【電(dian)力機(ji)(ji)車(che)知識大全】電(dian)力機(ji)(ji)車(che)的特點 電(dian)力火(huo)車(che)種類(lei)
電力機車主要優點
1、電力(li)(li)(li)機車具有功率(lv)大(da)(da)、速度(du)快、過載能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)強、自身負重(zhong)低、牽(qian)引力(li)(li)(li)和加速度(du)大(da)(da)、整備(bei)作業時間短、維修量少、能(neng)(neng)源利(li)用率(lv)高(gao)、運營費用低、便于實(shi)現多機牽(qian)引、能(neng)(neng)采(cai)用再(zai)生制動以及清潔(jie)環保等(deng)優(you)點。使用電力(li)(li)(li)機車牽(qian)引車列(lie)能(neng)(neng)提(ti)高(gao)列(lie)車運行(xing)速度(du)和承(cheng)載重(zhong)量,從而大(da)(da)幅度(du)地提(ti)高(gao)鐵路(lu)的運輸能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)和通(tong)過能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li),特別利(li)于舊鐵路(lu)的提(ti)速。我國(guo)的京廣、京滬和京九(jiu)等(deng)干線鐵路(lu)進行(xing)電氣化升級(ji)改造后(hou)大(da)(da)面積開(kai)行(xing)電力(li)(li)(li)機車,有效縮(suo)短了列(lie)車旅行(xing)時間。
2、電(dian)力(li)機(ji)(ji)車(che)(che)(che)清潔(jie)環保,運行時不像蒸氣機(ji)(ji)車(che)(che)(che)或(huo)柴油機(ji)(ji)車(che)(che)(che)那樣產生廢氣。供電(dian)氣化(hua)鐵路(lu)使(shi)用(yong)的發(fa)電(dian)廠在(zai)采用(yong)化(hua)石(shi)燃(ran)料(liao)時,均會(hui)控制廢氣排放,除此之(zhi)外也可使(shi)用(yong)低污(wu)染(ran)的風(feng)力(li)或(huo)水力(li)發(fa)電(dian),還能提高熱效率。在(zai)噪音方面,電(dian)力(li)機(ji)(ji)車(che)(che)(che)在(zai)運行時亦比柴油機(ji)(ji)車(che)(che)(che)安靜得多。因此,電(dian)力(li)機(ji)(ji)車(che)(che)(che)十分適用(yong)于在(zai)城市(shi)軌道交(jiao)通線(xian)上(shang)運營。
3、在(zai)性能上,電力機車(che)(che)(che)(che)不(bu)需(xu)像蒸汽機車(che)(che)(che)(che)或柴油機車(che)(che)(che)(che)那(nei)般自(zi)攜很重的(de)引擎(qing)以及燃料,能減輕自(zi)重,因此在(zai)加減速和最(zui)高(gao)速方面均比(bi)蒸汽機車(che)(che)(che)(che)和柴油機車(che)(che)(che)(che)優勝(sheng),可進一(yi)步縮減行車(che)(che)(che)(che)時間,是高(gao)速列車(che)(che)(che)(che)、動車(che)(che)(che)(che)組(zu)等的(de)第一(yi)選擇。
電力機車主要缺點
1、電(dian)力(li)(li)機(ji)(ji)車(che)(che)的(de)(de)缺點在于其本身(shen)沒有動力(li)(li)源(yuan),電(dian)能來自(zi)外部的(de)(de)電(dian)纜或電(dian)軌,如遇自(zi)然災(zai)害、戰爭等不可抗力(li)(li)狀況引發斷電(dian)就(jiu)無法(fa)運(yun)行,導致運(yun)輸癱瘓,甚至可能引起事故。2008年我(wo)國華南地區遭遇大(da)面積強(qiang)降雪,損(sun)壞了鐵路沿途線上(shang)的(de)(de)供電(dian)設備(bei),致使多(duo)個班次(ci)的(de)(de)電(dian)力(li)(li)火車(che)(che)停運(yun),造(zao)成(cheng)嚴重的(de)(de)旅客(ke)滯留。混合動力(li)(li)是一種折中方(fang)案,即在電(dian)力(li)(li)機(ji)(ji)車(che)(che)上(shang)額(e)外配備(bei)有應急柴油(you)發電(dian)機(ji)(ji)或增(zeng)掛柴油(you)發電(dian)機(ji)(ji)車(che)(che)廂,以應付(fu)突發的(de)(de)斷電(dian)狀況,但會增(zeng)加(jia)運(yun)輸成(cheng)本。
2、電(dian)力機車的(de)研制、生(sheng)產和(he)(he)(he)維(wei)修(xiu)及其(qi)所需電(dian)氣化鐵(tie)路(lu)(lu)的(de)建(jian)設、運營(ying)和(he)(he)(he)維(wei)護,都要高(gao)昂的(de)費(fei)用和(he)(he)(he)高(gao)端的(de)技(ji)術(shu),導致整條鐵(tie)路(lu)(lu)系統的(de)施工(gong)難度和(he)(he)(he)養護成本(ben)比非電(dian)氣化鐵(tie)路(lu)(lu)的(de)高(gao)很多(duo)。若在經(jing)濟貧困、人(ren)口稀疏、地勢險峻、氣候惡劣等(deng)環(huan)境下修(xiu)建(jian)電(dian)氣化鐵(tie)路(lu)(lu),將(jiang)對(dui)國家或當(dang)地的(de)財政壓(ya)力和(he)(he)(he)科(ke)技(ji)水平提出苛刻要求。
3、電力機車依賴電氣化(hua)鐵(tie)路,大量的電網(wang)電軌設施(shi)會存在一(yi)定的安(an)全隱患,如果有人肆意闖入鐵(tie)道(dao)或爬上車頂就會誘發(fa)(fa)觸電事故。城市(shi)街區中電氣化(hua)鐵(tie)路的高壓電網(wang)如果發(fa)(fa)生意外坍塌,也(ye)易(yi)引發(fa)(fa)觸電后果。
因此,電力(li)機車(che)不能(neng)全面取代內燃機車(che)。
電力機車應用領域
城市軌(gui)道(dao):地(di)鐵、輕(qing)軌(gui)、單(dan)軌(gui)、有軌(gui)電(dian)車、磁懸(xuan)浮軌(gui)道(dao)、旅客自動捷運(yun)系統等(deng)城市軌(gui)道(dao)交通(tong)線上都運(yun)營電(dian)力列車。
舊線改造(zao):只要經(jing)濟條件(jian)和科技水平許可,各國一般都會(hui)盡(jin)量將舊鐵路電(dian)氣化升級改造(zao),使電(dian)力機車能運作其(qi)中。
高(gao)速(su)鐵路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu):我國新建的高(gao)速(su)鐵路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、快(kuai)速(su)鐵路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、城際鐵路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、市(shi)域(yu)鐵路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)等(deng)都屬于電氣化鐵路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu),并廣泛運行電力動車組。
電力機車分類
電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)機(ji)(ji)車(che)(che)(che)(che)按(an)(an)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)場合可(ke)分(fen)為:工(gong)礦電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)機(ji)(ji)車(che)(che)(che)(che)和干線電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)機(ji)(ji)車(che)(che)(che)(che)兩(liang)(liang)類。工(gong)礦電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)機(ji)(ji)車(che)(che)(che)(che)多采用(yong)(yong)直流制,功率和速度(du)一般(ban)比干線電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)機(ji)(ji)車(che)(che)(che)(che)小(xiao),習慣上按(an)(an)機(ji)(ji)車(che)(che)(che)(che)的(de)粘著(zhu)重量分(fen)級,如150噸(dun),100噸(dun),85噸(dun),70噸(dun),60噸(dun),50噸(dun)和更輕的(de)等級。較大噸(dun)位機(ji)(ji)車(che)(che)(che)(che)用(yong)(yong)于標準軌距線路,較輕型的(de)機(ji)(ji)車(che)(che)(che)(che)多用(yong)(yong)于各種窄軌距線路。干線電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)機(ji)(ji)車(che)(che)(che)(che)按(an)(an)用(yong)(yong)途可(ke)分(fen)為客運(yun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)機(ji)(ji)車(che)(che)(che)(che),貨(huo)運(yun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)機(ji)(ji)車(che)(che)(che)(che),客貨(huo)兩(liang)(liang)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)機(ji)(ji)車(che)(che)(che)(che)和調車(che)(che)(che)(che)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)機(ji)(ji)車(che)(che)(che)(che)四種。按(an)(an)照電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)化鐵路采用(yong)(yong)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流制來分(fen)類,干線電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)機(ji)(ji)車(che)(che)(che)(che)可(ke)分(fen)為兩(liang)(liang)類。按(an)(an)照動(dong)力(li)(li)分(fen)配類型可(ke)分(fen)為傳統電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)機(ji)(ji)車(che)(che)(che)(che)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)動(dong)車(che)(che)(che)(che)組。
直流電力機車
裝有直(zhi)流串(chuan)勵牽(qian)引(yin)電動機的(de)(de)機車(che),接觸(chu)網(wang)電壓(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)1500伏或3000伏直(zhi)流電壓(ya)(ya)(ya)。直(zhi)流電力機車(che)的(de)(de)起(qi)動和速度調(diao)(diao)節以往是(shi)借助于調(diao)(diao)節起(qi)動電阻和牽(qian)引(yin)電動機的(de)(de)串(chuan)聯-并聯轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換來完(wan)成的(de)(de)。但這種起(qi)動和調(diao)(diao)速方式不能(neng)作到(dao)連續(xu)平滑地(di)調(diao)(diao)節速度,而且電能(neng)耗損大(da),線路(lu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換復雜。隨著直(zhi)流斬波技(ji)術的(de)(de)發展,逐漸為(wei)新的(de)(de)脈(mo)沖(chong)調(diao)(diao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)方式所代替。在直(zhi)流電力機車(che)上通常(chang)采用(yong)牽(qian)引(yin)電動機磁場(chang)削(xue)弱的(de)(de)辦法來提(ti)高(gao)機車(che)速度,增加機車(che)功(gong)率。磁場(chang)削(xue)弱的(de)(de)級數一般為(wei)二至三級。
交流電力機車
接(jie)觸網電壓(ya)20千伏或25千伏,單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)工(gong)(gong)頻為(wei)(wei)50或60赫(he)。在(zai)歐洲少數國(guo)家如聯(lian)邦(bang)德(de)國(guo)、瑞(rui)典、瑞(rui)士等國(guo)亦有采用單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)低(di)頻交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)制的,此(ci)時接(jie)觸網電壓(ya)為(wei)(wei)11~16千伏,單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)工(gong)(gong)頻為(wei)(wei)25赫(he)。交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電力機車根(gen)據變流(liu)(liu)裝置和(he)牽引電動機類(lei)型,主要(yao)有以下三種類(lei)型。
①整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)器(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)車:又稱單(dan)相(xiang)-直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)車,是當前應用(yong)(yong)(yong)最廣的(de)(de)(de)一種(zhong)交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)車。在(zai)整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)器(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)車上,接觸網上的(de)(de)(de)單(dan)相(xiang)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)首(shou)先通過(guo)牽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)引(yin)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)降壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya),然后(hou)通過(guo)由硅整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)元件或晶閘管組成的(de)(de)(de)整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)裝置(zhi)將單(dan)相(xiang)交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)變(bian)換為(wei)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),供給牽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)引(yin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。一般采用(yong)(yong)(yong)脈流(liu)(liu)串勵(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)作為(wei)牽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)引(yin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。這(zhe)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)車有變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)和(he)(he)整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)裝置(zhi),因(yin)此采用(yong)(yong)(yong)改(gai)(gai)變(bian)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)副(fu)邊(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)或對整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)裝置(zhi)實(shi)行相(xiang)位控(kong)制的(de)(de)(de)辦法均可改(gai)(gai)變(bian)整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya),從(cong)而(er)達到調節機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)車速度的(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)。改(gai)(gai)變(bian)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)副(fu)邊(bian)輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)方式有兩種(zhong),即(ji)低壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)側(ce)(ce)調壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)和(he)(he)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)側(ce)(ce)調壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)。中國的(de)(de)(de)“韶(shao)(shao)山”1型(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)車即(ji)屬于(yu)(yu)低壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)側(ce)(ce)調壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)型(xing)。為(wei)了防止動輪空轉(zhuan),改(gai)(gai)善機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)車的(de)(de)(de)粘著性(xing)能,便于(yu)(yu)牽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)引(yin)和(he)(he)制動兩種(zhong)工況間的(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)互轉(zhuan)換,整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)器(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)車也可采用(yong)(yong)(yong)他勵(li)牽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)引(yin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),如中國試制的(de)(de)(de)“韶(shao)(shao)山2”型(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)車和(he)(he)瑞典制造的(de)(de)(de)“Rc”型(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)車即(ji)是采用(yong)(yong)(yong)他勵(li)牽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)引(yin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。
②單(dan)相(xiang)整(zheng)流(liu)子電(dian)動機(ji)(ji)電(dian)力機(ji)(ji)車:又稱直接式交流(liu)電(dian)力機(ji)(ji)車,采(cai)用單(dan)相(xiang)整(zheng)流(liu)子牽引電(dian)動機(ji)(ji)。接觸網上的(de)(de)高壓(ya)(ya)交流(liu)電(dian)經(jing)過變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)降低電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)后(hou),就(jiu)直接供電(dian)給(gei)牽引電(dian)動機(ji)(ji)。這種機(ji)(ji)車電(dian)氣(qi)設備簡(jian)單(dan),但單(dan)相(xiang)整(zheng)流(liu)子電(dian)動機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)換相(xiang)條件隨交流(liu)電(dian)頻(pin)率的(de)(de)增高而(er)惡(e)化,因此多用于(yu)單(dan)相(xiang)低頻(pin)交流(liu)制的(de)(de)電(dian)氣(qi)化鐵路(lu)上。
③交(jiao)-直-交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力機車(che)(che):有(you)時又稱為單相(xiang)(xiang)-三相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力機車(che)(che)。在這(zhe)種(zhong)機車(che)(che)上(shang),接觸網上(shang)的(de)高壓(ya)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)首先通過牽引變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器降壓(ya)、整流(liu)(liu),使中(zhong)間直流(liu)(liu)環節保(bao)持穩定(ding)的(de)直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)或穩定(ding)的(de)直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)。然(ran)后再由(you)逆變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路將(jiang)中(zhong)間直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)變(bian)(bian)換為三相(xiang)(xiang)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)供給(gei)三相(xiang)(xiang)異步(bu)牽引電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機或三相(xiang)(xiang)同步(bu)牽引電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機。改變(bian)(bian)逆變(bian)(bian)裝置輸(shu)出(chu)的(de)三相(xiang)(xiang)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)頻率(lv)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)即(ji)可調(diao)節機車(che)(che)的(de)功(gong)率(lv)和(he)速(su)度。聯(lian)邦(bang)德國研制(zhi)成(cheng)的(de)“E120”型電(dian)(dian)(dian)力機車(che)(che)即(ji)為此種(zhong)機車(che)(che)。