一、什么是分布式儲能系統

分布(bu)式儲能系統是針對分布(bu)式的(de)儲能電站進(jin)行(xing)(xing)監控管理的(de)一套軟(ruan)件系統。通(tong)俗來說(shuo)，同一項(xiang)目的(de)儲能電站可能分布(bu)在不同的(de)地(di)方，要(yao)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)監控和(he)管理的(de)難度很大，但是依(yi)托軟(ruan)件系統進(jin)行(xing)(xing)，就會大大提高效率。具體功能有：

1、管理跨區域(yu)的(de)就(jiu)地(di)儲能系統。

2、針對各就地儲能系統(tong)施不同目的的策略模(mo)式（例如：峰谷模(mo)式、需量(liang)模(mo)式、平滑模(mo)式等）。

3、具有相(xiang)關(guan)性(xing)的(de)獨(du)立儲能(neng)站可實(shi)現集中(zhong)虛擬(ni)儲能(neng)站，統一管理(li)、集中(zhong)調配。

4、用戶間相(xiang)互隔離，用戶在自己(ji)的(de)權限范(fan)圍(wei)內監控(kong)自己(ji)的(de)儲能站。

5、支持web瀏覽及(ji)手機客戶端(duan)。

6、支持(chi)本地存儲(chu)、云端存儲(chu)。

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二、分布式儲能在電力系統的應用場景

1、削峰填谷

近年(nian)來，電(dian)網(wang)(wang)負(fu)荷(he)(he)峰(feng)谷差(cha)日益增大(da)，可再(zai)生能源發電(dian)在(zai)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)滲透率(lv)的(de)不斷(duan)提高(gao)又進一步(bu)導致電(dian)網(wang)(wang)調峰(feng)壓(ya)力(li)增大(da)。利(li)用儲(chu)能裝置在(zai)負(fu)荷(he)(he)高(gao)峰(feng)時(shi)期放(fang)電(dian)，負(fu)荷(he)(he)低谷時(shi)期從電(dian)網(wang)(wang)充電(dian)，減少高(gao)峰(feng)負(fu)荷(he)(he)需求，節(jie)省用電(dian)費用，從而達到改(gai)善負(fu)荷(he)(he)特性、參與系統調峰(feng)的(de)目的(de)。通(tong)過(guo)實(shi)施削峰(feng)填谷，可以(yi)提高(gao)電(dian)力(li)系統設備的(de)利(li)用率(lv)并且延緩(huan)或減少發－輸－配電(dian)環節(jie)設備的(de)擴容(rong)與升級。

根據(ju)實施(shi)主體的不同，儲能(neng)(neng)系(xi)統(tong)進行削峰(feng)(feng)填(tian)谷(gu)的目標也有差異：①當(dang)儲能(neng)(neng)系(xi)統(tong)實施(shi)主體為電網時(shi)(shi)，從電網調峰(feng)(feng)角(jiao)度考慮，為減少(shao)常(chang)規發電機(ji)組的開停(ting)機(ji)次數以(yi)及旋轉備用的容量，儲能(neng)(neng)系(xi)統(tong)削峰(feng)(feng)填(tian)谷(gu)的目標應為負荷波(bo)(bo)動(dong)小(xiao)、峰(feng)(feng)谷(gu)差小(xiao)。②當(dang)儲能(neng)(neng)系(xi)統(tong)實施(shi)主體為用戶或(huo)者(zhe)第三方投資方時(shi)(shi)，儲能(neng)(neng)系(xi)統(tong)削峰(feng)(feng)填(tian)谷(gu)的目標則變為節省電費(fei)、最(zui)大(da)限度套利(li)。目前的儲能(neng)(neng)系(xi)統(tong)削峰(feng)(feng)填(tian)谷(gu)控制(zhi)策(ce)略多以(yi)負荷波(bo)(bo)動(dong)最(zui)小(xiao)為目標函數，并輔助經濟性分析，從而實現儲能(neng)(neng)系(xi)統(tong)充放(fang)電的優(you)化管(guan)理。

2、提高供電可靠性和電能質量

為防止電(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統(tong)(tong)的重(zhong)要用戶(hu)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)網故障或(huo)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)時的經濟損失，通過配置(zhi)一定容量的儲(chu)能系(xi)統(tong)(tong)作為應(ying)急電(dian)(dian)源或(huo)不(bu)間斷電(dian)(dian)源，可有效(xiao)提高供電(dian)(dian)可靠性(xing)。另外，儲(chu)能系(xi)統(tong)(tong)可實現高效(xiao)快(kuai)速地有功和無功控制，快(kuai)速響應(ying)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)擾動，調整頻率與電(dian)(dian)壓，補償(chang)負荷波動，提高系(xi)統(tong)(tong)運行(xing)穩(wen)定性(xing)，改善(shan)電(dian)(dian)能質量。

3、調頻

儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)尤其是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)技(ji)術(shu)具備響(xiang)應(ying)速度快、雙向(xiang)調(diao)(diao)(diao)節能(neng)(neng)力等優點，比傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)的(de)調(diao)(diao)(diao)頻(pin)(pin)手(shou)段更加高(gao)效。但由于(yu)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)經濟性(xing)的(de)制(zhi)約(yue)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)容量比傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)調(diao)(diao)(diao)頻(pin)(pin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)小，因此(ci)(ci)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)參與(yu)(yu)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)調(diao)(diao)(diao)頻(pin)(pin)一般(ban)是(shi)與(yu)(yu)傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)的(de)調(diao)(diao)(diao)頻(pin)(pin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)進(jin)行組(zu)合(he)使用。在(zai)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)參與(yu)(yu)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)一次調(diao)(diao)(diao)頻(pin)(pin)方面，有文獻對儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)輔助(zhu)常規機(ji)組(zu)進(jin)行一次調(diao)(diao)(diao)頻(pin)(pin)的(de)控制(zhi)策略進(jin)行了(le)研究(jiu)，主(zhu)要使用了(le)改進(jin)下垂控制(zhi)方法。儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)也可與(yu)(yu)風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)聯合(he)提高(gao)風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組(zu)的(de)一次調(diao)(diao)(diao)頻(pin)(pin)能(neng)(neng)力，此(ci)(ci)種模式(shi)下，也會相(xiang)應(ying)減小風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)場(chang)棄(qi)風(feng)量。在(zai)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)參與(yu)(yu)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)二次調(diao)(diao)(diao)頻(pin)(pin)方面，針對傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)調(diao)(diao)(diao)頻(pin)(pin)中，火電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組(zu)響(xiang)應(ying)速度慢、機(ji)組(zu)爬坡速率低等問題(ti)，主(zhu)要從儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)輔助(zhu)調(diao)(diao)(diao)頻(pin)(pin)的(de)角度，提出了(le)基(ji)于(yu)模糊控制(zhi)、遺(yi)傳(chuan)(chuan)算法、靈敏度分(fen)析的(de)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)參與(yu)(yu)調(diao)(diao)(diao)頻(pin)(pin)控制(zhi)方法，從而改善電(dian)(dian)(dian)網調(diao)(diao)(diao)頻(pin)(pin)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)。

4、分布式可再生能源消納

分(fen)布(bu)式(shi)(shi)風電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、光(guang)伏(fu)等可(ke)再生能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)隨機性(xing)、波(bo)動性(xing)特點(dian)將會對(dui)其接(jie)入的(de)(de)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)運行控制產生沖擊。儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)系統可(ke)平滑分(fen)布(bu)式(shi)(shi)風光(guang)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)有功(gong)功(gong)率波(bo)動、改善電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)質量、提高跟蹤(zong)(zong)計(ji)劃出力(li)(li)的(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)，從而減小分(fen)布(bu)式(shi)(shi)風光(guang)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)沖擊，促進(jin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)接(jie)納高滲透率分(fen)布(bu)式(shi)(shi)可(ke)再生能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)。目前(qian)，儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)系統提高集中式(shi)(shi)大規模可(ke)再生能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)面，主要(yao)開展了平滑風光(guang)出力(li)(li)波(bo)動、跟蹤(zong)(zong)計(ji)劃等方(fang)面的(de)(de)控制技術(shu)研(yan)究，成果(guo)較(jiao)多。分(fen)布(bu)式(shi)(shi)可(ke)再生能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)由(you)于接(jie)入位置、利(li)用方(fang)式(shi)(shi)與集中式(shi)(shi)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)同，因此控制需求也有差異，這方(fang)面的(de)(de)研(yan)究目前(qian)剛(gang)處于起步階段(duan)。

三、分布式儲能系統的前景及關鍵技術

隨(sui)著儲(chu)(chu)能系(xi)(xi)統(tong)尤(you)其是(shi)電池儲(chu)(chu)能技術經濟性的(de)(de)不(bu)斷提高，必(bi)將(jiang)推動分(fen)(fen)布式儲(chu)(chu)能系(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)推廣應(ying)用。目前的(de)(de)技術儲(chu)(chu)備尚不(bu)能支撐大(da)量(liang)的(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)布式儲(chu)(chu)能系(xi)(xi)統(tong)接入電網(wang)的(de)(de)應(ying)用，分(fen)(fen)布式儲(chu)(chu)能系(xi)(xi)統(tong)在電網(wang)的(de)(de)應(ying)用還(huan)有很大(da)的(de)(de)研究需求。

1、分布(bu)式(shi)儲(chu)能(neng)提(ti)(ti)高分布(bu)式(shi)風(feng)光可(ke)再生(sheng)能(neng)源并(bing)網(wang)消納技術(shu)研究(jiu)。從(cong)分布(bu)式(shi)風(feng)光發電(dian)(dian)引(yin)起的配(pei)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)質量改善、調峰等(deng)需求(qiu)為切入點，開展分布(bu)式(shi)儲(chu)能(neng)容量配(pei)置、經濟(ji)性分析以及控制技術(shu)的研究(jiu)，通(tong)過兩者聯(lian)合，提(ti)(ti)高配(pei)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)的運行(xing)水平。

2、分(fen)(fen)布(bu)式儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)系統(tong)(tong)在電(dian)網的(de)統(tong)(tong)一(yi)調(diao)度管理技術研究(jiu)。電(dian)網中接(jie)入的(de)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)式儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)系統(tong)(tong)數量達到一(yi)定規模時，對分(fen)(fen)布(bu)式儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)系統(tong)(tong)進行(xing)有序的(de)調(diao)度管理，使其不僅滿足就地(di)的(de)功能(neng)(neng)，同時還能(neng)(neng)通過統(tong)(tong)一(yi)的(de)協調(diao)控制滿足電(dian)網級的(de)應(ying)用，最大限度發(fa)揮(hui)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)式儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)系統(tong)(tong)的(de)作用。

3、儲能(neng)(neng)系(xi)統(tong)分(fen)布式應(ying)用(yong)的(de)(de)優化(hua)配(pei)置(zhi)及經濟性分(fen)析技(ji)術研(yan)究。目前的(de)(de)分(fen)布式儲能(neng)(neng)優化(hua)配(pei)置(zhi)多是針對(dui)特定的(de)(de)接入點進行(xing)功率與容量(liang)的(de)(de)優化(hua)配(pei)置(zhi)。未來，以電網角度進行(xing)統(tong)一布置(zhi)時，應(ying)開展對(dui)分(fen)布式儲能(neng)(neng)系(xi)統(tong)有(you)序規劃(hua)與配(pei)置(zhi)技(ji)術研(yan)究，充分(fen)發揮多點分(fen)布式儲能(neng)(neng)聚合(he)效應(ying)，實現對(dui)電網多種需(xu)求的(de)(de)支撐能(neng)(neng)力，并產生(sheng)一定的(de)(de)經濟、社會效益。