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板鼓是什么樂器 如何演奏 板鼓有哪些種類

本文章由注冊用戶 長河縱覽 上傳提供 評論 發布 反饋 0
摘要:什么是板鼓?板鼓是打擊樂器的一種。一面蒙牛皮,鼓框用厚而堅硬的木板合成,愈接近鼓面處愈厚,內膛呈喇叭形,上口直徑約一寸,又名單皮、班鼓。那么, 如何演奏板呢?雙箭擊鼓要始終保持扣范兒姿式和手法,時刻防止擊打時變形走樣。下面,一起來了解一下吧。

一、板鼓的主要種類

板鼓因適用的劇種不同,而在規格上有大鼓膛、中鼓膛和小鼓膛之分。小膛板鼓,中間的鼓膛直徑僅有5厘米,鼓中間高11.5厘米,鼓下口直徑23.5厘米,發音高亢脆亮,主要用于京劇和其他地方戲曲伴奏以及器樂合奏,適用范圍較廣。大膛板鼓,中間的鼓膛直徑10厘米,鼓中間高11厘米,鼓下口直徑24.5厘米,發音寬亮淳厚,適于南方的十番鼓使用,可獨奏出快鼓段。中膛板鼓,中間的鼓膛直徑8厘米,鼓中間高11.2厘米,鼓下口直徑24厘米,發音介于大、小膛板鼓之間,多用于越劇、陜北和山西的地方戲曲伴奏,并在器樂合奏中使用。

板鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)分為(wei)幾種,鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)面(mian)(mian)大的(de)(de)(de)音(yin)低,小的(de)(de)(de)音(yin)高(gao)(gao),它們各起著不同的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。例如南方十番鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)中(zhong)所用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)板鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu),鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)面(mian)(mian)較(jiao)大;京劇和其它一些地(di)方戲中(zhong)所用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)板鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu),鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)面(mian)(mian)較(jiao)小。在板鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)上,鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)心和鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)邊,發(fa)(fa)(fa)音(yin)高(gao)(gao)低不同。演奏時(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)點(dian)(dian)(dian)簽(用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)簽點(dian)(dian)(dian)擊鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)面(mian)(mian))和用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)滿(man)簽(用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)簽平擊鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)面(mian)(mian))能發(fa)(fa)(fa)出(chu)不同的(de)(de)(de)聲響(xiang),結合(he)著力(li)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)輕重,鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)點(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)疏密緩急,杰出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)手,常能作出(chu)多樣的(de)(de)(de)變化。演奏板鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)時(shi),將鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)吊于木架上,使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)兩根藤或竹制的(de)(de)(de)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)箭(jian)敲擊,不僅鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)心、鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)邊發(fa)(fa)(fa)音(yin)高(gao)(gao)低有別,而且因使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)了點(dian)(dian)(dian)箭(jian)(用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)箭(jian)點(dian)(dian)(dian)擊鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)面(mian)(mian))或滿(man)箭(jian)(用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)箭(jian)平擊鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)面(mian)(mian)),發(fa)(fa)(fa)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)音(yin)響(xiang)也不同。

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二、板鼓的演奏方法

靜式(shi):坐姿(zi)端正,頭,頸,胸,腰取(qu)直,放(fang)松,呼吸自(zi)然,目視前方(fang)(fang)。右腳蹬踏在坐椅前放(fang)置的(de)小木登上,右膝(xi)頭對(dui)準板鼓中心方(fang)(fang)向(xiang),調節好板鼓高(gao)低,其高(gao)度(du)無硬性(xing)規定,大(da)致根據自(zi)己的(de)肢體高(gao)低長短而定,只要右膝(xi)墊擊(ji)部(bu)(bu)位(wei)與鼓面基本持(chi)平(ping)即可。肩,臂放(fang)松,雙臂不(bu)夾腋(ye)窩,小臂平(ping)抬,雙手(shou)放(fang)在右膝(xi)頭后(hou)部(bu)(bu)的(de)墊擊(ji)部(bu)(bu)位(wei)。雙手(shou)持(chi)箭并齊,各向(xiang)內側微扣,呈扣范(fan)兒或圓范(fan)兒。

雙手(shou)持箭(jian)(jian)方(fang)法:以拇(mu)(mu)指(zhi)(zhi),食(shi)指(zhi)(zhi),中(zhong)(zhong)指(zhi)(zhi)捏(nie)住鼓(gu)箭(jian)(jian)后端約一(yi)寸的尾部,拇(mu)(mu)指(zhi)(zhi)在(zai)(zai)上按箭(jian)(jian),食(shi)指(zhi)(zhi)與中(zhong)(zhong)在(zai)(zai)下(xia)托箭(jian)(jian),五指(zhi)(zhi)自然握攏。拇(mu)(mu)指(zhi)(zhi)與鼓(gu)箭(jian)(jian)基本(ben)形(xing)成一(yi)條線,拇(mu)(mu)指(zhi)(zhi),食(shi)指(zhi)(zhi),中(zhong)(zhong)指(zhi)(zhi)捏(nie)箭(jian)(jian)不(bu)宜過(guo)死,只要(yao)捏(nie)住尚能靈(ling)活甩動(dong),擊打時不(bu)易脫手(shou)即可。

左手(shou)(shou)挎板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)方(fang)法(fa):坐姿與右(you)手(shou)(shou)持(chi)(chi)單箭(jian)方(fang)法(fa)同前。右(you)手(shou)(shou)放在(zai)右(you)膝墊(dian)擊部位(wei)。左手(shou)(shou)輕握底(di)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban),食,中(zhong),無(wu)名,小指同握在(zai)底(di)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)外(wai)緣(yuan),拇(mu)(mu)指大關(guan)(guan)節(jie)里側靠(kao)住底(di)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)內(nei)緣(yuan),拇(mu)(mu)指豎起挑起板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)繩,拇(mu)(mu)指大關(guan)(guan)節(jie)向外(wai)抻開,使(shi)蓋板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)背面緊靠(kao)在(zai)拇(mu)(mu)指大關(guan)(guan)節(jie)外(wai)側,底(di)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)和(he)蓋板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)上端呈現交(jiao)叉(cha)口。底(di)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)下端板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)橋尖突撞(zhuang)(zhuang)擊蓋板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)下方(fang)中(zhong)間點(dian)是交(jiao)叉(cha)點(dian)。交(jiao)叉(cha)點(dian)撞(zhuang)(zhuang)擊處是否準(zhun)確,對于響(xiang)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)發音非常重(zhong)要。為了確保交(jiao)叉(cha)點(dian)準(zhun)確,手(shou)(shou)握底(di)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)上端必須高于蓋板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)上端,下端的(de)(de)交(jiao)叉(cha)點(dian)才能(neng)準(zhun)確。總之,左手(shou)(shou)挎板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)時要松肩,小臂自然向前抬平,不要夾腋窩,不要墜肘,整(zheng)體保持(chi)(chi)松弛,端正。

動式(shi)(shi):在(zai)進入動式(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)擊(ji)(ji)打(da)訓(xun)(xun)練時,要(yao)(yao)在(zai)靜(jing)(jing)式(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)基礎(chu)上,保持靜(jing)(jing)式(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)姿式(shi)(shi)與方(fang)(fang)法(fa)進行嚴格(ge)的(de)(de)擊(ji)(ji)打(da)訓(xun)(xun)練。掌握靜(jing)(jing)式(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)規范要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu),才能更好的(de)(de)保證(zheng)動式(shi)(shi)訓(xun)(xun)練,進一(yi)步掌握動式(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)和要(yao)(yao)領;通過動式(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)嚴格(ge)訓(xun)(xun)練叉可以使靜(jing)(jing)式(shi)(shi)不斷熟練,鞏固和深化,兩者(zhe)是(shi)辯證(zheng)關(guan)系。靜(jing)(jing),動為一(yi)體,最終(zhong)達到掌握板鼓演奏(zou)的(de)(de)正確姿式(shi)(shi)與手(shou)(shou)法(fa)的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)。雙(shuang)(shuang)手(shou)(shou)持箭擊(ji)(ji)打(da)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)與要(yao)(yao)領:雙(shuang)(shuang)手(shou)(shou)持箭扣(kou)范兒在(zai)右膝(xi)上的(de)(de)墊擊(ji)(ji)部位。揚腕,立手(shou)(shou),抬箭,雙(shuang)(shuang)箭交替甩動直下擊(ji)(ji)打(da)鼓門,使其發出均勻,清脆的(de)(de)音響。

1、在擊打當中要注意掌握如下方法和要領:

(1)雙箭擊鼓要始終(zhong)保持扣(kou)(kou)范兒姿(zi)式和(he)手(shou)(shou)(shou)法(fa),時(shi)刻(ke)防(fang)止擊打時(shi)變形走樣(yang)。為什么如此強(qiang)調扣(kou)(kou)范兒呢(ni),扣(kou)(kou)范兒是經過前輩鼓師們長期演奏實踐的(de)(de)(de)(de)摸索,經受考驗,不(bu)斷總(zong)結(jie)得出的(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)(zui)科(ke)學(xue),最(zui)(zui)有(you)效的(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)(zui)佳(jia)姿(zi)式和(he)手(shou)(shou)(shou)法(fa)。扣(kou)(kou)范兒的(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)(zui)大特點是能充分(fen)調動(dong)手(shou)(shou)(shou)腕(wan)關(guan)節的(de)(de)(de)(de)活(huo)動(dong)幅(fu)度(du),減少小臂或肘關(guan)節不(bu)必要的(de)(de)(de)(de)活(huo)動(dong),使(shi)手(shou)(shou)(shou)腕(wan)發力(li)集中,手(shou)(shou)(shou)腕(wan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)靈(ling)活(huo)性強(qiang),便于控(kong)制力(li)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)輕重及(ji)速(su)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)快慢變化。只要能堅(jian)持扣(kou)(kou)范兒的(de)(de)(de)(de)嚴格訓練,就會習慣掌握擊打的(de)(de)(de)(de)正確姿(zi)態式與手(shou)(shou)(shou)法(fa)。

(2)雙(shuang)手(shou)持箭擊鼓,以小(xiao)臂(bei)作(zuo)支撐,主(zhu)要(yao)依靠手(shou)腕關節(jie)活動(dong),使(shi)小(xiao)臂(bei)肌肉拉緊支撐(忌僵)傳(chuan)感活動(dong)于手(shou)腕,甩動(dong)雙(shuang)手(shou)發(fa)力擊打。感覺上(shang)應發(fa)力在手(shou)上(shang),力量要(yao)貫通在箭頭上(shang)。

(3)揚腕立手,雙箭(jian)向兩(liang)眼方(fang)向抬起落箭(jian)擊鼓。起箭(jian)時避免過于(yu)向兩(liang)側分箭(jian)或向內并(bing)箭(jian)。始終要(yao)保(bao)持端正,自然,直線擊打,落箭(jian)有(you)力(li)。落箭(jian)擊鼓后的瞬間仍(reng)要(yao)保(bao)持扣范兒。

(4)準確有效擊打鼓心(鼓門)。行箭起落,手觸右膝上的墊擊部位,是落箭的自然托墊,順勢而就的。墊擊是為起到校準擊箭保持準確擊打鼓心平面水準的作用,是保證有效擊打鼓心的手法之一。如果托墊擊箭校準偏高,落箭后就打不出嗒的最佳音響,而是(shi)(shi)哆(duo)的(de)音響,倘(tang)若擊(ji)箭校準偏(pian)低就會打(da)到鼓(gu)心的(de)緣木上(shang),發(fa)不(bu)(bu)出(chu)鼓(gu)音,發(fa)出(chu)的(de)是(shi)(shi)膛木聲音。因此(ci)墊擊(ji)部位的(de)高低要調(diao)整的(de)適(shi)度(du)。墊擊(ji)不(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)故意(yi)加力砸(za)(za)腿,否則就會出(chu)現嘭嘭的(de)砸(za)(za)臺板(ban)噪聲效(xiao)果!擊(ji)打(da)力量最(zui)終要放(fang)在(zai)(zai)箭頭上(shang),不(bu)(bu)要放(fang)在(zai)(zai)砸(za)(za)腿上(shang)。擊(ji)箭前端(duan)要準確平(ping)擊(ji)鼓(gu)心平(ping)面,擊(ji)實,吃滿鼓(gu)心直徑,才能擊(ji)奏(zou)出(chu)沉實有(you)力,清脆響堂(tang)的(de)鼓(gu)音。否則發(fa)出(chu)聲音偏(pian)薄。

(5)拇指(zhi),食指(zhi),中指(zhi)三指(zhi)捏(nie)箭不(bu)要(yao)(yao)捏(nie)死(si),即能靈活甩動又不(bu)至于(yu)脫手(shou)而出。擊(ji)(ji)鼓時手(shou)法要(yao)(yao)富于(yu)彈性感(gan)覺(jue),而不(bu)是死(si)打硬按的(de)感(gan)覺(jue)。雙箭的(de)基本(ben)功是板鼓專業(ye)必須(xu)熟練掌握的(de)重要(yao)(yao)的(de)基本(ben)功,其中包括有長時間的(de)雙手(shou)輪奏(zou)(亦(yi)(yi)稱(cheng)撕邊),快速短輪(亦(yi)(yi)稱(cheng)捻搓兒(er))及(ji)左(zuo)右手(shou)相互變換(huan),協(xie)同的(de)擊(ji)(ji)奏(zou)技(ji)巧與(yu)動力,通過(guo)訓練進一步消化和(he)(he)鞏(gong)固靜式(shi)與(yu)動式(shi)的(de)要(yao)(yao)求要(yao)(yao)領,增強(qiang)擊(ji)(ji)奏(zou)力度,速度,音準,節奏(zou)感(gan)和(he)(he)持久的(de)耐(nai)力。

2、左手挎板擊打方法與要領:

挎(kua)板的(de)(de)(de)擊(ji)打手(shou)法(fa)從表面上(shang)看比較簡單,實際上(shang)要掌(zhang)握好(hao)(hao)是比較復(fu)雜的(de)(de)(de)。在擊(ji)打同時(shi)要解決(jue)好(hao)(hao)多方(fang)(fang)面的(de)(de)(de)協(xie)同問題,也(ye)就是在擊(ji)打中(zhong)要解決(jue)好(hao)(hao)左手(shou)搖動,握板,挑繩,準(zhun)確撞擊(ji)交叉點(dian)等問題,才能掌(zhang)握好(hao)(hao)正確的(de)(de)(de)擊(ji)板方(fang)(fang)法(fa),保證發出清脆明亮的(de)(de)(de)最佳板音。

3、左手握板擊奏要注意掌握好如下方法與要領:

(1)擊(ji)板運動(dong)(dong)是(shi)以左小(xiao)臂作支撐,手腕(wan)關節(jie)為活(huo)動(dong)(dong)軸,左手發力握板搖(yao)動(dong)(dong)擊(ji)打。應避免小(xiao)臂橫(heng)向搖(yao)擺,影(ying)響手腕(wan)活(huo)動(dong)(dong)。

(2)擊(ji)(ji)板(ban)之前(qian)的起式瞬間,要使(shi)底板(ban)和蓋(gai)板(ban)的下端各向(xiang)不(bu)同方向(xiang)運動搖開,然后乘雙板(ban)落(luo)勢(shi)而撞(zhuang)擊(ji)(ji)。撞(zhuang)擊(ji)(ji)點一定要準確(que)擊(ji)(ji)打在(zai)交(jiao)叉(cha)點部位(wei)。

(3)握板手形(xing)應呈斜(xie)豎形(xing),也是(shi)擊打慣力形(xing)成的自然方向和形(xing)狀。

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