一、超級電容器是什么

超級電容器又稱為雙電層電容器、電化學電容器、法拉電容、黃金(jin)電容，是指介于傳(chuan)統(tong)電(dian)容(rong)器和充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)池(chi)之間的(de)一種新(xin)型儲能裝置，它既具(ju)有(you)電(dian)容(rong)器快速充(chong)放電(dian)的(de)特(te)性，同時又具(ju)有(you)電(dian)池(chi)的(de)儲能特(te)性。

二、超級電容器的原理

超(chao)級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)是通(tong)過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解質之間(jian)形成的(de)(de)界(jie)(jie)面(mian)(mian)雙(shuang)(shuang)層(ceng)來存儲能量的(de)(de)新型元器(qi)(qi)件。當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)接(jie)觸(chu)時，由于(yu)庫侖力、分子(zi)(zi)間(jian)力及原子(zi)(zi)間(jian)力的(de)(de)作用，使固液(ye)界(jie)(jie)面(mian)(mian)出現(xian)穩定和符號(hao)相(xiang)反(fan)的(de)(de)雙(shuang)(shuang)層(ceng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷，稱(cheng)其為界(jie)(jie)面(mian)(mian)雙(shuang)(shuang)層(ceng)。把雙(shuang)(shuang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)層(ceng)超(chao)級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)看(kan)成是懸在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解質中(zhong)的(de)(de)2個(ge)(ge)非活(huo)性多孔板，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓加載(zai)到(dao)2個(ge)(ge)板上。加在正(zheng)(zheng)極(ji)(ji)板上的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)勢吸(xi)引(yin)(yin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解質中(zhong)的(de)(de)負(fu)離(li)子(zi)(zi)，負(fu)極(ji)(ji)板吸(xi)引(yin)(yin)正(zheng)(zheng)離(li)子(zi)(zi)，從而在兩(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)表面(mian)(mian)形成了一(yi)個(ge)(ge)雙(shuang)(shuang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)層(ceng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)。雙(shuang)(shuang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)層(ceng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)根據電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)材料(liao)的(de)(de)不同，可(ke)以(yi)分為碳電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)雙(shuang)(shuang)層(ceng)超(chao)級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)、金屬氧化物電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)超(chao)級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)和有機(ji)聚合物電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)超(chao)級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)。

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三、超級電容器特點

與蓄電(dian)池和傳統物(wu)理電(dian)容器(qi)相(xiang)比，超級電(dian)容器(qi)的特點主要體現在：

1、功率密度高。可達102～104kW/kg，遠高于蓄電池(chi)的功率密度水(shui)平(ping)。

2、循環(huan)壽命長。在幾秒鐘的(de)高速深(shen)度充放電(dian)(dian)循環(huan)50萬(wan)次至100萬(wan)次后(hou)，超級電(dian)(dian)容器(qi)的(de)特性變化很小，容量和內阻僅降低10%～20%。

3、工作溫限寬。由于在低溫狀(zhuang)態(tai)下超(chao)級電容(rong)器(qi)中離子的(de)吸附和(he)脫附速度變(bian)化不大(da)，因此其容(rong)量變(bian)化遠(yuan)小于蓄電池。商(shang)業(ye)化超(chao)級電容(rong)器(qi)的(de)工作溫度范圍可(ke)達-40℃～+80℃。

4、免維護。超(chao)級(ji)電(dian)(dian)容器充(chong)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)效率高，對過充(chong)電(dian)(dian)和過放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)有一定(ding)(ding)的(de)承受能力，可穩定(ding)(ding)地反復充(chong)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)，在理(li)論(lun)上是不(bu)需要進行維護的(de)。

5、綠色環保。超級(ji)電(dian)容器在生產過程中不使用重金(jin)屬和其他(ta)有害的化學物(wu)質，且(qie)自身(shen)壽命較長(chang)，因而是一種新(xin)型的綠色環保電(dian)源。

四、超級電容器分類

對(dui)于超級電(dian)容器(qi)來說，依據不同的內容可(ke)有(you)不同的分(fen)類方法。

1、根據不同的(de)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)機(ji)理，可(ke)將超級電容(rong)器(qi)(qi)分為雙電層(ceng)電容(rong)器(qi)(qi)和法拉第(di)(di)準(zhun)(zhun)電容(rong)器(qi)(qi)兩大(da)類。其中，雙電層(ceng)電容(rong)器(qi)(qi)主要是通過純靜電電荷在(zai)電極(ji)表(biao)面進行吸附來產生存儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)量。法拉第(di)(di)準(zhun)(zhun)電容(rong)器(qi)(qi)主要是通過法拉第(di)(di)準(zhun)(zhun)電容(rong)活性電極(ji)材料（如過渡金屬氧化物(wu)(wu)和高分子(zi)聚合物(wu)(wu)）表(biao)面及表(biao)面附近發生可(ke)逆(ni)的(de)氧化還原(yuan)反應產生法拉第(di)(di)準(zhun)(zhun)電容(rong)，從而實現對能(neng)(neng)量的(de)存儲(chu)與轉換。

2、根據電解液種類可分為水系超級電容器和(he)有機系超級電容器兩大類。

3、根(gen)據活性材(cai)料(liao)的類型是(shi)否相(xiang)同，可分(fen)為(wei)對(dui)稱(cheng)超級(ji)(ji)電容(rong)器和(he)非對(dui)稱(cheng)超級(ji)(ji)電容(rong)器。

4、根據電解液的狀態形式，又可將超級電容器分為固體電(dian)解(jie)質超級電(dian)容器(qi)(qi)和液體電(dian)解(jie)質超級電(dian)容器(qi)(qi)兩(liang)大(da)類。