電動汽車電池壽命一般是多久

目前用在汽車上的動力電池，大致分為鉛酸蓄電池、鋰電池、鎳氫電池。其中鎳氫電池僅豐田的非插電混動車中使用，不適合作為單獨的動力源。鉛酸電池主要運用在低速電動車，也就是俗話說的“老頭樂”；鋰電池是使用最為廣泛的電動汽車電池。鋰(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)根(gen)據材料(liao)的(de)不同，又分為許多(duo)種，目(mu)前應用(yong)(yong)成熟的(de)主要為三元鋰(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)和(he)磷酸鐵鋰(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，市面上采用(yong)(yong)鋰(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)車型基本都是這兩種電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)。

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鉛酸蓄電(dian)動(dong)汽車電(dian)池其實(shi)就是一(yi)般汽車上的(de)電(dian)池，多塊串/并(bing)聯以后直接作為(wei)動(dong)力源了。放電(dian)電(dian)流較(jiao)，車型都跑不快，最快速度大(da)概在(zai)60公里左右(you)，壽命也比較(jiao)短，3年左右(you)的(de)周期就必(bi)須更換了。

三元(yuan)鋰(li)電(dian)池特(te)點是能量(liang)密度高，同樣體積重量(liang)下，電(dian)容量(liang)大。理論上循(xun)環(huan)(huan)(huan)壽(shou)命在(zai)1500次左右(you)，實際使用(yong)上，完(wan)全充(chong)放電(dian)循(xun)環(huan)(huan)(huan)在(zai)800次以(yi)(yi)上，而控制電(dian)池放電(dian)在(zai)25%-75%的(de)狀(zhuang)態下，實際使用(yong)可以(yi)(yi)達到1200次以(yi)(yi)上。完(wan)全循(xun)環(huan)(huan)(huan)的(de)概念(nian)指(zhi)的(de)是電(dian)池充(chong)滿電(dian)，然后(hou)放完(wan)，算一(yi)個(ge)(ge)循(xun)環(huan)(huan)(huan)。如果每天(tian)從100%用(yong)到75%，然后(hou)充(chong)滿，那么(me)4天(tian)才算一(yi)個(ge)(ge)完(wan)整循(xun)環(huan)(huan)(huan)，壽(shou)命可以(yi)(yi)達到10年。以(yi)(yi)一(yi)般三元(yuan)鋰(li)電(dian)池電(dian)動車(che)續航(hang)200公(gong)里(li)算，1次完(wan)整循(xun)環(huan)(huan)(huan)實際可以(yi)(yi)行駛(shi)也(ye)在(zai)180公(gong)里(li)，800次循(xun)環(huan)(huan)(huan)可以(yi)(yi)走14萬4千公(gong)里(li)，算上正(zheng)常(chang)的(de)衰減，12萬公(gong)里(li)也(ye)是沒什么(me)壓力的(de)。

磷(lin)酸(suan)鐵鋰電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)特點是(shi)循環壽命長，可(ke)以(yi)達到2000次循環以(yi)上。充(chong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)倍率高，也就是(shi)可(ke)以(yi)有(you)更(geng)大(da)的充(chong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流。安全性好(hao)(hao)，彎曲穿刺高溫都(dou)沒問題。缺點是(shi)能量(liang)密度低一些，同樣的續航需要使用更(geng)多的電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，相應增加(jia)了車重和成本；一致性差一些，需要更(geng)好(hao)(hao)的電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)管理系(xi)統(tong)；低溫衰減比較明顯，0℃時容(rong)量(liang)會降低10%左(zuo)右(you)(you)，而-20度時容(rong)量(liang)會降低30%左(zuo)右(you)(you)。

電動汽車電池如何維護呢

1、儲存

蓄電池在存放時嚴禁處于虧電狀態。虧電壯態是指電池使用后沒有及時充電。在虧電狀態存放電池，很容易出現硫酸鹽化，硫酸鉛結晶物附著在極板上，堵塞了電離子通道，造成充電不足，電池容量下降。虧電狀態閑置時間越長，電池損壞越嚴重。因此電池閑置不用時，應每月補充電一次，這樣能較好地保持電動汽車電池保養健康狀態。

2、定期檢驗

在使用過程中(zhong)，如(ru)果電(dian)動車的(de)(de)續行(xing)里程在短時間內突然下(xia)降很厲害，則很有(you)可能是(shi)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)組中(zhong)最少有(you)一塊(kuai)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)出(chu)現斷格、極板軟(ruan)化、極板活(huo)性物(wu)質(zhi)脫落等短路現象。因此，應及時到(dao)專業電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)修復(fu)機(ji)構進(jin)行(xing)檢(jian)查、修復(fu)或配組。這(zhe)樣能相對延(yan)長電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)組的(de)(de)壽命，最大程度地節省開支。

3、避免大電流放電

電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車在使(shi)用過程(cheng)中，盡量避免瞬間大(da)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)放電(dian)(dian)。大(da)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)放電(dian)(dian)容易導致產(chan)生硫酸鉛結晶，從(cong)而(er)損害電(dian)(dian)池極板的物理性能。

4、掌握充電時間

在(zai)(zai)使(shi)用(yong)過(guo)(guo)程中，應根據(ju)(ju)實際情況(kuang)準確把握充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)，參考平(ping)(ping)時(shi)使(shi)用(yong)頻(pin)率及(ji)行(xing)(xing)駛里程情況(kuang)，也(ye)要(yao)注意電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池廠(chang)家提供的容(rong)量大(da)小(xiao)說明，以(yi)(yi)及(ji)配(pei)套充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的性(xing)能(neng)、充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的大(da)小(xiao)等參數(shu)把握充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)頻(pin)次。一(yi)般情況(kuang)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池都在(zai)(zai)夜間(jian)(jian)進行(xing)(xing)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，平(ping)(ping)均充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)在(zai)(zai)8小(xiao)時(shi)左(zuo)右。若是淺放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池很快就會充(chong)(chong)滿，繼(ji)續(xu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)就會出現(xian)過(guo)(guo)充(chong)(chong)現(xian)象，導致電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池失水、發(fa)熱(re)，降低電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池壽命(ming)。所(suo)以(yi)(yi)，蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池以(yi)(yi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)深度為(wei)60%～70%時(shi)充(chong)(chong)一(yi)次電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)最佳，實際使(shi)用(yong)時(shi)可折算成騎行(xing)(xing)里程，根據(ju)(ju)實際情況(kuang)進行(xing)(xing)必(bi)要(yao)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，避免傷害性(xing)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

5、防止曝曬

電動汽車嚴禁在陽光下曝曬。溫度過高的環境會使蓄電池內部壓力增加(jia)而使電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)限壓閥被迫自動(dong)開啟，直接后果就是增加(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的失水量(liang)，而電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)過度失水必(bi)然引發電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)活性(xing)下降，加(jia)速極板軟化，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)時殼(ke)(ke)體(ti)發熱，殼(ke)(ke)體(ti)起鼓、變形等致(zhi)命損傷(shang)。