【電力(li)機車知識大全】電力(li)機車的特點 電力(li)火車種類

電力機車主要優點

1、電(dian)力機(ji)(ji)(ji)車(che)具有功率(lv)大、速(su)度(du)(du)快、過載能(neng)力強、自身負重(zhong)低、牽(qian)引力和(he)加速(su)度(du)(du)大、整(zheng)備作業時(shi)間(jian)短、維修量(liang)(liang)少、能(neng)源(yuan)利(li)用率(lv)高(gao)、運營費(fei)用低、便于實現多機(ji)(ji)(ji)牽(qian)引、能(neng)采用再生制動(dong)以(yi)及清潔(jie)環保等優點。使用電(dian)力機(ji)(ji)(ji)車(che)牽(qian)引車(che)列能(neng)提(ti)(ti)高(gao)列車(che)運行(xing)速(su)度(du)(du)和(he)承載重(zhong)量(liang)(liang)，從(cong)而大幅度(du)(du)地提(ti)(ti)高(gao)鐵(tie)路的(de)運輸能(neng)力和(he)通(tong)過能(neng)力，特別利(li)于舊鐵(tie)路的(de)提(ti)(ti)速(su)。我國(guo)的(de)京廣、京滬和(he)京九等干線鐵(tie)路進行(xing)電(dian)氣(qi)化升(sheng)級改(gai)造(zao)后大面積開行(xing)電(dian)力機(ji)(ji)(ji)車(che)，有效縮(suo)短了列車(che)旅行(xing)時(shi)間(jian)。

2、電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)機(ji)(ji)(ji)車清(qing)潔環保，運行(xing)時(shi)不(bu)像蒸氣(qi)(qi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)車或柴(chai)油機(ji)(ji)(ji)車那(nei)樣(yang)產生廢氣(qi)(qi)。供電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)(qi)化(hua)鐵路(lu)使用(yong)的發電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠在采用(yong)化(hua)石(shi)燃料時(shi)，均會控制(zhi)廢氣(qi)(qi)排放，除(chu)此(ci)之(zhi)外也可使用(yong)低污染的風力(li)(li)(li)(li)或水力(li)(li)(li)(li)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)，還能提高(gao)熱效率。在噪(zao)音方面，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)機(ji)(ji)(ji)車在運行(xing)時(shi)亦比柴(chai)油機(ji)(ji)(ji)車安靜得多。因(yin)此(ci)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)機(ji)(ji)(ji)車十(shi)分適用(yong)于在城市軌道交(jiao)通(tong)線上運營。

3、在性能上，電力機(ji)車(che)(che)不需像蒸(zheng)汽(qi)機(ji)車(che)(che)或柴油機(ji)車(che)(che)那(nei)般自攜很重的(de)引擎以及燃料，能減輕自重，因此在加減速和(he)最高速方面均(jun)比蒸(zheng)汽(qi)機(ji)車(che)(che)和(he)柴油機(ji)車(che)(che)優勝，可(ke)進(jin)一(yi)步縮減行(xing)車(che)(che)時(shi)間，是高速列車(che)(che)、動車(che)(che)組(zu)等(deng)的(de)第一(yi)選(xuan)擇(ze)。

電力機車主要缺點

1、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力機(ji)車的(de)(de)缺點(dian)在(zai)(zai)于其本身沒有動(dong)力源，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)來(lai)自(zi)外(wai)部的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜或(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)軌，如遇(yu)自(zi)然災害(hai)、戰爭等不(bu)可抗力狀況引發(fa)斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)就無法運行，導(dao)致(zhi)運輸(shu)(shu)癱瘓(huan)，甚至可能(neng)引起事故。2008年我國華南地區遭遇(yu)大(da)面積強降雪，損壞了鐵(tie)路(lu)沿途線上(shang)的(de)(de)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備，致(zhi)使多個班(ban)次的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力火車停運，造成嚴重的(de)(de)旅客(ke)滯留。混合動(dong)力是一(yi)種折中方案，即在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力機(ji)車上(shang)額外(wai)配備有應急(ji)柴油發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)或(huo)增(zeng)掛柴油發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)車廂，以應付突(tu)發(fa)的(de)(de)斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀況，但會增(zeng)加運輸(shu)(shu)成本。

2、電(dian)力機車的研制(zhi)、生產和(he)維修(xiu)及其所需(xu)電(dian)氣化(hua)鐵路的建(jian)設、運營和(he)維護，都要高昂的費(fei)用和(he)高端的技術，導(dao)致整(zheng)條鐵路系統的施工難度和(he)養護成本比非電(dian)氣化(hua)鐵路的高很(hen)多。若在經濟貧困、人口稀疏(shu)、地(di)勢險(xian)峻、氣候惡劣等環境(jing)下(xia)修(xiu)建(jian)電(dian)氣化(hua)鐵路，將對國(guo)家或當(dang)地(di)的財政壓力和(he)科技水平提出苛刻要求(qiu)。

3、電(dian)(dian)(dian)力機車依賴電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣化(hua)鐵(tie)(tie)路(lu)，大量(liang)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網電(dian)(dian)(dian)軌設施會存(cun)在一定的(de)安全隱患，如(ru)果有人肆意闖入鐵(tie)(tie)道或爬上車頂就會誘發(fa)觸電(dian)(dian)(dian)事故(gu)。城市街區(qu)中電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣化(hua)鐵(tie)(tie)路(lu)的(de)高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網如(ru)果發(fa)生(sheng)意外坍塌(ta)，也易(yi)引發(fa)觸電(dian)(dian)(dian)后果。

因此，電(dian)力機車不能(neng)全面取代內燃機車。

十大電力公司>>

電力機車應用領域

城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)軌(gui)道：地(di)鐵、輕軌(gui)、單軌(gui)、有軌(gui)電車(che)、磁懸浮軌(gui)道、旅(lv)客自動捷運(yun)系統等城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)軌(gui)道交通(tong)線上都運(yun)營電力列車(che)。

舊(jiu)線改造：只要經濟(ji)條件和科技水平(ping)許(xu)可，各國(guo)一(yi)般都會盡量將(jiang)舊(jiu)鐵路電氣化(hua)升(sheng)級改造，使電力機(ji)車能運作其中。

高速(su)鐵路(lu)(lu)(lu)：我(wo)國新建的高速(su)鐵路(lu)(lu)(lu)、快速(su)鐵路(lu)(lu)(lu)、城際鐵路(lu)(lu)(lu)、市域鐵路(lu)(lu)(lu)等都屬于(yu)電(dian)氣(qi)化鐵路(lu)(lu)(lu)，并廣(guang)泛運行電(dian)力(li)動車(che)組。

電力機車分類

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)車(che)(che)按(an)(an)使用(yong)(yong)場合(he)可(ke)分(fen)(fen)為(wei)：工礦(kuang)(kuang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)車(che)(che)和(he)干(gan)線(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)車(che)(che)兩類。工礦(kuang)(kuang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)車(che)(che)多采用(yong)(yong)直流制，功率和(he)速(su)度(du)一般比(bi)干(gan)線(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)車(che)(che)小，習慣(guan)上按(an)(an)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)車(che)(che)的(de)粘著重量分(fen)(fen)級，如150噸(dun)(dun)，100噸(dun)(dun)，85噸(dun)(dun)，70噸(dun)(dun)，60噸(dun)(dun)，50噸(dun)(dun)和(he)更輕(qing)的(de)等級。較大噸(dun)(dun)位機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)車(che)(che)用(yong)(yong)于標準軌距(ju)線(xian)路，較輕(qing)型(xing)的(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)車(che)(che)多用(yong)(yong)于各種窄(zhai)軌距(ju)線(xian)路。干(gan)線(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)車(che)(che)按(an)(an)用(yong)(yong)途可(ke)分(fen)(fen)為(wei)客(ke)運電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)車(che)(che)，貨(huo)運電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)車(che)(che)，客(ke)貨(huo)兩用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)車(che)(che)和(he)調車(che)(che)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)車(che)(che)四種。按(an)(an)照電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣化鐵路采用(yong)(yong)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流制來分(fen)(fen)類，干(gan)線(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)車(che)(che)可(ke)分(fen)(fen)為(wei)兩類。按(an)(an)照動力(li)(li)(li)分(fen)(fen)配(pei)類型(xing)可(ke)分(fen)(fen)為(wei)傳統電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)車(che)(che)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)動車(che)(che)組。

直流電力機車

裝有直流(liu)串(chuan)勵牽(qian)引電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)的(de)機(ji)車，接(jie)觸網(wang)電(dian)(dian)壓為(wei)1500伏或3000伏直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)壓。直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)機(ji)車的(de)起動(dong)和(he)速(su)(su)度調(diao)節(jie)以(yi)往是借助于(yu)調(diao)節(jie)起動(dong)電(dian)(dian)阻和(he)牽(qian)引電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)的(de)串(chuan)聯(lian)-并聯(lian)轉(zhuan)換來完成的(de)。但(dan)這(zhe)種起動(dong)和(he)調(diao)速(su)(su)方(fang)式(shi)不能作到(dao)連(lian)續平滑地調(diao)節(jie)速(su)(su)度，而且(qie)電(dian)(dian)能耗損大，線路轉(zhuan)換復(fu)雜。隨著直流(liu)斬波技術(shu)的(de)發展，逐漸為(wei)新(xin)的(de)脈沖(chong)調(diao)壓方(fang)式(shi)所代替。在直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)機(ji)車上(shang)通常采用牽(qian)引電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)磁場削(xue)弱(ruo)的(de)辦法來提高機(ji)車速(su)(su)度，增加機(ji)車功率(lv)。磁場削(xue)弱(ruo)的(de)級數一般為(wei)二至(zhi)三級。

交流電力機車

接觸網電(dian)壓(ya)20千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)或25千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)，單(dan)相(xiang)工(gong)頻為50或60赫。在(zai)歐洲少數國(guo)家如聯(lian)邦德國(guo)、瑞典(dian)、瑞士等國(guo)亦(yi)有(you)采用單(dan)相(xiang)低頻交流(liu)(liu)制的，此時(shi)接觸網電(dian)壓(ya)為11～16千(qian)伏(fu)(fu),單(dan)相(xiang)工(gong)頻為25赫。交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)力機車根據(ju)變流(liu)(liu)裝置和牽(qian)引電(dian)動機類(lei)型，主要(yao)有(you)以(yi)下三種類(lei)型。

①整(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)器(qi)(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)車(che)(che)：又稱單(dan)(dan)相(xiang)-直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)車(che)(che)，是(shi)當前應用(yong)(yong)最廣(guang)的(de)(de)(de)一種交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)車(che)(che)。在整(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)器(qi)(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)車(che)(che)上，接觸網上的(de)(de)(de)單(dan)(dan)相(xiang)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)首先通過(guo)(guo)牽(qian)(qian)(qian)引變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)降壓(ya)(ya)，然(ran)后通過(guo)(guo)由(you)硅整(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)元(yuan)件(jian)或(huo)晶閘管組(zu)成的(de)(de)(de)整(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)將單(dan)(dan)相(xiang)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)變(bian)(bian)(bian)換為直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，供給牽(qian)(qian)(qian)引電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。一般采用(yong)(yong)脈流(liu)(liu)串(chuan)勵電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)作為牽(qian)(qian)(qian)引電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。這(zhe)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)車(che)(che)有(you)變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)和(he)(he)整(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)，因此采用(yong)(yong)改(gai)變(bian)(bian)(bian)變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)副邊(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)或(huo)對(dui)整(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)實行相(xiang)位控制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)辦法均可改(gai)變(bian)(bian)(bian)整(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，從而(er)達到調(diao)節機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)車(che)(che)速(su)度的(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)。改(gai)變(bian)(bian)(bian)變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)副邊(bian)輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)方式有(you)兩種,即(ji)低壓(ya)(ya)側(ce)調(diao)壓(ya)(ya)和(he)(he)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)側(ce)調(diao)壓(ya)(ya)。中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)“韶(shao)山”1型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)車(che)(che)即(ji)屬于(yu)低壓(ya)(ya)側(ce)調(diao)壓(ya)(ya)型。為了防止動輪空(kong)轉(zhuan)，改(gai)善(shan)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)車(che)(che)的(de)(de)(de)粘著性能，便于(yu)牽(qian)(qian)(qian)引和(he)(he)制(zhi)動兩種工況間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)互轉(zhuan)換，整(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)器(qi)(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)車(che)(che)也可采用(yong)(yong)他(ta)勵牽(qian)(qian)(qian)引電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，如中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)試制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)“韶(shao)山2”型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)車(che)(che)和(he)(he)瑞典制(zhi)造的(de)(de)(de)“Rc”型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)車(che)(che)即(ji)是(shi)采用(yong)(yong)他(ta)勵牽(qian)(qian)(qian)引電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。

②單相整流(liu)(liu)(liu)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力機(ji)車(che):又稱(cheng)直接式交流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力機(ji)車(che)，采用單相整流(liu)(liu)(liu)子牽引電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)。接觸網(wang)上的高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)交流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)經過變壓(ya)(ya)器降低(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)后，就(jiu)直接供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)給牽引電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)。這種機(ji)車(che)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)設備簡單，但(dan)單相整流(liu)(liu)(liu)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)的換相條件隨交流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)頻率的增(zeng)高(gao)而(er)惡(e)化(hua)，因(yin)此多用于單相低(di)頻交流(liu)(liu)(liu)制的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)化(hua)鐵路上。

③交(jiao)-直(zhi)-交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)力(li)機(ji)(ji)(ji)車(che)：有時又(you)稱為單相-三相電(dian)(dian)力(li)機(ji)(ji)(ji)車(che)。在這種機(ji)(ji)(ji)車(che)上，接觸網上的(de)高壓(ya)(ya)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)首先通過牽(qian)引(yin)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器降(jiang)壓(ya)(ya)、整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)，使(shi)中(zhong)間直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)環節(jie)保持穩(wen)定的(de)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)或穩(wen)定的(de)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)。然后再由(you)逆變(bian)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)將中(zhong)間直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)變(bian)換為三相交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)供(gong)給三相異(yi)步牽(qian)引(yin)電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)或三相同步牽(qian)引(yin)電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)。改變(bian)逆變(bian)裝置輸出的(de)三相交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)的(de)頻率和電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)即可調(diao)節(jie)機(ji)(ji)(ji)車(che)的(de)功率和速度(du)。聯(lian)邦德國研(yan)制成的(de)“E120”型(xing)電(dian)(dian)力(li)機(ji)(ji)(ji)車(che)即為此種機(ji)(ji)(ji)車(che)。