一、汽車啟動系統的組成
汽車點火開關
汽車(che)點火開(kai)關(guan)可自由開(kai)啟(qi)或關(guan)閉(bi)點火線圈的主要電路(lu)。鑰(yao)匙插(cha)進點火開(kai)關(guan)后(hou),在每個擋位做瞬間停留(liu)大約1-2秒(miao)鐘,這時(shi)能聽見電器設(she)備通電的聲音(yin),然(ran)后(hou)再進入下一個擋位就可以了(le)。
汽車啟動繼電器
起(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)工作(zuo)時,需(xu)要有很大的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu),而(er)汽(qi)車起(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)器就(jiu)是(shi)來控(kong)制電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)的(de)。主(zhu)要是(shi)通過控(kong)制低壓線路(lu)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)來控(kong)制高壓線路(lu)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu),起(qi)(qi)到電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)開關的(de)作(zuo)用(yong)。啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)器是(shi)啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)系統組成部件(jian)之一,在汽(qi)車上主(zhu)要作(zuo)用(yong)為(wei)小電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)控(kong)制大電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)方式(shi)啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)馬達轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)(dong),從而(er)帶(dai)動(dong)(dong)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)內部磁電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)(dong),給點(dian)火(huo)器輸入點(dian)火(huo)脈沖(chong)信號(hao),使點(dian)火(huo)器產生電(dian)(dian)(dian)火(huo)花,點(dian)燃汽(qi)缸(gang)內的(de)混合燃氣并做功。
汽車啟動機
起動(dong)(dong)機可以將蓄電(dian)池的(de)(de)電(dian)能(neng)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)化(hua)為機械能(neng),驅動(dong)(dong)發(fa)動(dong)(dong)機飛輪旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)實現發(fa)動(dong)(dong)機的(de)(de)起動(dong)(dong)。發(fa)動(dong)(dong)機在以自身動(dong)(dong)力運轉(zhuan)(zhuan)之前,必須借助(zhu)(zhu)外(wai)(wai)力旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)。發(fa)動(dong)(dong)機借助(zhu)(zhu)外(wai)(wai)力由靜止(zhi)狀態過渡(du)到能(neng)自行運轉(zhuan)(zhuan)的(de)(de)過程,稱為發(fa)動(dong)(dong)機的(de)(de)起動(dong)(dong)。
汽車蓄電池
汽車(che)蓄電(dian)池(chi)是一(yi)種(zhong)將化學(xue)能轉變成電(dian)能的(de)裝置,屬于(yu)直流電(dian)源,它(ta)的(de)作用(yong)有:
(1)啟動(dong)(dong)(dong)發動(dong)(dong)(dong)機時,給(gei)起動(dong)(dong)(dong)機提供強大的起動(dong)(dong)(dong)電流(10A左(zuo)右)。
(2)當發(fa)電(dian)機過載時,可以協助發(fa)電(dian)機向用電(dian)設(she)備供電(dian)。
(3)當發動機處于(yu)怠速時,向用電設備(bei)供電。
(4)蓄電(dian)池(chi)還是(shi)一個大容量電(dian)容器(qi),可以保護汽車的用電(dian)器(qi)。
(5)當(dang)發電(dian)機端電(dian)壓高于鉛蓄電(dian)池(chi)的電(dian)動勢(shi)時,將一部分電(dian)能轉(zhuan)變為(wei)化學能儲(chu)存起來,也就是進(jin)行充電(dian)。
汽車發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)是(shi)汽車的主要電(dian)源,其(qi)功用是(shi)在發(fa)動(dong)機(ji)正常運轉(zhuan)時(shi),向所有用電(dian)設備(起動(dong)機(ji)除外)供電(dian),同時(shi)向蓄電(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)。
汽車保險絲
汽(qi)車保(bao)險(xian)絲(si)是電(dian)流(liu)保(bao)險(xian)絲(si)的(de)一(yi)種,當電(dian)路電(dian)流(liu)超過(guo)保(bao)險(xian)絲(si)額定電(dian)流(liu)的(de)2倍時(shi)就會在幾秒內(nei)熔(rong)斷,起到(dao)電(dian)路保(bao)護的(de)作用。常用于(yu)汽(qi)車電(dian)路過(guo)流(liu)保(bao)護,也用于(yu)工業設(she)備的(de)過(guo)流(liu)保(bao)護。
二、汽車啟動系統故障維修
原因
原因一(yi):蓄電池(chi)供電系統(tong)有(you)問題
如蓄電(dian)池電(dian)量不足、汽小伙伴電(dian)源保險或繼(ji)電(dian)器損壞(huai)、起動機電(dian)纜和(he)蓄電(dian)池接(jie)線柱(zhu)松動或是接(jie)線柱(zhu)氧化。
原(yuan)因二:起動繼電器(qi)故障問題
如起(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)器電(dian)(dian)感(gan)線圈短(duan)路、起(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)器電(dian)(dian)感(gan)線圈斷路或搭鐵(tie)、起(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)器動(dong)(dong)觸(chu)點(dian)或靜觸(chu)點(dian)燒(shao)蝕、起(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)器鐵(tie)芯(xin)與觸(chu)點(dian)臂間隙過大等(deng)。
原(yuan)因三(san):起動(dong)機故障問題
如起動機直流電動機故障(zhang)(zhang)問題(ti)、傳動機構故障(zhang)(zhang)問題(ti)、調(diao)節裝置故障(zhang)(zhang)問題(ti)等。
原因四:起(qi)動開關故障問題(ti)
汽車起動(dong)擋失靈。
檢測方法
檢測(ce)方法一:檢測(ce)蓄電池(chi)
當有(you)喇叭不響(xiang)、儀表燈暗淡(dan)、電(dian)動(dong)(dong)車窗升(sheng)降慢、汽車前(qian)大(da)燈昏暗、防(fang)起(qi)動(dong)(dong)指示燈閃(shan)爍(有(you)些車型)等(deng)狀況時,檢測蓄電(dian)池接線柱(zhu)是不是氧化或連接不良、蓄電(dian)池接地不良、測量起(qi)動(dong)(dong)機的起(qi)動(dong)(dong)電(dian)壓應該是大(da)于9.6V。
檢測(ce)方法二:檢測(ce)起(qi)動機
將起(qi)動(dong)(dong)機上接(jie)(jie)電(dian)纜線的主接(jie)(jie)線桿與起(qi)動(dong)(dong)接(jie)(jie)線柱短接(jie)(jie),若起(qi)動(dong)(dong)機不可(ke)以工作,說明起(qi)動(dong)(dong)機的電(dian)磁(ci)開關等有故障(zhang)問題,需拆下起(qi)動(dong)(dong)機進行檢修。
檢測方(fang)法三(san):檢測點火開(kai)關和點火開(kai)關有(you)關線路。
檢測方(fang)(fang)法(fa)四(si):檢測汽車起動(dong)繼電(dian)器和起動(dong)保險,用這(zhe)個(ge)判斷故障(zhang)問題地方(fang)(fang)位置。