【電(dian)子(zi)元器件(jian)基礎知識】常用電(dian)子(zi)元件(jian)入門(men)知識 電(dian)子(zi)元器件(jian)的分類(lei)
常用電子元件入門知識
電子元器件是電(dian)(dian)子(zi)元件和電(dian)(dian)小型的(de)機器、儀器的(de)組成(cheng)(cheng)部(bu)分(fen),其本身常由(you)若(ruo)干零件構成(cheng)(cheng),可以(yi)在同類產品中通用;常指電(dian)(dian)器、無線電(dian)(dian)、儀表等(deng)工業(ye)的(de)某些零件,如電(dian)(dian)容(rong)、晶體(ti)管、游絲、發條等(deng)子(zi)器件的(de)總稱。常見的(de)有二極管等(deng)。
電子元器(qi)件(jian)包括:電阻(zu)、電容器(qi)、電位器(qi)、電子管、散熱器(qi)、機電元件(jian)、連接器(qi)、半(ban)導體分立器(qi)件(jian)、電聲器(qi)件(jian)、激光(guang)器(qi)件(jian)、電子顯示器(qi)件(jian)、光(guang)電器(qi)件(jian)、傳感器(qi)、電源(yuan)、開關、微特電機、電子變壓器(qi)、繼電器(qi)、印制(zhi)電路(lu)(lu)板、集成電路(lu)(lu)、各類電路(lu)(lu)、壓電、晶體、石英、陶瓷磁性材料(liao)、印刷電路(lu)(lu)用基材基板、電子功能工藝專用材料(liao)、電子膠(帶)制(zhi)品、電子化學材料(liao)及部品等。
電子(zi)元器件在質量方面國(guo)(guo)(guo)際上(shang)有(you)歐盟的(de)(de)CE認(ren)證(zheng)(zheng),美(mei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)UL認(ren)證(zheng)(zheng),德國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)VDE和TUV以及(ji)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)CQC認(ren)證(zheng)(zheng)等國(guo)(guo)(guo)內外認(ren)證(zheng)(zheng),來(lai)保證(zheng)(zheng)元器件的(de)(de)合格。
電子元器件的分類
一、元件:工廠在加工時沒(mei)改變原(yuan)材料分(fen)子成分(fen)的產品可稱為元件,元件屬于不需
要能(neng)源(yuan)的器件。它包括:電阻、電容、電感。(又稱(cheng)為被動(dong) 元件Passive Components)
元件分為:
1、電路類元(yuan)件(jian):二(er)極管(guan),電阻器等等
2、連接(jie)類(lei)元件:連接(jie)器,插(cha)座,連接(jie)電(dian)(dian)纜,印刷電(dian)(dian)路板(PCB)
二、器件:工廠(chang)在生產加(jia)工時改變了原材料(liao)分子結構的(de)產品稱為(wei)器件
器件分為:
1、主動(dong)器件,它的主要(yao)(yao)特點是:(1)自身(shen)消耗(hao)電能(2)需要(yao)(yao)外(wai)界(jie)電源(yuan)。
2、分立器(qi)件,分為(1)雙極(ji)性晶體(ti)(ti)三極(ji)管(2)場效應晶體(ti)(ti)管(3)可控硅(4)半導(dao)體(ti)(ti)電阻電容(rong)
電阻
電阻在電(dian)路中(zhong)用"R”加數字表(biao)示,如(ru):R1表(biao)示編號為1的(de)電(dian)阻.電(dian)阻在電(dian)路中(zhong)的(de)主(zhu)要(yao)作用為:分流、限流、分壓、偏置等.
電容
電(dian)容(rong)在(zai)電(dian)路中一般用"C"加(jia)數字表示(如C13表示編號為13的(de)電(dian)容(rong)).電(dian)容(rong)是(shi)由兩片金屬膜(mo)緊(jin)靠,中間(jian)用絕緣材(cai)料隔開而組(zu)成(cheng)的(de)元件.電(dian)容(rong)的(de)特性主要是(shi)隔直流通交流.
電容(rong)(rong)的容(rong)(rong)量大小(xiao)表示(shi)能貯存電能的大小(xiao),電容(rong)(rong)對交流(liu)信號的阻礙作用稱為容(rong)(rong)抗(kang),它與交流(liu)信號的頻率和(he)電容(rong)(rong)量有關.
晶體二極管
晶(jing)體二極管在電(dian)路中(zhong)常(chang)用“D”加數字表示,如(ru): D5表示編號為5的(de)二極管.
作(zuo)用:二極管(guan)的主(zhu)要特性(xing)(xing)是單向(xiang)導(dao)電性(xing)(xing),也就(jiu)是在正向(xiang)電壓的作(zuo)用下(xia),導(dao)通電阻(zu)很小;而在反向(xiang)電壓作(zuo)用下(xia)導(dao)通電阻(zu)極大或(huo)無窮大.
因為二極(ji)管具有上述特性(xing),無繩(sheng)電(dian)話機中常把它用在整流、隔離、穩(wen)壓、極(ji)性(xing)保護、編碼控制、調(diao)頻調(diao)制和靜噪等(deng)電(dian)路中.
電感器
電感器在(zai)電(dian)子(zi)制(zhi)(zhi)作中(zhong)(zhong)雖然使用得不是很多,但它(ta)們在(zai)電(dian)路中(zhong)(zhong)同樣(yang)重要。我們認為電(dian)感器(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)電(dian)容器(qi)(qi)(qi)一(yi)樣(yang),也是一(yi)種儲(chu)能(neng)元件,它(ta)能(neng)把(ba)電(dian)能(neng)轉變(bian)為磁場能(neng),并在(zai)磁場中(zhong)(zhong)儲(chu)存(cun)能(neng)量。電(dian)感器(qi)(qi)(qi)用符號L表示,它(ta)的(de)基(ji)本單位是亨(heng)利(H),常用毫亨(heng)(mH)為單位。它(ta)經常和(he)電(dian)容器(qi)(qi)(qi)一(yi)起工作,構成LC濾波(bo)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、LC振(zhen)蕩器(qi)(qi)(qi)等。另外(wai),人們還利用電(dian)感的(de)特性,制(zhi)(zhi)造了阻流圈、變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、繼電(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)等。
組合電路
集成(cheng)電(dian)路是一種采用特(te)殊工藝,將晶(jing)體管(guan)、電(dian)阻(zu)、電(dian)容等元件(jian)集成(cheng)在(zai)硅基片上(shang)而形成(cheng)的具有一定功能的器件(jian),英(ying)文縮寫(xie)為(wei)IC,也俗稱芯片。
模(mo)擬(ni)集成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)是(shi)指(zhi)由電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻、晶(jing)體(ti)管等(deng)元件集成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)在一起用來(lai)處理(li)(li)模(mo)擬(ni)信號的(de)模(mo)擬(ni)集成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)。有許多的(de)模(mo)擬(ni)集成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu),如集成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)運算放(fang)大(da)(da)器、比較器、對數(shu)和指(zhi)數(shu)放(fang)大(da)(da)器、模(mo)擬(ni)乘(cheng)(除)法器、鎖(suo)相環、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源管理(li)(li)芯(xin)片等(deng)。模(mo)擬(ni)集成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)的(de)主要(yao)構成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)有:放(fang)大(da)(da)器、濾波器、反饋電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、基準源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、開關電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)等(deng)。模(mo)擬(ni)集成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)設計主要(yao)是(shi)通過有經驗的(de)設計師進行手動(dong)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)調試,模(mo)擬(ni)而(er)得到,與此(ci)相對應(ying)的(de)數(shu)字集成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)設計大(da)(da)部分是(shi)通過使用硬件描述語言在EDA軟件的(de)控制下自動(dong)的(de)綜合(he)產生。
數字集成電路是將元器件和連線集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)于同一半導體芯(xin)片(pian)上(shang)而制成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)數(shu)(shu)(shu)字邏輯電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)或(huo)系統。根據數(shu)(shu)(shu)字集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)中包(bao)含(han)的(de)(de)(de)門(men)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)或(huo)元(yuan)、器件(jian)數(shu)(shu)(shu)量,可(ke)將數(shu)(shu)(shu)字集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)分(fen)為小(xiao)規模集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(SSI)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)、中規模集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(MSI)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)、大(da)(da)規模集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(LSI)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)、超(chao)大(da)(da)規模集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)VLSI電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)和特大(da)(da)規模集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)ULSI)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)。小(xiao)規模集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)包(bao)含(han)的(de)(de)(de)門(men)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)在(zai)10個(ge)(ge)以內,或(huo)元(yuan)器件(jian)數(shu)(shu)(shu)不超(chao)過100個(ge)(ge);中規模集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)包(bao)含(han)的(de)(de)(de)門(men)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)在(zai)10-100個(ge)(ge)之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian),或(huo)元(yuan)器件(jian)數(shu)(shu)(shu)在(zai)100-1000個(ge)(ge)之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian);大(da)(da)規模集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)包(bao)含(han)的(de)(de)(de)門(men)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)在(zai)100個(ge)(ge)以上(shang),或(huo)元(yuan)器件(jian)數(shu)(shu)(shu)在(zai)10-10個(ge)(ge)之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian);超(chao)大(da)(da)規模集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)包(bao)含(han)的(de)(de)(de)門(men)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)在(zai)1萬個(ge)(ge)以上(shang),或(huo)元(yuan)器件(jian)數(shu)(shu)(shu)在(zai)10-10之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian);特大(da)(da)規模集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)元(yuan)器件(jian)數(shu)(shu)(shu)在(zai)10-10之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)。它包(bao)括:基本邏輯門(men)、觸發器、寄存器、譯碼器、驅動器、計數(shu)(shu)(shu)器、整形電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)、可(ke)編程邏輯器件(jian)、微(wei)處理器、單片(pian)機(ji)、DSP等。