一、超級電容器是什么

超級電容器又稱為雙電層電容器、電化學電容器、法拉電容、黃金電容，是指(zhi)介于(yu)傳統(tong)電(dian)容器(qi)和(he)充電(dian)電(dian)池(chi)之間(jian)的一種新(xin)型儲能裝(zhuang)置，它既具有(you)電(dian)容器(qi)快速充放電(dian)的特(te)性，同(tong)時(shi)又具有(you)電(dian)池(chi)的儲能特(te)性。

二、超級電容器的原理

超(chao)級(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)是(shi)通過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解質之間(jian)(jian)形成(cheng)的(de)界(jie)(jie)面(mian)雙(shuang)層(ceng)來存儲(chu)能量的(de)新(xin)型元器(qi)件。當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)接觸時，由于庫侖力(li)、分(fen)子(zi)間(jian)(jian)力(li)及原(yuan)子(zi)間(jian)(jian)力(li)的(de)作(zuo)用，使(shi)固液(ye)界(jie)(jie)面(mian)出(chu)現穩(wen)定和符(fu)號相反的(de)雙(shuang)層(ceng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷，稱(cheng)其(qi)為(wei)界(jie)(jie)面(mian)雙(shuang)層(ceng)。把雙(shuang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)層(ceng)超(chao)級(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)看成(cheng)是(shi)懸在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解質中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)2個非(fei)活(huo)性多孔板(ban)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓加載到2個板(ban)上(shang)。加在(zai)正(zheng)極(ji)板(ban)上(shang)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)勢吸引電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解質中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)負離(li)(li)子(zi)，負極(ji)板(ban)吸引正(zheng)離(li)(li)子(zi)，從而(er)在(zai)兩(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)的(de)表面(mian)形成(cheng)了(le)一個雙(shuang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)層(ceng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)。雙(shuang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)層(ceng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)根據(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)材料的(de)不(bu)同，可以分(fen)為(wei)碳電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)雙(shuang)層(ceng)超(chao)級(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)、金屬氧化物電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)超(chao)級(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)和有機聚合物電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)超(chao)級(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)。

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三、超級電容器特點

與蓄電池和傳(chuan)統物理電容(rong)器相比，超級電容(rong)器的特點主要體(ti)現在：

1、功(gong)率密(mi)(mi)度高。可(ke)達102～104kW/kg，遠(yuan)高于蓄電池(chi)的功(gong)率密(mi)(mi)度水平。

2、循環壽命長。在幾(ji)秒鐘的高速(su)深度充放(fang)電循環50萬次至100萬次后，超級電容(rong)器的特性變化很小，容(rong)量和內(nei)阻僅降(jiang)低10%～20%。

3、工作溫(wen)限寬(kuan)。由于(yu)在低(di)溫(wen)狀態下超(chao)級電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器中離子的吸(xi)附和脫附速度變化不大，因此(ci)其容(rong)(rong)量變化遠小(xiao)于(yu)蓄電(dian)(dian)池。商業化超(chao)級電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器的工作溫(wen)度范圍可達-40℃～+80℃。

4、免維護。超級電(dian)容器充(chong)放電(dian)效(xiao)率(lv)高，對過充(chong)電(dian)和過放電(dian)有一定(ding)(ding)的承受能力，可穩定(ding)(ding)地反復充(chong)放電(dian)，在理論(lun)上(shang)是不需(xu)要進行維護的。

5、綠色(se)環(huan)(huan)保。超級電(dian)容器在生(sheng)產過程(cheng)中(zhong)不使用(yong)重金屬和其他(ta)有害的化(hua)學物質，且自身壽(shou)命(ming)較長，因而是(shi)一種(zhong)新型(xing)的綠色(se)環(huan)(huan)保電(dian)源。

四、超級電容器分類

對于超(chao)級電(dian)容器來說，依據不同(tong)的內容可(ke)有不同(tong)的分類方(fang)法。

1、根據不同(tong)的儲能機理(li)，可(ke)將超級電(dian)(dian)容器(qi)分(fen)為雙電(dian)(dian)層電(dian)(dian)容器(qi)和法(fa)拉(la)(la)第準電(dian)(dian)容器(qi)兩大類。其(qi)中，雙電(dian)(dian)層電(dian)(dian)容器(qi)主要是通過純靜(jing)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)荷在電(dian)(dian)極表(biao)面(mian)進行(xing)吸附來產(chan)生(sheng)存(cun)(cun)儲能量。法(fa)拉(la)(la)第準電(dian)(dian)容器(qi)主要是通過法(fa)拉(la)(la)第準電(dian)(dian)容活(huo)性電(dian)(dian)極材料(liao)（如過渡金屬氧(yang)化物(wu)和高分(fen)子聚(ju)合物(wu)）表(biao)面(mian)及表(biao)面(mian)附近發生(sheng)可(ke)逆的氧(yang)化還原反(fan)應產(chan)生(sheng)法(fa)拉(la)(la)第準電(dian)(dian)容，從而實現對能量的存(cun)(cun)儲與轉(zhuan)換。

2、根據電(dian)(dian)解液種類可分為水(shui)系(xi)超級電(dian)(dian)容(rong)器和有機系(xi)超級電(dian)(dian)容(rong)器兩大(da)類。

3、根據活(huo)性(xing)材(cai)料(liao)的類型是否相同(tong)，可分為對稱超級(ji)電容器和(he)非對稱超級(ji)電容器。

4、根據電解液的狀態形式，又可將超級電容器分為固(gu)體(ti)電解(jie)(jie)質超級電容器(qi)和液體(ti)電解(jie)(jie)質超級電容器(qi)兩大類(lei)。