一、超級電容器是什么

超級電容器又稱為雙電層電容器、電化學電容器、法拉電容、黃金電容，是指介(jie)于傳統(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容器和充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池之間的一種新型儲能裝置，它既(ji)具(ju)有電(dian)(dian)(dian)容器快速充放電(dian)(dian)(dian)的特性(xing)，同(tong)時又(you)具(ju)有電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的儲能特性(xing)。

二、超級電容器的原理

超(chao)級電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器是通過電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)與(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解質(zhi)之間(jian)形成的(de)界(jie)面雙層來存儲(chu)能量的(de)新型元器件。當電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)與(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解液接觸(chu)時，由于庫(ku)侖(lun)力(li)、分子(zi)間(jian)力(li)及原(yuan)子(zi)間(jian)力(li)的(de)作用，使(shi)固(gu)液界(jie)面出現穩(wen)定和(he)符(fu)號相(xiang)反(fan)的(de)雙層電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷，稱其為界(jie)面雙層。把雙電(dian)(dian)(dian)層超(chao)級電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)看成是懸在(zai)(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解質(zhi)中的(de)2個非活性多孔(kong)板(ban)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓加載到2個板(ban)上。加在(zai)(zai)(zai)正極(ji)(ji)板(ban)上的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)勢(shi)吸引(yin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解質(zhi)中的(de)負離子(zi)，負極(ji)(ji)板(ban)吸引(yin)正離子(zi)，從(cong)而在(zai)(zai)(zai)兩電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)的(de)表面形成了一個雙電(dian)(dian)(dian)層電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器。雙電(dian)(dian)(dian)層電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器根(gen)據電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)材料的(de)不同，可以分為碳電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)雙層超(chao)級電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器、金屬氧化物(wu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)超(chao)級電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器和(he)有機聚(ju)合物(wu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)超(chao)級電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器。

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三、超級電容器特點

與蓄電池和(he)傳統物理電容(rong)器相比(bi)，超級電容(rong)器的特點(dian)主要體現(xian)在：

1、功率密度高。可達102～104kW/kg，遠(yuan)高于蓄電池的功率密度水平。

2、循(xun)環壽(shou)命長。在(zai)幾(ji)秒鐘的(de)高速深(shen)度充(chong)放電循(xun)環50萬次至(zhi)100萬次后，超(chao)級電容(rong)器的(de)特性變化(hua)很小，容(rong)量和內阻僅降低10%～20%。

3、工作溫(wen)限寬。由(you)于在低溫(wen)狀態下超級(ji)電容器中離子(zi)的(de)吸附(fu)和脫附(fu)速度(du)(du)變化不大，因此其容量變化遠小于蓄電池(chi)。商業(ye)化超級(ji)電容器的(de)工作溫(wen)度(du)(du)范圍可達-40℃～+80℃。

4、免(mian)維(wei)護。超級電(dian)容器充(chong)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)效率高，對過(guo)充(chong)電(dian)和過(guo)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)有(you)一定的承受能力，可穩定地反復充(chong)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)，在理(li)論上是不需要進行維(wei)護的。

5、綠色(se)環(huan)保。超(chao)級電容器在生產過程中不使(shi)用重金屬和其(qi)他有(you)害的(de)化學物質，且自身壽命(ming)較長，因而是一種新(xin)型(xing)的(de)綠色(se)環(huan)保電源。

四、超級電容器分類

對于超級電容器(qi)來說，依據不同的(de)內容可有不同的(de)分類方法。

1、根據不同的(de)儲(chu)能機(ji)理，可將(jiang)超(chao)級電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器分(fen)(fen)為雙電(dian)(dian)(dian)層(ceng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器和(he)(he)法(fa)(fa)拉第準(zhun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器兩大類。其中，雙電(dian)(dian)(dian)層(ceng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器主(zhu)要是通過(guo)純靜電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷在電(dian)(dian)(dian)極表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)進行吸附來產生(sheng)存儲(chu)能量(liang)。法(fa)(fa)拉第準(zhun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器主(zhu)要是通過(guo)法(fa)(fa)拉第準(zhun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)活性電(dian)(dian)(dian)極材料（如過(guo)渡(du)金(jin)屬氧化物和(he)(he)高分(fen)(fen)子聚合物）表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)及表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)附近發生(sheng)可逆的(de)氧化還(huan)原(yuan)反應產生(sheng)法(fa)(fa)拉第準(zhun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)，從而實現對能量(liang)的(de)存儲(chu)與(yu)轉(zhuan)換。

2、根據電(dian)解液(ye)種類可分為水系(xi)超(chao)級(ji)電(dian)容器和有機(ji)系(xi)超(chao)級(ji)電(dian)容器兩大類。

3、根據活(huo)性材(cai)料的(de)類(lei)型是(shi)否相同，可分為對稱超級電容(rong)器和非對稱超級電容(rong)器。

4、根據電解液的狀態形式，又可將超級電容器分(fen)為固體(ti)電解質超級電容(rong)器和液體(ti)電解質超級電容(rong)器兩大類。