一、什么是電磁閥

電磁閥是(shi)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)磁控(kong)制(zhi)的(de)工業設備，是(shi)用(yong)來控(kong)制(zhi)流(liu)體的(de)自動化(hua)基礎(chu)元件，屬于(yu)(yu)執行器，并不(bu)限于(yu)(yu)液壓(ya)、氣動。用(yong)在工業控(kong)制(zhi)系統中調整介質的(de)方向、流(liu)量、速度(du)和其(qi)他的(de)參數。電(dian)(dian)磁閥可以配合不(bu)同(tong)的(de)電(dian)(dian)路來實現預期(qi)的(de)控(kong)制(zhi)，而控(kong)制(zhi)的(de)精(jing)度(du)和靈活性(xing)都能夠保(bao)證(zheng)。

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二、電磁閥工作原理

電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)閥(fa)里有(you)(you)密閉的(de)(de)(de)腔(qiang)(qiang)，在不同(tong)位置開有(you)(you)通(tong)孔(kong)(kong)，每個孔(kong)(kong)連接不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)油(you)管(guan)，腔(qiang)(qiang)中(zhong)間是(shi)活(huo)塞，兩(liang)面(mian)是(shi)兩(liang)塊電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)鐵(tie)，哪面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)磁(ci)鐵(tie)線(xian)圈通(tong)電(dian)(dian)閥(fa)體就(jiu)會(hui)被(bei)吸引到(dao)哪邊，通(tong)過控(kong)(kong)制閥(fa)體的(de)(de)(de)移(yi)動(dong)來開啟或關閉不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)排油(you)孔(kong)(kong)，而進(jin)油(you)孔(kong)(kong)是(shi)常開的(de)(de)(de)，液(ye)壓油(you)就(jiu)會(hui)進(jin)入不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)排油(you)管(guan)，然后(hou)通(tong)過油(you)的(de)(de)(de)壓力來推動(dong)油(you)缸(gang)的(de)(de)(de)活(huo)塞，活(huo)塞又(you)帶動(dong)活(huo)塞桿，活(huo)塞桿帶動(dong)機(ji)械裝(zhuang)置。這(zhe)樣通(tong)過控(kong)(kong)制電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)鐵(tie)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)流通(tong)斷就(jiu)控(kong)(kong)制了機(ji)械運動(dong)。

三、電磁閥有幾種類型

1、電磁閥從原理上分為三大類：

（1）直動式電磁閥

原理：通電(dian)時(shi)，電(dian)磁線圈產生電(dian)磁力把關閉(bi)件從閥(fa)座上提起(qi)，閥(fa)門(men)打開；斷電(dian)時(shi)，電(dian)磁力消(xiao)失，彈(dan)簧把關閉(bi)件壓(ya)在閥(fa)座上，閥(fa)門(men)關閉(bi)。

特點(dian)：在真空、負壓、零壓時(shi)能正常工作，但通徑一(yi)般(ban)不超過25mm。

（2）分步直動式電磁閥

原(yuan)理：它是一種直動和先導(dao)式相結合的原(yuan)理，當入口(kou)與出(chu)口(kou)沒有壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)差(cha)(cha)時(shi)，通(tong)電后，電磁力(li)(li)直接把先導(dao)小閥和主閥關(guan)閉(bi)件依次(ci)向(xiang)上(shang)(shang)提起，閥門打開(kai)。當入口(kou)與出(chu)口(kou)達到啟動壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)差(cha)(cha)時(shi)，通(tong)電后，電磁力(li)(li)先導(dao)小閥，主閥下(xia)腔壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)上(shang)(shang)升，上(shang)(shang)腔壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)下(xia)降(jiang)，從而利用壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)差(cha)(cha)把主閥向(xiang)上(shang)(shang)推開(kai)；斷(duan)電時(shi)，先導(dao)閥利用彈簧力(li)(li)或介質壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)推動關(guan)閉(bi)件，向(xiang)下(xia)移(yi)動，使閥門關(guan)閉(bi)。

特點：在零壓差或真空、高壓時亦能可*動作，但功(gong)率較大(da)，要求必須水平安裝。

（3）先導式電磁閥

原理：通(tong)電(dian)時(shi)，電(dian)磁力把先導孔(kong)打(da)開，上(shang)腔(qiang)室(shi)壓(ya)力迅速(su)下(xia)降，在關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan) 閉(bi)件周(zhou)圍形(xing)成上(shang)低下(xia)高的壓(ya)差(cha)，流(liu)體(ti)壓(ya)力推(tui)動(dong)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)閉(bi)件向(xiang)上(shang)移動(dong)，閥(fa)門打(da)開；斷電(dian)時(shi)，彈簧(huang)力把先導孔(kong)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)閉(bi)，入口壓(ya)力通(tong)過旁通(tong)孔(kong)迅速(su)腔(qiang)室(shi)在關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)閥(fa)件周(zhou)圍形(xing)成下(xia)低上(shang)高的壓(ya)差(cha)，流(liu)體(ti)壓(ya)力推(tui)動(dong)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)閉(bi)件向(xiang)下(xia)移動(dong)，關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)閉(bi)閥(fa)門。

特點：流體(ti)(ti)壓力(li)范圍上(shang)限較高，可任意安裝（需定制）但必(bi)須(xu)滿(man)足(zu)流體(ti)(ti)壓差(cha)條件。

2、電磁閥從閥結構和材料上的不同與原理上的區別，分為六個分支小類：直動膜(mo)片(pian)結構(gou)(gou)、分(fen)步直動膜(mo)片(pian)結構(gou)(gou)、先導膜(mo)片(pian)結構(gou)(gou)、直動活塞(sai)結構(gou)(gou)、分(fen)步直動活塞(sai)結構(gou)(gou)、先導活塞(sai)結構(gou)(gou)。

3、電磁閥按照功能分類：水用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)閥(fa)(fa)、蒸汽電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)閥(fa)(fa)、制冷(leng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)閥(fa)(fa)、低溫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)閥(fa)(fa)、燃氣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)閥(fa)(fa)、消防電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)閥(fa)(fa)、氨用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)閥(fa)(fa)、氣體(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)閥(fa)(fa)、液(ye)(ye)體(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)閥(fa)(fa)、微(wei)型(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)閥(fa)(fa)、脈沖(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)閥(fa)(fa)、液(ye)(ye)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)閥(fa)(fa)、常開電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)閥(fa)(fa)、油用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)閥(fa)(fa)、直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)閥(fa)(fa)、高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)閥(fa)(fa)、防爆電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)閥(fa)(fa)等。