一、高壓電容器是什么

高壓電容器是指出線瓷套管、電(dian)容(rong)元件組(zu)和(he)外殼等組(zu)成的(de)一類電(dian)容(rong)器(qi)。高壓(ya)電(dian)容(rong)器(qi)具有耗損(sun)低、質量輕的(de)特(te)點。

二、高壓電容器結構

高(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)主(zhu)要由(you)出線瓷(ci)套(tao)(tao)管、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)元(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)組和外殼(ke)等(deng)組成(cheng)。外殼(ke)由(you)薄鋼板(ban)密封焊接(jie)(jie)而成(cheng)，出線瓷(ci)套(tao)(tao)管焊接(jie)(jie)在外殼(ke)上(shang)。接(jie)(jie)線端子從出線瓷(ci)套(tao)(tao)管中(zhong)引出。外殼(ke)內的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)元(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)組（又稱為(wei)芯子）由(you)若干個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)元(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)連接(jie)(jie)而成(cheng)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)元(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)是(shi)由(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)紙、膜紙復合或(huo)純薄膜作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)工作(zuo)(zuo)介(jie)質，用鋁鉑作(zuo)(zuo)極板(ban)卷(juan)制而成(cheng)的(de)。為(wei)適應各種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等(deng)級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)耐壓(ya)的(de)要求，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)元(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)可(ke)串聯或(huo)并聯。單(dan)臺三相電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)客(ke)元(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)組在外殼(ke)內部(bu)(bu)接(jie)(jie)成(cheng)三角形。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為(wei)10kV及以(yi)下的(de)高(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)內，每(mei)個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)元(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)上(shang)都串有一個熔絲，作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)內部(bu)(bu)短路保護。有些電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)設(she)有放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻，當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網斷開(kai)后，能夠通(tong)過放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，一般情況(kuang)下10min后電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)殘(can)壓(ya)可(ke)降(jiang)至75V以(yi)下。

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三、高壓電容器作用

高(gao)壓(ya)電容器具有耗損低、質(zhi)量(liang)輕的特點，主要作用有：

1、在(zai)輸(shu)電(dian)線路中(zhong)，利用高壓電(dian)容器(qi)可以組成串補(bu)站，提高輸(shu)電(dian)線路的輸(shu)送能力。

2、在大型(xing)變電(dian)(dian)站中(zhong)，利用高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)器可以組成靜止型(xing)相控電(dian)(dian)抗器式動(dong)態無功補償(chang)裝置（SVC），提(ti)高電(dian)(dian)能質量(liang)。

3、在配電線路末(mo)端(duan)，利用高(gao)(gao)壓電容(rong)器可以提高(gao)(gao)線路末(mo)端(duan)的功率因數，保(bao)障(zhang)線路末(mo)端(duan)的電壓質(zhi)量。

4、在變電(dian)站的中、低壓各(ge)段母線(xian)，均裝(zhuang)有高壓電(dian)容(rong)器，以補償負荷消(xiao)耗的無功，提高母線(xian)側的功率因數。

5、在有非線性負荷的負荷終端站(zhan)，也會(hui)裝(zhuang)設高壓電(dian)容器，作為濾波用。

四、高壓電容器運行要求

1、電容器(qi)應有標出基本參數等內容的制造(zao)廠銘(ming)牌。

2、電容(rong)器金屬外(wai)殼應有明顯接(jie)地(di)標志，其外(wai)殼應與金屬架構共同接(jie)地(di)。

3、電容器周(zhou)圍環境無易(yi)燃、易(yi)爆危(wei)險，無劇烈沖擊和(he)震動。

4、電容器應有(you)溫(wen)度測量設備，可在(zai)適當(dang)部(bu)位安裝(zhuang)溫(wen)度計(ji)或貼示溫(wen)蠟片。一般(ban)情況下(xia)，環境溫(wen)度在(zai)+40℃之問時，充礦(kuang)物油的電容器允許溫(wen)升(sheng)為(wei)50℃，充硅油的電容器允許溫(wen)升(sheng)為(wei)55℃。

5、電(dian)容(rong)器(qi)應(ying)有合格的放(fang)電(dian)設(she)備(bei)。

6、允許(xu)過電(dian)壓(ya)：電(dian)容器組在日常運(yun)(yun)行時(shi)(shi)(shi)，可在1.1倍(bei)額定電(dian)壓(ya)下(xia)長期運(yun)(yun)行。對于瞬時(shi)(shi)(shi)過電(dian)壓(ya)，時(shi)(shi)(shi)間較短(duan)時(shi)(shi)(shi)根(gen)據(ju)過電(dian)壓(ya)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間限(xian)定過電(dian)壓(ya)倍(bei)數。

7、允(yun)許(xu)過電流：電容器組允(yun)許(xu)在1.3倍額定電流下長期運行。

五、高壓電容器注意事項

1、正常情況下，全變電所停電操作時，應先拉開高壓電容器支(zhi)路(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)斷(duan)路(lu)(lu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)，再(zai)拉(la)開其(qi)他(ta)各支(zhi)路(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)斷(duan)路(lu)(lu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)；恢復全變電(dian)所送電(dian)時的(de)(de)(de)操作(zuo)順序(xu)與停電(dian)操作(zuo)相反，應先(xian)閉合各支(zhi)路(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)斷(duan)路(lu)(lu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)，最后(hou)閉合高(gao)(gao)壓電(dian)容器(qi)(qi)(qi)組的(de)(de)(de)斷(duan)路(lu)(lu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)。事故情況下，全站(zhan)無電(dian)后(hou)，必須將高(gao)(gao)壓電(dian)容器(qi)(qi)(qi)組的(de)(de)(de)支(zhi)路(lu)(lu)斷(duan)路(lu)(lu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)先(xian)斷(duan)開。

2、并聯(lian)電容器(qi)組斷(duan)路器(qi)跳閘(zha)后不準強送電。熔體(ti)熔斷(duan)后，在未查明原因之前，不可更換熔體(ti)后恢(hui)復送電。

3、高壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)(qi)禁止在自身帶電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷時合(he)閘。如果(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)(qi)本身有存儲電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷，將它接入交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)(qi)兩(liang)端所承受(shou)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)就會超過(guo)其額(e)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)。如果(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)(qi)剛斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)又(you)合(he)閘，因電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)(qi)本身有存儲的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)(qi)所承受(shou)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)可能達到兩(liang)倍以上的額(e)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)峰值，這不僅有害于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)(qi)，更可能燒(shao)斷(duan)熔斷(duan)器(qi)(qi)或使(shi)斷(duan)路器(qi)(qi)跳閘，以防(fang)產(chan)生過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)。高壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)(qi)組再次合(he)閘，應在其斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)3min后進行(xing)。