一、汽車啟動系統的組成

汽車點火開關

汽車(che)點火開(kai)(kai)關(guan)可自由開(kai)(kai)啟或關(guan)閉點火線(xian)圈的主要電(dian)(dian)路(lu)。鑰匙插進點火開(kai)(kai)關(guan)后(hou)(hou)，在每(mei)個擋位做瞬(shun)間停留大約1-2秒鐘，這時(shi)能聽見(jian)電(dian)(dian)器設備通電(dian)(dian)的聲音(yin)，然后(hou)(hou)再(zai)進入下一個擋位就可以(yi)了。

汽車啟動繼電器

起動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)工作(zuo)時，需要有(you)很(hen)大的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，而汽(qi)車起動(dong)繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器就是來(lai)控制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的。主要是通(tong)過控制(zhi)低壓(ya)(ya)線(xian)路的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)來(lai)控制(zhi)高壓(ya)(ya)線(xian)路的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu),起到電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)開(kai)關的作(zuo)用。啟動(dong)繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器是啟動(dong)系統組成部件(jian)之一(yi),在(zai)汽(qi)車上主要作(zuo)用為小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)控制(zhi)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)方式啟動(dong)馬達轉動(dong),從而帶動(dong)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)內部磁電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)轉子轉動(dong),給點火(huo)器輸入點火(huo)脈沖信(xin)號,使(shi)點火(huo)器產生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)火(huo)花(hua),點燃(ran)汽(qi)缸內的混合燃(ran)氣并做功。

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汽車啟動機

起動(dong)(dong)機可以(yi)將(jiang)蓄電池(chi)的(de)電能(neng)轉化(hua)為機械能(neng)，驅動(dong)(dong)發動(dong)(dong)機飛輪(lun)旋轉實現發動(dong)(dong)機的(de)起動(dong)(dong)。發動(dong)(dong)機在(zai)以(yi)自身動(dong)(dong)力運轉之(zhi)前，必(bi)須借助外(wai)力旋轉。發動(dong)(dong)機借助外(wai)力由靜止(zhi)狀態過渡到能(neng)自行運轉的(de)過程，稱為發動(dong)(dong)機的(de)起動(dong)(dong)。

汽車蓄電池

汽車蓄電(dian)(dian)池是一種將化學能(neng)轉變(bian)成電(dian)(dian)能(neng)的(de)裝置(zhi)，屬于直流電(dian)(dian)源，它的(de)作用有：

（1）啟動發動機時，給起動機提供強大的(de)起動電(dian)流(liu)（10A左右）。

（2）當發電(dian)機過載時，可(ke)以協助發電(dian)機向用(yong)電(dian)設備(bei)供電(dian)。

（3）當發(fa)動機處于怠速時(shi)，向用電設(she)備供電。

（4）蓄(xu)電池還(huan)是一個(ge)大容量(liang)電容器，可以保(bao)護汽車的用電器。

（5）當發電機(ji)端(duan)電壓高于鉛蓄電池的電動勢時(shi)，將一部分電能(neng)轉變(bian)為化學(xue)能(neng)儲存(cun)起來，也(ye)就是進(jin)行充電。

汽車發電機

汽車發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)機是(shi)汽車的主要電(dian)(dian)源，其功(gong)用是(shi)在發(fa)(fa)動機正(zheng)常運轉時(shi)，向所有用電(dian)(dian)設備（起動機除外）供電(dian)(dian)，同時(shi)向蓄電(dian)(dian)池充電(dian)(dian)。

汽車保險絲

汽車保(bao)(bao)險絲是電(dian)(dian)流(liu)保(bao)(bao)險絲的一種(zhong)，當電(dian)(dian)路電(dian)(dian)流(liu)超過(guo)保(bao)(bao)險絲額定電(dian)(dian)流(liu)的2倍時就(jiu)會(hui)在幾秒(miao)內熔斷，起(qi)到(dao)電(dian)(dian)路保(bao)(bao)護的作用(yong)(yong)。常(chang)用(yong)(yong)于汽車電(dian)(dian)路過(guo)流(liu)保(bao)(bao)護，也用(yong)(yong)于工業設備的過(guo)流(liu)保(bao)(bao)護。

二、汽車啟動系統故障維修

原因

原(yuan)因一：蓄電池供電系統(tong)有問題

如蓄電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)量不(bu)足、汽小伙伴電(dian)(dian)源保險或(huo)繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)器損壞、起(qi)動(dong)機電(dian)(dian)纜和蓄電(dian)(dian)池接線柱松動(dong)或(huo)是接線柱氧(yang)化。

原(yuan)因(yin)二：起動繼電器故(gu)障問(wen)題

如起動繼電器(qi)電感(gan)線(xian)圈短(duan)路、起動繼電器(qi)電感(gan)線(xian)圈斷路或搭(da)鐵、起動繼電器(qi)動觸點或靜觸點燒蝕、起動繼電器(qi)鐵芯與觸點臂間隙過大等。

原因(yin)三：起動機(ji)故障問題

如起動機直流電動機故障問(wen)題、傳動機構(gou)故障問(wen)題、調節裝置故障問(wen)題等。

原(yuan)因四(si)：起動開(kai)關故障問題

汽車起動擋失靈(ling)。

檢測方法

檢測方法一：檢測蓄電池(chi)

當有喇叭不(bu)響、儀表燈暗(an)淡(dan)、電(dian)(dian)動(dong)車窗升降慢(man)、汽(qi)車前大燈昏暗(an)、防(fang)起動(dong)指(zhi)示燈閃爍（有些車型）等(deng)狀況時(shi)，檢測(ce)蓄電(dian)(dian)池接(jie)線柱(zhu)是不(bu)是氧化或連接(jie)不(bu)良(liang)、蓄電(dian)(dian)池接(jie)地(di)不(bu)良(liang)、測(ce)量起動(dong)機的(de)起動(dong)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)應(ying)該是大于9.6V。

檢測方法(fa)二：檢測起動機

將起(qi)(qi)動機(ji)(ji)上接電(dian)(dian)纜線的主接線桿(gan)與起(qi)(qi)動接線柱(zhu)短接，若起(qi)(qi)動機(ji)(ji)不可(ke)以工作，說明起(qi)(qi)動機(ji)(ji)的電(dian)(dian)磁開關(guan)等(deng)有故障問(wen)題，需拆下起(qi)(qi)動機(ji)(ji)進行檢修。

檢測(ce)方法三：檢測(ce)點(dian)火開關(guan)和點(dian)火開關(guan)有(you)關(guan)線路。

檢(jian)測方法四：檢(jian)測汽車起(qi)動繼電(dian)器和(he)起(qi)動保險(xian)，用這(zhe)個判斷故障(zhang)問題地方位(wei)置。