一、鉛酸電池最佳充電方法

該圖片由注冊用戶"秋天的浮萍"提供，版權聲明反饋

（1）恒定電流充電法

在(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程中充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)始(shi)(shi)終保(bao)持不(bu)(bu)(bu)變，叫做恒(heng)定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法，簡稱恒(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法或等流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法。在(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程中由(you)于(yu)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)逐(zhu)漸(jian)升高(gao)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)逐(zhu)漸(jian)下(xia)降(jiang)，為保(bao)持充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)致因蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)升高(gao)而(er)減(jian)小，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程必須逐(zhu)漸(jian)升高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，以(yi)維持充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)始(shi)(shi)終不(bu)(bu)(bu)變，這(zhe)對于(yu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備的(de)自動化(hua)程度要求較高(gao)，一般簡陋的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備是不(bu)(bu)(bu)能滿足恒(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)要求的(de)。恒(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法，在(zai)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)最大允許的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)情況(kuang)下(xia)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)越(yue)大，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間就(jiu)可(ke)以(yi)縮(suo)短。若(ruo)從時間上(shang)考(kao)慮，采用此法有利的(de)。但在(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后期(qi)若(ruo)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)仍不(bu)(bu)(bu)變，這(zhe)時由(you)于(yu)大部分電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)用于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)水(shui)上(shang)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液出氣泡過(guo)多而(er)顯沸(fei)騰狀，這(zhe)不(bu)(bu)(bu)僅消耗電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能，而(er)且容易使極(ji)(ji)板上(shang)活性物質大量(liang)(liang)脫落，溫升過(guo)高(gao)，造成極(ji)(ji)板彎曲(qu)，容量(liang)(liang)迅(xun)速下(xia)降(jiang)而(er)提(ti)前(qian)報廢。所以(yi)，這(zhe)種(zhong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方法很少采用。

（2）恒定電壓充電法

在(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)始終保持不(bu)(bu)變(bian)，叫做恒定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)，簡稱(cheng)恒壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)或等壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)。由于恒壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)開(kai)始至后期，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)始終保持一定，所以在(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)開(kai)始時充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)相當大(da)(da)(da)，大(da)(da)(da)大(da)(da)(da)超(chao)過正常充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)值。但隨著(zhu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進行，蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)逐漸(jian)升(sheng)高，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)逐漸(jian)減(jian)小(xiao)。當蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)和(he)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)相等時，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)減(jian)至最(zui)小(xiao)甚至為(wei)零。由此可(ke)(ke)見，采用(yong)恒壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優點在(zai)(zai)于，可(ke)(ke)以避免充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后期充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)過大(da)(da)(da)而造成(cheng)(cheng)極(ji)(ji)(ji)板活(huo)性物(wu)(wu)質脫落(luo)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)損失。但其缺點是，在(zai)(zai)剛開(kai)始充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)過大(da)(da)(da)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)活(huo)性物(wu)(wu)質體積(ji)變(bian)化(hua)收縮太快，影響活(huo)性物(wu)(wu)質的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)機(ji)械強度(du)，致使(shi)其脫落(luo)。而在(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后期充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)又過小(xiao)，使(shi)極(ji)(ji)(ji)板深處(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)活(huo)性物(wu)(wu)質得不(bu)(bu)到充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)反應，形成(cheng)(cheng)長期充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)(bu)足，影響蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用(yong)壽(shou)命。所以這(zhe)種(zhong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)法(fa)一般只適用(yong)于無(wu)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備或充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備較簡陋的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)殊場合(he)，如(ru)汽車上蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，1號至5號干電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)式的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)均采用(yong)等壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)。采用(yong)等壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)給蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時，所需電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)：酸(suan)性蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)每(mei)個單體電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)為(wei)2.4～2.8V左右(you)，堿性蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)每(mei)個單體電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)為(wei)1.6～2.0V左右(you)。

（3）有固定電阻的恒定電壓充電

為(wei)補(bu)救恒定電(dian)壓(ya)充電(dian)的(de)缺點(dian)而(er)采用(yong)的(de)一(yi)種方(fang)法(fa)。即在(zai)充電(dian)電(dian)源與電(dian)池(chi)之間串(chuan)聯一(yi)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)，這樣充電(dian)初期的(de)電(dian)流可(ke)以調整。但有(you)(you)時最大充電(dian)電(dian)流受到(dao)限制，因此隨(sui)充電(dian)過程(cheng)的(de)進行(xing)，蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)壓(ya)逐漸上升，電(dian)流卻幾(ji)乎成為(wei)直線(xian)衰減(jian)。有(you)(you)時使用(yong)兩個(ge)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)值(zhi)，約在(zai)2.4V時，從低(di)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)轉換到(dao)高(gao)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)，以減(jian)少出(chu)氣。

（4）階段等流充電法

綜合恒(heng)流(liu)(liu)和(he)恒(heng)壓充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)法的(de)特點，蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池在(zai)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)初期(qi)用(yong)較大的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)，經過一(yi)段(duan)(duan)時間改(gai)用(yong)較小的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)，至充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)后期(qi)改(gai)用(yong)更小的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)，即不同階段(duan)(duan)內以不同的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)進(jin)行(xing)恒(heng)流(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)方法，叫做階段(duan)(duan)恒(heng)流(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)法。階段(duan)(duan)恒(heng)流(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)法，一(yi)般可分(fen)為兩(liang)個(ge)(ge)階段(duan)(duan)進(jin)行(xing)，也(ye)可分(fen)為多個(ge)(ge)階段(duan)(duan)進(jin)行(xing)。

階段等流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)法(fa)所(suo)需充(chong)電(dian)(dian)時間短，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)效(xiao)果也好。由(you)于(yu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)后期改(gai)用(yong)(yong)較小電(dian)(dian)流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)，這(zhe)樣(yang)減少了(le)氣泡對極板活性物質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)沖刷，減少了(le)活性物質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)脫落。這(zhe)種(zhong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)法(fa)能延長蓄電(dian)(dian)池使用(yong)(yong)壽命，并節省電(dian)(dian)能，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)又徹底，所(suo)以是當前常用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)一種(zhong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)方法(fa)。一般蓄電(dian)(dian)池第(di)一階段以10h率電(dian)(dian)流(liu)進行充(chong)電(dian)(dian)，第(di)二(er)階段以20h率電(dian)(dian)流(liu)進行充(chong)電(dian)(dian)。各階段充(chong)電(dian)(dian)時間的(de)(de)長短，各種(zhong)蓄電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)具(ju)體(ti)要求和標準不一樣(yang)。

3階段充電法是鉛酸電(dian)池理想(xiang)充電(dian)法。

（5）浮充電法

間歇(xie)使用(yong)(yong)的(de)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)或僅在交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時才使用(yong)(yong)的(de)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，其充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式為浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)式。一些特殊(shu)場合使用(yong)(yong)的(de)固(gu)定型蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)一般均(jun)采用(yong)(yong)浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)法對(dui)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)進行充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法的(de)優點(dian)主要(yao)在于(yu)(yu)能減少蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)析氣率，并可防止過充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，同時由于(yu)(yu)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)同直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源并聯供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備(bei)大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時，蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)瞬時輸出大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，這(zhe)有助于(yu)(yu)鎮定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源系統的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，使用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備(bei)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)正常(chang)。浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法的(de)缺點(dian)是個別蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不均(jun)衡和充(chong)(chong)(chong)不足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，所以需要(yao)進行定期的(de)均(jun)衡充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

二、鉛酸蓄電池如何修復

并不(bu)是(shi)(shi)所(suo)(suo)有失(shi)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)鉛(qian)酸(suan)(suan)蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)都能進(jin)(jin)行修(xiu)(xiu)復(fu)(fu)，如出現了短路(lu)和(he)斷路(lu)的(de)(de)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)、極(ji)板上(shang)活(huo)性物質嚴重(zhong)脫落(luo)的(de)(de)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)、極(ji)板嚴重(zhong)損壞(huai)，嚴重(zhong)變形的(de)(de)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)、電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)塑料(liao)殼(ke)體嚴重(zhong)變形和(he)嚴重(zhong)破裂的(de)(de)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，以及電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)塑料(liao)殼(ke)體底部出現大面積漏液的(de)(de)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)是(shi)(shi)不(bu)能進(jin)(jin)行修(xiu)(xiu)復(fu)(fu)的(de)(de)。所(suo)(suo)以可(ke)修(xiu)(xiu)復(fu)(fu)的(de)(de)鉛(qian)酸(suan)(suan)蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)是(shi)(shi)因(yin)失(shi)水(shui)嚴重(zhong)而失(shi)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)、電(dian)極(ji)上(shang)活(huo)性物質發生嚴重(zhong)的(de)(de)硫酸(suan)(suan)鹽化而失(shi)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，以及因(yin)磕碰、摔打、跌落(luo)等原因(yin)使電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)殼(ke)體上(shang)部出現微(wei)弱裂縫而漏液造成失(shi)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，即(ji)結構輕微(wei)失(shi)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)。所(suo)(suo)以鉛(qian)酸(suan)(suan)蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)修(xiu)(xiu)復(fu)(fu)可(ke)分為對電(dian)性能失(shi)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)修(xiu)(xiu)復(fu)(fu)和(he)對塑料(liao)殼(ke)體結構件失(shi)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)修(xiu)(xiu)復(fu)(fu)。

1、對電性能失效的鉛酸蓄電池修復

對(dui)電性能失效的鉛酸蓄電池修復可分為化學(xue)方(fang)法(fa)修復和物理方(fang)法(fa)修復。

（1）用化學方法對電性能失效的鉛酸蓄電池修復

化(hua)學(xue)方(fang)法(fa)對電性能失效的(de)鉛(qian)酸蓄(xu)(xu)電池的(de)修(xiu)復通(tong)常是采用加(jia)(jia)入化(hua)學(xue)活化(hua)劑方(fang)法(fa)，如添加(jia)(jia)納米(mi)碳溶(rong)膠蓄(xu)(xu)電池活化(hua)劑，它是以(yi)納米(mi)石墨為溶(rong)質主要成份(fen)的(de)水溶(rong)液。

A、對失水嚴(yan)重的鉛酸蓄電池在加入(ru)活化劑(ji)前要(yao)先(xian)加入(ru)濃度為5%~10%的稀硫(liu)酸電解液(ye)，補加的電解液(ye)量(liang)控制在(zai)上(shang)下液(ye)面線(xian)之間偏上(shang)線(xian)的位置。

B、按活化劑的(de)(de)使(shi)用添加(jia)(jia)量要求通過氣塞孔均(jun)勻(yun)(yun)的(de)(de)從四周及中間加(jia)(jia)入到每個單體蓄電池(chi)內部并搖動(dong)均(jun)勻(yun)(yun)。納(na)米(mi)碳溶膠活化劑加(jia)(jia)完后電解液的(de)(de)液面線(xian)接(jie)近(jin)液面標示線(xian)的(de)(de)上線(xian)。

C、立即對(dui)修復的電池充電，開始活(huo)化(hua)充電時充電電流要(yao)大(da)于正(zheng)常充電電流的50%左右，以便(bian)使納米石(shi)墨在(zai)電場的作用下(xia)盡(jin)快的吸附(fu)到(dao)電極里面，大約(yue)充進40%左右的(de)電量時再進(jin)行正常(chang)充電。首次(ci)活化的(de)充電量為理(li)論容量的(de)120%~130%。

一般活化2~3個周次后電(dian)池的(de)電(dian)性能(neng)就(jiu)能(neng)得以恢(hui)復，其放電(dian)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)在額定(ding)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)的(de)98%以上的可認為修復完成。電池(chi)活(huo)化修復后對電解(jie)液液面(mian)偏高的要抽出多余的電解(jie)液。

在電池活化前電池內部的電解液如果混濁并為棕色及有固體顆粒但放電容量接近額定容量的80%的電(dian)池，應把電(dian)解液全(quan)部(bu)倒出(chu)（或吸出(chu)）并用電(dian)池用純(chun)凈水清洗2次，然后再(zai)加入(ru)使用濃度的硫酸(suan)電(dian)解液(ye)，再(zai)按(an)前述方法(fa)對電(dian)池進行(xing)活化修復。

注意：

納米碳溶膠鉛酸蓄電池活化劑最適用于富液型的各種鉛酸蓄電池的修復，對VRLA鉛酸蓄(xu)電(dian)池的修復也(ye)有(you)一定效果；但對膠(jiao)體電(dian)解質電(dian)池的修復效果不(bu)明(ming)顯。

（2）用物理方法對電性能失效的鉛酸蓄電池的修復

用物理方(fang)法對電(dian)性能失效的(de)鉛酸蓄(xu)電(dian)池修(xiu)復是(shi)用充(chong)電(dian)設備提(ti)供(gong)的(de)充(chong)電(dian)模式創新—充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流的(de)變(bian)化來實現的(de)。

A、對失水嚴重的電池進行補充電解液

方法(fa)見（1）；

B、對修復的電池進行小電流預放電

小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)預放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)可以使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液更容易浸潤到電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極內部，使(shi)表面已生(sheng)成鈍(dun)化層的活(huo)性物質（硫(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)）在小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時產生(sheng)比較(jiao)疏(shu)松的硫(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)分(fen)子，這(zhe)有(you)助于鈍(dun)化的硫(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)活(huo)化并(bing)再(zai)度參加電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化學反應。

C、修復充電

可采用變幅脈沖鉛酸蓄電池修復儀來對電性能失效的電池修復充電。一開始要用大電流對失效的電池充電，當電池的電壓和內阻達到一定值時會自動的引入脈沖充電；正脈沖電流一般≥0.3C，負脈沖(chong)電流(liu)一般≥0.1C，終止時(shi)單體電池電壓(ya)控制在2.63V~2.70V之(zhi)間。充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流會隨電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓升高而(er)逐步下(xia)降，這可以避(bi)免長時間大電(dian)(dian)(dian)流充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)造(zao)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)極的(de)(de)損壞和失水。一般修復充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容量控制在額(e)定容量的(de)(de)120%左右，時間控制在10h~12h之間。

D、第一次修復充電后的容量檢測

第一次修復充電完成后應擱置2小時，其后檢察電池的(de)開路電壓，若(ruo)一(yi)切正常可按要求(qiu)的(de)放(fang)電電流放(fang)電，放(fang)至單體電壓到1.75V，放(fang)出(chu)的容(rong)量應不少于額定容(rong)量的95%。

E、第二次修復充電

對于長時間沒有使用或失水嚴重及硫酸鹽化嚴重引起電性能失效的電池僅一次性修復很難使電池的容量恢復到額定容量的95%以上；需(xu)要對容量恢復到額定容量80%以上的電(dian)(dian)池進(jin)行第(di)二(er)次修(xiu)復(fu)(fu)。第(di)二(er)次修(xiu)復(fu)(fu)的充電(dian)(dian)方法與第(di)一(yi)次相同。一(yi)般只是(shi)電(dian)(dian)性(xing)能失(shi)效(xiao)的電(dian)(dian)池第(di)二(er)次修(xiu)復(fu)(fu)后其電(dian)(dian)池容量(liang)可以恢復(fu)(fu)到額定容量(liang)的98%以上(shang)；這時(shi)可(ke)認為修復完成，電(dian)池(chi)再充(chong)電(dian)后(hou)就可(ke)以提交使(shi)用。如果第二次修復放(fang)電(dian)容量低(di)于額定容量的85%則(ze)認(ren)為該電池(chi)徹(che)底(di)失效不可修復。

（3）用掃描共振頻率技術對電性能失效的鉛酸蓄電池修復

掃描共振(zhen)頻率技術（裝(zhuang)置）對落后或電(dian)性能失效電(dian)池的修(xiu)復(fu)操(cao)作(zuo)

A、對(dui)失水(shui)嚴重的電池進行補充電解(jie)液(ye)，方法同3.1.1.2（1）。

B、將掃描共振(zhen)頻(pin)率裝置連接到電(dian)池（組）的(de)正(zheng)、負極(ji)上，按使用要求對落(luo)后或電(dian)性(xing)能(neng)失效的(de)電(dian)池進(jin)行修復。為防(fang)止電(dian)池工作狀態對修復的(de)干擾在(zai)線路(lu)中應(ying)串一個同(tong)步干擾抑(yi)制模(mo)塊。

C、測量(liang)被(bei)修(xiu)復(fu)電(dian)路中電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的電(dian)壓(ya)和(he)內阻(zu)，失效的或落后的電(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)壓(ya)和(he)內阻(zu)與其它電(dian)池(chi)(chi)基本一致時(shi)可以認(ren)為修(xiu)復(fu)完成。

注意：

可用于通信、通訊系統、UPS系統、衛(wei)星地面站(zhan)等設施的(de)電(dian)池機(ji)房(fang)。該技術（裝置(zhi)）的(de)最(zui)大特(te)點是(shi)落(luo)后(hou)或失效的(de)電(dian)池可(ke)以(yi)在線(xian)修(xiu)(xiu)復(fu)，不(bu)必把有問題(ti)的(de)電(dian)池從供配電(dian)系統中取下(xia)，是(shi)屬于在線(xian)智能修(xiu)(xiu)復(fu)，可(ke)無需(xu)人員值(zhi)班，修(xiu)(xiu)復(fu)激活(huo)電(dian)池時也不(bu)會給電(dian)池帶來損壞。

2、鉛酸蓄電池殼體損壞的修復

鉛酸蓄電(dian)池在(zai)使用過程中有時(shi)會(hui)出現碰(peng)撞、跌落、摔打(da)的(de)(de)現象，這就會(hui)造(zao)成電(dian)池的(de)(de)塑料殼體(ti)被損壞(huai)。對于(yu)只有輕(qing)微損壞(huai)（如外殼有輕(qing)微縫隙、漏電(dian)解液并不嚴(yan)重、內部電(dian)極并未損壞(huai)）的(de)(de)可以進行修(xiu)復，但修(xiu)復后不應(ying)影響電(dian)池在(zai)設備上的(de)(de)裝配。

（1）用粘合技術對鉛酸蓄電池外殼損傷的修復操作

按正丁酮100?ml+20?g?ABS（或SAN）塑料(liao)料(liao)粒(li)的配比配制膠液，不斷搖動，使固體料(liao)粒(li)完全溶解并成均勻液，待用(yong)（膠液用(yong)后密封好，可以長期使用(yong)）。把(ba)鉛酸蓄電(dian)池外(wai)殼損傷(shang)處(chu)擦拭潔凈，粘接面(mian)上不能有粉(fen)塵，粉(fen)狀顆(ke)粒(li)，油(you)污及電(dian)解液并應平整。取潔凈的尺寸適(shi)度的ABS（或(huo)SAN）塑料板塊(kuai)（板塊(kuai)的尺(chi)寸各方向上要大于裂縫(feng)5mm以(yi)上，厚度和電(dian)池外(wai)殼壁(bi)相當，待(dai)用。取適量的(de)膠液(ye)涂抹于鉛酸蓄電(dian)池外(wai)殼的(de)損傷處(chu)及周邊5mm以上的(de)(de)地帶，再把裁剪(jian)好的(de)(de)塑(su)料板塊緊(jin)壓在涂好膠的(de)(de)電池外殼損(sun)傷處并平壓緊(jin)，12小時以后(hou)待膠液完全干(gan)涸后(hou)檢查不漏，可以認為修(xiu)復(fu)完成，可提交使用(yong)。應(ying)注(zhu)意的是(shi)粘接(jie)面(mian)必需(xu)平(ping)整，粘接(jie)處必需(xu)平(ping)壓緊。被(bei)修(xiu)復(fu)的電池在修(xiu)復(fu)前若漏電解液較(jiao)多時應(ying)補加使用(yong)濃度的硫(liu)酸電解液在充電活(huo)化后(hou)方可提交使用(yong)。

粘合修復鉛酸蓄電池技術適用于電池殼體材料有溶劑可溶的，如ABS（丙(bing)烯(xi)晴、苯(ben)乙烯(xi)、丁二烯(xi)共(gong)聚物），改性ABS工(gong)程塑料，SAN工程塑料（苯(ben)乙烯(xi)、丙烯(xi)晴共聚物）等。

（2）用熱熔粘合技術對殼體損傷的鉛酸蓄電池的修復

對鉛酸蓄電池的損傷面進行潔凈處理，粘接面不應有酸液、粉塵、油污和粒狀雜質。用熱熔槍對熱熔膠棒加熱并對修復處適當加熱，使熱熔膠棒熔化并流落到電池殼體的損傷處，熱熔膠粘合面各方向上的膠液要大于損傷縫隙處5mm以上，損傷縫隙粘合(he)膠(jiao)面的(de)厚度(du)不小于電池外(wai)殼的(de)壁厚，熱熔膠(jiao)合(he)面可以適(shi)當加壓有(you)利(li)于粘合(he)牢固，自(zi)然冷卻12小時后檢(jian)查(cha)不漏，可以認為(wei)修(xiu)復完成，可提交使用。

熱(re)熔膠(jiao)(jiao)粘合修(xiu)復可以用(yong)熱(re)熔膠(jiao)(jiao)棒，也可以用(yong)與(yu)電(dian)池殼體相同材(cai)料(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)棒（板）材(cai)料(liao)(liao)，作為(wei)熱(re)熔膠(jiao)(jiao)合材(cai)料(liao)(liao)，后(hou)(hou)者效果會更好(hao)。對熔膠(jiao)(jiao)粘合修(xiu)復前失液過多的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)池修(xiu)復后(hou)(hou)應補加使用(yong)濃度的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)解液到液面(mian)線的(de)(de)(de)中間部位并充電(dian)后(hou)(hou)再提交使用(yong)。

熱熔膠粘合修復適用于所有的熱塑性工程塑料制作的電池殼體修復，特別是沒有溶劑的熱塑性工程塑料制作的電池殼體破裂的修復，如PP（聚丙烯(xi)），改性增(zeng)強PP（滑(hua)石粉強(qiang)化的聚丙烯）等。

對于(yu)極拄處(chu)，或蓋子上出現的輕微(wei)縫(feng)隙(xi)也可(ke)以用上述熱(re)熔粘合方法進行修(xiu)復。