一、什么是分布式儲能系統
分(fen)布(bu)式儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)是針對分(fen)布(bu)式的(de)(de)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)電站進(jin)行監控(kong)管理的(de)(de)一(yi)套軟件(jian)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)。通俗來說,同一(yi)項目的(de)(de)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)電站可能(neng)(neng)分(fen)布(bu)在不同的(de)(de)地方,要進(jin)行監控(kong)和管理的(de)(de)難(nan)度(du)很大,但是依(yi)托軟件(jian)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)進(jin)行,就會大大提高效率。具體功(gong)能(neng)(neng)有:
1、管理(li)跨區(qu)域的就地儲能系統。
2、針對各就地儲能系(xi)統(tong)施不同目的的策略(lve)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(例如:峰谷(gu)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)、需量模(mo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)、平滑(hua)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)等)。
3、具有相關性的(de)獨立儲能站可(ke)實現集(ji)中虛(xu)擬儲能站,統(tong)一管理、集(ji)中調配。
4、用戶間相互隔(ge)離,用戶在自(zi)己的權(quan)限范圍內(nei)監控(kong)自(zi)己的儲能站。
5、支持web瀏覽及手(shou)機客戶端(duan)。
6、支持本(ben)地存(cun)儲(chu)、云端存(cun)儲(chu)。
二、分布式儲能在電力系統的應用場景
1、削峰填谷
近年(nian)來,電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)負(fu)(fu)荷峰谷(gu)差日益增(zeng)(zeng)大,可再生能源(yuan)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)滲透(tou)率的(de)不斷提高(gao)又進一步導致電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)調峰壓力(li)(li)增(zeng)(zeng)大。利用(yong)儲能裝置在(zai)負(fu)(fu)荷高(gao)峰時(shi)期放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),負(fu)(fu)荷低谷(gu)時(shi)期從電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),減少(shao)高(gao)峰負(fu)(fu)荷需求,節省用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費用(yong),從而達到改(gai)善負(fu)(fu)荷特(te)性(xing)、參與系統(tong)調峰的(de)目的(de)。通(tong)過(guo)實施削峰填谷(gu),可以提高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系統(tong)設(she)備(bei)的(de)利用(yong)率并(bing)且延(yan)緩或減少(shao)發-輸-配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)環節設(she)備(bei)的(de)擴(kuo)容與升級。
根據實施主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)的(de)(de)不同,儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)系(xi)統進(jin)行削(xue)峰(feng)填谷(gu)的(de)(de)目(mu)標也有差異:①當儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)系(xi)統實施主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)為(wei)電網時,從(cong)電網調(diao)峰(feng)角(jiao)度考慮,為(wei)減少常規發電機組的(de)(de)開(kai)停機次數以及旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)備用(yong)的(de)(de)容量,儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)系(xi)統削(xue)峰(feng)填谷(gu)的(de)(de)目(mu)標應為(wei)負荷波動小、峰(feng)谷(gu)差小。②當儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)系(xi)統實施主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)為(wei)用(yong)戶(hu)或(huo)者第三方投資方時,儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)系(xi)統削(xue)峰(feng)填谷(gu)的(de)(de)目(mu)標則變為(wei)節省(sheng)電費、最(zui)大限度套利(li)。目(mu)前的(de)(de)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)系(xi)統削(xue)峰(feng)填谷(gu)控制策略(lve)多以負荷波動最(zui)小為(wei)目(mu)標函數,并輔(fu)助經濟性(xing)分析,從(cong)而實現儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)系(xi)統充放電的(de)(de)優(you)化管(guan)理。
2、提高供電可靠性和電能質量
為防止電(dian)力系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)重要用戶在電(dian)網故障或停電(dian)時的(de)(de)經濟損(sun)失(shi),通過配(pei)置一定容(rong)量(liang)的(de)(de)儲能系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)作(zuo)為應(ying)急電(dian)源或不間斷電(dian)源,可有效(xiao)提高(gao)供電(dian)可靠性。另外,儲能系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)可實現(xian)高(gao)效(xiao)快(kuai)速地(di)有功和無功控制,快(kuai)速響應(ying)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)擾動,調整頻率與電(dian)壓,補(bu)償負荷(he)波動,提高(gao)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)運行穩定性,改(gai)善電(dian)能質(zhi)量(liang)。
3、調頻
儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)尤其是電(dian)(dian)池(chi)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)技術具(ju)備響(xiang)應速(su)度(du)(du)快、雙(shuang)向調(diao)(diao)(diao)節能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)等優點,比(bi)傳統(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)調(diao)(diao)(diao)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)手段(duan)更加高(gao)效。但(dan)由于儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)經濟性的(de)制約,電(dian)(dian)池(chi)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)容量比(bi)傳統(tong)(tong)(tong)調(diao)(diao)(diao)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)電(dian)(dian)源小(xiao),因此儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)參與(yu)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)調(diao)(diao)(diao)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)一般是與(yu)傳統(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)調(diao)(diao)(diao)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)電(dian)(dian)源進(jin)行(xing)(xing)組(zu)合使(shi)用。在儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)參與(yu)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)一次調(diao)(diao)(diao)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)方面,有文(wen)獻對儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)輔(fu)助常(chang)規機組(zu)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)一次調(diao)(diao)(diao)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)的(de)控制策(ce)略(lve)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)了(le)(le)研究(jiu),主(zhu)(zhu)要使(shi)用了(le)(le)改進(jin)下(xia)垂控制方法(fa)(fa)。儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)也可(ke)與(yu)風電(dian)(dian)聯合提高(gao)風電(dian)(dian)機組(zu)的(de)一次調(diao)(diao)(diao)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li),此種模(mo)式下(xia),也會相應減小(xiao)風電(dian)(dian)場(chang)棄風量。在儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)參與(yu)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)二次調(diao)(diao)(diao)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)方面,針對傳統(tong)(tong)(tong)調(diao)(diao)(diao)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)中(zhong),火電(dian)(dian)機組(zu)響(xiang)應速(su)度(du)(du)慢、機組(zu)爬坡速(su)率低(di)等問題(ti),主(zhu)(zhu)要從儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)輔(fu)助調(diao)(diao)(diao)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)的(de)角度(du)(du),提出了(le)(le)基于模(mo)糊(hu)控制、遺傳算法(fa)(fa)、靈敏度(du)(du)分析的(de)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)參與(yu)調(diao)(diao)(diao)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)控制方法(fa)(fa),從而(er)改善電(dian)(dian)網調(diao)(diao)(diao)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)性能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)。
4、分布式可再生能源消納
分(fen)布(bu)(bu)式(shi)(shi)(shi)風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、光(guang)伏等(deng)可(ke)(ke)再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)隨機(ji)性、波動性特(te)點將(jiang)會對其接入的(de)(de)(de)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)運行(xing)控制產生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)沖(chong)擊(ji)。儲能(neng)系(xi)統(tong)可(ke)(ke)平滑分(fen)布(bu)(bu)式(shi)(shi)(shi)風(feng)光(guang)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)有功功率(lv)波動、改善(shan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)質量、提高跟(gen)蹤計劃出力(li)的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)力(li),從而減小(xiao)分(fen)布(bu)(bu)式(shi)(shi)(shi)風(feng)光(guang)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)的(de)(de)(de)沖(chong)擊(ji),促進電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)接納高滲透率(lv)分(fen)布(bu)(bu)式(shi)(shi)(shi)可(ke)(ke)再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)力(li)。目(mu)前,儲能(neng)系(xi)統(tong)提高集(ji)(ji)中式(shi)(shi)(shi)大(da)規模可(ke)(ke)再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)能(neng)源(yuan)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)(fang)(fang)面(mian),主要開展了平滑風(feng)光(guang)出力(li)波動、跟(gen)蹤計劃等(deng)方(fang)(fang)(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)控制技術(shu)研究,成(cheng)果較多。分(fen)布(bu)(bu)式(shi)(shi)(shi)可(ke)(ke)再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)由于(yu)接入位置、利(li)用方(fang)(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)(shi)與(yu)集(ji)(ji)中式(shi)(shi)(shi)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)不同,因此控制需(xu)求也有差異,這方(fang)(fang)(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)研究目(mu)前剛處于(yu)起步(bu)階段。
三、分布式儲能系統的前景及關鍵技術
隨著儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)系(xi)(xi)統尤其是電(dian)池儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)技(ji)術經濟性的(de)不斷(duan)提高,必將(jiang)推(tui)(tui)動分布式儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)系(xi)(xi)統的(de)推(tui)(tui)廣應(ying)用(yong)(yong)。目前(qian)的(de)技(ji)術儲(chu)(chu)(chu)備尚不能(neng)支撐大(da)量的(de)分布式儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)系(xi)(xi)統接入(ru)電(dian)網的(de)應(ying)用(yong)(yong),分布式儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)系(xi)(xi)統在電(dian)網的(de)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)還有很大(da)的(de)研究需(xu)求。
1、分(fen)(fen)布式儲能(neng)(neng)提(ti)高(gao)分(fen)(fen)布式風(feng)光可再生能(neng)(neng)源并網(wang)(wang)消納技(ji)術研(yan)究。從分(fen)(fen)布式風(feng)光發(fa)電(dian)引起的配電(dian)網(wang)(wang)電(dian)能(neng)(neng)質量改善、調峰等(deng)需求為切入點,開展分(fen)(fen)布式儲能(neng)(neng)容(rong)量配置、經濟性(xing)分(fen)(fen)析以及控(kong)制(zhi)技(ji)術的研(yan)究,通(tong)過兩者聯合(he),提(ti)高(gao)配電(dian)網(wang)(wang)的運行水平。
2、分(fen)布(bu)(bu)式(shi)儲(chu)能系(xi)(xi)統(tong)在電網的統(tong)一調(diao)度管理技(ji)術研究。電網中接入的分(fen)布(bu)(bu)式(shi)儲(chu)能系(xi)(xi)統(tong)數量達到一定規模時(shi),對分(fen)布(bu)(bu)式(shi)儲(chu)能系(xi)(xi)統(tong)進行有序(xu)的調(diao)度管理,使其不(bu)僅滿(man)足(zu)就地的功能,同時(shi)還能通過(guo)統(tong)一的協調(diao)控(kong)制滿(man)足(zu)電網級的應用,最大(da)限(xian)度發揮分(fen)布(bu)(bu)式(shi)儲(chu)能系(xi)(xi)統(tong)的作(zuo)用。
3、儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)系統(tong)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)布式(shi)應用的(de)(de)優化(hua)配置(zhi)及(ji)經濟性分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析技術(shu)研究(jiu)。目前的(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)布式(shi)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)優化(hua)配置(zhi)多(duo)是針(zhen)對(dui)(dui)特定(ding)的(de)(de)接(jie)入(ru)點進(jin)行(xing)功率與容量的(de)(de)優化(hua)配置(zhi)。未來,以(yi)電網角度進(jin)行(xing)統(tong)一布置(zhi)時,應開展對(dui)(dui)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)布式(shi)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)系統(tong)有序規劃與配置(zhi)技術(shu)研究(jiu),充分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)發揮(hui)多(duo)點分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)布式(shi)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)聚合效應,實現對(dui)(dui)電網多(duo)種需求的(de)(de)支撐能(neng)(neng)力,并產生(sheng)一定(ding)的(de)(de)經濟、社(she)會效益。