一、光伏發電是什么意思

光伏發電是利用半導(dao)體界(jie)面(mian)的(de)光(guang)生伏特效應(ying)而將光(guang)能直(zhi)接轉變為電(dian)能的(de)一種技術。主要由太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)板（組件）、控制器(qi)和逆變器(qi)三大(da)部(bu)分組成，主要部(bu)件由電(dian)子(zi)元器(qi)件構成。太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能電(dian)池(chi)(chi)經過串(chuan)聯后進行封(feng)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)保(bao)護(hu)可(ke)形成大(da)面(mian)積的(de)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)組件，再配合上功率控制器(qi)等部(bu)件就形成了光(guang)伏發電(dian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置。

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二、光伏發電的組成結構及作用

光(guang)伏發電(dian)系(xi)統是(shi)由太(tai)陽能電(dian)池方陣，蓄電(dian)池組(zu)，充放電(dian)控(kong)(kong)制器，逆變器，交流(liu)配電(dian)柜，太(tai)陽跟(gen)蹤(zong)控(kong)(kong)制系(xi)統等設備組(zu)成。其部分設備的作用是(shi)：

1、電池方陣

在有光(guang)(guang)照（無論是太(tai)陽(yang)光(guang)(guang)，還是其它發光(guang)(guang)體產生(sheng)的(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)照）情況(kuang)下(xia)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)吸收光(guang)(guang)能，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)兩端(duan)出現異號電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)的(de)(de)積(ji)累(lei)，即產生(sheng)“光(guang)(guang)生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)”，這就是“光(guang)(guang)生(sheng)伏特(te)效應(ying)”。在光(guang)(guang)生(sheng)伏特(te)效應(ying)的(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)下(xia)，太(tai)陽(yang)能電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)兩端(duan)產生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)勢，將光(guang)(guang)能轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能，是能量轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換的(de)(de)器件。太(tai)陽(yang)能電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)一般為硅(gui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，分為單晶(jing)(jing)硅(gui)太(tai)陽(yang)能電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，多晶(jing)(jing)硅(gui)太(tai)陽(yang)能電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)和非晶(jing)(jing)硅(gui)太(tai)陽(yang)能電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)三種。

2、蓄電池組

其(qi)作(zuo)用(yong)是貯存太陽(yang)能(neng)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)方陣受光(guang)照時發出的電(dian)(dian)能(neng)并可隨時向負載供電(dian)(dian)。太陽(yang)能(neng)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)發電(dian)(dian)對所(suo)用(yong)蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)組的基本要求是：a.自放電(dian)(dian)率(lv)低(di)；b.使用(yong)壽命長；c.深放電(dian)(dian)能(neng)力強；d.充(chong)電(dian)(dian)效率(lv)高(gao)；e.少維(wei)護(hu)或免(mian)維(wei)護(hu)；f.工作(zuo)溫度范圍寬；g.價格低(di)廉。

3、控制器

是能(neng)(neng)自動防止蓄電(dian)池過(guo)充電(dian)和(he)過(guo)放電(dian)的(de)設備。由(you)于蓄電(dian)池的(de)循(xun)環充放電(dian)次數及放電(dian)深度是決(jue)定蓄電(dian)池使(shi)用壽(shou)命的(de)重(zhong)要因(yin)素，因(yin)此(ci)能(neng)(neng)控制(zhi)蓄電(dian)池組過(guo)充電(dian)或過(guo)放電(dian)的(de)充放電(dian)控制(zhi)器(qi)是必(bi)不可少的(de)設備。

4、逆變器

是(shi)將直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)轉換成交流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)的設備。由于太陽能電(dian)池(chi)和蓄電(dian)池(chi)是(shi)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)源，而負載是(shi)交流(liu)(liu)(liu)負載時，逆變器是(shi)必不可(ke)少的。逆變器按運(yun)行方(fang)式，可(ke)分為(wei)獨立運(yun)行逆變器和并網逆變器。

獨立(li)運(yun)行(xing)逆(ni)變(bian)器(qi)(qi)用于(yu)獨立(li)運(yun)行(xing)的太(tai)陽能電(dian)池(chi)發電(dian)系統(tong)，為(wei)獨立(li)負(fu)載(zai)供電(dian)。并(bing)網逆(ni)變(bian)器(qi)(qi)用于(yu)并(bing)網運(yun)行(xing)的太(tai)陽能電(dian)池(chi)發電(dian)系統(tong)。

逆變(bian)(bian)(bian)器按輸出波(bo)(bo)型可分為(wei)方(fang)波(bo)(bo)逆變(bian)(bian)(bian)器和正弦(xian)波(bo)(bo)逆變(bian)(bian)(bian)器。方(fang)波(bo)(bo)逆變(bian)(bian)(bian)器電路(lu)簡單，造價低，但(dan)諧波(bo)(bo)分量(liang)大，一般用(yong)于(yu)幾(ji)百瓦(wa)以下和對諧波(bo)(bo)要求(qiu)不高的系(xi)統(tong)。正弦(xian)波(bo)(bo)逆變(bian)(bian)(bian)器成本(ben)高，但(dan)可以適用(yong)于(yu)各種負載。

5、跟蹤系統

由于相對于某一個固定地點的太陽能光伏發電系統，一年春夏(xia)秋冬(dong)四季、每天日升日落(luo)，太陽的光(guang)照角度時(shi)時(shi)刻刻都在變化(hua)，如果太陽能(neng)電池板能(neng)夠時(shi)刻正對太陽，發電效(xiao)率才會達到最佳狀(zhuang)態。

世界上通(tong)(tong)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)跟(gen)(gen)蹤控制系(xi)(xi)(xi)統都需(xu)要根據(ju)安放點的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)緯度(du)等(deng)信息計算一(yi)(yi)年中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)每一(yi)(yi)天的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不同時刻太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)所在的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)角(jiao)度(du)，將一(yi)(yi)年中每個(ge)時刻的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)位置(zhi)存儲(chu)到PLC、單(dan)片機或(huo)電腦(nao)軟(ruan)件中，也就是(shi)靠計算太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)位置(zhi)以(yi)實現跟(gen)(gen)蹤。采用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)電腦(nao)數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)理論，需(xu)要地(di)球(qiu)經(jing)緯度(du)地(di)區的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)和設(she)定(ding)，一(yi)(yi)旦安裝(zhuang)，就不便移動或(huo)裝(zhuang)拆，每次移動完就必(bi)須(xu)重(zhong)新設(she)定(ding)數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)和調整(zheng)各個(ge)參數(shu)(shu)(shu)；原(yuan)理、電路、技術、設(she)備復(fu)雜，非(fei)專業人士不能(neng)夠(gou)隨(sui)便操作(zuo)。把加裝(zhuang)了智(zhi)能(neng)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)跟(gen)(gen)蹤儀的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)發電系(xi)(xi)(xi)統安裝(zhuang)在高速行(xing)駛(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)汽(qi)(qi)車、火車，以(yi)及通(tong)(tong)訊應(ying)急車、特種軍(jun)用(yong)汽(qi)(qi)車、軍(jun)艦(jian)或(huo)輪(lun)船上，不論系(xi)(xi)(xi)統向(xiang)何方行(xing)駛(shi)、如(ru)何調頭(tou)、拐彎，智(zhi)能(neng)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)跟(gen)(gen)蹤儀都能(neng)保證(zheng)設(she)備的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要求跟(gen)(gen)蹤部位正對太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)。