一、鉛酸電池最佳充電方法

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（1）恒定電流充電法

在充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)中(zhong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流始終保(bao)持不(bu)變，叫做恒(heng)(heng)定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)，簡稱(cheng)恒(heng)(heng)流充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)或等流充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)。在充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)中(zhong)由于(yu)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓逐(zhu)漸(jian)升(sheng)(sheng)高(gao)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流逐(zhu)漸(jian)下(xia)(xia)降，為(wei)保(bao)持充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流不(bu)致因蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓升(sheng)(sheng)高(gao)而(er)(er)減小，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)必須(xu)逐(zhu)漸(jian)升(sheng)(sheng)高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，以維持充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流始終不(bu)變，這對于(yu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備的(de)(de)自動(dong)化程(cheng)度(du)要求(qiu)較(jiao)高(gao)，一般簡陋的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備是不(bu)能滿足恒(heng)(heng)流充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)要求(qiu)的(de)(de)。恒(heng)(heng)流充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)，在蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池最大允(yun)許的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流情況下(xia)(xia)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流越大，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)間就可以縮短(duan)。若(ruo)從(cong)時(shi)(shi)間上考(kao)慮，采用此法(fa)(fa)有利的(de)(de)。但(dan)在充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后期若(ruo)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流仍不(bu)變，這時(shi)(shi)由于(yu)大部分電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流用于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)水(shui)上，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液出氣(qi)泡過多(duo)而(er)(er)顯(xian)沸騰(teng)狀，這不(bu)僅消(xiao)耗電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能，而(er)(er)且容易使極板(ban)上活性物(wu)質大量(liang)(liang)脫(tuo)落，溫升(sheng)(sheng)過高(gao)，造成極板(ban)彎曲，容量(liang)(liang)迅速(su)下(xia)(xia)降而(er)(er)提前報廢(fei)。所以，這種充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方法(fa)(fa)很少(shao)采用。

（2）恒定電壓充電法

在(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程中(zhong)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)始(shi)終(zhong)保(bao)持不變，叫做(zuo)恒(heng)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法，簡(jian)稱(cheng)恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法或等(deng)壓(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法。由于(yu)恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)開(kai)始(shi)至后期，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)始(shi)終(zhong)保(bao)持一定(ding)，所(suo)以在(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)開(kai)始(shi)時充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)相當(dang)大(da)(da)，大(da)(da)大(da)(da)超過(guo)正(zheng)常(chang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)值。但(dan)隨著(zhu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)進(jin)行，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)逐漸升高(gao)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)逐漸減(jian)小。當(dang)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)和充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)相等(deng)時，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)減(jian)至最小甚至為零。由此可見，采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法的(de)優點(dian)(dian)在(zai)(zai)于(yu)，可以避免充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后期充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)過(guo)大(da)(da)而造成極板活(huo)性(xing)(xing)物質(zhi)脫(tuo)(tuo)落和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)損(sun)失。但(dan)其(qi)缺點(dian)(dian)是，在(zai)(zai)剛開(kai)始(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)過(guo)大(da)(da)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極活(huo)性(xing)(xing)物質(zhi)體(ti)(ti)積變化收(shou)縮(suo)太快，影響(xiang)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)物質(zhi)的(de)機械強度，致使(shi)(shi)其(qi)脫(tuo)(tuo)落。而在(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后期充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)又過(guo)小，使(shi)(shi)極板深處的(de)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)物質(zhi)得不到(dao)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)反應，形成長期充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不足(zu)，影響(xiang)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)壽命(ming)。所(suo)以這種充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方法一般只適用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)無配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備(bei)或充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備(bei)較簡(jian)陋的(de)特(te)殊場合，如汽車上蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，1號至5號干電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)式的(de)小蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)均采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)等(deng)壓(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法。采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)等(deng)壓(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法給蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時，所(suo)需電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)：酸性(xing)(xing)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)每個(ge)單體(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)為2.4～2.8V左右，堿性(xing)(xing)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)每個(ge)單體(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)為1.6～2.0V左右。

（3）有固定電阻的恒定電壓充電

為補救恒定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)缺點而采用的(de)一種方法(fa)。即在(zai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池之間串聯一電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)，這樣充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)初期的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)可以(yi)調整。但有時最(zui)大充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)受(shou)到限制，因此隨充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)的(de)進行，蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓逐(zhu)漸(jian)上升，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)卻幾乎(hu)成為直線衰(shuai)減。有時使用兩個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)值(zhi)，約(yue)在(zai)2.4V時，從(cong)低(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)轉換(huan)到高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)，以(yi)減少出氣。

（4）階段等流充電法

綜合恒(heng)(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)和恒(heng)(heng)壓(ya)充(chong)電(dian)法(fa)的(de)(de)(de)特點，蓄電(dian)池在充(chong)電(dian)初(chu)期(qi)用較大的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)，經過(guo)一段(duan)(duan)時間(jian)改用較小(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)，至充(chong)電(dian)后期(qi)改用更小(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)，即不同階段(duan)(duan)內以(yi)不同的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)進行恒(heng)(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法(fa)，叫做階段(duan)(duan)恒(heng)(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)法(fa)。階段(duan)(duan)恒(heng)(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)法(fa)，一般可分(fen)為兩個階段(duan)(duan)進行，也(ye)可分(fen)為多個階段(duan)(duan)進行。

階段(duan)(duan)等流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)所(suo)需(xu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間短，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效(xiao)果也(ye)好。由于充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后期改用較小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，這(zhe)樣減少了氣泡對極板活(huo)性(xing)(xing)物質的沖刷，減少了活(huo)性(xing)(xing)物質的脫落。這(zhe)種充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)能延長(chang)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池使用壽命，并節省電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)又徹底，所(suo)以是當前常用的一(yi)種充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方法(fa)。一(yi)般(ban)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池第(di)(di)一(yi)階段(duan)(duan)以10h率電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)進(jin)行充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，第(di)(di)二階段(duan)(duan)以20h率電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)進(jin)行充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。各(ge)階段(duan)(duan)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間的長(chang)短，各(ge)種蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的具體要(yao)求和標(biao)準不(bu)一(yi)樣。

3階段充電法是鉛酸電(dian)池理想充電(dian)法。

（5）浮充電法

間(jian)歇使用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)或(huo)僅在交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)才使用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，其充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式(shi)為浮充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)式(shi)。一些特殊場合使用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)固定(ding)(ding)型(xing)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)一般均(jun)采用(yong)(yong)浮充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)法對蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)進(jin)行充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。浮充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法的(de)(de)(de)優(you)點主要在于(yu)能(neng)減少蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)析氣率，并可防止過充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，同(tong)時(shi)由(you)于(yu)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)同(tong)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源并聯(lian)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)，蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)瞬時(shi)輸出大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)，這有助(zhu)于(yu)鎮定(ding)(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源系統的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，使用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)正常。浮充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法的(de)(de)(de)缺點是個別蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不均(jun)衡(heng)和(he)充(chong)(chong)不足(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，所(suo)以需要進(jin)行定(ding)(ding)期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)均(jun)衡(heng)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

二、鉛酸蓄電池如何修復

并不(bu)是所有(you)失(shi)效的(de)(de)(de)(de)鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)都能進(jin)行(xing)修(xiu)復(fu)，如出現(xian)了短路(lu)和(he)(he)斷路(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)、極板上(shang)(shang)活性(xing)物質(zhi)嚴(yan)(yan)重脫落(luo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)、極板嚴(yan)(yan)重損壞(huai)，嚴(yan)(yan)重變(bian)形的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)塑料殼體(ti)嚴(yan)(yan)重變(bian)形和(he)(he)嚴(yan)(yan)重破裂的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，以(yi)及(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)塑料殼體(ti)底部(bu)出現(xian)大面(mian)積(ji)漏液的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)是不(bu)能進(jin)行(xing)修(xiu)復(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。所以(yi)可修(xiu)復(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)是因失(shi)水嚴(yan)(yan)重而(er)失(shi)效、電(dian)(dian)(dian)極上(shang)(shang)活性(xing)物質(zhi)發生(sheng)嚴(yan)(yan)重的(de)(de)(de)(de)硫酸(suan)鹽(yan)化而(er)失(shi)效的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，以(yi)及(ji)(ji)因磕碰、摔打、跌落(luo)等原因使電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)殼體(ti)上(shang)(shang)部(bu)出現(xian)微弱裂縫而(er)漏液造(zao)成失(shi)效的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，即(ji)結構輕微失(shi)效的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)。所以(yi)鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)修(xiu)復(fu)可分為(wei)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)性(xing)能失(shi)效的(de)(de)(de)(de)修(xiu)復(fu)和(he)(he)對塑料殼體(ti)結構件(jian)失(shi)效的(de)(de)(de)(de)修(xiu)復(fu)。

1、對電性能失效的鉛酸蓄電池修復

對電性(xing)能失效的鉛(qian)酸蓄電池修復(fu)可(ke)分(fen)為化學方法(fa)修復(fu)和物理方法(fa)修復(fu)。

（1）用化學方法對電性能失效的鉛酸蓄電池修復

化(hua)學方法對電性能失效的(de)鉛酸蓄電池的(de)修(xiu)復(fu)通(tong)常是采用加(jia)入(ru)化(hua)學活化(hua)劑方法，如添加(jia)納米碳溶膠蓄電池活化(hua)劑，它是以納米石墨(mo)為(wei)溶質主要成份的(de)水溶液(ye)。

A、對失水嚴(yan)重的(de)鉛(qian)酸蓄(xu)電池在(zai)加入活(huo)化劑前要先(xian)加入濃度為5%~10%的稀硫酸(suan)電(dian)解液，補加的電(dian)解液量控(kong)制在上(shang)下液面線之間偏上(shang)線的位置(zhi)。

B、按活化劑(ji)的(de)使用添加(jia)量要求通過氣塞孔均(jun)勻的(de)從(cong)四周及中間加(jia)入到每個單體蓄電(dian)池內部并搖動均(jun)勻。納米碳(tan)溶膠活化劑(ji)加(jia)完后(hou)電(dian)解(jie)液(ye)的(de)液(ye)面線(xian)接(jie)近液(ye)面標示線(xian)的(de)上(shang)線(xian)。

C、立即(ji)對修(xiu)復的(de)電池充電，開始(shi)活化充電時充電電流(liu)要大于正常(chang)充電電流(liu)的(de)50%左右，以(yi)便使納米(mi)石(shi)墨(mo)在電場的作用(yong)下盡(jin)快(kuai)的吸附到電極里面，大約充進40%左(zuo)右(you)的電(dian)量時再進行(xing)正常充電(dian)。首次活化的充電(dian)量為理論(lun)容量的120%~130%。

一般活化2~3個周次后電池的(de)電性能就能得以恢復，其(qi)放(fang)電容量在額定容量的(de)98%以上的可認為修復(fu)完成。電池(chi)活化修復(fu)后對(dui)電解(jie)液液面偏高的要抽出多余的電解(jie)液。

在電池活化前電池內部的電解液如果混濁并為棕色及有固體顆粒但放電容量接近額定容量的80%的電(dian)(dian)池，應(ying)把電(dian)(dian)解(jie)液全部倒出（或吸出）并用(yong)電(dian)(dian)池用(yong)純凈水清洗2次(ci)，然后再加入使用(yong)濃度的(de)硫酸電解液，再按前述(shu)方法對電池進行活化(hua)修(xiu)復。

注意：

納米碳溶膠鉛酸蓄電池活化劑最適用于富液型的各種鉛酸蓄電池的修復，對VRLA鉛(qian)酸(suan)蓄電池的(de)修復也有一定效(xiao)果；但對膠體(ti)電解質電池的(de)修復效(xiao)果不(bu)明(ming)顯。

（2）用物理方法對電性能失效的鉛酸蓄電池的修復

用物(wu)理方法對(dui)電(dian)性能失效的鉛酸(suan)蓄電(dian)池修復是用充(chong)電(dian)設備提供的充(chong)電(dian)模(mo)式創新—充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)的變(bian)化來實現的。

A、對失水嚴重的電池進行補充電解液

方法見(jian)（1）；

B、對修復的電池進行小電流預放電

小(xiao)電流(liu)預放(fang)電可(ke)以使電解(jie)液更容易浸潤到電極(ji)內部(bu)，使表面已生成(cheng)鈍化(hua)層的活性物質（硫酸鉛(qian)）在小(xiao)電流(liu)放(fang)電時(shi)產生比較疏(shu)松(song)的硫酸鉛(qian)分子，這有助于鈍化(hua)的硫酸鉛(qian)活化(hua)并(bing)再(zai)度(du)參加(jia)電化(hua)學反(fan)應。

C、修復充電

可采用變幅脈沖鉛酸蓄電池修復儀來對電性能失效的電池修復充電。一開始要用大電流對失效的電池充電，當電池的電壓和內阻達到一定值時會自動的引入脈沖充電；正脈沖電流一般≥0.3C，負脈沖電流一般≥0.1C，終止時單體(ti)電池(chi)電壓控制在2.63V~2.70V之間。充電(dian)電(dian)流會(hui)隨(sui)電(dian)池的(de)(de)電(dian)壓升高(gao)而逐(zhu)步下降，這可以避免(mian)長(chang)時間大(da)電(dian)流充電(dian)造(zao)成電(dian)極的(de)(de)損壞和失水。一般修(xiu)復充電(dian)的(de)(de)充電(dian)容量(liang)控制在(zai)額(e)定容量(liang)的(de)(de)120%左(zuo)右，時間控制在10h~12h之間。

D、第一次修復充電后的容量檢測

第一次修復充電完成后應擱置2小時，其后檢察電池的開路電壓，若(ruo)一切正常(chang)可按要求的放電電流放電，放至單體電壓到1.75V，放出的容量應不少于(yu)額定(ding)容量的95%。

E、第二次修復充電

對于長時間沒有使用或失水嚴重及硫酸鹽化嚴重引起電性能失效的電池僅一次性修復很難使電池的容量恢復到額定容量的95%以上(shang)；需要對(dui)容(rong)量(liang)恢復到額定容(rong)量(liang)80%以上的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)進行第二次修(xiu)復。第二次修(xiu)復的(de)(de)充電(dian)(dian)方法與第一次相同。一般只是電(dian)(dian)性能失效的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)第二次修(xiu)復后(hou)其電(dian)(dian)池(chi)容量可以恢復到額定容量的(de)(de)98%以(yi)上；這時可(ke)認為修復(fu)完(wan)成，電池再(zai)充電后就(jiu)可(ke)以(yi)提交使用。如果(guo)第(di)二次修復(fu)放電容量低于額定(ding)容量的85%則認為該(gai)電(dian)池徹(che)底失(shi)效不可修復(fu)。

（3）用掃描共振頻率技術對電性能失效的鉛酸蓄電池修復

掃描共振頻(pin)率技(ji)術（裝(zhuang)置）對落后或電性能失效電池的修復(fu)操作

A、對失水嚴(yan)重的電(dian)池進行補充電(dian)解液，方法(fa)同3.1.1.2（1）。

B、將掃描共振頻率(lv)裝置連(lian)接到電池(chi)（組）的(de)正、負極上(shang)，按使用要求對落(luo)后或(huo)電性能失效的(de)電池(chi)進行修復(fu)(fu)。為防(fang)止電池(chi)工作(zuo)狀態對修復(fu)(fu)的(de)干擾在線路中應串一個(ge)同步干擾抑制模塊。

C、測量被(bei)修復電(dian)路(lu)中電(dian)池的電(dian)壓(ya)和(he)內阻，失效的或落后的電(dian)池電(dian)壓(ya)和(he)內阻與其它電(dian)池基本(ben)一致時可以認為修復完(wan)成。

注意：

可用于通信、通訊系統、UPS系統、衛星地面站等設施的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)機房(fang)。該技(ji)術（裝置）的(de)(de)(de)最大特點是(shi)落后(hou)或失效的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)可(ke)以在線修復(fu)，不(bu)必把有問題的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)從供配電(dian)(dian)系統中(zhong)取下，是(shi)屬于在線智能修復(fu)，可(ke)無需人員(yuan)值班，修復(fu)激活電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)時也不(bu)會給電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)帶來(lai)損壞。

2、鉛酸蓄電池殼體損壞的修復

鉛(qian)酸(suan)蓄電池(chi)(chi)(chi)在(zai)使用過(guo)程中有(you)時會出現碰撞、跌落、摔打的(de)現象，這就會造成電池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)塑(su)料殼體被損壞(huai)。對(dui)于只有(you)輕微(wei)(wei)損壞(huai)（如(ru)外殼有(you)輕微(wei)(wei)縫(feng)隙、漏電解(jie)液并不(bu)嚴(yan)重、內部電極并未損壞(huai)）的(de)可(ke)以進(jin)行修(xiu)復(fu)(fu)，但修(xiu)復(fu)(fu)后不(bu)應(ying)影響電池(chi)(chi)(chi)在(zai)設(she)備上的(de)裝配(pei)。

（1）用粘合技術對鉛酸蓄電池外殼損傷的修復操作

按正丁酮100?ml+20?g?ABS（或(huo)SAN）塑料料粒(li)的(de)(de)配比配制(zhi)膠(jiao)(jiao)液，不斷(duan)搖動，使固體(ti)料粒(li)完全溶解并成均(jun)勻液，待用(yong)（膠(jiao)(jiao)液用(yong)后密封(feng)好，可以長期使用(yong)）。把鉛酸蓄電池外殼損傷處擦拭潔凈，粘(zhan)接面上不能有粉(fen)塵，粉(fen)狀顆粒(li)，油污(wu)及電解液并應平整。取潔凈的(de)(de)尺寸適度(du)的(de)(de)ABS（或SAN）塑料板(ban)塊（板(ban)塊的尺寸各方(fang)向(xiang)上(shang)要大于裂縫5mm以(yi)上，厚(hou)度和電池外殼壁相(xiang)當，待用(yong)。取(qu)適量的膠液(ye)涂抹于鉛酸(suan)蓄電池外殼的損傷處及(ji)周邊5mm以上的(de)地帶，再把裁剪好(hao)的(de)塑料(liao)板塊緊壓在涂(tu)好(hao)膠的(de)電池外(wai)殼損傷(shang)處并平壓緊，12小時以(yi)(yi)后(hou)待膠液完全干(gan)涸后(hou)檢查不漏，可(ke)以(yi)(yi)認為修復完成(cheng)，可(ke)提交(jiao)使用(yong)。應(ying)注意的(de)(de)是粘接(jie)面必(bi)需(xu)平整，粘接(jie)處必(bi)需(xu)平壓緊。被修復的(de)(de)電(dian)池在修復前(qian)若漏電(dian)解(jie)液較多時應(ying)補加使用(yong)濃度的(de)(de)硫酸電(dian)解(jie)液在充電(dian)活化后(hou)方可(ke)提交(jiao)使用(yong)。

粘合修復鉛酸蓄電池技術適用于電池殼體材料有溶劑可溶的，如ABS（丙烯(xi)晴(qing)、苯(ben)乙(yi)烯(xi)、丁二(er)烯(xi)共聚物），改性ABS工程(cheng)塑料，SAN工(gong)程(cheng)塑料(liao)（苯乙烯、丙烯晴(qing)共聚物(wu)）等。

（2）用熱熔粘合技術對殼體損傷的鉛酸蓄電池的修復

對鉛酸蓄電池的損傷面進行潔凈處理，粘接面不應有酸液、粉塵、油污和粒狀雜質。用熱熔槍對熱熔膠棒加熱并對修復處適當加熱，使熱熔膠棒熔化并流落到電池殼體的損傷處，熱熔膠粘合面各方向上的膠液要大于損傷縫隙處5mm以(yi)上，損傷縫隙(xi)粘合膠(jiao)面的厚(hou)度不小于電池外殼的壁厚(hou)，熱熔膠(jiao)合面可(ke)以(yi)適當加壓有利(li)于粘合牢固，自然(ran)冷(leng)卻12小時后檢(jian)查不漏，可以認(ren)為修復完成，可提交使用。

熱熔(rong)膠粘合修(xiu)(xiu)復(fu)(fu)可以用(yong)熱熔(rong)膠棒，也可以用(yong)與電(dian)池殼體相同材料的棒（板）材料，作為熱熔(rong)膠合材料，后者(zhe)效果會(hui)更好。對熔(rong)膠粘合修(xiu)(xiu)復(fu)(fu)前失液過多的電(dian)池修(xiu)(xiu)復(fu)(fu)后應補(bu)加使用(yong)濃度的電(dian)解液到液面線的中間(jian)部位并充電(dian)后再提交(jiao)使用(yong)。

熱熔膠粘合修復適用于所有的熱塑性工程塑料制作的電池殼體修復，特別是沒有溶劑的熱塑性工程塑料制作的電池殼體破裂的修復，如PP（聚丙烯），改(gai)性增(zeng)強PP（滑石粉強化的聚丙烯(xi)）等。

對(dui)于極(ji)拄處，或(huo)蓋子上出現的輕微縫隙也(ye)可(ke)以(yi)用上述熱熔粘合方(fang)法進行修復(fu)。