關于工期的七個問題
一、工期多一天,要搭多少錢?
工(gong)程建設(she)領域,當建設(she)項(xiang)(xiang)目前景較(jiao)好的(de)情(qing)況下,建設(she)單位會配合施工(gong)企業盡快完(wan)工(gong),使建設(she)項(xiang)(xiang)目早日(ri)獲利。反之,如(ru)果項(xiang)(xiang)目前景較(jiao)差(cha),在(zai)項(xiang)(xiang)目完(wan)工(gong)也難以獲利的(de)情(qing)況下,建設(she)單位便會故意拖延竣工(gong)時間,以達到少支(zhi)出(chu)或晚支(zhi)付工(gong)程款的(de)目的(de)。這種情(qing)況下,每延誤一天,施工(gong)企業將面臨(lin)巨(ju)大損失。
1、墊(dian)資(zi)利(li)息損失。墊(dian)資(zi)施工已經(jing)成為(wei)建筑市場的(de)(de)常態,而且這部分墊(dian)資(zi)款大多在(zai)合同中約定(ding)不(bu)計算利(li)息;即(ji)使合同中未約定(ding)不(bu)計算利(li)息,根據《最高人民法(fa)院(yuan)關于審理建設工程施工合同糾紛案(an)件適用法(fa)律問題的(de)(de)解釋(shi)》第六條規定(ding),當(dang)事(shi)人對墊(dian)資(zi)利(li)息沒有約定(ding)的(de)(de),承(cheng)包人請求支付利(li)息的(de)(de),法(fa)院(yuan)不(bu)予支持。
2、管(guan)理(li)費(fei)用損失。承包人的(de)管(guan)理(li)費(fei)用主要是項目(mu)(mu)管(guan)理(li)人員的(de)工資。項目(mu)(mu)管(guan)理(li)人員一般按照工作時間計發(fa)工資,這(zhe)就(jiu)意味著(zhu),如果建設項目(mu)(mu)拖延一年,就(jiu)意味著(zhu)發(fa)包人要多(duo)支付所(suo)有管(guan)理(li)人員一年的(de)工資和(he)社保等,這(zhe)將是一筆非常大的(de)開銷。
3、板房、塔吊、電梯、模板、腳(jiao)手架(jia)的費(fei)用(yong)支(zhi)(zhi)出(chu)。上(shang)述支(zhi)(zhi)出(chu)均按照時(shi)間(jian)(jian)計算費(fei)用(yong),而(er)且在與供應商(shang)的合同(tong)中,對(dui)于(yu)(yu)停(ting)(ting)(ting)工(gong)時(shi)如何計費(fei),一般(ban)沒有約定,仍按照時(shi)間(jian)(jian)計費(fei)。對(dui)于(yu)(yu)長時(shi)間(jian)(jian)的停(ting)(ting)(ting)工(gong),還可以與供應商(shang)協(xie)商(shang)解除協(xie)議。但是(shi)對(dui)于(yu)(yu)短(duan)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)的停(ting)(ting)(ting)工(gong)則(ze)很(hen)難(nan)處理(li),因為大型機(ji)械設備進(jin)(jin)出(chu)場(chang)均很(hen)麻煩(fan)而(er)且要(yao)支(zhi)(zhi)付進(jin)(jin)出(chu)場(chang)費(fei)用(yong)。為了防止(zhi)施(shi)工(gong)企業(ye)停(ting)(ting)(ting)工(gong),建設單位一般(ban)只會放緩(huan)工(gong)程進(jin)(jin)度(du),控制自己的停(ting)(ting)(ting)工(gong)時(shi)間(jian)(jian),這(zhe)種情況(kuang)就是(shi)使施(shi)工(gong)企業(ye)很(hen)難(nan)受,上(shang)述費(fei)用(yong)支(zhi)(zhi)出(chu)也必然會增加。
4、周(zhou)轉(zhuan)材(cai)料的費(fei)用支(zhi)出。若施工(gong)企業租賃使用周(zhou)轉(zhuan)材(cai)料,在工(gong)程停工(gong)時,可(ke)能(neng)還會涉及到周(zhou)轉(zhuan)材(cai)料的租賃費(fei)用支(zhi)出增(zeng)加。
5、勞務公司(si)的費用補貼(tie)。盡管(guan)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)企(qi)業在與勞務公司(si)結(jie)算時(shi)一般按照完工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)程量結(jie)算,但是如果工(gong)(gong)期延長,勢必(bi)會(hui)增加(jia)勞務公司(si)的成本,勞務公司(si)將向施(shi)工(gong)(gong)企(qi)業施(shi)加(jia)壓(ya)力(li)要求增加(jia)勞務費用,這讓施(shi)工(gong)(gong)企(qi)業很難拒絕(jue)。
6、反索(suo)賠風(feng)險增加。當(dang)實際(ji)工(gong)(gong)期(qi)比約定工(gong)(gong)期(qi)長,且(qie)建設單位拖延(yan)支(zhi)付工(gong)(gong)程款時(shi),建設單位一般會要求施工(gong)(gong)企業承擔(dan)工(gong)(gong)期(qi)違約責任(ren)(反索(suo)賠)。在(zai)這種情況(kuang)下,如果施工(gong)(gong)企業沒有(you)工(gong)(gong)期(qi)順延(yan)的證(zheng)據(ju),而且(qie)沒有(you)證(zheng)據(ju)證(zheng)明工(gong)(gong)期(qi)延(yan)長的責任(ren)是由(you)建設單位造成的,那么施工(gong)(gong)企業很可能要向發包人支(zhi)付工(gong)(gong)期(qi)違約金。
7、訴(su)訟風險增(zeng)加。當項目自身資金緊(jin)張的(de)情(qing)況下,總包(bao)(bao)單(dan)(dan)位必(bi)然會壓縮對專業分(fen)包(bao)(bao)、勞務(wu)分(fen)包(bao)(bao)、材料(liao)供應商(shang)的(de)付款(kuan),此過(guo)程中難免(mian)會出現前述單(dan)(dan)位提起訴(su)訟的(de)情(qing)況,一旦引(yin)發(fa)訴(su)訟,總包(bao)(bao)單(dan)(dan)位還(huan)要支付律(lv)師費(fei)、訴(su)訟費(fei)、違約金、利(li)息等額外費(fei)用。
施工(gong)企(qi)業(ye)要學(xue)會轉變觀念,做好施工(gong)組(zu)織,做好工(gong)期索賠和順延,每提(ti)前完工(gong)一(yi)(yi)天(tian)(tian),則會節(jie)省一(yi)(yi)天(tian)(tian)的成本(ben)(ben),一(yi)(yi)正一(yi)(yi)反之間,施工(gong)企(qi)業(ye)會節(jie)省巨大的成本(ben)(ben)。
二、合同約定、開工報告載明、施工許可證上載明的開工日期均不相同時,如何認定開工日期?
1、關于開(kai)工(gong)日(ri)期(qi)的(de)確(que)定,沒有明確(que)的(de)法(fa)律規定,根據(ju)最高(gao)人民法(fa)院(yuan)判例的(de)觀點,合同約定、開(kai)工(gong)報告載明、施工(gong)許可證上(shang)載明的(de)開(kai)工(gong)日(ri)期(qi)均不相同的(de)情況下,應以監(jian)理單(dan)位確(que)認的(de)開(kai)工(gong)報告中(zhong)載明日(ri)期(qi)作為工(gong)程開(kai)工(gong)日(ri)期(qi)。
2、合同約(yue)定的開(kai)(kai)工(gong)日(ri)期(qi)(qi)雖然是(shi)雙(shuang)方商定的日(ri)期(qi)(qi),但是(shi)由于建筑市場很(hen)不(bu)規范(fan),合同約(yue)定的開(kai)(kai)工(gong)日(ri)期(qi)(qi)與(yu)實(shi)際(ji)開(kai)(kai)工(gong)日(ri)期(qi)(qi)很(hen)多并不(bu)一(yi)致(zhi),應以改變了的實(shi)際(ji)開(kai)(kai)工(gong)日(ri)期(qi)(qi),即開(kai)(kai)工(gong)報告上載明的開(kai)(kai)工(gong)日(ri)期(qi)(qi)為準(zhun)。
3、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)許(xu)(xu)可(ke)證載(zai)明日(ri)(ri)期并(bing)不具有絕對排他(ta)的、無可(ke)爭辯效力。建(jian)筑工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)許(xu)(xu)可(ke)證系建(jian)設主管部門頒發給建(jian)設單位的準許(xu)(xu)其施(shi)工(gong)(gong)的憑證,只(zhi)是表(biao)明建(jian)設工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)符合(he)相應(ying)開(kai)工(gong)(gong)條件,并(bing)不能成(cheng)為確定開(kai)工(gong)(gong)日(ri)(ri)期的惟一憑證。實(shi)踐中,開(kai)工(gong)(gong)日(ri)(ri)期早于或晚(wan)于施(shi)工(gong)(gong)許(xu)(xu)可(ke)證記(ji)載(zai)日(ri)(ri)期情形大(da)量存在(zai)。當(dang)二者不一致時(shi),同(tong)樣應(ying)以實(shi)際開(kai)工(gong)(gong)日(ri)(ri)期而非施(shi)工(gong)(gong)許(xu)(xu)可(ke)證上記(ji)載(zai)日(ri)(ri)期作(zuo)為開(kai)工(gong)(gong)日(ri)(ri)期。
三、沒有開工報告,如何認定開工日期?
1、若沒有(you)開工(gong)(gong)報告,則缺失(shi)了(le)最能證(zheng)明(ming)實(shi)(shi)際(ji)(ji)開工(gong)(gong)日(ri)(ri)(ri)期(qi)的(de)證(zheng)據,就很難認定(ding)實(shi)(shi)際(ji)(ji)開工(gong)(gong)日(ri)(ri)(ri)期(qi),如果承包人有(you)其他證(zheng)據證(zheng)明(ming)實(shi)(shi)際(ji)(ji)開工(gong)(gong)日(ri)(ri)(ri)期(qi),則應認定(ding)該日(ri)(ri)(ri)期(qi)為開工(gong)(gong)日(ri)(ri)(ri)期(qi)。但在這種情況下,會對證(zheng)據要求過高。
2、若(ruo)承包(bao)人沒有(you)開工報告,也沒有(you)任何證據證明實(shi)際施(shi)工日(ri)期(qi)(qi),則應根據證據優劣情況,以(yi)合同約定的開工日(ri)期(qi)(qi)或施(shi)工許可(ke)證載明的開工日(ri)期(qi)(qi)為(wei)準。
四、工期約定不對等可能導致的嚴重后果?
行業(ye)內,施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)合同中一(yi)般會約(yue)定較(jiao)重的總包(bao)方的工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)延(yan)誤責(ze)任(ren),但對業(ye)主方原因造(zao)成的工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)延(yan)長責(ze)任(ren)約(yue)定的則較(jiao)輕(qing)或(huo)根本沒(mei)有約(yue)定。若(ruo)是當項目(mu)前景不好(hao),且違約(yue)成本極小(xiao)的情況(kuang)下(xia),很(hen)容易使(shi)建設單位故意放慢(man)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程進(jin)度,這(zhe)不僅(jin)會給施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企業(ye)帶來成本增加,而且如果沒(mei)有做好(hao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)順延(yan),當建設單位想拖延(yan)支付工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程款時,很(hen)可能向施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企業(ye)提出工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)反索賠。在這(zhe)種情況(kuang)下(xia),若(ruo)沒(mei)有足(zu)夠(gou)的證據(ju)證明工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)順延(yan),施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企業(ye)面(mian)臨著巨額違約(yue)金賠償。
五、這些情況可以進行工期索賠!
甲方市場(chang)導(dao)致(zhi)幾乎所有(you)施工(gong)合(he)(he)同(tong),都約定了(le)承(cheng)包(bao)人較重(zhong)的工(gong)期違約責任。當發包(bao)人故意放緩(huan)工(gong)程進度(du)時,若承(cheng)包(bao)人不(bu)能按照合(he)(he)同(tong)約定申請工(gong)期順延,那么不(bu)僅成本增(zeng)加,而(er)且還有(you)可(ke)能被反(fan)索賠(pei)。
1、承包(bao)人要(yao)時(shi)刻(ke)關注(zhu)工期,對以下原因造成的工期延(yan)(yan)誤,要(yao)按照合同約定進行工期索(suo)賠和工期順延(yan)(yan):
(1)發包人未能按合同(tong)約(yue)定提(ti)供圖(tu)紙或(huo)所提(ti)供圖(tu)紙不符合合同(tong)約(yue)定;
(2)發包人(ren)未能按合同(tong)約定提供(gong)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)現場、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)條件(jian)、基礎(chu)資(zi)料;
(3)發(fa)包(bao)人未及時辦理許可、批(pi)(pi)準行政(zheng)審(shen)批(pi)(pi)手續;
(4)發包人提供(gong)的測量基準(zhun)點、基準(zhun)線(xian)和水準(zhun)點及其書面(mian)資(zi)料存在(zai)錯(cuo)誤或疏漏(lou);
(5)發包人未能在計劃(hua)開(kai)工日期之日起7天內(nei)同(tong)意(yi)下達開(kai)工通知;
(6)發包人增加工作量;
(7)發包人設計變更未(wei)提前通知,影響關鍵線路施工(gong);
(8)發包人供應材料不(bu)及(ji)時(shi)或供應材料存在質量問題,影響關鍵線路(lu)施工;
(9)發(fa)包人直接發(fa)包的其他(ta)工(gong)程未能(neng)及時進(jin)場,或其未按照(zhao)總包方的施工(gong)計劃進(jin)行施工(gong),造成項目整體工(gong)期(qi)延后;
(10)發(fa)包(bao)人(ren)未能(neng)按合約定支付工(gong)程(cheng)進度款影響工(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong),且(qie)經(jing)承包(bao)人(ren)書面提醒后仍無改(gai)觀,造成后續工(gong)程(cheng)無法順利(li)進展;
(11)發包人(ren)未(wei)及(ji)時對單項(xiang)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)進(jin)行驗(yan)收(shou),導致整體工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)無(wu)法繼(ji)續(xu)施工(gong)(gong)或導致整體工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)無(wu)法辦理驗(yan)收(shou);
(12)發(fa)包人原(yuan)因無法(fa)辦理竣工手(shou)續;
(13)因(yin)發包人原因(yin)無法(fa)辦理備案手續;
(14)不可抗力導致(zhi)工程無(wu)法(fa)施(shi)工;
(15)合同約(yue)定執行政策、法(fa)規(gui)(gui)、規(gui)(gui)章和政府命令,因前述法(fa)律法(fa)規(gui)(gui)變化導致工(gong)程無法(fa)繼續施工(gong)。
在因(yin)(yin)為上述原(yuan)因(yin)(yin)發生工期(qi)延誤時(shi),施(shi)工企業應(ying)注意保(bao)留證(zheng)據(ju),以合同為依據(ju),合法、合理的進(jin)行工期(qi)索賠,要(yao)求工期(qi)順(shun)延。
2、工期延(yan)長申(shen)請要(yao)在(zai)合(he)同(tong)約(yue)定的時(shi)間內(nei)(nei)向(xiang)(xiang)監理(li)人(發包(bao)(bao)人)遞交(jiao)索賠(pei)通知書,并說明發生(sheng)索賠(pei)事件的事由,如果(guo)承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)人未在(zai)約(yue)定的時(shi)間內(nei)(nei)發出(chu)索賠(pei)通知書,則喪失(shi)索賠(pei)權利(li)。如果(guo)在(zai)合(he)同(tong)約(yue)定的時(shi)間無(wu)法給出(chu)準確的工期延(yan)長時(shi)間的,可以在(zai)約(yue)定時(shi)間內(nei)(nei)向(xiang)(xiang)發包(bao)(bao)人提出(chu)“預申(shen)請”,說明工期延(yan)長的事由,待具體延(yan)長期間確定后向(xiang)(xiang)發包(bao)(bao)人再次申(shen)報。
六、項目前景不好,難道工期要無限延長嗎?
當項目前(qian)景(jing)不好,施工(gong)(gong)(gong)企(qi)業故(gu)意放慢施工(gong)(gong)(gong)節奏,導致工(gong)(gong)(gong)程進(jin)展裹(guo)足不前(qian),工(gong)(gong)(gong)程停工(gong)(gong)(gong)時(shi),承(cheng)包人可以考(kao)慮解除施工(gong)(gong)(gong)合同。
1、解除合同對承包(bao)人的有利之處(chu)在于:
(1)合(he)同(tong)(tong)解(jie)除后,施工(gong)單位不再承擔墊資施工(gong)的(de)合(he)同(tong)(tong)義務(wu);
(2)未到(dao)合同(tong)約定付款節點的工程款,在合同(tong)解除后,業(ye)主應當予以清(qing)償(chang);
(3)合同解除后,可(ke)以不保留保修金;
(4)合同解除后,可(ke)以及(ji)時行使建設工(gong)程價款(kuan)優先受償權。
2、問(wen)題(ti)的關鍵在于,承包人(ren)以什(shen)么理由,如(ru)何來解除合同。
因(yin)為如果(guo)承(cheng)包(bao)人(ren)(ren)解除(chu)(chu)(chu)合同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)依(yi)據不夠充分(fen),不能得到(dao)(dao)法院的(de)(de)支持,那(nei)么承(cheng)包(bao)人(ren)(ren)不但達不到(dao)(dao)自己解除(chu)(chu)(chu)合同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)目的(de)(de),而且還(huan)要(yao)向發包(bao)人(ren)(ren)承(cheng)擔擅自停工、擅自解除(chu)(chu)(chu)合同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)違約責任。所以承(cheng)包(bao)人(ren)(ren)在作(zuo)出合同(tong)(tong)解除(chu)(chu)(chu)決定之前(qian),必須(xu)進(jin)行法律(lv)分(fen)析,要(yao)找到(dao)(dao)合同(tong)(tong)解除(chu)(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)正當理由,收集好證(zheng)據,一擊(ji)必勝。
3、承包人可以(yi)從以(yi)下幾個方面考慮解除合同(tong)的理(li)由:
(1)發(fa)包人未(wei)及時(shi)支(zhi)付工程進(jin)度款,經承包人催(cui)告(gao)后仍沒有支(zhi)付的,可以(yi)解(jie)除合同。
根據(ju)《合同(tong)法(fa)》和(he)(he)《最高人(ren)(ren)民法(fa)院關于審理建(jian)設工程(cheng)施工合同(tong)糾紛案件適(shi)用(yong)法(fa)律問題的(de)(de)(de)解釋》的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定(ding),單純拖(tuo)欠工程(cheng)款(kuan)不必然導致承包人(ren)(ren)有合同(tong)解除(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)(de)權(quan)利,而是還(huan)要滿足兩點:一(yi)是拖(tuo)欠工程(cheng)款(kuan)的(de)(de)(de)數額使(shi)工程(cheng)無法(fa)正常(chang)施工;二是承包人(ren)(ren)應盡到告知義務,只有承包人(ren)(ren)將“發(fa)包人(ren)(ren)拖(tuo)欠工程(cheng)款(kuan)導致工程(cheng)無法(fa)繼續進行(xing)”的(de)(de)(de)情(qing)形和(he)(he)后果(guo)向發(fa)包人(ren)(ren)告知后,承包人(ren)(ren)才有權(quan)利解除(chu)(chu)合同(tong),而不能突擊解除(chu)(chu)合同(tong)。
(2)業主未盡到工(gong)程施工(gong)配合義務的,承包人可以解除合同。
發包(bao)(bao)人(ren)對(dui)承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)人(ren)有很多工(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)配(pei)合(he)(he)義務,例如施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)場(chang)地交(jiao)(jiao)付、圖紙交(jiao)(jiao)付、甲(jia)方指(zhi)定材料供應和批(pi)價、甲(jia)方直接發包(bao)(bao)的(de)單(dan)(dan)項工(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)(dan)位進場(chang)及配(pei)合(he)(he)、甲(jia)方指(zhi)定分包(bao)(bao)的(de)單(dan)(dan)項工(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)(dan)位進場(chang)及配(pei)合(he)(he)等,若發包(bao)(bao)人(ren)不履(lv)行(xing)(xing)其配(pei)合(he)(he)任務,導(dao)致承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)人(ren)無法施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong),且在承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)人(ren)催告的(de)合(he)(he)理時間內仍未履(lv)行(xing)(xing)配(pei)合(he)(he)義務的(de),承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)人(ren)可以解(jie)除合(he)(he)同。
(3)合同約定的其他合同解(jie)除情(qing)形(xing)發生時,承包(bao)人(ren)可以解(jie)除合同。
如果合同(tong)中約定有(you)其它合同(tong)解除情(qing)形的,例(li)如停工一定時間可以(yi)解除合同(tong)等,承包人(ren)可以(yi)對照合同(tong),采取靈(ling)活(huo)方式解除合同(tong)。
七、工期被拖太久,承包人如何減少損失?
墊資施(shi)(shi)工與發(fa)包人(ren)拖欠工程款(kuan),是承包人(ren)的主要(yao)(yao)風險(xian)。因(yin)此(ci),承包人(ren)需要(yao)(yao)時刻關注發(fa)包人(ren)的資產(chan)狀況和經營狀況,并根據(ju)具(ju)體情況采取(qu)合理措施(shi)(shi)保護自(zi)身權(quan)益。當(dang)發(fa)包人(ren)故意(yi)放慢施(shi)(shi)工進度,當(dang)事人(ren)有必(bi)要(yao)(yao)提高警惕,對發(fa)包人(ren)的履(lv)約償(chang)債能(neng)力(li)進行調(diao)查(cha),根據(ju)調(diao)查(cha)結果和合同約定及履(lv)行的實際情況,制定切實可行的解決(jue)方案。
承包人可以從以下幾個方面考(kao)慮應對發包人風(feng)險:
1、解除合同。
2、停(ting)工。當發包(bao)人的資金出現(xian)問(wen)題時,很可能工作(zuo)量越大,則風險(xian)越大,這時承包(bao)人就可以考慮停(ting)工。但一定要找(zhao)出充分(fen)的理由(you),依據合(he)同“合(he)法停(ting)工”。
3、要(yao)求(qiu)發包人(ren)(ren)提(ti)(ti)供擔(dan)(dan)保。擔(dan)(dan)保是(shi)解決風(feng)險的最主要(yao)辦法,承(cheng)包人(ren)(ren)在與發包人(ren)(ren)的商(shang)業談(tan)判中,可以將提(ti)(ti)供有(you)效擔(dan)(dan)保作為恢(hui)復施(shi)工、繼續施(shi)工或延緩支付(fu)工程款的條件。可要(yao)求(qiu)其(qi)提(ti)(ti)供不動產抵押、具有(you)資金實力的第三方(fang)擔(dan)(dan)保等。
4、簽(qian)訂補充協議,增加發包人的違(wei)約責(ze)任。雙方可(ke)就后續的工程款進度款支付等約定(ding)發包人較(jiao)重(zhong)的違(wei)約責(ze)任,對其(qi)進行(xing)威懾,在(zai)發生糾(jiu)紛時,也可(ke)以作為請求權利的依據。
5、簽訂協議(yi)書,約定承(cheng)包(bao)人對發包(bao)人資(zi)產(chan)的處(chu)置方(fang)案,當發包(bao)人出現較(jiao)為嚴重的違約時,承(cheng)包(bao)人可以通(tong)過處(chu)置發包(bao)人資(zi)產(chan)的方(fang)式實(shi)現債(zhai)權。
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