一、鉛酸電池最佳充電方法

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（1）恒定電流充電法

在充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程中充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)始終(zhong)保持不(bu)變，叫做恒(heng)(heng)定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)，簡(jian)稱恒(heng)(heng)流(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)或等流(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)。在充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程中由于(yu)(yu)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)逐漸升高，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)逐漸下降(jiang)(jiang)，為保持充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)不(bu)致因蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)升高而減小，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程必須逐漸升高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，以(yi)(yi)維(wei)持充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)始終(zhong)不(bu)變，這(zhe)(zhe)對于(yu)(yu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備(bei)的自動(dong)化(hua)程度要求較高，一般(ban)簡(jian)陋的充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備(bei)是不(bu)能滿足恒(heng)(heng)流(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)要求的。恒(heng)(heng)流(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)，在蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池最大(da)允許(xu)的充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)情況(kuang)下，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)越大(da)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間就可以(yi)(yi)縮短。若從時間上考(kao)慮，采用此(ci)法(fa)(fa)(fa)有利(li)的。但在充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后期若充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)仍(reng)不(bu)變，這(zhe)(zhe)時由于(yu)(yu)大(da)部(bu)分(fen)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)用于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解水上，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液出氣泡(pao)過(guo)多而顯沸(fei)騰(teng)狀，這(zhe)(zhe)不(bu)僅消耗電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能，而且(qie)容易使極板(ban)(ban)上活性物質(zhi)大(da)量(liang)脫落，溫升過(guo)高，造(zao)成極板(ban)(ban)彎曲(qu)，容量(liang)迅速下降(jiang)(jiang)而提(ti)前(qian)報廢。所以(yi)(yi)，這(zhe)(zhe)種充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方法(fa)(fa)(fa)很少(shao)采用。

（2）恒定電壓充電法

在(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)始終(zhong)保持不(bu)變，叫做恒(heng)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法，簡(jian)稱恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法或等(deng)壓(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法。由于恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)開(kai)始至(zhi)后期(qi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)始終(zhong)保持一(yi)定(ding)，所(suo)以(yi)(yi)在(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)開(kai)始時(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)相(xiang)當(dang)大(da)(da)，大(da)(da)大(da)(da)超過正常充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)值。但隨著充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)進行(xing)，蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)逐(zhu)(zhu)漸升高，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)逐(zhu)(zhu)漸減小。當(dang)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)和充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)相(xiang)等(deng)時(shi)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)減至(zhi)最小甚至(zhi)為零。由此可見，采用恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法的(de)(de)優(you)點在(zai)(zai)于，可以(yi)(yi)避免充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后期(qi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)過大(da)(da)而(er)造成(cheng)極板活(huo)性(xing)物(wu)(wu)質脫(tuo)落和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)(de)損失。但其缺點是，在(zai)(zai)剛開(kai)始充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)過大(da)(da)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極活(huo)性(xing)物(wu)(wu)質體積變化收(shou)縮太(tai)快(kuai)，影響活(huo)性(xing)物(wu)(wu)質的(de)(de)機械(xie)強(qiang)度，致使(shi)其脫(tuo)落。而(er)在(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后期(qi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)又(you)過小，使(shi)極板深處的(de)(de)活(huo)性(xing)物(wu)(wu)質得不(bu)到充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)反應，形成(cheng)長(chang)期(qi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)足，影響蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)使(shi)用壽(shou)命(ming)。所(suo)以(yi)(yi)這種充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方法一(yi)般只適用于無配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備或充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備較簡(jian)陋的(de)(de)特殊場(chang)合，如汽車(che)上蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，1號至(zhi)5號干電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)式的(de)(de)小蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)均(jun)采用等(deng)壓(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法。采用等(deng)壓(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法給蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)，所(suo)需電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)：酸(suan)性(xing)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)每個(ge)單體電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)為2.4～2.8V左(zuo)右，堿性(xing)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)每個(ge)單體電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)為1.6～2.0V左(zuo)右。

（3）有固定電阻的恒定電壓充電

為(wei)(wei)補救恒(heng)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)壓充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)的缺點而(er)采用的一種方法。即在(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)源與(yu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)之間串聯一電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)，這樣充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)初期的電(dian)(dian)流可以調整。但有時最大充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流受(shou)到限制，因(yin)此隨充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)過(guo)程的進行，蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)壓逐漸上(shang)升，電(dian)(dian)流卻幾(ji)乎成為(wei)(wei)直線衰減。有時使用兩(liang)個電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)值，約(yue)在(zai)(zai)2.4V時，從低電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)轉換到高(gao)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)，以減少出氣。

（4）階段等流充電法

綜合恒(heng)流(liu)和恒(heng)壓充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)的(de)特點，蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池在充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)初期用較大的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，經(jing)過一(yi)段時間改(gai)用較小的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，至充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)后期改(gai)用更小的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，即不同(tong)階段內以不同(tong)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)進(jin)行恒(heng)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)方法(fa)(fa)，叫(jiao)做階段恒(heng)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)。階段恒(heng)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)，一(yi)般(ban)可(ke)分為兩個階段進(jin)行，也可(ke)分為多個階段進(jin)行。

階段(duan)等(deng)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法所(suo)需充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間短，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效果(guo)也好(hao)。由于充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后期改用較小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，這(zhe)樣減(jian)少了(le)氣泡對(dui)極板(ban)活(huo)性(xing)物質的沖刷(shua)，減(jian)少了(le)活(huo)性(xing)物質的脫落(luo)。這(zhe)種充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法能(neng)延(yan)長蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)使用壽(shou)命，并節省電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)又徹底，所(suo)以(yi)是當前常用的一種充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)法。一般蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)第一階段(duan)以(yi)10h率(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)進(jin)行(xing)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，第二階段(duan)以(yi)20h率(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)進(jin)行(xing)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。各階段(duan)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間的長短，各種蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的具體(ti)要求和標準(zhun)不(bu)一樣。

3階段充電法是鉛(qian)酸電(dian)池理想充電(dian)法。

（5）浮充電法

間(jian)歇使(shi)用(yong)的(de)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池或僅在交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時才(cai)使(shi)用(yong)的(de)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池，其充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式(shi)為浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)式(shi)。一些特殊(shu)場合使(shi)用(yong)的(de)固(gu)定(ding)型蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池一般均(jun)采用(yong)浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方法對蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池進行(xing)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法的(de)優點(dian)主要(yao)在于能減(jian)少蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)析氣率(lv)，并可防止過充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，同時由(you)于蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池同直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源并聯供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時，蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池瞬(shun)時輸(shu)出大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)，這有助(zhu)于鎮定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源系(xi)統的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，使(shi)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)正常。浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法的(de)缺點(dian)是個別蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不均(jun)衡(heng)和充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)不足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，所以(yi)需(xu)要(yao)進行(xing)定(ding)期(qi)的(de)均(jun)衡(heng)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

二、鉛酸蓄電池如何修復

并不(bu)(bu)是(shi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)有失(shi)效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鉛酸(suan)蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)都(dou)能(neng)進(jin)行修(xiu)復(fu)，如出現了(le)短路和斷路的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)、極(ji)板(ban)上活性(xing)物(wu)質嚴(yan)(yan)(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)脫落(luo)(luo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)、極(ji)板(ban)嚴(yan)(yan)(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)損(sun)壞，嚴(yan)(yan)(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)變(bian)形的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)、電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)塑(su)料(liao)殼體(ti)(ti)嚴(yan)(yan)(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)變(bian)形和嚴(yan)(yan)(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)破(po)裂的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，以(yi)及電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)塑(su)料(liao)殼體(ti)(ti)底部出現大面積漏(lou)液的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)是(shi)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)進(jin)行修(xiu)復(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)可修(xiu)復(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鉛酸(suan)蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)是(shi)因失(shi)水(shui)嚴(yan)(yan)(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)而(er)失(shi)效(xiao)、電(dian)極(ji)上活性(xing)物(wu)質發生嚴(yan)(yan)(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硫酸(suan)鹽化而(er)失(shi)效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，以(yi)及因磕(ke)碰、摔打、跌落(luo)(luo)等原(yuan)因使電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)殼體(ti)(ti)上部出現微弱裂縫(feng)而(er)漏(lou)液造(zao)成失(shi)效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，即結構(gou)輕微失(shi)效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)。所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)鉛酸(suan)蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)修(xiu)復(fu)可分為對(dui)電(dian)性(xing)能(neng)失(shi)效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)修(xiu)復(fu)和對(dui)塑(su)料(liao)殼體(ti)(ti)結構(gou)件失(shi)效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)修(xiu)復(fu)。

1、對電性能失效的鉛酸蓄電池修復

對電性能失效的鉛(qian)酸蓄(xu)電池修(xiu)復可分為化學方(fang)法修(xiu)復和物理(li)方(fang)法修(xiu)復。

（1）用化學方法對電性能失效的鉛酸蓄電池修復

化學(xue)方法對電(dian)(dian)性(xing)能失效(xiao)的鉛酸蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池的修復通常是采用加入化學(xue)活化劑方法，如添加納米(mi)碳溶膠蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池活化劑，它是以納米(mi)石墨為溶質主要成(cheng)份(fen)的水(shui)溶液。

A、對失(shi)水嚴重的鉛酸蓄電池在加入活化劑前要先加入濃度為5%~10%的稀硫酸電解(jie)液(ye)，補加(jia)的電解(jie)液(ye)量控制在上(shang)下液(ye)面線之間偏上(shang)線的位置(zhi)。

B、按活(huo)化(hua)劑的(de)使用添加(jia)(jia)(jia)量要求通過(guo)氣塞孔(kong)均勻(yun)的(de)從四(si)周及中間加(jia)(jia)(jia)入到每個單(dan)體蓄電池內(nei)部(bu)并搖(yao)動(dong)均勻(yun)。納(na)米碳溶膠活(huo)化(hua)劑加(jia)(jia)(jia)完后(hou)電解液的(de)液面(mian)線(xian)接近(jin)液面(mian)標示線(xian)的(de)上線(xian)。

C、立即(ji)對修復的(de)電(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)，開始活(huo)化充(chong)電(dian)時充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流要大于正(zheng)常充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流的(de)50%左右，以便(bian)使納米石墨在電場的作用下(xia)盡快的吸(xi)附到(dao)電極(ji)里面，大約充進40%左右的(de)電量(liang)時再(zai)進行正常充電。首(shou)次活化的(de)充電量(liang)為(wei)理論(lun)容量(liang)的(de)120%~130%。

一般活化2~3個周次(ci)后電池的電性能(neng)就能(neng)得以恢復，其(qi)放電容(rong)量在額(e)定容(rong)量的98%以上的(de)(de)可(ke)認為修復完成。電(dian)(dian)池活(huo)化(hua)修復后(hou)對電(dian)(dian)解液液面偏高的(de)(de)要(yao)抽出(chu)多余的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)解液。

在電池活化前電池內部的電解液如果混濁并為棕色及有固體顆粒但放電容量接近額定容量的80%的(de)電池(chi)，應(ying)把電解液全(quan)部倒(dao)出（或(huo)吸出）并(bing)用(yong)電池(chi)用(yong)純凈水清洗2次(ci)，然后再加入使用濃度的硫酸電解(jie)液(ye)，再按(an)前述方法(fa)對電池進行(xing)活化(hua)修復。

注意：

納米碳溶膠鉛酸蓄電池活化劑最適用于富液型的各種鉛酸蓄電池的修復，對VRLA鉛酸蓄(xu)電池的(de)修(xiu)復也有一(yi)定效(xiao)果(guo)；但對(dui)膠體電解質電池的(de)修(xiu)復效(xiao)果(guo)不明顯。

（2）用物理方法對電性能失效的鉛酸蓄電池的修復

用物理方法(fa)對電(dian)(dian)性(xing)能失(shi)效的(de)(de)鉛酸蓄電(dian)(dian)池修(xiu)復是(shi)用充電(dian)(dian)設備(bei)提供的(de)(de)充電(dian)(dian)模式(shi)創新(xin)—充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)(de)變(bian)化來(lai)實(shi)現的(de)(de)。

A、對失水嚴重的電池進行補充電解液

方(fang)法(fa)見（1）；

B、對修復的電池進行小電流預放電

小電流預放電可以使(shi)電解液更容易浸潤到電極內部(bu)，使(shi)表面已生(sheng)成鈍化層的活性物質（硫(liu)(liu)酸鉛(qian)(qian)）在小電流放電時產生(sheng)比較(jiao)疏松的硫(liu)(liu)酸鉛(qian)(qian)分子，這有助于鈍化的硫(liu)(liu)酸鉛(qian)(qian)活化并再度(du)參加電化學反應。

C、修復充電

可采用變幅脈沖鉛酸蓄電池修復儀來對電性能失效的電池修復充電。一開始要用大電流對失效的電池充電，當電池的電壓和內阻達到一定值時會自動的引入脈沖充電；正脈沖電流一般≥0.3C，負脈(mo)沖電流(liu)一般≥0.1C，終止(zhi)時單體電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)壓(ya)控制在2.63V~2.70V之間。充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)會隨電(dian)池的電(dian)壓升(sheng)高而逐(zhu)步下降，這可(ke)以避免(mian)長時間大(da)電(dian)流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)造成電(dian)極的損壞和失水。一(yi)般(ban)修復充(chong)電(dian)的充(chong)電(dian)容量(liang)控制在額定容量(liang)的120%左右，時間(jian)控制(zhi)在10h~12h之(zhi)間。

D、第一次修復充電后的容量檢測

第一次修復充電完成后應擱置2小時，其后檢察電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的開路電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，若一切正常可按要求的放(fang)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流放(fang)電(dian)(dian)，放(fang)至單體電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)到1.75V，放出的(de)容(rong)量(liang)應不少于額定(ding)容(rong)量(liang)的(de)95%。

E、第二次修復充電

對于長時間沒有使用或失水嚴重及硫酸鹽化嚴重引起電性能失效的電池僅一次性修復很難使電池的容量恢復到額定容量的95%以上；需要對容(rong)量(liang)恢復到額定(ding)容(rong)量(liang)80%以上的(de)電(dian)池(chi)進(jin)行第(di)二次修(xiu)復(fu)(fu)。第(di)二次修(xiu)復(fu)(fu)的(de)充電(dian)方法與(yu)第(di)一(yi)次相(xiang)同。一(yi)般只(zhi)是電(dian)性(xing)能失效(xiao)的(de)電(dian)池(chi)第(di)二次修(xiu)復(fu)(fu)后(hou)其電(dian)池(chi)容量(liang)(liang)可以恢復(fu)(fu)到額(e)定容量(liang)(liang)的(de)98%以上；這時可認為(wei)修復(fu)完成(cheng)，電(dian)池再充電(dian)后就可以提交使用。如果第(di)二次修復(fu)放電(dian)容(rong)量低于(yu)額定容(rong)量的85%則認(ren)為(wei)該(gai)電池徹(che)底失效不可修復。

（3）用掃描共振頻率技術對電性能失效的鉛酸蓄電池修復

掃描共振頻(pin)率技術(shu)（裝置）對落后(hou)或(huo)電性(xing)能(neng)失效電池的(de)修復操(cao)作

A、對失水(shui)嚴重的電池進行補充電解(jie)液(ye)，方法同(tong)3.1.1.2（1）。

B、將(jiang)掃描共振頻(pin)率裝置連(lian)接到電(dian)池(chi)（組）的(de)正、負(fu)極上，按(an)使用要求對落后或(huo)電(dian)性能(neng)失(shi)效的(de)電(dian)池(chi)進行修復。為防止電(dian)池(chi)工作狀態對修復的(de)干(gan)擾在線路中(zhong)應串一(yi)個同步干(gan)擾抑制模塊。

C、測量被修復電(dian)路中電(dian)池(chi)的電(dian)壓和(he)內阻，失效(xiao)的或落后(hou)的電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)壓和(he)內阻與(yu)其它電(dian)池(chi)基本一致(zhi)時可以認為(wei)修復完成。

注意：

可用于通信、通訊系統、UPS系(xi)統、衛星地(di)面站等設(she)施的電(dian)池(chi)機房。該技術（裝置）的最(zui)大特點是(shi)落后或失效的電(dian)池(chi)可以在(zai)線(xian)修(xiu)復(fu)，不必把有(you)問題的電(dian)池(chi)從供配電(dian)系(xi)統中取下，是(shi)屬(shu)于在(zai)線(xian)智能修(xiu)復(fu)，可無需(xu)人員值(zhi)班，修(xiu)復(fu)激活電(dian)池(chi)時也不會給電(dian)池(chi)帶來損壞(huai)。

2、鉛酸蓄電池殼體損壞的修復

鉛(qian)酸(suan)蓄電池在(zai)(zai)使用過(guo)程中有(you)時會出現碰撞、跌(die)落、摔打(da)的(de)現象，這(zhe)就會造(zao)成電池的(de)塑(su)料殼體(ti)被損(sun)壞。對于只有(you)輕微損(sun)壞（如外(wai)殼有(you)輕微縫隙(xi)、漏電解液并(bing)不(bu)嚴重、內部電極(ji)并(bing)未損(sun)壞）的(de)可以進行(xing)修(xiu)復(fu)(fu)，但修(xiu)復(fu)(fu)后不(bu)應影響電池在(zai)(zai)設備上的(de)裝配。

（1）用粘合技術對鉛酸蓄電池外殼損傷的修復操作

按正丁酮100?ml+20?g?ABS（或SAN）塑料料粒(li)的配比配制膠液(ye)，不斷搖(yao)動，使固體料粒(li)完全溶解(jie)并(bing)成均(jun)勻液(ye)，待用（膠液(ye)用后密封好，可以長(chang)期(qi)使用）。把鉛酸蓄電(dian)池外殼(ke)損(sun)傷(shang)處擦(ca)拭(shi)潔(jie)凈(jing)，粘接面上不能有粉塵(chen)，粉狀顆粒(li)，油污及電(dian)解(jie)液(ye)并(bing)應平(ping)整。取潔(jie)凈(jing)的尺寸適度的ABS（或SAN）塑料板(ban)塊(kuai)（板(ban)塊(kuai)的尺寸各方向上要大(da)于裂縫5mm以上，厚度和電池外殼壁相(xiang)當，待(dai)用。取(qu)適量的膠液涂抹于鉛酸蓄電池外殼的損傷處及周邊(bian)5mm以(yi)上的(de)地帶，再(zai)把裁剪好的(de)塑料板塊緊(jin)壓在涂(tu)好膠(jiao)的(de)電(dian)池外(wai)殼損傷處并平壓緊(jin)，12小時以后待膠(jiao)液完(wan)全干涸(he)后檢查不漏(lou)，可以認為修(xiu)復完(wan)成，可提交(jiao)使用(yong)(yong)。應注意的(de)是粘接面(mian)必(bi)需平整，粘接處必(bi)需平壓緊。被修(xiu)復的(de)電(dian)(dian)池在修(xiu)復前若漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)解液較(jiao)多時應補加使用(yong)(yong)濃度的(de)硫酸電(dian)(dian)解液在充電(dian)(dian)活化后方可提交(jiao)使用(yong)(yong)。

粘合修復鉛酸蓄電池技術適用于電池殼體材料有溶劑可溶的，如ABS（丙烯晴、苯乙烯、丁二烯共聚物），改性ABS工程(cheng)塑料，SAN工程塑(su)料（苯乙烯、丙烯晴共聚物）等。

（2）用熱熔粘合技術對殼體損傷的鉛酸蓄電池的修復

對鉛酸蓄電池的損傷面進行潔凈處理，粘接面不應有酸液、粉塵、油污和粒狀雜質。用熱熔槍對熱熔膠棒加熱并對修復處適當加熱，使熱熔膠棒熔化并流落到電池殼體的損傷處，熱熔膠粘合面各方向上的膠液要大于損傷縫隙處5mm以(yi)上，損傷縫隙粘合膠(jiao)面(mian)的(de)厚度(du)不小(xiao)于電池外殼的(de)壁厚，熱熔膠(jiao)合面(mian)可以(yi)適當加壓有利于粘合牢固，自然(ran)冷卻12小時后(hou)檢查不漏(lou)，可以認為修(xiu)復完(wan)成，可提(ti)交使用。

熱(re)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)膠粘合(he)(he)修復可以用(yong)(yong)(yong)熱(re)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)膠棒，也(ye)可以用(yong)(yong)(yong)與電(dian)(dian)池殼體(ti)相(xiang)同材料(liao)的棒（板(ban)）材料(liao)，作為熱(re)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)膠合(he)(he)材料(liao)，后者效果會更好。對熔(rong)(rong)(rong)膠粘合(he)(he)修復前(qian)失液過多(duo)的電(dian)(dian)池修復后應補加使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)濃度(du)的電(dian)(dian)解液到液面線的中(zhong)間部位并充電(dian)(dian)后再提(ti)交使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。

熱熔膠粘合修復適用于所有的熱塑性工程塑料制作的電池殼體修復，特別是沒有溶劑的熱塑性工程塑料制作的電池殼體破裂的修復，如PP（聚丙烯），改(gai)性增強PP（滑石粉強化的聚丙烯）等。

對于(yu)極拄處，或(huo)蓋子上出(chu)現的(de)輕微縫隙也可以用上述熱(re)熔(rong)粘合方法進行修復。