一、什么是分布式儲能系統
分(fen)布式(shi)儲能系統(tong)(tong)是針對分(fen)布式(shi)的(de)儲能電站進(jin)行監控管(guan)理的(de)一套(tao)軟件系統(tong)(tong)。通俗來(lai)說,同一項目的(de)儲能電站可能分(fen)布在不同的(de)地(di)方(fang),要進(jin)行監控和管(guan)理的(de)難度很大,但(dan)是依托軟件系統(tong)(tong)進(jin)行,就會大大提高效(xiao)率(lv)。具體功能有:
1、管理跨區(qu)域的就地儲能系統。
2、針對(dui)各就(jiu)地儲能系統施不同目的的策略模(mo)(mo)式(shi)(例如:峰谷(gu)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)、需量模(mo)(mo)式(shi)、平滑模(mo)(mo)式(shi)等)。
3、具有相關性的(de)獨(du)立儲能站(zhan)(zhan)可(ke)實現集中虛擬儲能站(zhan)(zhan),統(tong)一(yi)管理、集中調配。
4、用戶(hu)間相(xiang)互隔離,用戶(hu)在自(zi)己的(de)權限范圍內監控自(zi)己的(de)儲能站。
5、支持web瀏覽及手機客(ke)戶端。
6、支持本地(di)存(cun)儲(chu)、云端(duan)存(cun)儲(chu)。
二、分布式儲能在電力系統的應用場景
1、削峰填谷
近(jin)年(nian)來,電(dian)網負(fu)(fu)荷(he)峰(feng)(feng)谷(gu)差日益(yi)增大(da),可再生能(neng)源發電(dian)在電(dian)網滲透(tou)率的不斷提(ti)高又進一步導致電(dian)網調峰(feng)(feng)壓力增大(da)。利用(yong)儲能(neng)裝(zhuang)置在負(fu)(fu)荷(he)高峰(feng)(feng)時期放電(dian),負(fu)(fu)荷(he)低(di)谷(gu)時期從電(dian)網充電(dian),減少高峰(feng)(feng)負(fu)(fu)荷(he)需求,節省用(yong)電(dian)費用(yong),從而(er)達到改善負(fu)(fu)荷(he)特性、參與(yu)系統調峰(feng)(feng)的目(mu)的。通過實施削(xue)峰(feng)(feng)填谷(gu),可以提(ti)高電(dian)力系統設(she)備(bei)的利用(yong)率并且(qie)延(yan)緩或減少發-輸-配(pei)電(dian)環節設(she)備(bei)的擴容與(yu)升級(ji)。
根據實(shi)施主(zhu)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)不同,儲(chu)能(neng)系統(tong)(tong)進行削峰(feng)填(tian)谷(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)目(mu)(mu)標(biao)也有差異:①當儲(chu)能(neng)系統(tong)(tong)實(shi)施主(zhu)體(ti)為(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)時,從電(dian)(dian)網(wang)調(diao)峰(feng)角度(du)考慮,為(wei)(wei)減少常規發電(dian)(dian)機組的(de)(de)(de)開停機次數(shu)以(yi)及旋(xuan)轉備用的(de)(de)(de)容量,儲(chu)能(neng)系統(tong)(tong)削峰(feng)填(tian)谷(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)目(mu)(mu)標(biao)應為(wei)(wei)負荷波動(dong)小(xiao)、峰(feng)谷(gu)(gu)差小(xiao)。②當儲(chu)能(neng)系統(tong)(tong)實(shi)施主(zhu)體(ti)為(wei)(wei)用戶或者第三方投資方時,儲(chu)能(neng)系統(tong)(tong)削峰(feng)填(tian)谷(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)目(mu)(mu)標(biao)則變為(wei)(wei)節省電(dian)(dian)費、最(zui)(zui)大限度(du)套利。目(mu)(mu)前的(de)(de)(de)儲(chu)能(neng)系統(tong)(tong)削峰(feng)填(tian)谷(gu)(gu)控制策略多以(yi)負荷波動(dong)最(zui)(zui)小(xiao)為(wei)(wei)目(mu)(mu)標(biao)函數(shu),并輔(fu)助經濟(ji)性(xing)分析,從而實(shi)現儲(chu)能(neng)系統(tong)(tong)充放(fang)電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)優化(hua)管理。
2、提高供電可靠性和電能質量
為(wei)防止(zhi)電(dian)力系(xi)統(tong)的重(zhong)要(yao)用(yong)戶在電(dian)網故障或(huo)停電(dian)時的經(jing)濟損失,通過配置一定容(rong)量的儲能(neng)(neng)系(xi)統(tong)作(zuo)為(wei)應急(ji)電(dian)源(yuan)或(huo)不間斷電(dian)源(yuan),可(ke)有效(xiao)(xiao)提(ti)高(gao)供電(dian)可(ke)靠性(xing)。另外,儲能(neng)(neng)系(xi)統(tong)可(ke)實現高(gao)效(xiao)(xiao)快(kuai)(kuai)速地有功和(he)無功控制,快(kuai)(kuai)速響應系(xi)統(tong)擾動,調整頻率與電(dian)壓,補償負荷波動,提(ti)高(gao)系(xi)統(tong)運行穩定性(xing),改善電(dian)能(neng)(neng)質量。
3、調頻
儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)尤其(qi)是電(dian)池儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)技術具備(bei)響(xiang)應(ying)(ying)速(su)度(du)(du)快、雙向調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)節能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力等優點,比(bi)(bi)傳統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)頻(pin)手(shou)段(duan)更加高(gao)效。但(dan)由于儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)經(jing)濟(ji)性的(de)制約,電(dian)池儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)容量比(bi)(bi)傳統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)頻(pin)電(dian)源小,因此(ci)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)參(can)與(yu)(yu)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)頻(pin)一(yi)般是與(yu)(yu)傳統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)頻(pin)電(dian)源進行組合使用(yong)。在(zai)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)參(can)與(yu)(yu)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)一(yi)次(ci)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)頻(pin)方面(mian),有(you)文獻(xian)對(dui)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)輔(fu)(fu)助常規(gui)機(ji)組進行一(yi)次(ci)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)頻(pin)的(de)控(kong)制策略進行了(le)研究,主(zhu)要使用(yong)了(le)改(gai)進下垂控(kong)制方法。儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)也可與(yu)(yu)風電(dian)聯合提高(gao)風電(dian)機(ji)組的(de)一(yi)次(ci)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)頻(pin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力,此(ci)種模式下,也會相應(ying)(ying)減小風電(dian)場(chang)棄風量。在(zai)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)參(can)與(yu)(yu)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)二次(ci)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)頻(pin)方面(mian),針對(dui)傳統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)頻(pin)中,火(huo)電(dian)機(ji)組響(xiang)應(ying)(ying)速(su)度(du)(du)慢、機(ji)組爬坡(po)速(su)率低等問題,主(zhu)要從儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)輔(fu)(fu)助調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)頻(pin)的(de)角度(du)(du),提出(chu)了(le)基于模糊控(kong)制、遺傳算法、靈敏度(du)(du)分析(xi)的(de)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)參(can)與(yu)(yu)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)頻(pin)控(kong)制方法,從而改(gai)善電(dian)網調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)頻(pin)性能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)。
4、分布式可再生能源消納
分布式(shi)(shi)風電(dian)、光伏等可再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)能源發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)的(de)隨機性、波(bo)動(dong)(dong)性特(te)點將會對(dui)其接(jie)入的(de)配電(dian)網(wang)(wang)運(yun)行控制(zhi)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)沖擊(ji)。儲(chu)(chu)能系(xi)統可平滑分布式(shi)(shi)風光發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)的(de)有功功率波(bo)動(dong)(dong)、改(gai)善電(dian)能質(zhi)量、提高(gao)跟蹤(zong)計劃出(chu)力的(de)能力,從而減小(xiao)分布式(shi)(shi)風光發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)對(dui)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)的(de)沖擊(ji),促進電(dian)網(wang)(wang)接(jie)納高(gao)滲透率分布式(shi)(shi)可再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)能源發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)的(de)能力。目前,儲(chu)(chu)能系(xi)統提高(gao)集(ji)(ji)中式(shi)(shi)大(da)規模(mo)可再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)能能源發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)方面,主要開展了平滑風光出(chu)力波(bo)動(dong)(dong)、跟蹤(zong)計劃等方面的(de)控制(zhi)技術(shu)研(yan)究,成果較多。分布式(shi)(shi)可再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)能源發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)由于接(jie)入位置、利用方式(shi)(shi)與集(ji)(ji)中式(shi)(shi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)不同,因此控制(zhi)需求也有差異(yi),這方面的(de)研(yan)究目前剛處(chu)于起步階段。
三、分布式儲能系統的前景及關鍵技術
隨著(zhu)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)系統尤其是電(dian)池儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)技術(shu)經濟性(xing)的不斷提高,必(bi)將推動分(fen)布式(shi)(shi)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)系統的推廣(guang)應(ying)用(yong)。目(mu)前的技術(shu)儲(chu)(chu)備尚不能(neng)支撐大量的分(fen)布式(shi)(shi)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)系統接入電(dian)網(wang)的應(ying)用(yong),分(fen)布式(shi)(shi)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)系統在電(dian)網(wang)的應(ying)用(yong)還有很大的研究需求。
1、分布式儲能(neng)提(ti)高(gao)分布式風(feng)光可再生能(neng)源并網消納技(ji)術(shu)研(yan)究。從分布式風(feng)光發電引(yin)起的(de)配電網電能(neng)質量改善、調峰等需求(qiu)為(wei)切(qie)入點(dian),開展(zhan)分布式儲能(neng)容量配置、經濟性分析以(yi)及控制技(ji)術(shu)的(de)研(yan)究,通過兩者聯合,提(ti)高(gao)配電網的(de)運行水(shui)平。
2、分布式(shi)儲(chu)能(neng)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)在電(dian)網的(de)(de)(de)統(tong)(tong)一(yi)調度(du)管(guan)理技術研(yan)究。電(dian)網中接入(ru)的(de)(de)(de)分布式(shi)儲(chu)能(neng)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)數(shu)量達到一(yi)定規模時(shi),對分布式(shi)儲(chu)能(neng)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)進(jin)行有序的(de)(de)(de)調度(du)管(guan)理,使其不(bu)僅滿(man)足就地的(de)(de)(de)功能(neng),同時(shi)還能(neng)通過(guo)統(tong)(tong)一(yi)的(de)(de)(de)協調控制滿(man)足電(dian)網級的(de)(de)(de)應用,最大限(xian)度(du)發揮分布式(shi)儲(chu)能(neng)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)作用。
3、儲能系統分(fen)布(bu)式應(ying)用(yong)的優化配(pei)(pei)置(zhi)及(ji)經濟(ji)(ji)性(xing)分(fen)析(xi)技術研(yan)究(jiu)。目前(qian)的分(fen)布(bu)式儲能優化配(pei)(pei)置(zhi)多(duo)是(shi)針對特(te)定(ding)的接入點進行(xing)功(gong)率與容(rong)量(liang)的優化配(pei)(pei)置(zhi)。未來,以電網角度(du)進行(xing)統一布(bu)置(zhi)時,應(ying)開展對分(fen)布(bu)式儲能系統有序(xu)規(gui)劃與配(pei)(pei)置(zhi)技術研(yan)究(jiu),充分(fen)發揮多(duo)點分(fen)布(bu)式儲能聚合效應(ying),實現(xian)對電網多(duo)種(zhong)需(xu)求的支(zhi)撐能力,并產生(sheng)一定(ding)的經濟(ji)(ji)、社會效益。