一、超級電容器是什么

超級電容器又稱為雙電層電容器、電化學電容器、法拉(la)電(dian)容、黃金電(dian)容，是指介于傳統電(dian)容(rong)器和充電(dian)電(dian)池(chi)之間的一種新型(xing)儲能裝置(zhi)，它(ta)既(ji)具有電(dian)容(rong)器快速(su)充放電(dian)的特性，同(tong)時又具有電(dian)池(chi)的儲能特性。

二、超級電容器的原理

超(chao)(chao)級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)是(shi)通(tong)過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)之間形(xing)成的(de)(de)界(jie)面雙層(ceng)(ceng)來存儲能量的(de)(de)新型(xing)元器(qi)件(jian)。當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液(ye)接觸(chu)時(shi)，由于庫侖力(li)、分子(zi)(zi)間力(li)及原子(zi)(zi)間力(li)的(de)(de)作用，使固液(ye)界(jie)面出現穩定(ding)和(he)符號相反的(de)(de)雙層(ceng)(ceng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)，稱(cheng)其為(wei)界(jie)面雙層(ceng)(ceng)。把(ba)雙電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)層(ceng)(ceng)超(chao)(chao)級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)看(kan)成是(shi)懸(xuan)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)中的(de)(de)2個(ge)非(fei)活(huo)性(xing)多孔板(ban)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓加(jia)載到2個(ge)板(ban)上。加(jia)在正極(ji)板(ban)上的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)勢吸引(yin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)中的(de)(de)負離子(zi)(zi)，負極(ji)板(ban)吸引(yin)正離子(zi)(zi)，從而在兩電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)的(de)(de)表面形(xing)成了一個(ge)雙電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)層(ceng)(ceng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)。雙電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)層(ceng)(ceng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)根據電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)材料的(de)(de)不同，可以分為(wei)碳電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)雙層(ceng)(ceng)超(chao)(chao)級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)、金屬氧化物電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)超(chao)(chao)級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)和(he)有機聚合物電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)超(chao)(chao)級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)。

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三、超級電容器特點

與蓄電池和傳統物理電容(rong)器相比，超級電容(rong)器的特點主要體現在：

1、功率密(mi)(mi)度(du)高。可達(da)102～104kW/kg，遠高于蓄電池的功率密(mi)(mi)度(du)水平。

2、循環壽(shou)命長。在幾秒鐘的(de)高速深度充放電循環50萬(wan)次(ci)至(zhi)100萬(wan)次(ci)后，超級(ji)電容器的(de)特性變化很小，容量和內阻僅降低10%～20%。

3、工(gong)作溫(wen)限(xian)寬。由于在低溫(wen)狀態下超級(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)容器中離子的(de)吸附和脫(tuo)附速度(du)變化(hua)不大，因此其容量變化(hua)遠小(xiao)于蓄電(dian)(dian)池。商業化(hua)超級(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)容器的(de)工(gong)作溫(wen)度(du)范圍(wei)可達-40℃～+80℃。

4、免(mian)維護(hu)。超(chao)級電(dian)(dian)容(rong)器充放(fang)電(dian)(dian)效率高，對(dui)過充電(dian)(dian)和過放(fang)電(dian)(dian)有(you)一定的承受能力，可(ke)穩(wen)定地反復充放(fang)電(dian)(dian)，在理論(lun)上是不需(xu)要進行維護(hu)的。

5、綠色環(huan)保。超級電容器在生產過程中不使用(yong)重金(jin)屬和其(qi)他(ta)有害的(de)化學物(wu)質，且自身壽命較長(chang)，因而是一種新型的(de)綠色環(huan)保電源。

四、超級電容器分類

對于(yu)超級電容器來說(shuo)，依據不同(tong)的內容可有(you)不同(tong)的分類方法。

1、根據(ju)不(bu)同的(de)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)機理，可將超級(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器分為雙(shuang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)層(ceng)(ceng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器和(he)法(fa)(fa)拉(la)(la)第(di)(di)(di)準(zhun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器兩大類。其中，雙(shuang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)層(ceng)(ceng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器主要(yao)是(shi)通過(guo)純靜電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極表(biao)面進行吸(xi)附來產生存(cun)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)量。法(fa)(fa)拉(la)(la)第(di)(di)(di)準(zhun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器主要(yao)是(shi)通過(guo)法(fa)(fa)拉(la)(la)第(di)(di)(di)準(zhun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)活(huo)性電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極材料（如(ru)過(guo)渡(du)金屬氧(yang)化物和(he)高分子聚合物）表(biao)面及(ji)表(biao)面附近發(fa)生可逆的(de)氧(yang)化還原反應產生法(fa)(fa)拉(la)(la)第(di)(di)(di)準(zhun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)，從而實現對能(neng)量的(de)存(cun)儲(chu)(chu)與轉換。

2、根(gen)據(ju)電解液種(zhong)類(lei)可分為水系超(chao)級電容器和有機系超(chao)級電容器兩大(da)類(lei)。

3、根(gen)據活(huo)性(xing)材料的類(lei)型是否(fou)相同(tong)，可分為對(dui)稱超(chao)級電容器和非(fei)對(dui)稱超(chao)級電容器。

4、根據電解液的狀態形式，又可將超級電容器分為固體電(dian)解質超級電(dian)容器和液體電(dian)解質超級電(dian)容器兩大類。