【電子(zi)元(yuan)器(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)基礎知識】常用電子(zi)元(yuan)件(jian)(jian)入(ru)門知識 電子(zi)元(yuan)器(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)的分類

常用電子元件入門知識

電子元器件是電(dian)子元件和電(dian)小型(xing)的機器(qi)(qi)(qi)、儀(yi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的組成部分(fen)，其本(ben)身常由若干零件構成，可以在同類(lei)產(chan)品中通用；常指(zhi)電(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、無線電(dian)、儀(yi)表等(deng)工業的某(mou)些零件，如電(dian)容、晶(jing)體管、游絲、發條等(deng)子器(qi)(qi)(qi)件的總稱。常見的有二極管等(deng)。

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電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)元器(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)包括：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)(qi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)器(qi)(qi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)管、散熱器(qi)(qi)、機電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)元件(jian)(jian)(jian)、連接器(qi)(qi)、半導體(ti)分立器(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)聲器(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)、激光器(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)顯(xian)示器(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)、光電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)、傳感器(qi)(qi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源、開關、微特(te)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)變壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)、繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)、印制電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路板、集成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路、各類電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路、壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、晶體(ti)、石英(ying)、陶瓷磁性材料(liao)、印刷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路用基材基板、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)功能工(gong)藝專(zhuan)用材料(liao)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)膠（帶(dai)）制品、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)化學材料(liao)及(ji)部品等。

電子元(yuan)器件在質量(liang)方面國際上有歐盟的CE認證(zheng)(zheng)，美國的UL認證(zheng)(zheng)，德國的VDE和TUV以及中國的CQC認證(zheng)(zheng)等國內外認證(zheng)(zheng)，來保證(zheng)(zheng)元(yuan)器件的合格。

電子元器件的分類

一、元件：工廠(chang)在加工時(shi)沒(mei)改變(bian)原材料分子成(cheng)分的產品可稱為元(yuan)件，元(yuan)件屬(shu)于(yu)不需

要能源的器件。它包括：電阻、電容、電感(gan)。(又稱為被動 元件Passive Components)

元件分為：

1、電(dian)(dian)路類元件(jian)：二極管，電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)器(qi)等(deng)等(deng)

2、連接(jie)類元件：連接(jie)器，插(cha)座(zuo)，連接(jie)電纜，印刷電路(lu)板(PCB)

二、器件：工廠(chang)在生產(chan)加工時改變(bian)了原材料分(fen)子結構的(de)產(chan)品(pin)稱為器(qi)件

器件分為：

1、主動器件，它的主要特點是：(1)自(zi)身消耗電能(2)需要外界電源。

2、分立器(qi)件，分為(wei)(1)雙極(ji)性晶(jing)體三極(ji)管(2)場效應晶(jing)體管(3)可控硅(4)半導體電阻(zu)電容(rong)

電阻

電阻在電(dian)路中(zhong)用(yong)(yong)"R”加(jia)數字表示,如:R1表示編號(hao)為1的電(dian)阻.電(dian)阻在電(dian)路中(zhong)的主要作用(yong)(yong)為:分(fen)流、限流、分(fen)壓、偏置等.

電容

電容(rong)在電路中(zhong)一(yi)般用"C"加(jia)數字表示(shi)(如C13表示(shi)編號為13的(de)電容(rong)).電容(rong)是(shi)由(you)兩片金屬膜緊靠,中(zhong)間用絕緣(yuan)材料隔開而(er)組成的(de)元件.電容(rong)的(de)特性主要是(shi)隔直流通(tong)交流.

電(dian)容(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)量大(da)小(xiao)表示能貯存電(dian)能的(de)(de)大(da)小(xiao),電(dian)容(rong)(rong)對交流信號的(de)(de)阻礙作用稱為(wei)容(rong)(rong)抗,它與交流信號的(de)(de)頻率和電(dian)容(rong)(rong)量有關.

晶體二極管

晶(jing)體二極管在電路中常用“D”加數(shu)字表示,如: D5表示編號為5的二極管.

作(zuo)用(yong):二極(ji)管的(de)主要(yao)特(te)性是單向導電(dian)(dian)(dian)性,也就(jiu)是在(zai)(zai)正(zheng)向電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)作(zuo)用(yong)下(xia),導通電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)很小;而在(zai)(zai)反向電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)作(zuo)用(yong)下(xia)導通電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)極(ji)大或無窮大.

因為二極管具有上述特(te)性,無繩電(dian)話機中(zhong)常把它(ta)用在(zai)整(zheng)流、隔離、穩(wen)壓、極性保護、編碼控制(zhi)、調頻調制(zhi)和靜噪(zao)等(deng)電(dian)路(lu)中(zhong).

電感器

電感器在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)制作(zuo)中雖然(ran)使(shi)用得不是很多(duo)，但它們(men)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路中同(tong)樣重要。我們(men)認為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)器(qi)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)一樣，也是一種儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)元(yuan)件，它能(neng)(neng)把(ba)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)變為(wei)磁(ci)場能(neng)(neng)，并(bing)在(zai)磁(ci)場中儲(chu)存能(neng)(neng)量。電(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)器(qi)用符號L表示，它的(de)基本(ben)單位(wei)是亨利（H），常用毫亨（mH）為(wei)單位(wei)。它經常和電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)一起工(gong)作(zuo)，構(gou)成LC濾波(bo)器(qi)、LC振蕩器(qi)等。另外，人們(men)還利用電(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)的(de)特性，制造了阻流圈、變壓器(qi)、繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)等。

組合電路

集成(cheng)電路是一(yi)種(zhong)采(cai)用特殊工(gong)藝，將晶體(ti)管、電阻、電容等元件集成(cheng)在硅基(ji)片(pian)上而形成(cheng)的具(ju)有一(yi)定功能的器件，英文縮寫為(wei)IC，也(ye)俗稱芯片(pian)。

模(mo)(mo)擬(ni)集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)是(shi)指(zhi)由電(dian)(dian)容、電(dian)(dian)阻、晶(jing)體(ti)管(guan)等元件集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)在(zai)一起用來處理模(mo)(mo)擬(ni)信(xin)號的(de)(de)(de)模(mo)(mo)擬(ni)集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)。有許多的(de)(de)(de)模(mo)(mo)擬(ni)集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)，如集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)運算放大(da)器、比(bi)較器、對(dui)數和(he)指(zhi)數放大(da)器、模(mo)(mo)擬(ni)乘(除)法器、鎖相環、電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)管(guan)理芯片等。模(mo)(mo)擬(ni)集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)主要構成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)有：放大(da)器、濾(lv)波器、反饋(kui)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、基準源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、開關電(dian)(dian)容電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)等。模(mo)(mo)擬(ni)集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)設計主要是(shi)通過(guo)有經驗的(de)(de)(de)設計師進行(xing)手動的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)調試，模(mo)(mo)擬(ni)而(er)得到，與(yu)此相對(dui)應的(de)(de)(de)數字集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)設計大(da)部分是(shi)通過(guo)使用硬件描(miao)述語言在(zai)EDA軟(ruan)件的(de)(de)(de)控制下自動的(de)(de)(de)綜合產生。

數字集成電路是將元器件和(he)(he)連線集成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)于同一(yi)半導體芯片(pian)上(shang)而制(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)數(shu)(shu)字邏(luo)輯(ji)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)或系(xi)統(tong)。根據數(shu)(shu)字集成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)中包(bao)含的(de)(de)(de)門(men)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)或元(yuan)、器(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)數(shu)(shu)量(liang)，可(ke)將數(shu)(shu)字集成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)分為小規(gui)模(mo)集成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(SSI)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)、中規(gui)模(mo)集成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(MSI)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)、大(da)規(gui)模(mo)集成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(LSI)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)、超(chao)大(da)規(gui)模(mo)集成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)VLSI電(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)和(he)(he)特(te)大(da)規(gui)模(mo)集成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)ULSI)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)。小規(gui)模(mo)集成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)包(bao)含的(de)(de)(de)門(men)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)在(zai)10個以(yi)(yi)內，或元(yuan)器(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)數(shu)(shu)不超(chao)過(guo)100個；中規(gui)模(mo)集成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)包(bao)含的(de)(de)(de)門(men)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)在(zai)10-100個之間(jian)，或元(yuan)器(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)數(shu)(shu)在(zai)100-1000個之間(jian)；大(da)規(gui)模(mo)集成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)包(bao)含的(de)(de)(de)門(men)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)在(zai)100個以(yi)(yi)上(shang)，或元(yuan)器(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)數(shu)(shu)在(zai)10-10個之間(jian)；超(chao)大(da)規(gui)模(mo)集成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)包(bao)含的(de)(de)(de)門(men)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)在(zai)1萬個以(yi)(yi)上(shang)，或元(yuan)器(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)數(shu)(shu)在(zai)10-10之間(jian)；特(te)大(da)規(gui)模(mo)集成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)元(yuan)器(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)數(shu)(shu)在(zai)10-10之間(jian)。它包(bao)括：基本邏(luo)輯(ji)門(men)、觸發器(qi)(qi)、寄存器(qi)(qi)、譯(yi)碼(ma)器(qi)(qi)、驅動器(qi)(qi)、計(ji)數(shu)(shu)器(qi)(qi)、整形電(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)、可(ke)編程邏(luo)輯(ji)器(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)、微處理器(qi)(qi)、單片(pian)機、DSP等。