一、超級電容器是什么

超級電容器又稱為雙電層電容器、電化學電容器、法(fa)拉電容(rong)、黃(huang)金電容(rong)，是(shi)指介于傳統電(dian)容(rong)器和充電(dian)電(dian)池(chi)之間的(de)一種新型儲(chu)能(neng)裝置，它既具(ju)有電(dian)容(rong)器快速充放電(dian)的(de)特性(xing)，同時又具(ju)有電(dian)池(chi)的(de)儲(chu)能(neng)特性(xing)。

二、超級電容器的原理

超級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)是通過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)質之間形(xing)成(cheng)的界面(mian)(mian)雙(shuang)層(ceng)來存儲(chu)能量(liang)的新型(xing)元(yuan)器(qi)件。當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液接觸(chu)時(shi)，由于庫侖力、分(fen)子(zi)間力及原子(zi)間力的作用，使(shi)固液界面(mian)(mian)出現穩(wen)定(ding)和符號相(xiang)反的雙(shuang)層(ceng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷，稱其為(wei)界面(mian)(mian)雙(shuang)層(ceng)。把雙(shuang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)層(ceng)超級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)看成(cheng)是懸在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)質中的2個(ge)非(fei)活(huo)性多孔板(ban)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)加載到2個(ge)板(ban)上(shang)。加在(zai)(zai)正(zheng)極(ji)(ji)板(ban)上(shang)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)勢吸引電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)質中的負離(li)子(zi)，負極(ji)(ji)板(ban)吸引正(zheng)離(li)子(zi)，從而在(zai)(zai)兩電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)的表面(mian)(mian)形(xing)成(cheng)了(le)一個(ge)雙(shuang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)層(ceng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)。雙(shuang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)層(ceng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)根據電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)材料的不同，可以分(fen)為(wei)碳電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)雙(shuang)層(ceng)超級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)、金屬氧化(hua)物電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)超級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)和有機聚合物電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)超級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)。

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三、超級電容器特點

與蓄電池和傳統物理電容(rong)器(qi)相比，超級電容(rong)器(qi)的特點(dian)主(zhu)要體現在：

1、功率(lv)密(mi)度(du)高。可達(da)102～104kW/kg，遠(yuan)高于(yu)蓄電池的功率(lv)密(mi)度(du)水平。

2、循(xun)(xun)環(huan)壽命長。在幾秒鐘的高速深(shen)度充放電循(xun)(xun)環(huan)50萬(wan)次至100萬(wan)次后，超級(ji)電容器(qi)的特性變(bian)化很小(xiao)，容量和內阻(zu)僅降低(di)10%～20%。

3、工(gong)(gong)作溫限(xian)寬。由于(yu)(yu)在低(di)溫狀態下超(chao)級(ji)電(dian)容器中離子的(de)吸(xi)附和(he)脫附速度(du)變化不大，因此其容量變化遠小于(yu)(yu)蓄電(dian)池。商業化超(chao)級(ji)電(dian)容器的(de)工(gong)(gong)作溫度(du)范(fan)圍可達-40℃～+80℃。

4、免維(wei)護。超級(ji)電(dian)容器充(chong)(chong)放(fang)電(dian)效(xiao)率高，對過充(chong)(chong)電(dian)和過放(fang)電(dian)有(you)一定(ding)(ding)的承受(shou)能(neng)力，可穩定(ding)(ding)地反復充(chong)(chong)放(fang)電(dian)，在理(li)論上是不需要(yao)進行維(wei)護的。

5、綠(lv)色環保。超級(ji)電容器在生產過程中(zhong)不使用重金屬(shu)和(he)其他有害的化(hua)學物質，且(qie)自身壽命較長(chang)，因而(er)是一種(zhong)新型的綠(lv)色環保電源。

四、超級電容器分類

對(dui)于超級(ji)電容(rong)器來說，依(yi)據不同(tong)的內容(rong)可有不同(tong)的分類(lei)方法。

1、根據不同的儲(chu)能機理，可將超(chao)級電(dian)容(rong)器(qi)分(fen)為雙電(dian)層電(dian)容(rong)器(qi)和(he)法拉(la)第準(zhun)電(dian)容(rong)器(qi)兩大(da)類(lei)。其中，雙電(dian)層電(dian)容(rong)器(qi)主(zhu)要(yao)是通過(guo)純靜電(dian)電(dian)荷在(zai)電(dian)極(ji)表面進(jin)行吸附來(lai)產生(sheng)存(cun)儲(chu)能量。法拉(la)第準(zhun)電(dian)容(rong)器(qi)主(zhu)要(yao)是通過(guo)法拉(la)第準(zhun)電(dian)容(rong)活性電(dian)極(ji)材料（如過(guo)渡(du)金屬(shu)氧(yang)化物(wu)和(he)高分(fen)子聚合物(wu)）表面及(ji)表面附近(jin)發生(sheng)可逆的氧(yang)化還原反(fan)應產生(sheng)法拉(la)第準(zhun)電(dian)容(rong)，從而實現對(dui)能量的存(cun)儲(chu)與轉換。

2、根據電解液種類可分(fen)為水系(xi)超級電容器和有(you)機(ji)系(xi)超級電容器兩大(da)類。

3、根(gen)據活性材料的類型(xing)是否相同，可分(fen)為(wei)對稱(cheng)超級(ji)電容器和非對稱(cheng)超級(ji)電容器。

4、根據電解液的狀態形式，又可將超級電容器分為(wei)固(gu)體(ti)電(dian)解質(zhi)超級電(dian)容(rong)器和液體(ti)電(dian)解質(zhi)超級電(dian)容(rong)器兩(liang)大(da)類(lei)。