【電(dian)子(zi)元器(qi)件(jian)基礎知識】常用(yong)電(dian)子(zi)元件(jian)入(ru)門知識 電(dian)子(zi)元器(qi)件(jian)的分類

常用電子元件入門知識

電子元器件是電子元件(jian)和電小(xiao)型的(de)(de)機器(qi)、儀器(qi)的(de)(de)組成(cheng)部分(fen)，其本(ben)身常由若(ruo)干零(ling)件(jian)構成(cheng)，可以在(zai)同類產品中通用；常指電器(qi)、無線電、儀表等工業的(de)(de)某些零(ling)件(jian)，如(ru)電容、晶體(ti)管、游絲、發條等子器(qi)件(jian)的(de)(de)總(zong)稱。常見的(de)(de)有二極管等。

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電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子元(yuan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)件包括：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)(qi)(qi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位器(qi)(qi)(qi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子管(guan)、散(san)熱(re)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、機電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)元(yuan)件、連(lian)接器(qi)(qi)(qi)、半導體分立器(qi)(qi)(qi)件、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)聲器(qi)(qi)(qi)件、激(ji)光器(qi)(qi)(qi)件、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子顯示器(qi)(qi)(qi)件、光電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)件、傳感器(qi)(qi)(qi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源、開關、微(wei)特電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子變壓器(qi)(qi)(qi)、繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、印制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)板、集(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、各類電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、晶體、石英、陶(tao)瓷磁性(xing)材料(liao)、印刷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)用(yong)基材基板、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子功(gong)能(neng)工藝(yi)專用(yong)材料(liao)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子膠（帶）制(zhi)品、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子化(hua)學材料(liao)及(ji)部品等。

電子元(yuan)器(qi)件(jian)在(zai)質量方面國(guo)際上有歐盟的(de)(de)CE認(ren)(ren)證(zheng)，美國(guo)的(de)(de)UL認(ren)(ren)證(zheng)，德國(guo)的(de)(de)VDE和TUV以及中國(guo)的(de)(de)CQC認(ren)(ren)證(zheng)等國(guo)內外認(ren)(ren)證(zheng)，來保證(zheng)元(yuan)器(qi)件(jian)的(de)(de)合格。

電子元器件的分類

一、元件：工廠在加(jia)工時沒改變原材(cai)料分子成分的產(chan)品(pin)可稱為元(yuan)件，元(yuan)件屬于不需

要能源的器件(jian)。它包括：電(dian)阻、電(dian)容(rong)、電(dian)感(gan)。(又(you)稱為被動 元件(jian)Passive Components)

元件分為：

1、電路類元件：二(er)極管，電阻器等等

2、連(lian)接類元件：連(lian)接器(qi)，插座(zuo)，連(lian)接電纜，印刷電路板(PCB)

二、器件：工廠(chang)在(zai)生(sheng)產加(jia)工時(shi)改變了原材料分子結構的產品稱為器件

器件分為：

1、主動(dong)器(qi)件，它的主要(yao)特點是：(1)自身(shen)消(xiao)耗電能(2)需要(yao)外界電源。

2、分立器件，分為(1)雙極(ji)性(xing)晶體三極(ji)管(guan)(2)場(chang)效應(ying)晶體管(guan)(3)可控(kong)硅(4)半導體電阻電容

電阻

電阻在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)中用(yong)"R”加數字表示(shi),如(ru):R1表示(shi)編號為1的電(dian)(dian)阻.電(dian)(dian)阻在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)中的主(zhu)要(yao)作用(yong)為:分流、限流、分壓、偏置等.

電容

電(dian)容(rong)在電(dian)路(lu)中一般用"C"加數字表示(如(ru)C13表示編號為13的電(dian)容(rong)).電(dian)容(rong)是由兩片(pian)金屬膜緊靠,中間用絕(jue)緣(yuan)材(cai)料(liao)隔(ge)(ge)開(kai)而組成的元件.電(dian)容(rong)的特性主要(yao)是隔(ge)(ge)直(zhi)流通交流.

電容的容量大小表示(shi)能貯存電能的大小,電容對交流(liu)信(xin)號(hao)的阻(zu)礙作用稱(cheng)為容抗,它與交流(liu)信(xin)號(hao)的頻率和電容量有關.

晶體二極管

晶體二極管在電路中常用“D”加(jia)數字表(biao)示(shi),如(ru): D5表(biao)示(shi)編號(hao)為5的(de)二極管.

作用(yong)(yong):二極管的(de)主要特性(xing)是單向導電性(xing),也就是在(zai)正向電壓的(de)作用(yong)(yong)下,導通電阻(zu)很小;而在(zai)反向電壓作用(yong)(yong)下導通電阻(zu)極大(da)或(huo)無窮(qiong)大(da).

因為二極管具有上(shang)述特性(xing),無繩電話機中(zhong)常把它用在整流(liu)、隔(ge)離、穩壓、極性(xing)保護、編(bian)碼(ma)控制(zhi)、調頻調制(zhi)和靜噪等電路中(zhong).

電感器

電感器在電(dian)子制作中(zhong)雖(sui)然使用(yong)得不是很多，但它們(men)在電(dian)路(lu)中(zhong)同樣重(zhong)要。我們(men)認(ren)為(wei)電(dian)感器(qi)(qi)和電(dian)容器(qi)(qi)一(yi)樣，也是一(yi)種儲(chu)能(neng)元件(jian)，它能(neng)把電(dian)能(neng)轉變(bian)為(wei)磁場(chang)能(neng)，并在磁場(chang)中(zhong)儲(chu)存能(neng)量。電(dian)感器(qi)(qi)用(yong)符號L表(biao)示，它的基本單(dan)位是亨利（H），常(chang)用(yong)毫亨（mH）為(wei)單(dan)位。它經常(chang)和電(dian)容器(qi)(qi)一(yi)起工作，構成LC濾波器(qi)(qi)、LC振蕩器(qi)(qi)等(deng)。另外，人們(men)還利用(yong)電(dian)感的特性(xing)，制造了阻流圈、變(bian)壓器(qi)(qi)、繼(ji)電(dian)器(qi)(qi)等(deng)。

組合電路

集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)電路(lu)是一種(zhong)采用特(te)殊工藝，將晶體管、電阻、電容等元件集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)在硅基片(pian)上而形成(cheng)的具有一定功能的器件，英文縮(suo)寫為IC，也俗稱芯片(pian)。

模(mo)(mo)擬(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)集(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)是(shi)指由(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻、晶體(ti)管等(deng)元件集(ji)成(cheng)在一起用來處(chu)理(li)模(mo)(mo)擬(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)信號的(de)(de)模(mo)(mo)擬(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)集(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)。有(you)許多的(de)(de)模(mo)(mo)擬(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)集(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)，如集(ji)成(cheng)運算放(fang)大器(qi)(qi)(qi)、比較器(qi)(qi)(qi)、對(dui)數(shu)和指數(shu)放(fang)大器(qi)(qi)(qi)、模(mo)(mo)擬(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)乘(cheng)(除)法(fa)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、鎖相環、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源管理(li)芯片(pian)等(deng)。模(mo)(mo)擬(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)集(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)主要構成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)有(you)：放(fang)大器(qi)(qi)(qi)、濾波(bo)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、反饋(kui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)、基準(zhun)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)、開(kai)關(guan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)等(deng)。模(mo)(mo)擬(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)集(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)設計(ji)主要是(shi)通過有(you)經驗(yan)的(de)(de)設計(ji)師進行手動的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)調試，模(mo)(mo)擬(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)而得到，與此相對(dui)應的(de)(de)數(shu)字(zi)集(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)設計(ji)大部分是(shi)通過使(shi)用硬件描述語言在EDA軟(ruan)件的(de)(de)控制下自(zi)動的(de)(de)綜合(he)產(chan)生。

數字集成電路是將元器件和(he)連線集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)于同一半導體芯片(pian)上(shang)而(er)制成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)數(shu)(shu)字邏(luo)輯電(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)或系(xi)統。根據(ju)數(shu)(shu)字集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)中(zhong)包(bao)含(han)的(de)門(men)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)或元、器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)數(shu)(shu)量，可將(jiang)數(shu)(shu)字集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)分為小規(gui)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(SSI)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、中(zhong)規(gui)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(MSI)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、大(da)(da)規(gui)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(LSI)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、超大(da)(da)規(gui)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)VLSI電(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)和(he)特大(da)(da)規(gui)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)ULSI)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)。小規(gui)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)包(bao)含(han)的(de)門(men)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)在10個(ge)(ge)以(yi)內，或元器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)數(shu)(shu)不超過(guo)100個(ge)(ge)；中(zhong)規(gui)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)包(bao)含(han)的(de)門(men)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)在10-100個(ge)(ge)之(zhi)間(jian)，或元器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)數(shu)(shu)在100-1000個(ge)(ge)之(zhi)間(jian)；大(da)(da)規(gui)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)包(bao)含(han)的(de)門(men)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)在100個(ge)(ge)以(yi)上(shang)，或元器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)數(shu)(shu)在10-10個(ge)(ge)之(zhi)間(jian)；超大(da)(da)規(gui)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)包(bao)含(han)的(de)門(men)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)在1萬(wan)個(ge)(ge)以(yi)上(shang)，或元器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)數(shu)(shu)在10-10之(zhi)間(jian)；特大(da)(da)規(gui)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)元器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)數(shu)(shu)在10-10之(zhi)間(jian)。它包(bao)括：基本邏(luo)輯門(men)、觸(chu)發器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、寄存器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、譯(yi)碼器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、驅動(dong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、計數(shu)(shu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、整形電(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、可編程邏(luo)輯器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)、微(wei)處理器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、單片(pian)機、DSP等。