一、我國旋耕機的研究現狀

在國內成型的旋耕機械產品中，以臥式旋耕機為主流，該種旋耕機對土(tu)壤適(shi)應(ying)性(xing)強、混(hun)土(tu)效(xiao)果好，一(yi)次性(xing)作(zuo)(zuo)業可(ke)達到(dao)翻(fan)土(tu)、碎土(tu)和(he)平整地表的(de)要求。但(dan)一(yi)般耕(geng)深較淺，漏耕(geng)嚴(yan)重，工作(zuo)(zuo)部件(jian)易纏草(cao)堵泥且(qie)作(zuo)(zuo)業時消耗功(gong)率較大(da)。為此，推出了立式(shi)和(he)斜(xie)置(zhi)式(shi)旋耕(geng)機。立式(shi)旋耕(geng)機主要適(shi)用于滅茬作(zuo)(zuo)業，斜(xie)置(zhi)式(shi)旋耕(geng)機是一(yi)種綜合了犁耕(geng)與旋耕(geng)的(de)特(te)點，功(gong)耗低，耕(geng)作(zuo)(zuo)質(zhi)量好的(de)新型(xing)耕(geng)作(zuo)(zuo)機具(ju)。

在臥式旋(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)耕(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)中，按旋(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)耕(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)切刀軸(zhou)與拖拉機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)輪子(zi)的轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)向可(ke)分(fen)為(wei)(wei)正(zheng)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)和(he)反(fan)(fan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)兩種。旋(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)耕(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)切刀軸(zhou)與拖拉機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)輪子(zi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)向一(yi)致的為(wei)(wei)正(zheng)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)旋(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)耕(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，反(fan)(fan)之為(wei)(wei)反(fan)(fan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)旋(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)耕(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。反(fan)(fan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)旋(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)耕(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是在正(zheng)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)旋(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)耕(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的基礎上提出的，后來又推(tui)出了潛土反(fan)(fan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)旋(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)耕(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)正(zheng)反(fan)(fan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)旋(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)耕(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。反(fan)(fan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)旋(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)耕(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)可(ke)作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)大(da)中型聯合收(shou)割機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的主要配套機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)具(ju)，能形(xing)成(cheng)土壤埋茬(cha)，有利于秸稈還田(tian)，實(shi)現增加土壤有機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)質的目的。潛土反(fan)(fan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)旋(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)耕(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)可(ke)加大(da)深耕(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)，還可(ke)有效地解決刀軸(zhou)前方壅土問題。正(zheng)反(fan)(fan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)旋(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)耕(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)通(tong)過(guo)傳動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)構和(he)工作(zuo)(zuo)部件的結合，能使切刀軸(zhou)正(zheng)反(fan)(fan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)，同(tong)時完成(cheng)滅茬(cha)和(he)旋(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)耕(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)作(zuo)(zuo)，實(shi)現一(yi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)多(duo)用。

旋(xuan)(xuan)耕(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)機入(ru)土深(shen)度一般(ban)小(xiao)于旋(xuan)(xuan)耕(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)部件(jian)半(ban)徑的(de)10%~ 20%，考慮到旋(xuan)(xuan)耕(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)部件(jian)半(ban)徑大小(xiao)所需的(de)相適應的(de)單位(wei)能耗(hao)，應使旋(xuan)(xuan)耕(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)機刀軸距地面(mian)較(jiao)底。有的(de)設(she)計(ji)則依據旋(xuan)(xuan)耕(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)部件(jian)與(yu)耕(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)深(shen)的(de)相對(dui)關(guan)系，把中央(yang)調(diao)速器直接安裝(zhuang)在旋(xuan)(xuan)耕(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)部件(jian)的(de)軸上。這樣(yang)可保證農具的(de)最小(xiao)能耗(hao)，最小(xiao)的(de)材料消耗(hao)和較(jiao)好的(de)工作質量。旋(xuan)(xuan)耕(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)機刀刃口曲(qu)(qu)線(xian)(xian)大多(duo)采用阿基(ji)米德曲(qu)(qu)線(xian)(xian)，另外(wai)等(deng)角對(dui)數曲(qu)(qu)線(xian)(xian)、正弦指數曲(qu)(qu)線(xian)(xian)等(deng)也(ye)有所應用。我國學(xue)者(zhe)提出了多(duo)種刃口曲(qu)(qu)線(xian)(xian)，如節能型刃口曲(qu)(qu)線(xian)(xian)設(she)計(ji)、平(ping)面(mian)型和曲(qu)(qu)面(mian)型正切面(mian)的(de)設(she)計(ji)、放射螺線(xian)(xian)作為生成過渡(du)面(mian)的(de)曲(qu)(qu)導線(xian)(xian)設(she)計(ji)等(deng)。

近些年(nian)來，為(wei)適(shi)應(ying)當前(qian)生產需(xu)要(yao)，還開發出1 .25~ 2.80m幅(fu)寬多種(zhong)型(xing)(xing)號(hao)的(de)(de)旋耕(geng)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。如南昌旋耕(geng)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)廠生產的(de)(de)1G N系(xi)列和1G系(xi)列多種(zhong)型(xing)(xing)號(hao)的(de)(de)旋耕(geng)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)；江蘇省(sheng)連(lian)云港旋耕(geng)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)集團公司(si)生產的(de)(de)1GE2 210型(xing)(xing)旋耕(geng)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和1GQN 250S型(xing)(xing)旋耕(geng)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。我國使(shi)用的(de)(de)聯(lian)合作(zuo)業機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)型(xing)(xing)有1GHL 280型(xing)(xing)松(song)旋起壟機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、1GSZ 210/280型(xing)(xing)組合式(shi)旋耕(geng)多用機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、1GZJ 210型(xing)(xing)旋耕(geng)滅茬聯(lian)合整地機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、1GLT 4 型(xing)(xing)松(song)旋滅茬起壟通用機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)及1GQH 280D型(xing)(xing)滅茬旋耕(geng)多用機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)等。

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二、旋耕機發展方向

1、向寬幅高速型旋耕機發展

隨著(zhu)水稻集約化、規模化生產(chan)的發展，水田耕(geng)整(zheng)地用寬幅高(gao)速型(xing)旋耕(geng)機將(jiang)成為發展方向。

2、向聯合作業機組方向發展

大中型拖拉機具有強勁的動力輸出系統、牽引力和懸掛能力，為配套旱田聯合耕作機械提供了條件。旋耕機作(zuo)為(wei)驅動型耕(geng)作(zuo)機具，易于通過更換或附加工作(zuo)部件，可完成滅茬、深(shen)松、碎土、做畦、起壟、開溝、精量或半精量播種(zhong)、深(shen)施化肥、鋪膜(mo)、鎮壓和噴(pen)藥等(deng)聯(lian)合(he)作(zuo)業(ye)(ye)，可大幅度提高生產效率，降低(di)作(zuo)業(ye)(ye)成本(ben)。國外發達國家已推廣使(shi)用了以作(zuo)業(ye)(ye)工序排(pai)列組(zu)合(he)、以旋(xuan)耕(geng)機為(wei)主體的(de)聯(lian)合(he)作(zuo)業(ye)(ye)機組(zu)，如加拿大的(de)萬能旋(xuan)耕(geng)機，日本(ben)的(de)聯(lian)合(he)耕(geng)耙犁和旋(xuan)耕(geng)播種(zhong)機等(deng)。

3、向可持續發展戰略型發展

降低污(wu)染和資源重用(yong)已(yi)成(cheng)為當(dang)前農業機(ji)械化(hua)設計的最終目的，能完成(cheng)秸稈還田作業的反轉滅茬旋耕機(ji)等新的機(ji)型將(jiang)(jiang)成(cheng)為今后(hou)旋耕機(ji)械重要的研究方向(xiang)。另外(wai)，隨著現(xian)代科(ke)學技術的迅速發展(zhan)，一些新技術也將(jiang)(jiang)在旋耕機(ji)上得到廣(guang)泛應用(yong)，如信號系統(tong)等。

4、小型旋耕機需求量有所增加

隨著我國(guo)溫室技術的(de)發展(zhan)，農村大(da)棚耕作(zuo)面積日(ri)益(yi)增大(da)，由于市場的(de)需(xu)求(qiu)，小型適合于大(da)棚內作(zuo)業的(de)旋耕機械已成為研究(jiu)的(de)新重點。