太陽能光伏發電原理

太陽能電池與蓄電池組成(cheng)系(xi)統(tong)的(de)電源單元，因此(ci)蓄電池性(xing)能直接影響著系(xi)統(tong)工作特性(xing)。

（1）電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)單元：由(you)(you)于技(ji)術和材料(liao)(liao)原因(yin)，單一電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量是十(shi)分有(you)限的(de)(de)，實用中的(de)(de)太(tai)(tai)陽能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)是單一電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)經(jing)串、并聯組(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)系統，稱(cheng)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)組(zu)件(jian)（陣(zhen)列）。單一電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)是一只硅晶體二極(ji)管，根據半(ban)導體材料(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)學特性，當太(tai)(tai)陽光照射到由(you)(you)P型和N型兩種不同導電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)類(lei)型的(de)(de)同質半(ban)導體材料(liao)(liao)構(gou)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)P-N結(jie)(jie)上(shang)時，在(zai)一定的(de)(de)條(tiao)件(jian)下，太(tai)(tai)陽能(neng)輻射被半(ban)導體材料(liao)(liao)吸收，在(zai)導帶和價(jia)帶中產生(sheng)非平衡載流(liu)子(zi)(zi)即電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)和空穴。同于P-N結(jie)(jie)勢壘區(qu)存在(zai)著較強的(de)(de)內建(jian)靜電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場，因(yin)而能(neng)在(zai)光照下形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)密度J，短(duan)路(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)Isc，開路(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓Uoc。若在(zai)內建(jian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場的(de)(de)兩側面引(yin)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)并接上(shang)負(fu)載，理論(lun)上(shang)講(jiang)由(you)(you)P-N結(jie)(jie)、連接電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)和負(fu)載形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)回路(lu)，于是就有(you)“光生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)”流(liu)過，太(tai)(tai)陽能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)組(zu)件(jian)就實現了對(dui)負(fu)載的(de)(de)功(gong)率P輸(shu)出(chu)。

（2）電能儲存單元：太陽能電池產生的(de)(de)(de)直流電先進入蓄(xu)電池(chi)(chi)儲存，蓄(xu)電池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)特性影響著系統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)工作(zuo)效率和特性。蓄(xu)電池(chi)(chi)技術是十(shi)分成熟的(de)(de)(de)，但(dan)其(qi)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)要(yao)受到末(mo)端需電量(liang)，日(ri)照時(shi)間(jian)(jian)（發電時(shi)間(jian)(jian)）的(de)(de)(de)影響。因(yin)此蓄(xu)電池(chi)(chi)瓦時(shi)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)和安時(shi)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)由預定的(de)(de)(de)連續無日(ri)照時(shi)間(jian)(jian)決(jue)定。

設置原理

太陽(yang)能光伏發電系統的(de)(de)設計需(xu)要考慮(lv)的(de)(de)因素(su)：

1、需要(yao)考(kao)慮太陽能光伏發電系(xi)統使(shi)用的地方以及(ji)該地日光輻射情(qing)況；

2、需(xu)(xu)要(yao)考慮太陽(yang)能光伏發電系(xi)統需(xu)(xu)要(yao)承載的(de)負載功率；

3、系統所輸出電(dian)壓(ya)，以及考(kao)慮(lv)應該使用直流(liu)電(dian)還是(shi)交流(liu)電(dian)；

4、系統每天(tian)需要(yao)工作的小時數；

5、如遇(yu)到沒有日(ri)光照(zhao)射的陰(yin)雨天氣，系統需連(lian)續供電多少天；

6、考慮負載的情況，是純電(dian)阻性、電(dian)容性還是電(dian)感性，啟動電(dian)流的大小。

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太陽能光伏發電系統組成

光伏(fu)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)是(shi)由太(tai)陽能電池方陣，蓄(xu)電池組，充(chong)放電控制器(qi)，逆(ni)變器(qi)，交(jiao)流(liu)配電柜、自(zi)(zi)動太(tai)陽能跟蹤系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)、自(zi)(zi)動太(tai)陽能組件除(chu)塵(chen)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)等設備組成。其各部分設備的作(zuo)用是(shi)：

1、太陽能電池

在有光照(zhao)（無(wu)論是(shi)太(tai)陽光，還是(shi)其它發光體(ti)產(chan)(chan)生的(de)(de)光照(zhao)）情況下(xia)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池吸收光能，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池兩(liang)端出現異號(hao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷的(de)(de)積(ji)累，即產(chan)(chan)生“光生電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓”，這(zhe)就是(shi)“光生伏(fu)特(te)效(xiao)應”。在光生伏(fu)特(te)效(xiao)應的(de)(de)作用下(xia)，太(tai)陽能電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)兩(liang)端產(chan)(chan)生電(dian)(dian)(dian)動勢，將光能轉換成電(dian)(dian)(dian)能，是(shi)能量轉換的(de)(de)器(qi)件。太(tai)陽能電(dian)(dian)(dian)池一(yi)般為硅(gui)(gui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池，分為單晶(jing)(jing)硅(gui)(gui)太(tai)陽能電(dian)(dian)(dian)池，多(duo)晶(jing)(jing)硅(gui)(gui)太(tai)陽能電(dian)(dian)(dian)池和(he)非晶(jing)(jing)硅(gui)(gui)太(tai)陽能電(dian)(dian)(dian)池三種。

原材料特點：

電(dian)(dian)池(chi)片(pian)：采用高效率（16.5%以上）的單(dan)晶硅(gui)太陽能片(pian)封(feng)裝，保證太陽能電(dian)(dian)池(chi)板發電(dian)(dian)功率充足。

玻(bo)璃：采用低(di)鐵鋼化(hua)絨(rong)面玻(bo)璃(又稱(cheng)為白玻(bo)璃)，厚度3.2mm,在(zai)太陽電池光(guang)譜響應的波(bo)長范圍內(320-1100nm)透光(guang)率達91%以上，對于(yu)大于(yu)1200 nm的紅外光(guang)有較高(gao)的反射率。此玻(bo)璃同時能耐太陽紫外光(guang)線的輻射，透光(guang)率不下降。

EVA：采用加有抗(kang)紫外劑(ji)、抗(kang)氧化劑(ji)和(he)固化劑(ji)的(de)(de)厚度為0.78mm的(de)(de)優質(zhi)EVA膜層(ceng)作為太陽電池(chi)的(de)(de)密封劑(ji)和(he)與玻(bo)璃(li)、TPT之(zhi)間的(de)(de)連接(jie)劑(ji)。具有較高(gao)的(de)(de)透(tou)光(guang)率和(he)抗(kang)老化能(neng)力(li)。

TPT：太陽電(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)背面覆(fu)蓋(gai)物—氟塑料(liao)膜為白色(se)，對陽光(guang)起反(fan)射作用，因此對組件的(de)(de)效(xiao)(xiao)率略(lve)有提高，并因其具有較高的(de)(de)紅外發射率，還可降低(di)組件的(de)(de)工作溫度，也有利于提高組件的(de)(de)效(xiao)(xiao)率。當然，此氟塑料(liao)膜首先具有太陽電(dian)池(chi)封裝材料(liao)所(suo)要求的(de)(de)耐(nai)老(lao)化(hua)、耐(nai)腐蝕(shi)、不透(tou)氣等基本要求。

邊(bian)框：所采用(yong)的鋁合金邊(bian)框具有高強(qiang)度(du)，抗(kang)機械沖擊能(neng)力(li)強(qiang)。也是家用(yong)太(tai)陽能(neng)發電中價值最高的部分。

2、蓄電池組

其(qi)作用(yong)(yong)是貯存太陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)方陣受(shou)光照時(shi)發(fa)出的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)并(bing)可隨時(shi)向負(fu)載供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。太陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)對所用(yong)(yong)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)組的(de)(de)(de)基本要求(qiu)是：a.自放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率低；b.使用(yong)(yong)壽命長；c.深放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)力強；d.充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效率高；e.少維護(hu)(hu)(hu)或免(mian)維護(hu)(hu)(hu)；f.工作溫度范圍寬；g.價格低廉。目前我國與太陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統配套使用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)主(zhu)要是鉛(qian)酸蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)和鎘鎳蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)。配套200Ah以(yi)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)鉛(qian)酸蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，一(yi)般選用(yong)(yong)固定式(shi)或工業密(mi)封式(shi)免(mian)維護(hu)(hu)(hu)鉛(qian)酸蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，每只蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)額(e)定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓為2VDC；配套200Ah以(yi)下的(de)(de)(de)鉛(qian)酸蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，一(yi)般選用(yong)(yong)小型(xing)密(mi)封免(mian)維護(hu)(hu)(hu)鉛(qian)酸蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，每只蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)額(e)定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓為12VDC。

3、充放電控制器

是(shi)(shi)能(neng)自動防止蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池過充電(dian)(dian)(dian)和過放電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)設備。由于蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)循環充放電(dian)(dian)(dian)次數及放電(dian)(dian)(dian)深度是(shi)(shi)決(jue)定蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池使用壽(shou)命的(de)重要因素，因此能(neng)控(kong)制(zhi)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池組過充電(dian)(dian)(dian)或過放電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)充放電(dian)(dian)(dian)控(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)是(shi)(shi)必(bi)不可少(shao)的(de)設備。

4、逆變器

是將直流(liu)電(dian)轉換成交流(liu)電(dian)的(de)設(she)備。由于(yu)太陽(yang)能(neng)電(dian)池和(he)蓄電(dian)池是直流(liu)電(dian)源，而負載是交流(liu)負載時，逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)是必不可(ke)(ke)少的(de)。逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)按(an)運行(xing)方式(shi)，可(ke)(ke)分(fen)為獨立運行(xing)逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)和(he)并(bing)網(wang)逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)。獨立運行(xing)逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)獨立運行(xing)的(de)太陽(yang)能(neng)電(dian)池發(fa)電(dian)系統(tong)，為獨立負載供電(dian)。并(bing)網(wang)逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)并(bing)網(wang)運行(xing)的(de)太陽(yang)能(neng)電(dian)池發(fa)電(dian)系統(tong)。逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)按(an)輸出波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)型可(ke)(ke)分(fen)為方波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)和(he)正(zheng)(zheng)弦波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)。方波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)電(dian)路簡單，造(zao)價低，但諧波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)分(fen)量大，一般用(yong)(yong)于(yu)幾百瓦(wa)以下和(he)對諧波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)要(yao)求不高(gao)的(de)系統(tong)。正(zheng)(zheng)弦波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)成本高(gao)，但可(ke)(ke)以適用(yong)(yong)于(yu)各種負載。

逆變器保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)功能：a、過(guo)載保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)；b、短路保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)；c、接反保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)；d、欠壓保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)；e、過(guo)壓保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)；f、過(guo)熱保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)。

5、交流配電柜

其在電(dian)(dian)站系(xi)(xi)統的主(zhu)要作用是對(dui)備(bei)用逆變器的切換功能(neng)，保證(zheng)系(xi)(xi)統的正(zheng)常供電(dian)(dian)，同時還(huan)有對(dui)線路(lu)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)的計量(liang)。