一、超級電容器是什么

超級電容器又稱為雙電層電容器、電化學電容器、法拉(la)電(dian)容(rong)、黃金電(dian)容(rong)，是指介于傳統電容器(qi)和充電電池之間的(de)一種新型儲能(neng)裝置，它(ta)既具(ju)(ju)有電容器(qi)快速充放電的(de)特性，同時又具(ju)(ju)有電池的(de)儲能(neng)特性。

二、超級電容器的原理

超(chao)(chao)(chao)級(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)是通過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)質之間形成的(de)界面雙(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)層(ceng)來存儲(chu)能量的(de)新型(xing)元器(qi)(qi)件(jian)。當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液(ye)接觸時(shi)，由(you)于庫侖力、分子(zi)間力及原(yuan)子(zi)間力的(de)作用(yong)，使固液(ye)界面出現(xian)穩定和符號相反的(de)雙(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)層(ceng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷，稱其為界面雙(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)層(ceng)。把(ba)雙(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)層(ceng)超(chao)(chao)(chao)級(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)看成是懸在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)質中(zhong)的(de)2個非活性多(duo)孔板，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)加載到2個板上。加在正(zheng)(zheng)極(ji)板上的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)勢吸引(yin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)質中(zhong)的(de)負離(li)子(zi)，負極(ji)板吸引(yin)正(zheng)(zheng)離(li)子(zi)，從而在兩電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)的(de)表面形成了一個雙(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)層(ceng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)。雙(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)層(ceng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)根(gen)據電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)材(cai)料的(de)不同，可以(yi)分為碳電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)雙(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)層(ceng)超(chao)(chao)(chao)級(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)、金屬氧化物電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)超(chao)(chao)(chao)級(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)和有(you)機聚合物電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)超(chao)(chao)(chao)級(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)。

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三、超級電容器特點

與蓄電池和傳統物理(li)電容(rong)器相比(bi)，超級電容(rong)器的特點(dian)主(zhu)要體(ti)現在：

1、功率密(mi)度高(gao)。可達(da)102～104kW/kg，遠(yuan)高(gao)于蓄(xu)電池的功率密(mi)度水平。

2、循(xun)環壽命長。在幾秒鐘的高速深度充放電循(xun)環50萬(wan)次(ci)(ci)至(zhi)100萬(wan)次(ci)(ci)后(hou)，超級電容(rong)器的特性變化很小，容(rong)量和內阻僅降低10%～20%。

3、工作(zuo)溫限寬。由于(yu)在低(di)溫狀態下超(chao)(chao)級電容(rong)器中離子的吸附(fu)和脫附(fu)速(su)度變(bian)化(hua)不大(da)，因此其容(rong)量變(bian)化(hua)遠小(xiao)于(yu)蓄電池。商業化(hua)超(chao)(chao)級電容(rong)器的工作(zuo)溫度范圍可達(da)-40℃～+80℃。

4、免維護(hu)。超級電(dian)容器充放(fang)電(dian)效率高(gao)，對過充電(dian)和過放(fang)電(dian)有一定的承受(shou)能力，可穩定地(di)反復充放(fang)電(dian)，在理論(lun)上是不需要進行維護(hu)的。

5、綠(lv)色(se)環(huan)保。超級電(dian)(dian)容器在生產過程中不使用重(zhong)金屬和其他有害(hai)的(de)化學(xue)物質，且(qie)自身壽(shou)命較長(chang)，因而(er)是一種新(xin)型的(de)綠(lv)色(se)環(huan)保電(dian)(dian)源。

四、超級電容器分類

對于超(chao)級電(dian)容器來說，依據不同的內容可(ke)有不同的分(fen)類方法。

1、根據不同的(de)儲能機理，可將超級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)分為雙電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)層電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)和法(fa)拉(la)第(di)準(zhun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)兩大類。其中，雙電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)層電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)主要是(shi)通(tong)過純靜電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)表(biao)面(mian)進行吸附(fu)來(lai)產生存(cun)儲能量(liang)。法(fa)拉(la)第(di)準(zhun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)主要是(shi)通(tong)過法(fa)拉(la)第(di)準(zhun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)活性電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)材料（如過渡金屬氧(yang)化物(wu)和高(gao)分子聚合物(wu)）表(biao)面(mian)及表(biao)面(mian)附(fu)近發生可逆的(de)氧(yang)化還(huan)原反應產生法(fa)拉(la)第(di)準(zhun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)，從而實現對能量(liang)的(de)存(cun)儲與轉換。

2、根據電(dian)解(jie)液種類可分為水系超級電(dian)容(rong)器(qi)和有機系超級電(dian)容(rong)器(qi)兩大(da)類。

3、根據活性材料的類型是否相同，可分為對稱(cheng)超級電容(rong)器(qi)和(he)非對稱(cheng)超級電容(rong)器(qi)。

4、根據電解液的狀態形式，又可將超級電容器分為固體(ti)電解(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)超(chao)級電容器(qi)和(he)液體(ti)電解(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)超(chao)級電容器(qi)兩大類。