電動汽車電池壽命一般是多久

目前用在汽車上的動力電池，大致分為鉛酸蓄電池、鋰電池、鎳氫電池。其中鎳氫電池僅豐田的非插電混動車中使用，不適合作為單獨的動力源。鉛酸電池主要運用在低速電動車，也就是俗話說的“老頭樂”；鋰電池是使用最為廣泛的電動汽車電池。鋰(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)根據材料的不同，又分為(wei)(wei)許多種(zhong)，目(mu)前應用成熟的主要為(wei)(wei)三元鋰(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)和磷酸鐵鋰(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，市面上采用鋰(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的車型基本都是(shi)這兩種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。

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鉛酸蓄電(dian)(dian)動汽車電(dian)(dian)池其實(shi)就是一(yi)般汽車上的電(dian)(dian)池，多塊串(chuan)/并聯以(yi)后直接作為(wei)動力源了。放電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流較，車型都跑不快，最快速度大(da)概在60公里左右，壽(shou)命也比較短(duan)，3年左右的周期就必須(xu)更換了。

三元(yuan)鋰電(dian)池(chi)特點是(shi)(shi)能(neng)量密度高(gao)，同樣體(ti)積重量下(xia)，電(dian)容量大。理論上(shang)循(xun)(xun)環(huan)壽命在(zai)(zai)1500次左右，實際使用(yong)(yong)上(shang)，完(wan)全充(chong)(chong)放電(dian)循(xun)(xun)環(huan)在(zai)(zai)800次以上(shang)，而控制電(dian)池(chi)放電(dian)在(zai)(zai)25%-75%的狀態(tai)下(xia)，實際使用(yong)(yong)可(ke)(ke)以達(da)到1200次以上(shang)。完(wan)全循(xun)(xun)環(huan)的概(gai)念指的是(shi)(shi)電(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)滿(man)電(dian)，然后放完(wan)，算一個循(xun)(xun)環(huan)。如(ru)果每(mei)天從100%用(yong)(yong)到75%，然后充(chong)(chong)滿(man)，那(nei)么(me)4天才算一個完(wan)整(zheng)循(xun)(xun)環(huan)，壽命可(ke)(ke)以達(da)到10年。以一般(ban)三元(yuan)鋰電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)動車續航(hang)200公(gong)里算，1次完(wan)整(zheng)循(xun)(xun)環(huan)實際可(ke)(ke)以行駛也在(zai)(zai)180公(gong)里，800次循(xun)(xun)環(huan)可(ke)(ke)以走14萬4千(qian)公(gong)里，算上(shang)正常(chang)的衰減，12萬公(gong)里也是(shi)(shi)沒(mei)什么(me)壓力的。

磷酸鐵(tie)鋰電(dian)池(chi)特點(dian)是(shi)循(xun)環壽命(ming)長(chang)，可(ke)以達(da)到2000次(ci)循(xun)環以上。充放電(dian)倍率高(gao)，也就(jiu)是(shi)可(ke)以有更(geng)大的充放電(dian)電(dian)流。安全(quan)性好，彎曲穿刺高(gao)溫都沒問題。缺點(dian)是(shi)能量密(mi)度低(di)(di)一(yi)些，同樣的續航需(xu)要使用更(geng)多(duo)的電(dian)池(chi)，相(xiang)應增加了車重和(he)成(cheng)本；一(yi)致性差(cha)一(yi)些，需(xu)要更(geng)好的電(dian)池(chi)管理系統；低(di)(di)溫衰減比較明顯，0℃時容量會(hui)降低(di)(di)10%左右，而-20度時容量會(hui)降低(di)(di)30%左右。

電動汽車電池如何維護呢

1、儲存

蓄電池在存放時嚴禁處于虧電狀態。虧電壯態是指電池使用后沒有及時充電。在虧電狀態存放電池，很容易出現硫酸鹽化，硫酸鉛結晶物附著在極板上，堵塞了電離子通道，造成充電不足，電池容量下降。虧電狀態閑置時間越長，電池損壞越嚴重。因此電池閑置不用時，應每月補充電一次，這樣能較好地保持電動汽車電池保養健康狀態。

2、定期檢驗

在使用過程中，如果電動車的(de)續行(xing)里程在短時間內突然(ran)下降很(hen)厲害，則很(hen)有(you)可能(neng)是電池(chi)組(zu)中最(zui)少有(you)一塊電池(chi)出(chu)現斷格、極(ji)板(ban)(ban)軟化、極(ji)板(ban)(ban)活(huo)性物質脫落等(deng)短路(lu)現象。因此(ci)，應及時到專業電池(chi)修(xiu)復機構進行(xing)檢查、修(xiu)復或配(pei)組(zu)。這樣(yang)能(neng)相對延(yan)長電池(chi)組(zu)的(de)壽命，最(zui)大程度地節(jie)省開支(zhi)。

3、避免大電流放電

電(dian)動汽車(che)在使用過程中(zhong)，盡量避免(mian)瞬間大電(dian)流放(fang)電(dian)。大電(dian)流放(fang)電(dian)容易導致產生硫(liu)酸鉛結晶，從而損(sun)害(hai)電(dian)池(chi)極(ji)板的物理(li)性能。

4、掌握充電時間

在使(shi)用(yong)過程(cheng)中，應根(gen)據實(shi)際情況(kuang)(kuang)準確把握充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)，參考(kao)平時(shi)(shi)使(shi)用(yong)頻率及行駛里(li)程(cheng)情況(kuang)(kuang)，也要注意電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)廠(chang)家提供(gong)的容量大(da)小(xiao)說明，以(yi)(yi)及配套充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的性(xing)能、充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的大(da)小(xiao)等參數(shu)把握充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)頻次。一般情況(kuang)(kuang)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)都在夜間(jian)進行充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，平均充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)在8小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)左右。若(ruo)是淺(qian)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)很快(kuai)就會充(chong)(chong)滿，繼續充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)就會出現過充(chong)(chong)現象(xiang)，導致電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)失(shi)水、發熱，降低電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)壽命。所以(yi)(yi)，蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)以(yi)(yi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)深度為60%～70%時(shi)(shi)充(chong)(chong)一次電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)最佳，實(shi)際使(shi)用(yong)時(shi)(shi)可折(zhe)算(suan)成騎行里(li)程(cheng)，根(gen)據實(shi)際情況(kuang)(kuang)進行必(bi)要充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，避(bi)免傷(shang)害性(xing)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

5、防止曝曬

電動汽車嚴禁在陽光下曝曬。溫度過高的環境會使蓄電池內部壓力(li)增(zeng)加(jia)而(er)使電(dian)池(chi)(chi)限壓閥被迫自動開啟，直(zhi)接(jie)后果就是(shi)增(zeng)加(jia)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的失水量，而(er)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)過(guo)度失水必然(ran)引發電(dian)池(chi)(chi)活性(xing)下降，加(jia)速極板軟化，充電(dian)時(shi)殼(ke)體(ti)發熱，殼(ke)體(ti)起鼓(gu)、變形等致命損傷(shang)。