【電子(zi)元(yuan)器件基礎知識】常(chang)用電子(zi)元(yuan)件入(ru)門知識 電子(zi)元(yuan)器件的分類

常用電子元件入門知識

電子元器件是電子(zi)元件(jian)和(he)電小型的(de)(de)機(ji)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、儀器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)組成(cheng)部分，其本(ben)身常由(you)若干零(ling)件(jian)構成(cheng)，可以在同(tong)類(lei)產品中通(tong)用；常指電器(qi)(qi)(qi)、無線電、儀表(biao)等工業的(de)(de)某些零(ling)件(jian)，如電容、晶體管、游(you)絲、發條(tiao)等子(zi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)的(de)(de)總稱(cheng)。常見的(de)(de)有二極管等。

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電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)元器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)包(bao)括：電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻、電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)位器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)管(guan)、散熱器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、機電(dian)(dian)(dian)元件(jian)(jian)、連接器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、半導體分立器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)聲器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)、激(ji)光(guang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)顯示器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)、光(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)、傳感(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)源、開關、微特(te)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機、電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)變壓器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、印(yin)制電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)板(ban)、集(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)、各(ge)類(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)、壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)、晶體、石(shi)英、陶瓷磁性材(cai)料(liao)、印(yin)刷電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)用(yong)基(ji)材(cai)基(ji)板(ban)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)功能(neng)工藝專用(yong)材(cai)料(liao)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)膠（帶(dai)）制品、電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)化學(xue)材(cai)料(liao)及部(bu)品等(deng)。

電子元器(qi)件(jian)在質量(liang)方(fang)面國(guo)(guo)際(ji)上有(you)歐盟的CE認證，美國(guo)(guo)的UL認證，德國(guo)(guo)的VDE和(he)TUV以及中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)的CQC認證等(deng)國(guo)(guo)內外認證，來保(bao)證元器(qi)件(jian)的合格。

電子元器件的分類

一、元件：工廠在加工時沒改變原(yuan)材料分子成分的產品可稱為元件(jian)，元件(jian)屬于(yu)不(bu)需

要能源的器件。它包括：電阻、電容、電感。(又稱(cheng)為被(bei)動 元件Passive Components)

元件分為：

1、電(dian)路類(lei)元件(jian)：二極管，電(dian)阻器等等

2、連(lian)接類元(yuan)件：連(lian)接器(qi)，插(cha)座，連(lian)接電(dian)(dian)纜，印刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)路板(PCB)

二、器件：工廠在(zai)生產加(jia)工時改變了原材料分子結構的產品稱為器件

器件分為：

1、主(zhu)動器(qi)件，它的主(zhu)要特點(dian)是：(1)自身消耗電(dian)能(2)需(xu)要外界電(dian)源。

2、分立(li)器(qi)件，分為(1)雙極(ji)性晶體(ti)(ti)三極(ji)管(guan)(2)場效應晶體(ti)(ti)管(guan)(3)可(ke)控硅(4)半導體(ti)(ti)電阻電容

電阻

電阻在(zai)電(dian)路中用"R”加數字表(biao)示(shi),如:R1表(biao)示(shi)編號為1的電(dian)阻(zu).電(dian)阻(zu)在(zai)電(dian)路中的主要(yao)作(zuo)用為:分流、限流、分壓、偏置等.

電容

電(dian)(dian)容(rong)在電(dian)(dian)路(lu)中一般用"C"加數字表示(如C13表示編號為13的電(dian)(dian)容(rong)).電(dian)(dian)容(rong)是(shi)由兩片金屬膜緊靠,中間用絕(jue)緣材料隔開而組成的元件.電(dian)(dian)容(rong)的特性主要是(shi)隔直流(liu)通(tong)交流(liu).

電(dian)容(rong)的(de)(de)容(rong)量(liang)大(da)小表(biao)示(shi)能貯存電(dian)能的(de)(de)大(da)小,電(dian)容(rong)對交流(liu)信(xin)號的(de)(de)阻礙(ai)作用稱為容(rong)抗,它與交流(liu)信(xin)號的(de)(de)頻(pin)率(lv)和電(dian)容(rong)量(liang)有(you)關.

晶體二極管

晶體二極管在電路中常用“D”加數字(zi)表示,如: D5表示編號為5的(de)二極管.

作用(yong):二極管的主要特性(xing)是單向(xiang)(xiang)導電(dian)性(xing),也就是在正向(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)壓的作用(yong)下,導通(tong)(tong)電(dian)阻(zu)很(hen)小;而在反向(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)壓作用(yong)下導通(tong)(tong)電(dian)阻(zu)極大(da)或(huo)無窮大(da).

因為二極(ji)管具有上(shang)述特(te)性,無繩電話機中常把(ba)它用(yong)在整(zheng)流、隔(ge)離、穩壓、極(ji)性保護、編(bian)碼控制、調頻調制和靜噪等電路中.

電感器

電感器在(zai)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)制(zhi)作中(zhong)雖然使用得不是很(hen)多，但它(ta)們在(zai)電(dian)(dian)路中(zhong)同(tong)樣重(zhong)要。我們認為電(dian)(dian)感(gan)器(qi)(qi)和電(dian)(dian)容器(qi)(qi)一樣，也是一種儲(chu)能(neng)元件，它(ta)能(neng)把電(dian)(dian)能(neng)轉變為磁場能(neng)，并(bing)在(zai)磁場中(zhong)儲(chu)存能(neng)量。電(dian)(dian)感(gan)器(qi)(qi)用符號L表示，它(ta)的(de)基(ji)本單(dan)位(wei)是亨(heng)利（H），常用毫亨(heng)（mH）為單(dan)位(wei)。它(ta)經常和電(dian)(dian)容器(qi)(qi)一起工(gong)作，構成LC濾波(bo)器(qi)(qi)、LC振蕩(dang)器(qi)(qi)等(deng)。另外，人們還利用電(dian)(dian)感(gan)的(de)特性，制(zhi)造了阻流圈、變壓器(qi)(qi)、繼電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)等(deng)。

組合電路

集成(cheng)電路(lu)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)種采用特殊工藝，將晶體(ti)管、電阻、電容等元件(jian)集成(cheng)在硅基片上而形成(cheng)的(de)具有(you)一(yi)(yi)定功能的(de)器件(jian)，英文縮(suo)寫(xie)為IC，也俗稱芯片。

模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)擬集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)路是(shi)指(zhi)由電(dian)容(rong)、電(dian)阻(zu)、晶(jing)體管等(deng)元件(jian)集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)在一起用(yong)(yong)來處(chu)理模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)擬信號的模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)擬集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)路。有(you)許(xu)多的模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)擬集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)路，如集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)運算放(fang)大器(qi)、比較器(qi)、對(dui)數(shu)和(he)指(zhi)數(shu)放(fang)大器(qi)、模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)擬乘(cheng)(除)法器(qi)、鎖(suo)相環(huan)、電(dian)源管理芯片(pian)等(deng)。模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)擬集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)路的主(zhu)要(yao)構成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)路有(you)：放(fang)大器(qi)、濾波器(qi)、反饋(kui)電(dian)路、基準源電(dian)路、開關電(dian)容(rong)電(dian)路等(deng)。模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)擬集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)路設(she)(she)計主(zhu)要(yao)是(shi)通(tong)過有(you)經(jing)驗(yan)的設(she)(she)計師(shi)進行手(shou)動的電(dian)路調試，模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)擬而得到，與此相對(dui)應(ying)的數(shu)字集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)路設(she)(she)計大部分是(shi)通(tong)過使用(yong)(yong)硬件(jian)描述(shu)語言在EDA軟件(jian)的控制下自動的綜合產(chan)生(sheng)。

數字集成電路是將元器件和連線集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)于同一半導體芯片(pian)上(shang)而制成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)數(shu)字邏(luo)輯電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)或(huo)系統。根據數(shu)字集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)中包含(han)(han)的(de)(de)門(men)(men)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)或(huo)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)、器(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)數(shu)量，可將(jiang)數(shu)字集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)分(fen)為小(xiao)規(gui)(gui)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(SSI)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)、中規(gui)(gui)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(MSI)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)、大(da)規(gui)(gui)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(LSI)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)、超大(da)規(gui)(gui)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)VLSI電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)和特(te)大(da)規(gui)(gui)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)ULSI)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)。小(xiao)規(gui)(gui)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)包含(han)(han)的(de)(de)門(men)(men)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)在(zai)(zai)10個(ge)以(yi)內，或(huo)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)數(shu)不超過(guo)100個(ge)；中規(gui)(gui)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)包含(han)(han)的(de)(de)門(men)(men)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)在(zai)(zai)10-100個(ge)之(zhi)(zhi)間，或(huo)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)數(shu)在(zai)(zai)100-1000個(ge)之(zhi)(zhi)間；大(da)規(gui)(gui)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)包含(han)(han)的(de)(de)門(men)(men)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)在(zai)(zai)100個(ge)以(yi)上(shang)，或(huo)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)數(shu)在(zai)(zai)10-10個(ge)之(zhi)(zhi)間；超大(da)規(gui)(gui)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)包含(han)(han)的(de)(de)門(men)(men)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)在(zai)(zai)1萬個(ge)以(yi)上(shang)，或(huo)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)數(shu)在(zai)(zai)10-10之(zhi)(zhi)間；特(te)大(da)規(gui)(gui)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)數(shu)在(zai)(zai)10-10之(zhi)(zhi)間。它包括(kuo)：基本邏(luo)輯門(men)(men)、觸發器(qi)(qi)(qi)、寄(ji)存器(qi)(qi)(qi)、譯碼(ma)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、驅動器(qi)(qi)(qi)、計數(shu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、整形電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)、可編(bian)程邏(luo)輯器(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)、微處理器(qi)(qi)(qi)、單片(pian)機、DSP等(deng)。