一、鉛酸電池最佳充電方法

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（1）恒定電流充電法

在(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)始(shi)終保持不(bu)變，叫做恒(heng)定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)，簡(jian)稱恒(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)或等流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)。在(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中由于蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓逐漸(jian)升(sheng)高(gao)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)逐漸(jian)下(xia)降，為保持充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)不(bu)致因蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓升(sheng)高(gao)而(er)(er)減小，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程必須逐漸(jian)升(sheng)高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，以維持充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)始(shi)終不(bu)變，這對于充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備的(de)自動化程度要求較高(gao)，一般(ban)簡(jian)陋的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備是不(bu)能(neng)滿(man)足恒(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)要求的(de)。恒(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)，在(zai)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)最大(da)允許(xu)的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)情況下(xia)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)越大(da)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間就(jiu)可以縮(suo)短。若從時(shi)間上(shang)考慮，采(cai)用(yong)此法(fa)(fa)(fa)有利的(de)。但在(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后期若充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)仍不(bu)變，這時(shi)由于大(da)部(bu)分電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)用(yong)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)水上(shang)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液出氣泡過多而(er)(er)顯沸騰狀，這不(bu)僅消耗電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)，而(er)(er)且容(rong)易使極板(ban)上(shang)活性物(wu)質大(da)量(liang)脫落，溫升(sheng)過高(gao)，造成極板(ban)彎(wan)曲，容(rong)量(liang)迅(xun)速下(xia)降而(er)(er)提前報廢(fei)。所以，這種(zhong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方法(fa)(fa)(fa)很少采(cai)用(yong)。

（2）恒定電壓充電法

在充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)始(shi)終保持不(bu)變，叫做恒定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)，簡稱恒壓(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)或等(deng)壓(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)。由于恒壓(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)開(kai)始(shi)至(zhi)(zhi)后期(qi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)始(shi)終保持一(yi)定(ding)，所(suo)以(yi)在充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)開(kai)始(shi)時(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)相當大，大大超過(guo)(guo)(guo)正(zheng)常充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)值。但隨(sui)著充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)進行，蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)逐漸升高，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)逐漸減小(xiao)(xiao)。當蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)和充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)相等(deng)時(shi)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)減至(zhi)(zhi)最小(xiao)(xiao)甚(shen)至(zhi)(zhi)為零。由此可(ke)見，采用(yong)恒壓(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)的(de)優點在于，可(ke)以(yi)避免(mian)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后期(qi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)過(guo)(guo)(guo)大而造成極板(ban)(ban)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)物質(zhi)脫(tuo)落和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)損失。但其缺點是，在剛(gang)開(kai)始(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)過(guo)(guo)(guo)大，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)物質(zhi)體積變化收縮太快，影響(xiang)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)物質(zhi)的(de)機械強度，致使其脫(tuo)落。而在充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后期(qi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)又過(guo)(guo)(guo)小(xiao)(xiao)，使極板(ban)(ban)深處的(de)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)物質(zhi)得不(bu)到(dao)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)反(fan)應，形(xing)成長期(qi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)足，影響(xiang)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)使用(yong)壽命。所(suo)以(yi)這種(zhong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方法(fa)(fa)一(yi)般只適(shi)用(yong)于無配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備(bei)或充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備(bei)較簡陋的(de)特(te)殊場合，如汽車上(shang)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，1號至(zhi)(zhi)5號干(gan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)式(shi)的(de)小(xiao)(xiao)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)均采用(yong)等(deng)壓(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)。采用(yong)等(deng)壓(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)給蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)，所(suo)需電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)：酸性(xing)(xing)(xing)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)每個單體電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)為2.4～2.8V左右，堿(jian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)每個單體電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)為1.6～2.0V左右。

（3）有固定電阻的恒定電壓充電

為補救(jiu)恒定電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的缺點而采用(yong)的一種(zhong)方法。即在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池之間串聯(lian)一電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)，這樣充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)初期的電(dian)(dian)(dian)流可(ke)以調整。但有時最大充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流受到限制，因此(ci)隨充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)的進行(xing)，蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓逐漸上升，電(dian)(dian)(dian)流卻幾乎成(cheng)為直線衰減(jian)。有時使用(yong)兩個電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)值，約在2.4V時，從低電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)轉換到高電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)，以減(jian)少出氣。

（4）階段等流充電法

綜(zong)合恒(heng)(heng)流(liu)和(he)恒(heng)(heng)壓(ya)充(chong)電(dian)法的(de)(de)(de)(de)特點，蓄電(dian)池在充(chong)電(dian)初(chu)期(qi)用(yong)較大的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)流(liu)，經(jing)過(guo)一段(duan)時間改用(yong)較小的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)流(liu)，至(zhi)充(chong)電(dian)后期(qi)改用(yong)更小的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)流(liu)，即(ji)不(bu)同階(jie)段(duan)內以(yi)不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)流(liu)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)恒(heng)(heng)流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法，叫做(zuo)階(jie)段(duan)恒(heng)(heng)流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)法。階(jie)段(duan)恒(heng)(heng)流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)法，一般可(ke)分為(wei)兩(liang)個(ge)階(jie)段(duan)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)，也可(ke)分為(wei)多個(ge)階(jie)段(duan)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)。

階(jie)段(duan)等流充(chong)(chong)電(dian)法所(suo)需(xu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)時(shi)間短(duan)，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)效果也好。由于充(chong)(chong)電(dian)后期改用(yong)較(jiao)小電(dian)流充(chong)(chong)電(dian)，這樣減(jian)少了氣泡對(dui)極板活性(xing)物(wu)質的(de)沖刷，減(jian)少了活性(xing)物(wu)質的(de)脫落。這種(zhong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)法能延長蓄電(dian)池使用(yong)壽命，并節省電(dian)能，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)又徹底，所(suo)以是(shi)當前常用(yong)的(de)一種(zhong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)方法。一般(ban)蓄電(dian)池第(di)一階(jie)段(duan)以10h率(lv)電(dian)流進(jin)行(xing)(xing)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)，第(di)二階(jie)段(duan)以20h率(lv)電(dian)流進(jin)行(xing)(xing)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)。各階(jie)段(duan)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)時(shi)間的(de)長短(duan)，各種(zhong)蓄電(dian)池的(de)具(ju)體要(yao)求和標準不一樣。

3階段充電法是鉛酸電(dian)池理想充電(dian)法。

（5）浮充電法

間(jian)歇(xie)使用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)或僅(jin)在交流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)才使用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，其充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式為(wei)浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)式。一些特殊場合使用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)固定(ding)型蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)一般均(jun)采用(yong)(yong)浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方法對蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)進行充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法的(de)(de)優點主要在于(yu)能減少蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)析氣率，并可防止過(guo)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，同時(shi)(shi)由(you)于(yu)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)同直流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)并聯供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)，蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)瞬時(shi)(shi)輸(shu)出(chu)大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)，這有助于(yu)鎮定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)系統的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，使用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)正常。浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法的(de)(de)缺點是個別蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不均(jun)衡和充(chong)(chong)不足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，所以需要進行定(ding)期的(de)(de)均(jun)衡充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

二、鉛酸蓄電池如何修復

并不是(shi)所有(you)失(shi)(shi)效的(de)(de)鉛(qian)酸(suan)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)都能進(jin)行(xing)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)復，如出現(xian)(xian)了短(duan)路(lu)和斷(duan)路(lu)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)、極板上活性物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)嚴(yan)(yan)重(zhong)脫(tuo)落(luo)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)、極板嚴(yan)(yan)重(zhong)損壞(huai)，嚴(yan)(yan)重(zhong)變形的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)塑料殼體(ti)嚴(yan)(yan)重(zhong)變形和嚴(yan)(yan)重(zhong)破(po)裂的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，以(yi)及(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)塑料殼體(ti)底部出現(xian)(xian)大面積漏液的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)是(shi)不能進(jin)行(xing)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)復的(de)(de)。所以(yi)可(ke)(ke)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)復的(de)(de)鉛(qian)酸(suan)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)是(shi)因(yin)失(shi)(shi)水嚴(yan)(yan)重(zhong)而失(shi)(shi)效、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極上活性物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)發生嚴(yan)(yan)重(zhong)的(de)(de)硫(liu)酸(suan)鹽(yan)化而失(shi)(shi)效的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，以(yi)及(ji)因(yin)磕碰、摔打、跌(die)落(luo)等原(yuan)因(yin)使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)殼體(ti)上部出現(xian)(xian)微弱裂縫而漏液造成失(shi)(shi)效的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，即(ji)結(jie)構輕微失(shi)(shi)效的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。所以(yi)鉛(qian)酸(suan)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)復可(ke)(ke)分為對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)性能失(shi)(shi)效的(de)(de)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)復和對塑料殼體(ti)結(jie)構件失(shi)(shi)效的(de)(de)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)復。

1、對電性能失效的鉛酸蓄電池修復

對電(dian)性能失(shi)效的鉛酸蓄電(dian)池修(xiu)復可分為化(hua)學方(fang)法修(xiu)復和物理方(fang)法修(xiu)復。

（1）用化學方法對電性能失效的鉛酸蓄電池修復

化學方法(fa)對電性能失效的鉛酸蓄電池的修(xiu)復通常是采用加入化學活(huo)化劑(ji)方法(fa)，如(ru)添(tian)加納米(mi)碳溶(rong)膠蓄電池活(huo)化劑(ji)，它是以納米(mi)石(shi)墨(mo)為(wei)溶(rong)質主要成(cheng)份的水溶(rong)液(ye)。

A、對失水嚴重(zhong)的(de)鉛(qian)酸蓄電池在加(jia)(jia)入(ru)活化劑(ji)前(qian)要先(xian)加(jia)(jia)入(ru)濃度(du)為5%~10%的稀硫酸(suan)電解(jie)液，補加的電解(jie)液量控制在上(shang)下液面線之間偏上(shang)線的位置。

B、按活化(hua)劑的(de)使(shi)用添加(jia)量(liang)要求通過(guo)氣(qi)塞孔(kong)均勻(yun)(yun)的(de)從四(si)周及中間(jian)加(jia)入到每個單體蓄電(dian)池內部(bu)并搖動均勻(yun)(yun)。納米(mi)碳溶(rong)膠活化(hua)劑加(jia)完后電(dian)解(jie)液(ye)(ye)的(de)液(ye)(ye)面線接近液(ye)(ye)面標示線的(de)上(shang)線。

C、立(li)即(ji)對修(xiu)復的(de)(de)電(dian)池充(chong)(chong)電(dian)，開始活化充(chong)(chong)電(dian)時充(chong)(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流要大于(yu)正常充(chong)(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流的(de)(de)50%左右，以便使納米石墨(mo)在電場(chang)的(de)作用下盡快的(de)吸附(fu)到電極里面，大約充進(jin)40%左(zuo)右(you)的電量(liang)時再進行正常充電。首次活化的充電量(liang)為理論(lun)容(rong)量(liang)的120%~130%。

一般活化2~3個周(zhou)次后電(dian)池的(de)電(dian)性能就能得(de)以恢復(fu)，其放電(dian)容(rong)量(liang)在(zai)額定容(rong)量(liang)的(de)98%以上的可認為修(xiu)復(fu)完成。電(dian)池活化修(xiu)復(fu)后(hou)對電(dian)解液液面偏高的要抽出多余(yu)的電(dian)解液。

在電池活化前電池內部的電解液如果混濁并為棕色及有固體顆粒但放電容量接近額定容量的80%的電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，應把電(dian)(dian)解液(ye)全部倒(dao)出（或(huo)吸(xi)出）并用(yong)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)用(yong)純(chun)凈水(shui)清(qing)洗2次，然后再(zai)加入使用濃(nong)度的硫酸(suan)電(dian)解液(ye)，再(zai)按前述(shu)方法對電(dian)池進(jin)行活(huo)化修復。

注意：

納米碳溶膠鉛酸蓄電池活化劑最適用于富液型的各種鉛酸蓄電池的修復，對VRLA鉛(qian)酸蓄電(dian)池的修(xiu)(xiu)復也有一(yi)定效(xiao)果(guo)；但對(dui)膠(jiao)體電(dian)解質電(dian)池的修(xiu)(xiu)復效(xiao)果(guo)不明顯。

（2）用物理方法對電性能失效的鉛酸蓄電池的修復

用物(wu)理方法對電性能失效的(de)(de)鉛酸蓄電池修復是用充電設備提供的(de)(de)充電模(mo)式創新—充電電流(liu)的(de)(de)變(bian)化來實現的(de)(de)。

A、對失水嚴重的電池進行補充電解液

方法見(jian)（1）；

B、對修復的電池進行小電流預放電

小電(dian)(dian)(dian)流預放電(dian)(dian)(dian)可以使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)更容(rong)易浸潤到電(dian)(dian)(dian)極內(nei)部，使(shi)表面已生(sheng)成鈍(dun)化層的(de)活性物質（硫酸(suan)鉛）在小電(dian)(dian)(dian)流放電(dian)(dian)(dian)時產(chan)生(sheng)比較疏松的(de)硫酸(suan)鉛分(fen)子，這(zhe)有助于鈍(dun)化的(de)硫酸(suan)鉛活化并再(zai)度(du)參(can)加電(dian)(dian)(dian)化學反應。

C、修復充電

可采用變幅脈沖鉛酸蓄電池修復儀來對電性能失效的電池修復充電。一開始要用大電流對失效的電池充電，當電池的電壓和內阻達到一定值時會自動的引入脈沖充電；正脈沖電流一般≥0.3C，負脈沖(chong)電流一般≥0.1C，終止時單體電池電壓(ya)控制在2.63V~2.70V之間(jian)。充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)會隨電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓升高而逐步下(xia)降，這可以避免長時間(jian)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)造(zao)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)極的(de)損(sun)壞和失水(shui)。一般(ban)修(xiu)復充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容量控制在額定(ding)容量的(de)120%左右(you)，時間(jian)控制在10h~12h之間。

D、第一次修復充電后的容量檢測

第一次修復充電完成后應擱置2小時，其后檢(jian)察電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)開(kai)路電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，若(ruo)一切正常可按要求的(de)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流放電(dian)(dian)(dian)，放至(zhi)單(dan)體電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓到1.75V，放出的容(rong)(rong)量(liang)應不少于(yu)額定容(rong)(rong)量(liang)的95%。

E、第二次修復充電

對于長時間沒有使用或失水嚴重及硫酸鹽化嚴重引起電性能失效的電池僅一次性修復很難使電池的容量恢復到額定容量的95%以(yi)上；需要對容(rong)量(liang)恢復到額定容(rong)量(liang)80%以(yi)上的(de)電池進(jin)行(xing)第(di)二次(ci)修(xiu)(xiu)復(fu)。第(di)二次(ci)修(xiu)(xiu)復(fu)的(de)充電方(fang)法與第(di)一(yi)次(ci)相(xiang)同。一(yi)般(ban)只是(shi)電性(xing)能失效的(de)電池第(di)二次(ci)修(xiu)(xiu)復(fu)后其電池容量可以(yi)恢復(fu)到額定容量的(de)98%以(yi)上(shang)；這時可認為修(xiu)(xiu)復完成，電池再充(chong)電后就可以(yi)提(ti)交使用。如果(guo)第二次修(xiu)(xiu)復放電容量低于額定容量的85%則認為該(gai)電池徹底失效(xiao)不可修復。

（3）用掃描共振頻率技術對電性能失效的鉛酸蓄電池修復

掃描(miao)共振頻率(lv)技(ji)術（裝置(zhi)）對(dui)落(luo)后或電性能失效(xiao)電池的修復操(cao)作

A、對失(shi)水嚴重的電(dian)池(chi)進行補充電(dian)解液(ye)，方法同3.1.1.2（1）。

B、將掃描(miao)共振(zhen)頻率裝置連接到電(dian)池(chi)（組）的(de)正、負極上，按使用要求(qiu)對落后或電(dian)性能失效的(de)電(dian)池(chi)進行(xing)修復。為防止電(dian)池(chi)工(gong)作狀態對修復的(de)干(gan)擾在線路中應串一(yi)個同步干(gan)擾抑制模(mo)塊。

C、測量被修復電(dian)(dian)(dian)路中(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)和內阻，失(shi)效(xiao)的(de)或落后的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)和內阻與其它電(dian)(dian)(dian)池基本一致(zhi)時可以(yi)認為(wei)修復完成。

注意：

可用于通信、通訊系統、UPS系統(tong)、衛(wei)星(xing)地面站等(deng)設施(shi)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)池機房。該技(ji)術（裝(zhuang)置）的最大特點是(shi)落后或失效的電(dian)(dian)(dian)池可(ke)以(yi)在線修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)復，不(bu)(bu)必把(ba)有問題的電(dian)(dian)(dian)池從供(gong)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)中(zhong)取下，是(shi)屬于(yu)在線智能修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)復，可(ke)無需人員值班，修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)復激活(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池時也(ye)不(bu)(bu)會給(gei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池帶(dai)來損壞。

2、鉛酸蓄電池殼體損壞的修復

鉛(qian)酸蓄電(dian)池(chi)在使用過程中有(you)時(shi)會(hui)出現(xian)碰(peng)撞、跌落(luo)、摔打的(de)現(xian)象，這就會(hui)造成(cheng)電(dian)池(chi)的(de)塑(su)料(liao)殼體被損(sun)壞。對于只有(you)輕微(wei)損(sun)壞（如外殼有(you)輕微(wei)縫(feng)隙、漏電(dian)解液并不嚴重、內(nei)部電(dian)極(ji)并未損(sun)壞）的(de)可(ke)以進行(xing)修(xiu)復，但(dan)修(xiu)復后不應影(ying)響電(dian)池(chi)在設備(bei)上的(de)裝配(pei)。

（1）用粘合技術對鉛酸蓄電池外殼損傷的修復操作

按正丁酮100?ml+20?g?ABS（或(huo)SAN）塑料料粒的配比配制膠液(ye)，不斷(duan)搖動，使固體料粒完全溶解(jie)并(bing)成均勻(yun)液(ye)，待用（膠液(ye)用后(hou)密封好，可以(yi)長期使用）。把鉛酸蓄電池外殼(ke)損傷(shang)處擦拭潔凈，粘接面上不能有粉塵，粉狀顆粒，油(you)污及(ji)電解(jie)液(ye)并(bing)應平(ping)整(zheng)。取潔凈的尺寸適度(du)的ABS（或SAN）塑料(liao)板塊（板塊的尺寸各方向上要(yao)大(da)于裂(lie)縫5mm以上(shang)，厚度和電池外(wai)殼壁相當，待用。取適量的膠(jiao)液(ye)涂抹于鉛酸蓄(xu)電池外(wai)殼的損傷處及周邊5mm以上的地帶，再把(ba)裁(cai)剪好的塑料板塊(kuai)緊壓在涂好膠(jiao)的電(dian)池外殼損傷(shang)處(chu)并(bing)平(ping)壓緊，12小時以后待膠液完全干涸后檢查不(bu)漏(lou)，可以認為修復(fu)完成，可提交(jiao)使用。應注意的(de)是(shi)粘(zhan)接面必需平整，粘(zhan)接處必需平壓緊。被修復(fu)的(de)電池在(zai)修復(fu)前(qian)若漏(lou)電解(jie)液較(jiao)多時應補(bu)加使用濃度的(de)硫(liu)酸電解(jie)液在(zai)充電活(huo)化后方(fang)可提交(jiao)使用。

粘合修復鉛酸蓄電池技術適用于電池殼體材料有溶劑可溶的，如ABS（丙烯晴、苯乙烯、丁二(er)烯共聚物），改性ABS工程塑(su)料(liao)，SAN工程塑料（苯乙烯、丙烯晴共(gong)聚物）等(deng)。

（2）用熱熔粘合技術對殼體損傷的鉛酸蓄電池的修復

對鉛酸蓄電池的損傷面進行潔凈處理，粘接面不應有酸液、粉塵、油污和粒狀雜質。用熱熔槍對熱熔膠棒加熱并對修復處適當加熱，使熱熔膠棒熔化并流落到電池殼體的損傷處，熱熔膠粘合面各方向上的膠液要大于損傷縫隙處5mm以上(shang)，損傷(shang)縫隙粘合膠面的(de)厚度不小于電(dian)池外殼的(de)壁厚，熱熔(rong)膠合面可以適當加(jia)壓有利于粘合牢固，自然冷卻12小時后檢查不漏，可(ke)以(yi)認為修復完成(cheng)，可(ke)提交使用。

熱(re)(re)熔(rong)膠(jiao)(jiao)粘合修復(fu)(fu)可(ke)以用熱(re)(re)熔(rong)膠(jiao)(jiao)棒(bang)，也可(ke)以用與電(dian)池殼體相同材料(liao)的(de)棒(bang)（板）材料(liao)，作為熱(re)(re)熔(rong)膠(jiao)(jiao)合材料(liao)，后(hou)者(zhe)效果會(hui)更好。對熔(rong)膠(jiao)(jiao)粘合修復(fu)(fu)前失液過多(duo)的(de)電(dian)池修復(fu)(fu)后(hou)應補加使用濃度的(de)電(dian)解(jie)液到液面線的(de)中間部位并充電(dian)后(hou)再提交使用。

熱熔膠粘合修復適用于所有的熱塑性工程塑料制作的電池殼體修復，特別是沒有溶劑的熱塑性工程塑料制作的電池殼體破裂的修復，如PP（聚丙烯），改(gai)性增(zeng)強PP（滑石(shi)粉(fen)強化的(de)聚(ju)丙烯(xi)）等。

對于極拄(zhu)處，或(huo)蓋(gai)子上(shang)出現的(de)輕微縫隙也可以用上(shang)述熱(re)熔(rong)粘合方法進行修復(fu)。