起重(zhong)機械分類 起重(zhong)機械安全(quan)規(gui)程(cheng)對起重(zhong)機的(de)檢驗時間的(de)規(gui)定

起(qi)重(zhong)作業是(shi)將(jiang)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)設備(bei)或其他(ta)物件從一(yi)個地(di)方(fang)(fang)運(yun)(yun)(yun)送到另一(yi)個地(di)方(fang)(fang)的一(yi)種工(gong)業過程。多數起(qi)重(zhong)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)在吊具取(qu)料(liao)(liao)之后即開始垂直或垂直兼(jian)有(you)水平的工(gong)作行(xing)程，到達(da)目的地(di)后卸載，再(zai)空行(xing)程到取(qu)料(liao)(liao)地(di)點，完成(cheng)一(yi)個工(gong)作循(xun)環，然(ran)后再(zai)進行(xing)第二次(ci)吊運(yun)(yun)(yun)。一(yi)般來說(shuo)，起(qi)重(zhong)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)工(gong)作時,取(qu)料(liao)(liao)、運(yun)(yun)(yun)移和(he)卸載是(shi)依次(ci)進行(xing)的,各(ge)相應機(ji)(ji)構的工(gong)作是(shi)間歇性的。起(qi)重(zhong)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)主(zhu)要(yao)用于搬(ban)運(yun)(yun)(yun)成(cheng)件物品，配(pei)備(bei)抓(zhua)斗(dou)后可(ke)搬(ban)運(yun)(yun)(yun)煤炭、礦(kuang)石、糧食之類(lei)的散(san)狀物料(liao)(liao)，配(pei)備(bei)盛桶后可(ke)吊運(yun)(yun)(yun)鋼水等液態物料(liao)(liao)。有(you)些起(qi)重(zhong)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)如電梯也可(ke)用來載人。在某些使用場合，起(qi)重(zhong)設備(bei)還是(shi)主(zhu)要(yao)的作業機(ji)(ji)械(xie)，例如在港口(kou)和(he)車站裝(zhuang)卸物料(liao)(liao)的起(qi)重(zhong)機(ji)(ji)就是(shi)主(zhu)要(yao)的作業機(ji)(ji)械(xie)。

起重機械分類

起(qi)(qi)(qi)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)械(xie)按(an)結構不(bu)同可(ke)(ke)分(fen)為輕小(xiao)型(xing)(xing)起(qi)(qi)(qi)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)設(she)備(bei)、升(sheng)(sheng)降機(ji)、起(qi)(qi)(qi)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)和(he)(he)架空單軌系(xi)統等(deng)(deng)幾(ji)類。輕小(xiao)型(xing)(xing)起(qi)(qi)(qi)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)設(she)備(bei)主要包括起(qi)(qi)(qi)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)滑車、吊(diao)具、千(qian)(qian)斤頂(ding)、手(shou)動(dong)(dong)葫蘆、電動(dong)(dong)葫蘆和(he)(he)普通絞(jiao)車，大多(duo)體積(ji)小(xiao)、重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)量(liang)(liang)輕、使(shi)用(yong)(yong)方便。除電動(dong)(dong)葫蘆和(he)(he)絞(jiao)車外，絕大多(duo)數用(yong)(yong)人(ren)力驅動(dong)(dong)，適用(yong)(yong)于工作不(bu)繁重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)場(chang)合(he)。它們(men)可(ke)(ke)以單獨(du)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)，有的(de)也(ye)可(ke)(ke)作為起(qi)(qi)(qi)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)的(de)起(qi)(qi)(qi)升(sheng)(sheng)機(ji)構。有些(xie)輕小(xiao)型(xing)(xing)起(qi)(qi)(qi)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)設(she)備(bei)的(de)起(qi)(qi)(qi)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)能(neng)力很大，如液(ye)壓千(qian)(qian)斤頂(ding)的(de)起(qi)(qi)(qi)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)量(liang)(liang)已(yi)達 750噸。升(sheng)(sheng)降機(ji)主要作垂(chui)直(zhi)或近于垂(chui)直(zhi)的(de)升(sheng)(sheng)降運(yun)動(dong)(dong)，具有固(gu)定(ding)的(de)升(sheng)(sheng)降路線(xian)，包括電梯、升(sheng)(sheng)降臺(tai)、礦井提(ti)升(sheng)(sheng)機(ji)和(he)(he)料斗(dou)升(sheng)(sheng)降機(ji)等(deng)(deng)。起(qi)(qi)(qi)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)是在一定(ding)范(fan)圍內(nei)垂(chui)直(zhi)提(ti)升(sheng)(sheng)并水平搬運(yun)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)物的(de)多(duo)動(dong)(dong)作起(qi)(qi)(qi)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)械(xie)。架空單軌系(xi)統具有剛(gang)性吊(diao)掛軌道所形成的(de)線(xian)路，能(neng)把物料運(yun)輸到廠(chang)(chang)房各部分(fen)，也(ye)可(ke)(ke)擴展到廠(chang)(chang)房的(de)外部。

起重機械安全規程對起重機的檢驗時間的規定

(1）按起(qi)重(zhong)(zhong)機有關(guan)標準要(yao)求(qiu)進行(xing)檢驗的(de)(de)是：正常的(de)(de)起(qi)重(zhong)(zhong)機，每兩年(nian)進行(xing)一(yi)次；經過大(da)修(xiu)、新安裝及改(gai)選過的(de)(de)起(qi)重(zhong)(zhong)機，在(zai)交付使用前進行(xing)；閑置時間超過一(yi)年(nian)的(de)(de)起(qi)重(zhong)(zhong)機，在(zai)重(zhong)(zhong)新使用前；經過暴(bao)風、大(da)地震、重(zhong)(zhong)大(da)事(shi)故后，可能使強度、剛度、構件的(de)(de)穩定(ding)性、機構的(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)性受到損傷的(de)(de)起(qi)重(zhong)(zhong)機使用前進行(xing)檢驗。

(2）經常性(xing)檢查。應(ying)根據工作(zuo)繁(fan)重(zhong)、環境惡劣的(de)程度確定檢查周期，但不得(de)少于每月(yue)一(yi)(yi)次。一(yi)(yi)般(ban)應(ying)包括：起重(zhong)機正常工作(zuo)的(de)技(ji)術性(xing)能(neng)(neng)；所(suo)有安(an)全防(fang)護裝置；線路、罐、容器閥(fa)、泵、液壓或氣動的(de)其他部件的(de)泄漏情(qing)況及(ji)工作(zuo)情(qing)況；吊鉤(gou)、吊鉤(gou)螺(luo)母及(ji)防(fang)松(song)裝置；制(zhi)動器性(xing)能(neng)(neng)及(ji)零件的(de)磨損(sun)情(qing)況；鋼絲(si)繩磨損(sun)和尾端的(de)固定情(qing)況；鏈條的(de)磨損(sun)、變形、伸長情(qing)況；捆(kun)綁、吊掛鏈和鋼絲(si)繩及(ji)輔具等。

(3）定期(qi)檢查。應根據工(gong)作繁重、環境惡劣的(de)(de)程度(du)(du)，確定檢查周期(qi)，但(dan)不得少(shao)于(yu)每年一(yi)次；一(yi)般應包括：在（2）項中經常性檢查的(de)(de)內容；金屬結(jie)構的(de)(de)變(bian)形、裂(lie)紋(wen)、腐(fu)蝕(shi)及焊縫、鉚釘、螺栓等(deng)連接(jie)情況(kuang)主要零部件的(de)(de)磨損、裂(lie)紋(wen)、變(bian)形等(deng)情況(kuang)；指示裝置(zhi)的(de)(de)可靠性和(he)精度(du)(du)；動力系統和(he)控制器等(deng)。