【電子(zi)元器件(jian)基礎知(zhi)識】常用(yong)電子(zi)元件(jian)入門(men)知(zhi)識 電子(zi)元器件(jian)的(de)分類

常用電子元件入門知識

電子元器件是(shi)電(dian)子(zi)元件(jian)(jian)和電(dian)小型(xing)的(de)機器(qi)、儀器(qi)的(de)組成部分(fen)，其本身常(chang)由若干(gan)零件(jian)(jian)構成，可以(yi)在同類產品中通用；常(chang)指電(dian)器(qi)、無(wu)線電(dian)、儀表(biao)等工業的(de)某些零件(jian)(jian)，如電(dian)容、晶(jing)體管、游絲、發條(tiao)等子(zi)器(qi)件(jian)(jian)的(de)總稱。常(chang)見的(de)有二極管等。

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電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)元(yuan)器(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)包括：電(dian)(dian)阻、電(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)、電(dian)(dian)位器(qi)(qi)、電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)管、散熱器(qi)(qi)、機(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)元(yuan)件(jian)(jian)、連(lian)接器(qi)(qi)、半導體分立器(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)、電(dian)(dian)聲器(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)、激光器(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)、電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)顯示器(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)、光電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)、傳感器(qi)(qi)、電(dian)(dian)源、開關、微特電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)、電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)變(bian)壓器(qi)(qi)、繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)、印制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)路板、集成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路、各(ge)類電(dian)(dian)路、壓電(dian)(dian)、晶體、石英、陶(tao)瓷(ci)磁(ci)性材料、印刷電(dian)(dian)路用(yong)基材基板、電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)功能工藝專用(yong)材料、電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)膠（帶）制(zhi)品、電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)化學材料及(ji)部品等。

電子元器件在質量方面(mian)國(guo)(guo)際(ji)上(shang)有歐盟的(de)CE認證(zheng)(zheng)，美國(guo)(guo)的(de)UL認證(zheng)(zheng)，德國(guo)(guo)的(de)VDE和TUV以及中國(guo)(guo)的(de)CQC認證(zheng)(zheng)等國(guo)(guo)內(nei)外認證(zheng)(zheng)，來保證(zheng)(zheng)元器件的(de)合(he)格。

電子元器件的分類

一、元件：工(gong)廠(chang)在加工(gong)時沒改變原材料分(fen)(fen)子(zi)成分(fen)(fen)的產品可稱為(wei)元(yuan)件，元(yuan)件屬于不需

要能源的器件。它包括：電阻、電容、電感。(又稱為被動(dong) 元件Passive Components)

元件分為：

1、電路類元件：二(er)極管，電阻器等等

2、連接類元件：連接器，插座，連接電(dian)纜，印刷電(dian)路板(PCB)

二、器件：工廠(chang)在(zai)生產加工時改變了(le)原材料(liao)分子結(jie)構(gou)的(de)產品稱為器(qi)件

器件分為：

1、主動器件(jian)，它的主要(yao)特點是：(1)自身消耗(hao)電能(2)需要(yao)外界電源(yuan)。

2、分(fen)立(li)器件，分(fen)為(1)雙極(ji)性晶體(ti)三極(ji)管(guan)(2)場效(xiao)應(ying)晶體(ti)管(guan)(3)可控硅(gui)(4)半導體(ti)電阻電容

電阻

電阻在電(dian)路中用(yong)"R”加數字表示,如:R1表示編號為1的電(dian)阻.電(dian)阻在電(dian)路中的主(zhu)要(yao)作用(yong)為:分流、限流、分壓(ya)、偏置等.

電容

電(dian)容(rong)(rong)在電(dian)路中一般用"C"加數字表示(shi)(如C13表示(shi)編號(hao)為13的電(dian)容(rong)(rong)).電(dian)容(rong)(rong)是(shi)由兩(liang)片金(jin)屬膜緊靠,中間(jian)用絕緣(yuan)材料隔開而組成的元件.電(dian)容(rong)(rong)的特性主要是(shi)隔直流通(tong)交流.

電(dian)容的(de)(de)容量(liang)大小表示能(neng)貯存電(dian)能(neng)的(de)(de)大小,電(dian)容對交流信(xin)號的(de)(de)阻(zu)礙作用稱為容抗,它(ta)與交流信(xin)號的(de)(de)頻率和電(dian)容量(liang)有關(guan).

晶體二極管

晶體二極管(guan)(guan)在電路中常用“D”加數字(zi)表示,如(ru): D5表示編號為5的二極管(guan)(guan).

作用(yong):二極管的主要(yao)特性是單(dan)向(xiang)導(dao)電(dian)(dian)性,也就是在正向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)壓的作用(yong)下,導(dao)通(tong)電(dian)(dian)阻很小(xiao);而在反向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)壓作用(yong)下導(dao)通(tong)電(dian)(dian)阻極大(da)或(huo)無窮大(da).

因為二極(ji)管具有上(shang)述特性,無(wu)繩電(dian)話(hua)機中常(chang)把它(ta)用在整流、隔離、穩壓、極(ji)性保護(hu)、編碼控制、調頻(pin)調制和靜(jing)噪等電(dian)路中.

電感器

電感器在電(dian)子(zi)制(zhi)作(zuo)中雖然使用(yong)得不是很(hen)多，但它(ta)們在電(dian)路中同樣重要。我們認為(wei)電(dian)感(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)和電(dian)容器(qi)(qi)(qi)一樣，也(ye)是一種儲能(neng)元件，它(ta)能(neng)把電(dian)能(neng)轉變(bian)為(wei)磁(ci)場能(neng)，并在磁(ci)場中儲存(cun)能(neng)量。電(dian)感(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)用(yong)符(fu)號L表示，它(ta)的基本單位是亨利(li)(li)（H），常(chang)用(yong)毫亨（mH）為(wei)單位。它(ta)經常(chang)和電(dian)容器(qi)(qi)(qi)一起工作(zuo)，構成LC濾波器(qi)(qi)(qi)、LC振蕩器(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)。另(ling)外，人們還利(li)(li)用(yong)電(dian)感(gan)(gan)的特性，制(zhi)造了阻流圈、變(bian)壓器(qi)(qi)(qi)、繼(ji)電(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)。

組合電路

集成(cheng)電路是一(yi)種采用特殊工藝(yi)，將晶體(ti)管(guan)、電阻、電容(rong)等(deng)元件集成(cheng)在硅(gui)基片上而形成(cheng)的具有(you)一(yi)定功能的器件，英文縮寫為IC，也俗(su)稱芯片。

模擬集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)是(shi)指(zhi)由電(dian)(dian)容、電(dian)(dian)阻、晶(jing)體管等(deng)(deng)(deng)元件(jian)集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)在(zai)一起用來處理(li)模擬信號(hao)的(de)模擬集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)。有(you)許多的(de)模擬集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)，如集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)運算放(fang)大(da)器(qi)、比較(jiao)器(qi)、對(dui)數(shu)和指(zhi)數(shu)放(fang)大(da)器(qi)、模擬乘(除)法器(qi)、鎖相環、電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)管理(li)芯(xin)片等(deng)(deng)(deng)。模擬集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)主要構成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)有(you)：放(fang)大(da)器(qi)、濾波器(qi)、反饋電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、基準源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、開關電(dian)(dian)容電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)等(deng)(deng)(deng)。模擬集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)設計主要是(shi)通過有(you)經驗的(de)設計師進行手動(dong)的(de)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)調(diao)試，模擬而得到(dao)，與此相對(dui)應的(de)數(shu)字集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)設計大(da)部分是(shi)通過使(shi)用硬件(jian)描述語言在(zai)EDA軟(ruan)件(jian)的(de)控制下(xia)自動(dong)的(de)綜合產生。

數字集成電路是將元器件和連線集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成于同一半導體(ti)芯(xin)片上而制成的(de)數(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)邏(luo)輯(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路或(huo)系統。根(gen)據數(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)包(bao)含的(de)門(men)(men)(men)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路或(huo)元、器(qi)(qi)(qi)件數(shu)(shu)(shu)量，可將數(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路分(fen)為(wei)小規(gui)(gui)模(mo)(mo)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(SSI)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)規(gui)(gui)模(mo)(mo)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(MSI)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路、大規(gui)(gui)模(mo)(mo)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(LSI)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路、超大規(gui)(gui)模(mo)(mo)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成VLSI電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路和特(te)大規(gui)(gui)模(mo)(mo)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成ULSI)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路。小規(gui)(gui)模(mo)(mo)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路包(bao)含的(de)門(men)(men)(men)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路在(zai)(zai)10個(ge)(ge)(ge)以(yi)內，或(huo)元器(qi)(qi)(qi)件數(shu)(shu)(shu)不(bu)超過(guo)100個(ge)(ge)(ge)；中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)規(gui)(gui)模(mo)(mo)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路包(bao)含的(de)門(men)(men)(men)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路在(zai)(zai)10-100個(ge)(ge)(ge)之(zhi)間(jian)，或(huo)元器(qi)(qi)(qi)件數(shu)(shu)(shu)在(zai)(zai)100-1000個(ge)(ge)(ge)之(zhi)間(jian)；大規(gui)(gui)模(mo)(mo)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路包(bao)含的(de)門(men)(men)(men)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路在(zai)(zai)100個(ge)(ge)(ge)以(yi)上，或(huo)元器(qi)(qi)(qi)件數(shu)(shu)(shu)在(zai)(zai)10-10個(ge)(ge)(ge)之(zhi)間(jian)；超大規(gui)(gui)模(mo)(mo)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路包(bao)含的(de)門(men)(men)(men)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路在(zai)(zai)1萬個(ge)(ge)(ge)以(yi)上，或(huo)元器(qi)(qi)(qi)件數(shu)(shu)(shu)在(zai)(zai)10-10之(zhi)間(jian)；特(te)大規(gui)(gui)模(mo)(mo)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路的(de)元器(qi)(qi)(qi)件數(shu)(shu)(shu)在(zai)(zai)10-10之(zhi)間(jian)。它(ta)包(bao)括(kuo)：基本邏(luo)輯(ji)(ji)門(men)(men)(men)、觸發(fa)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、寄(ji)存器(qi)(qi)(qi)、譯碼器(qi)(qi)(qi)、驅(qu)動器(qi)(qi)(qi)、計(ji)數(shu)(shu)(shu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、整形(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路、可編程邏(luo)輯(ji)(ji)器(qi)(qi)(qi)件、微處理器(qi)(qi)(qi)、單(dan)片機、DSP等(deng)。