【電子元器(qi)件(jian)基礎知(zhi)識】常(chang)用電子元件(jian)入(ru)門(men)知(zhi)識 電子元器(qi)件(jian)的(de)分類

常用電子元件入門知識

電子元器件是電子元件(jian)和電小型的機器(qi)、儀(yi)器(qi)的組成(cheng)部分，其(qi)本身常(chang)由(you)若干零件(jian)構成(cheng)，可以在同類(lei)產品中通用；常(chang)指電器(qi)、無(wu)線電、儀(yi)表等工(gong)業的某些零件(jian)，如電容、晶體管(guan)(guan)、游絲、發條等子器(qi)件(jian)的總(zong)稱。常(chang)見(jian)的有二極管(guan)(guan)等。

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電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)元器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)包括：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)管、散熱器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、機電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)元件(jian)、連接(jie)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、半導體分立(li)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)聲器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)、激光(guang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)顯示器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)、光(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)、傳(chuan)感器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)、開關、微特(te)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)變(bian)壓器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、印制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)板(ban)、集成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、各(ge)類電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、晶體、石英、陶瓷磁性材(cai)料(liao)、印刷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)用基(ji)材(cai)基(ji)板(ban)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)功能工藝專用材(cai)料(liao)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)膠（帶）制(zhi)品(pin)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)化學材(cai)料(liao)及部品(pin)等。

電子元(yuan)器(qi)件(jian)在質量(liang)方(fang)面(mian)國際上有(you)歐盟的CE認證，美(mei)國的UL認證，德(de)國的VDE和TUV以及中國的CQC認證等國內(nei)外(wai)認證，來(lai)保證元(yuan)器(qi)件(jian)的合格。

電子元器件的分類

一、元件：工廠在加工時沒改變(bian)原材料分子成分的產品(pin)可稱為元件，元件屬(shu)于不需

要能(neng)源的器件(jian)。它(ta)包括：電(dian)阻(zu)、電(dian)容(rong)、電(dian)感。(又稱為被動 元件(jian)Passive Components)

元件分為：

1、電路類(lei)元件：二極管(guan)，電阻器等等

2、連接(jie)類元件：連接(jie)器，插座，連接(jie)電纜，印刷電路板(ban)(PCB)

二、器件：工廠在生產加工時改變了原材料分子結構(gou)的產品(pin)稱為器件

器件分為：

1、主動器件(jian)，它(ta)的主要(yao)特點(dian)是：(1)自身消耗電能(2)需要(yao)外界電源。

2、分立器(qi)件，分為(wei)(1)雙(shuang)極性晶(jing)體(ti)三極管(2)場(chang)效應(ying)晶(jing)體(ti)管(3)可控硅(4)半導體(ti)電(dian)阻電(dian)容

電阻

電阻在電(dian)(dian)(dian)路中(zhong)用"R”加數(shu)字表示,如:R1表示編(bian)號為(wei)1的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu).電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)路中(zhong)的(de)(de)主要作(zuo)用為(wei):分流、限流、分壓、偏置等.

電容

電(dian)容(rong)在電(dian)路中(zhong)一般用"C"加數字表示(shi)(如C13表示(shi)編號(hao)為13的(de)(de)電(dian)容(rong)).電(dian)容(rong)是(shi)由兩片金屬(shu)膜緊(jin)靠,中(zhong)間用絕緣材料(liao)隔開而組成(cheng)的(de)(de)元件.電(dian)容(rong)的(de)(de)特性主要(yao)是(shi)隔直流(liu)通交流(liu).

電(dian)(dian)容(rong)的(de)容(rong)量(liang)大小表示(shi)能貯(zhu)存電(dian)(dian)能的(de)大小,電(dian)(dian)容(rong)對交(jiao)流(liu)信號的(de)阻礙作用(yong)稱為(wei)容(rong)抗,它與(yu)交(jiao)流(liu)信號的(de)頻率和電(dian)(dian)容(rong)量(liang)有(you)關.

晶體二極管

晶體(ti)二極管在(zai)電(dian)路中常用(yong)“D”加(jia)數字表示,如: D5表示編號為(wei)5的二極管.

作(zuo)用:二極管的主要特性是(shi)單向導電性,也就(jiu)是(shi)在正向電壓的作(zuo)用下(xia),導通電阻(zu)很小(xiao);而在反(fan)向電壓作(zuo)用下(xia)導通電阻(zu)極大或(huo)無(wu)窮大.

因(yin)為二極管具有(you)上述特(te)性(xing),無繩電(dian)話機中常把(ba)它用在整流、隔離(li)、穩壓(ya)、極性(xing)保護、編碼控制、調(diao)頻調(diao)制和靜(jing)噪(zao)等電(dian)路(lu)中.

電感器

電感器在(zai)電子制(zhi)作中雖然使用(yong)(yong)得不(bu)是很多(duo)，但它們(men)在(zai)電路(lu)中同(tong)樣重要(yao)。我們(men)認為電感(gan)器(qi)和電容器(qi)一樣，也是一種儲能(neng)元(yuan)件，它能(neng)把電能(neng)轉變(bian)為磁(ci)場能(neng)，并(bing)在(zai)磁(ci)場中儲存能(neng)量。電感(gan)器(qi)用(yong)(yong)符號L表示，它的(de)基本(ben)單位是亨(heng)利（H），常(chang)用(yong)(yong)毫亨(heng)（mH）為單位。它經常(chang)和電容器(qi)一起(qi)工(gong)作，構成LC濾波器(qi)、LC振蕩器(qi)等(deng)。另外，人們(men)還利用(yong)(yong)電感(gan)的(de)特性，制(zhi)造了阻流圈、變(bian)壓器(qi)、繼電器(qi)等(deng)。

組合電路

集成電路是一種采用(yong)特(te)殊工(gong)藝(yi)，將晶(jing)體管(guan)、電阻(zu)、電容(rong)等元件(jian)集成在硅基片上而(er)形成的(de)具有一定功能的(de)器件(jian)，英文(wen)縮寫為IC，也俗(su)稱(cheng)芯片。

模(mo)擬(ni)集(ji)(ji)成電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)是指由電(dian)(dian)容(rong)、電(dian)(dian)阻、晶體管等元件(jian)(jian)集(ji)(ji)成在一起用來(lai)處理模(mo)擬(ni)信號的(de)模(mo)擬(ni)集(ji)(ji)成電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)。有(you)許多(duo)的(de)模(mo)擬(ni)集(ji)(ji)成電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)，如集(ji)(ji)成運算放(fang)大(da)器(qi)(qi)、比較(jiao)器(qi)(qi)、對(dui)數(shu)和指數(shu)放(fang)大(da)器(qi)(qi)、模(mo)擬(ni)乘(除)法(fa)器(qi)(qi)、鎖相環、電(dian)(dian)源管理芯(xin)片等。模(mo)擬(ni)集(ji)(ji)成電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)主要(yao)構成電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)有(you)：放(fang)大(da)器(qi)(qi)、濾(lv)波(bo)器(qi)(qi)、反饋電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、基準源電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、開關(guan)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)等。模(mo)擬(ni)集(ji)(ji)成電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)設(she)計(ji)主要(yao)是通過有(you)經驗的(de)設(she)計(ji)師進(jin)行手動的(de)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)調試，模(mo)擬(ni)而得(de)到，與(yu)此相對(dui)應的(de)數(shu)字集(ji)(ji)成電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)設(she)計(ji)大(da)部分(fen)是通過使用硬件(jian)(jian)描述語言在EDA軟件(jian)(jian)的(de)控制(zhi)下自動的(de)綜合產生。

數字集成電路是將元器件和(he)連線集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)于同一(yi)半導(dao)體芯片上(shang)而制成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)數(shu)字邏(luo)輯電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)或(huo)(huo)系統。根據數(shu)字集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)中(zhong)(zhong)包(bao)含的(de)門(men)(men)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)或(huo)(huo)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)、器(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)數(shu)量，可將數(shu)字集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)分為小(xiao)規(gui)(gui)模(mo)(mo)集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(SSI)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、中(zhong)(zhong)規(gui)(gui)模(mo)(mo)集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(MSI)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、大規(gui)(gui)模(mo)(mo)集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(LSI)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、超大規(gui)(gui)模(mo)(mo)集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)VLSI電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)和(he)特大規(gui)(gui)模(mo)(mo)集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)ULSI)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)。小(xiao)規(gui)(gui)模(mo)(mo)集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)包(bao)含的(de)門(men)(men)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)10個(ge)(ge)以內(nei)，或(huo)(huo)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)數(shu)不(bu)超過(guo)100個(ge)(ge)；中(zhong)(zhong)規(gui)(gui)模(mo)(mo)集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)包(bao)含的(de)門(men)(men)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)10-100個(ge)(ge)之間(jian)，或(huo)(huo)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)數(shu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)100-1000個(ge)(ge)之間(jian)；大規(gui)(gui)模(mo)(mo)集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)包(bao)含的(de)門(men)(men)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)100個(ge)(ge)以上(shang)，或(huo)(huo)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)數(shu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)10-10個(ge)(ge)之間(jian)；超大規(gui)(gui)模(mo)(mo)集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)包(bao)含的(de)門(men)(men)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)1萬個(ge)(ge)以上(shang)，或(huo)(huo)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)數(shu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)10-10之間(jian)；特大規(gui)(gui)模(mo)(mo)集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)數(shu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)10-10之間(jian)。它(ta)包(bao)括(kuo)：基本邏(luo)輯門(men)(men)、觸發器(qi)(qi)(qi)、寄存器(qi)(qi)(qi)、譯(yi)碼器(qi)(qi)(qi)、驅動器(qi)(qi)(qi)、計數(shu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、整形電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、可編程邏(luo)輯器(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)、微(wei)處理(li)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、單片機、DSP等(deng)。