)和(he)并(bing)網逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)。獨立(li)(li)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)獨立(li)(li)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)的太(tai)陽能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)，為獨立(li)(li)負(fu)載(zai)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)。并(bing)網逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)并(bing)網運(yun)(yun)行(xing)的太(tai)陽能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)。逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)按輸出波(bo)型(xing)可(ke)分為方(fang)(fang)波(bo)逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)和(he)正(zheng)弦波(bo)逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)。方(fang)(fang)波(bo)逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路簡單，造價(jia)低，但(dan)諧波(bo)分量大，一般用(yong)(yong)于(yu)幾百瓦以(yi)下和(he)對(dui)諧波(bo)要(yao)求不(bu)高(gao)的系統(tong)。正(zheng)弦波(bo)逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)成(cheng)(cheng)本高(gao)，但(dan)可(ke)以(yi)適用(yong)(yong)于(yu)各種負(fu)載(zai)。

逆變器保(bao)護(hu)功能：a、過(guo)載保(bao)護(hu)；b、短路(lu)保(bao)護(hu)；c、接反保(bao)護(hu)；d、欠壓(ya)保(bao)護(hu)；e、過(guo)壓(ya)保(bao)護(hu)；f、過(guo)熱保(bao)護(hu)。

5、交流配電柜

其在(zai)電站系統的(de)主(zhu)要(yao)作用(yong)是(shi)對備用(yong)逆變器的(de)切換(huan)功能(neng)，保證系統的(de)正常供電，同時還有對線(xian)路電能(neng)的(de)計(ji)量。