一、拍板是什么樂器
拍板是打擊(ji)樂器(qi)的一種(zhong)。也稱檀板(ban)、綽板(ban)。用堅木(mu)數片,以(yi)繩串聯,用以(yi)擊(ji)節。唐宋(song)時拍板(ban)為六或九(jiu)片,以(yi)兩手(shou)合擊(ji)發(fa)音,今(jin)拍板(ban)常由三(san)片木(mu)板(ban)組成。
二、拍板的外形結構
用(yong)紅木(mu)、紫檀、花(hua)梨或(huo)(huo)荔木(mu)制(zhi)(zhi)作,歷(li)代(dai)(dai)因使用(yong)目的(de)不同,板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)數量也(ye)不一(yi)致。通常由(you)五(wu)六塊板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)組成(cheng),最(zui)多(duo)者(zhe)九(jiu)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban),最(zui)少(shao)者(zhe)三(san)四板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)。滿族的(de)拍(pai)(pai)(pai)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)多(duo)為兩(liang)(liang)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)或(huo)(huo)三(san)(兩(liang)(liang)大(da)(da)一(yi)小(xiao))板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban),除木(mu)制(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)外,還有(you)用(yong)鐵片制(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)的(de)。每塊拍(pai)(pai)(pai)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)上端(duan)(duan)均(jun)鉆有(you)兩(liang)(liang)個小(xiao)孔,用(yong)細皮條(tiao)或(huo)(huo)絲繩串(chuan)聯(lian),下端(duan)(duan)可(ke)自由(you)開合。傳(chuan)世(shi)拍(pai)(pai)(pai)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)有(you)故宮博物院藏(zang)清(qing)代(dai)(dai)六聯(lian)拍(pai)(pai)(pai)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(圖清(qing)代(dai)(dai)留聯(lian)拍(pai)(pai)(pai)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)),用(yong)紅木(mu)制(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng),每板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)長(chang)40.5厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)、上寬(kuan)7.9厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)、下寬(kuan)8.5厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)、厚1.8厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),兩(liang)(liang)端(duan)(duan)均(jun)呈鈍三(san)角(jiao)形(xing),為清(qing)代(dai)(dai)乾隆年(nian)間(公元1736年(nian)—1795年(nian))制(zhi)(zhi)品,此拍(pai)(pai)(pai)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)與五(wu)代(dai)(dai)前蜀王建(jian)墓樂舞石刻中的(de)拍(pai)(pai)(pai)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)完(wan)全相同。現代(dai)(dai)福建(jian)南音所(suo)用(yong)五(wu)聯(lian)拍(pai)(pai)(pai)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban),多(duo)用(yong)荔木(mu)制(zhi)(zhi)作,中間稍小(xiao)的(de)三(san)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)長(chang)26厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)~30厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)、寬(kuan)8厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)、厚2厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),外側(ce)略大(da)(da)的(de)兩(liang)(liang)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)長(chang)30厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)~34厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)、寬(kuan)10厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)、厚3厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),每板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)兩(liang)(liang)端(duan)(duan)和外側(ce)兩(liang)(liang)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)外面均(jun)為半圓形(xing)。
三、拍板有哪些種類
拍板(ban)(ban)可(ke)分為鼓板(ban)(ban)、書板(ban)(ban)、墜(zhui)板(ban)(ban)三種;鼓板(ban)(ban)多用(yong)于器樂合奏,書板(ban)(ban)和墜(zhui)板(ban)(ban)則多用(yong)于說唱藝術(shu)。
拍板可用(yong)紫檀木(mu)(mu)、紅木(mu)(mu)、花梨木(mu)(mu)或其他硬木(mu)(mu)制作,木(mu)(mu)材(cai)必(bi)須干燥,不能有干裂或腐(fu)朽現象(xiang)。板無固定(ding)音(yin)高,發(fa)音(yin)短促,聲(sheng)音(yin)堅實響亮,穿透力強(qiang)。若用(yong)紋雕旋轉的木(mu)(mu)料制成,則發(fa)音(yin)更為(wei)脆亮。
根據適用(yong)范圍(wei),拍板(ban)一般分為鼓板(ban)、書板(ban)和墜(zhui)板(ban)三種。
鼓板(ban)(ban)(ban):因常(chang)與板(ban)(ban)(ban)鼓配合使用(yong)(yong)而得(de)名。由3塊板(ban)(ban)(ban)組成,每塊長27厘(li)(li)米,上(shang)寬(kuan)(kuan)5.9厘(li)(li)米,下(xia)寬(kuan)(kuan)6.7厘(li)(li)米,厚0.8~0.9厘(li)(li)米。中板(ban)(ban)(ban)略厚,兩(liang)面是(shi)平的(de)(de)(de)(de)。蓋(gai)板(ban)(ban)(ban)和底板(ban)(ban)(ban)稍薄,有一(yi)面中間隆起呈脊狀。蓋(gai)板(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)平面和中板(ban)(ban)(ban)用(yong)(yong)絲(si)弦纏(chan)繞兩(liang)頭,合并而成一(yi)體。敲(qiao)擊(ji)時,左(zuo)手執(zhi)底板(ban)(ban)(ban),使與前兩(liang)板(ban)(ban)(ban)相碰發音。底板(ban)(ban)(ban)中間隆起,下(xia)部擊(ji)板(ban)(ban)(ban)部位形似人的(de)(de)(de)(de)上(shang)嘴(zui)唇,故(gu)名“板(ban)(ban)(ban)唇”,是(shi)發音高(gao)低(di)、寬(kuan)(kuan)窄(zhai)、悶亮(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)關鍵。鼓板(ban)(ban)(ban)常(chang)用(yong)(yong)于京(jing)劇、昆(kun)曲(qu)、越劇等(deng)地方(fang)戲劇伴奏(zou)和江南絲(si)竹、蘇南吹打(da)、福建南音、十番鑼鼓、山西八套等(deng)器(qi)樂(le)合奏(zou),是(shi)主(zhu)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)節奏(zou)樂(le)器(qi)之一(yi),常(chang)在樂(le)曲(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)強(qiang)拍上(shang)擊(ji)奏(zou)。
書(shu)板(ban):有大小(xiao)兩種,長度分到為(wei)18(大)和14(小(xiao))厘(li)米(mi),上(shang)寬(kuan)3.4厘(li)米(mi),下寬(kuan)4厘(li)米(mi),厚(hou)0.7厘(li)米(mi)。
墜板:又稱“簡板”或“簡子”。由兩根長方形木棒組成。長27厘米,寬2.2厘米,板的上面鼓起呈拱形,其最厚部分為2厘米。演奏時,左手執棒,互相撞擊發音。流行于河南一帶,是河南墜子的重要擊節樂器,由演員(yuan)自打自唱。書(shu)板和墜板專為曲藝說唱伴奏,起擊拍作用(yong)。