一、紙扇是用什么材料做成的

紙扇(shan)一般是指折(zhe)扇(shan)，那么做紙扇(shan)用(yong)什么材(cai)料(liao)呢？折(zhe)扇(shan)制作主要分為扇(shan)骨(gu)和扇(shan)面兩部分。

1、紙扇扇骨

制作(zuo)扇骨(gu)的(de)材質(zhi)大致可用(yong)“竹(zhu)(zhu)木(mu)牙角”四字概括(kuo)，其中常(chang)見(jian)的(de)有(you)竹(zhu)(zhu)質(zhi)扇骨(gu)和木(mu)質(zhi)扇骨(gu)，作(zuo)為日常(chang)使(shi)用(yong)和收(shou)藏，像湘妃竹(zhu)(zhu)、玉竹(zhu)(zhu)、鳳眼竹(zhu)(zhu)、羅漢竹(zhu)(zhu)、檀木(mu)、烏木(mu)、雞翅(chi)木(mu)、黃楊(yang)木(mu)等(deng)都是常(chang)用(yong)扇骨(gu)材料。

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2、紙扇扇面

扇面(mian)常見的有礬(fan)宣(xuan)(xuan)面(mian)，綾絹面(mian)，撒金面(mian)，泥金面(mian)，棉紙面(mian)等(deng)很多種。一(yi)般(ban)來說，礬(fan)宣(xuan)(xuan)扇面(mian)是最(zui)常用(yong)的。

二、紙扇扇面的種類有哪些

1、金箋扇面

金(jin)箋是折(zhe)扇扇面中變化(hua)最(zui)多的(de)一類。有(you)灑金(jin)、泥(ni)金(jin)、冷(leng)金(jin)、渾金(jin)、屑金(jin)、雨金(jin)、片金(jin)等(deng)(deng)等(deng)(deng)種類。

①灑金箋

折(zhe)(zhe)扇(shan)(shan)扇(shan)(shan)面(mian)上(shang)有(you)(you)或大(da)(da)或小金(jin)(jin)(jin)片(pian)(pian)或金(jin)(jin)(jin)屑(xie)(xie)作裝飾的(de)(de)折(zhe)(zhe)扇(shan)(shan)扇(shan)(shan)面(mian)，泛稱(cheng)(cheng)灑金(jin)(jin)(jin)箋或灑金(jin)(jin)(jin)折(zhe)(zhe)扇(shan)(shan)扇(shan)(shan)面(mian)。有(you)(you)大(da)(da)片(pian)(pian)分布(bu)紙面(mian)如(ru)雪片(pian)(pian)的(de)(de)，又(you)稱(cheng)(cheng)片(pian)(pian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)或大(da)(da)片(pian)(pian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)。由于這金(jin)(jin)(jin)片(pian)(pian)是用(yong)碎金(jin)(jin)(jin)箔粘貼(tie)上(shang)去的(de)(de)，所以又(you)稱(cheng)(cheng)冷(leng)金(jin)(jin)(jin)。這金(jin)(jin)(jin)片(pian)(pian)的(de)(de)疏密(mi)大(da)(da)小可以有(you)(you)種種變化。片(pian)(pian)極小的(de)(de)也可稱(cheng)(cheng)屑(xie)(xie)金(jin)(jin)(jin)或雨(yu)金(jin)(jin)(jin)。有(you)(you)時也能見(jian)到大(da)(da)片(pian)(pian)小屑(xie)(xie)夾雜在一起的(de)(de)，折(zhe)(zhe)扇(shan)(shan)扇(shan)(shan)面(mian)兩面(mian)中，如(ru)果只有(you)(you)一面(mian)灑金(jin)(jin)(jin)，則稱(cheng)(cheng)半冷(leng)。

②泥金箋

泥金折扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)面(mian)的制作工藝用金粉代替金箔來裝飾折扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)面(mian)的，則稱泥金箋或泥金折扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)面(mian)。泥金折扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)面(mian)一般可以(yi)整張折扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)面(mian)全為金色而無隙(xi)地，但(dan)也有(you)遠觀如全金而近(jin)觀仍見(jian)粉屑(xie)密集并留細小密布空隙(xi)的品(pin)種。

③渾金箋

通身作金(jin)的(de)折扇(shan)(shan)(shan)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)面(mian)，卻不一(yi)定都(dou)是(shi)用金(jin)粉涂刷而成。有(you)一(yi)種較厚重、細(xi)看全無紙底痕跡的(de)折扇(shan)(shan)(shan)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)面(mian)，或(huo)許(xu)是(shi)由整張極薄(bo)金(jin)箔粘貼(tie)而成。這種折扇(shan)(shan)(shan)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)面(mian)在(zai)殘缺處，可(ke)以看到極薄(bo)的(de)一(yi)層(ceng)金(jin)翻起或(huo)脫落(luo)，據(ju)此即(ji)可(ke)證明絕非金(jin)粉敷粘。渾金(jin)箋有(you)有(you)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)無紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)之分，有(you)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)金(jin)箋即(ji)在(zai)折扇(shan)(shan)(shan)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)面(mian)壓出布紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)（平紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)）和羅紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)等仿紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)織品的(de)細(xi)微紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)路。

2、發箋扇面

發(fa)箋(jian)(jian)扇(shan)(shan)面是(shi)在紙扇(shan)(shan)的(de)表面，加(jia)入了細細的(de)毛(mao)發(fa)般的(de)卷曲植物纖維(wei)，隨(sui)機地布滿了整(zheng)個折扇(shan)(shan)扇(shan)(shan)面。這種纖維(wei)，比人的(de)頭發(fa)細很多(duo)，色澤卻較(jiao)淺，呈棕黑色。加(jia)入“毛(mao)發(fa)”的(de)折扇(shan)(shan)扇(shan)(shan)面，其(qi)韌度牢度會得(de)到提(ti)高，也(ye)更加(jia)美觀。發(fa)箋(jian)(jian)也(ye)有雙面發(fa)箋(jian)(jian)和單(dan)面發(fa)箋(jian)(jian)之分，后者另(ling)一(yi)面可以是(shi)素紙或(huo)其(qi)他。

3、銀箋扇面

銀(yin)(yin)箋扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)面(mian)(mian)(mian)與金(jin)箋相仿，也(ye)有各種加銀(yin)(yin)的折(zhe)(zhe)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)面(mian)(mian)(mian)，相應地也(ye)有泥銀(yin)(yin)、灑銀(yin)(yin)等品種。銀(yin)(yin)箋易(yi)發黑，外觀也(ye)不如金(jin)箋富麗堂(tang)皇，在折(zhe)(zhe)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)的使(shi)用上要少得多。金(jin)銀(yin)(yin)可以施之于素紙(zhi)，也(ye)可施之于色紙(zhi)；可以雙(shuang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)施，也(ye)可以僅(jin)施于其中(zhong)一(yi)面(mian)(mian)(mian)。這(zhe)樣銀(yin)(yin)箋折(zhe)(zhe)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)面(mian)(mian)(mian)的花樣就數不勝數了。

4、素紙扇面

素紙(zhi)折(zhe)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)面(mian)(mian)是(shi)(shi)應(ying)用最廣的(de)(de)一種折(zhe)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)折(zhe)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)面(mian)(mian)，紙(zhi)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)是(shi)(shi)用多層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)薄宣(xuan)粘合而成，白紙(zhi)折(zhe)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)制(zhi)作流程(cheng)早期是(shi)(shi)兩面(mian)(mian)一里的(de)(de)三層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)制(zhi)法(fa)。北方沿襲此(ci)法(fa)較久，而南方常見有(you)四(si)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)、五層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)、六層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)、七(qi)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)之別。文人扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)多五至七(qi)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)，秋扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)數(shu)較少(shao)，偶爾也能(neng)見到九層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)棉料所(suo)作的(de)(de)折(zhe)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)面(mian)(mian)。折(zhe)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)面(mian)(mian)貼合完成后，表(biao)面(mian)(mian)還要加(jia)礬(fan)或加(jia)云(yun)母粉，故其吸水性能(neng)與熟宣(xuan)相(xiang)近（尤(you)以重云(yun)母折(zhe)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)面(mian)(mian)為佳(jia)）。講究的(de)(de)還要加(jia)銀(yin)粉，則折(zhe)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)面(mian)(mian)泛銀(yin)光。

5、色紙扇面

色(se)紙折扇(shan)(shan)扇(shan)(shan)面中最(zui)常見(jian)的(de)是杭州黑(hei)紙扇(shan)(shan)子(zi)扇(shan)(shan)面和瓷青紙扇(shan)(shan)。兩者(zhe)都(dou)深色(se)，需(xu)用金(jin)銀粉或金(jin)銀粉調色(se)來作書作畫(hua)。色(se)紙扇(shan)(shan)也有半色(se)半素的(de)品種。除(chu)黑(hei)紙和瓷青紙以外的(de)色(se)紙折扇(shan)(shan)扇(shan)(shan)面，又(you)被塵(chen)尾箋本折扇(shan)(shan)扇(shan)(shan)面。

6、集錦扇箋

文人作折扇扇(shan)(shan)面(mian)書(shu)畫，常(chang)有(you)(you)數人(ren)(ren)合作(zuo)之舉。某(mou)人(ren)(ren)畫坡石，某(mou)人(ren)(ren)作(zuo)屋宇，某(mou)人(ren)(ren)補遠岑(cen)，某(mou)人(ren)(ren)題詩句(ju)等(deng)等(deng)。雖(sui)然(ran)(ran)是數人(ren)(ren)合作(zuo)，卻是一(yi)幅完整的(de)作(zuo)品(pin)(pin)。然(ran)(ran)后從(cong)此演變(bian)衍生，就有(you)(you)了(le)(le)集(ji)錦(jin)(jin)扇(shan)(shan)書(shu)畫。折(zhe)(zhe)扇(shan)(shan)扇(shan)(shan)面(mian)開始仍是普通品(pin)(pin)種，而以素紙為多。大約到(dao)了(le)(le)清末民初(chu)，出現了(le)(le)專(zhuan)門為這種多人(ren)(ren)合作(zuo)書(shu)畫用的(de)集(ji)錦(jin)(jin)折(zhe)(zhe)扇(shan)(shan)扇(shan)(shan)面(mian)。其最常(chang)見的(de)形式，是灑金與素面(mian)相鄰互(hu)為分(fen)界，可以有(you)(you)一(yi)面(mian)二(er)分(fen)、三分(fen)、四分(fen)等(deng)不同(tong)。