起重機上的電動葫蘆常見故障原因及解決辦法

一、按起動開關后電動葫蘆不工作

主要是因電動葫蘆沒接通額定工(gong)作電壓，而無法工(gong)作，一般有3 種情況：

1、不通電。供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)系統是否對電(dian)(dian)(dian)動葫蘆電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)送(song)(song)(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，一般用試電(dian)(dian)(dian)筆測(ce)試，如沒送(song)(song)(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，等送(song)(song)(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)后再工(gong)作。

2、缺相。葫(hu)(hu)蘆主(zhu)(zhu)、控回(hui)路(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)損(sun)壞、線(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)斷開或(huo)接觸(chu)不良(liang)，也(ye)會使葫(hu)(hu)蘆電(dian)(dian)(dian)機缺(que)相(xiang)無法正常工作(zuo)，出現這種(zhong)情況，需(xu)檢(jian)修主(zhu)(zhu)、控回(hui)路(lu)(lu)(lu)，檢(jian)修時，為了防(fang)止(zhi)主(zhu)(zhu)、控回(hui)路(lu)(lu)(lu)送(song)給三(san)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源缺(que)相(xiang)而燒毀(hui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機，或(huo)葫(hu)(hu)蘆電(dian)(dian)(dian)機突(tu)然得電(dian)(dian)(dian)運轉，產生(sheng)危害(hai)，一定要將葫(hu)(hu)蘆電(dian)(dian)(dian)機從電(dian)(dian)(dian)源線(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)上斷開，只給主(zhu)(zhu)、控回(hui)路(lu)(lu)(lu)送(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，然后點動起動和停止(zhi)開關，檢(jian)查(cha)分(fen)析控制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)及線(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)工作(zuo)情況，對有問題的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)或(huo)線(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)進行修復或(huo)更換(huan)，當確認主(zhu)(zhu)、控回(hui)路(lu)(lu)(lu)無故障(zhang)，方可重新試車。

3、電壓過低。葫(hu)(hu)蘆(lu)電機端電壓(ya)(ya)比(bi)額(e)定電壓(ya)(ya)低10%以上(shang)，電機起動(dong)轉矩過小(xiao)，使葫(hu)(hu)蘆(lu)起吊(diao)不(bu)動(dong)貨物，而無(wu)法工作，檢查(cha)時，用(yong)(yong)萬用(yong)(yong)表或(huo)電壓(ya)(ya)表等測(ce)量電機輸入端電壓(ya)(ya)。

二、電動葫蘆運行時出現異常響聲

電動葫蘆(lu)的(de)(de)(de)很多(duo)(duo)故障(zhang)，例如控制電器、電機或(huo)減速器等出(chu)現的(de)(de)(de)故障(zhang)，往(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)伴隨著異(yi)常(chang)噪聲(sheng)(sheng)，這(zhe)些(xie)噪聲(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)位置及高低和音(yin)別(bie)隨故障(zhang)原因不同而有區別(bie)，檢(jian)修(xiu)時，要多(duo)(duo)聽多(duo)(duo)看，可(ke)以利用或(huo)根據故障(zhang)響聲(sheng)(sheng)特點，確定發出(chu)響聲(sheng)(sheng)位置，尋找和檢(jian)修(xiu)故障(zhang)。

1、異(yi)常噪聲(sheng)發生在(zai)控制回路上，發出“哼”的噪聲(sheng)，一般(ban)是接(jie)觸器出現了(le)故(gu)障（如交流接(jie)觸器觸頭接(jie)觸不良、電壓(ya)等級不符、磁芯被(bei)卡等等），應對故(gu)障接(jie)觸器進行檢(jian)修(xiu)，無法檢(jian)修(xiu)時必須更(geng)換，處理后，噪聲(sheng)自行消除。

2、電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)發出(chu)異(yi)常噪聲(sheng)，應立(li)即停(ting)機(ji)(ji)(ji)，檢查電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)是否單(dan)相運(yun)(yun)轉，或軸(zhou)(zhou)承損壞、聯(lian)軸(zhou)(zhou)器(qi)軸(zhou)(zhou)心不正及“掃(sao)膛(tang)”等故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)，這(zhe)些都會使電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)有異(yi)常響聲(sheng)，不同(tong)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)的(de)響聲(sheng)位置及高低和音(yin)別不同(tong)，單(dan)相運(yun)(yun)轉時(shi)(shi)，整個電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)發出(chu)有規律忽強忽弱的(de)“嗡嗡”聲(sheng)；而軸(zhou)(zhou)承損壞時(shi)(shi)，會在軸(zhou)(zhou)承附近，發出(chu)伴(ban)(ban)隨(sui)(sui)著(zhu)“咯噔-咯噔”的(de)“嗡嗡”聲(sheng)；而聯(lian)軸(zhou)(zhou)器(qi)軸(zhou)(zhou)心不正時(shi)(shi)，或電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)輕微掃(sao)膛(tang)，整個電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)發出(chu)極高的(de)“嗡嗡”聲(sheng)，并不時(shi)(shi)伴(ban)(ban)隨(sui)(sui)著(zhu)尖(jian)銳刺耳的(de)聲(sheng)音(yin)。總之，應根據噪聲(sheng)的(de)不同(tong)，找出(chu)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)，進行逐(zhu)項(xiang)檢修，恢復電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)正常性能(neng)，當電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)未處理時(shi)(shi)，禁止(zhi)使用葫蘆。

3、異常噪聲從減(jian)速(su)器(qi)發(fa)出，減(jian)速(su)器(qi)出現故障（如減(jian)速(su)箱或(huo)軸承(cheng)缺潤(run)(run)(run)滑(hua)(hua)油、齒(chi)輪(lun)磨損(sun)(sun)或(huo)損(sun)(sun)壞、軸承(cheng)損(sun)(sun)壞等(deng)等(deng)），這時(shi)應停機檢查，首先(xian)確定(ding)減(jian)速(su)器(qi)的減(jian)速(su)箱或(huo)軸承(cheng)在使(shi)(shi)用前是否(fou)加了潤(run)(run)(run)滑(hua)(hua)油，使(shi)(shi)用中(zhong)是否(fou)定(ding)期(qi)更換潤(run)(run)(run)滑(hua)(hua)油，如沒(mei)有按要求潤(run)(run)(run)滑(hua)(hua)，減(jian)速(su)器(qi)不(bu)僅會(hui)產生過(guo)高的“嗡(weng)嗡(weng)”聲，還(huan)會(hui)過(guo)度(du)磨損(sun)(sun)或(huo)損(sun)(sun)壞齒(chi)輪(lun)及軸承(cheng)。

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三、制動時停機下滑距離超過規定要求

電(dian)動葫蘆長期(qi)停用時，有(you)人誤(wu)調(diao)(diao)整(zheng)制動調(diao)(diao)整(zheng)螺(luo)母，或(huo)制動環磨損過大(da)，使制動彈簧壓力減小，制動力降低，當(dang)停機時，制動不(bu)可靠，下滑距離超過規定(ding)要求，這(zhe)種情況只要按(an)葫蘆說明(ming)書要求，重新(xin)調(diao)(diao)整(zheng)制動螺(luo)母即可。但(dan)工(gong)作中應注意，起升重物時，禁止(zhi)調(diao)(diao)整(zheng)、檢(jian)查和維修制動器。

有(you)時，調(diao)(diao)整了制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)螺(luo)母(mu)，停機下滑距(ju)離仍超過(guo)規(gui)定要求(qiu)，碰到(dao)此類情況，就要考(kao)慮其(qi)他(ta)原因，首先(xian)先(xian)拆開制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)環(huan)，檢查制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)面(mian)上是否(fou)粘(zhan)有(you)油污，如(ru)粘(zhan)有(you)油污，摩(mo)擦系數降低，會使制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)時打滑，下滑距(ju)離超過(guo)規(gui)定要求(qiu)，僅調(diao)(diao)整制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)螺(luo)母(mu)用處不(bu)大，這時只有(you)徹底(di)清洗(xi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)面(mian)（清洗(xi)易用輕質汽油），恢復制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)面(mian)摩(mo)擦系數；其(qi)次，如(ru)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)環(huan)松動(dong)(dong)(dong)或損壞，制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)環(huan)無法保證有(you)效制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)，只有(you)更換制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)環(huan)。

有時(shi)(shi)發現(xian)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)環未(wei)損壞(huai)(huai)，僅制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)環與(yu)后端(duan)蓋錐面接(jie)(jie)觸(chu)不(bu)(bu)良(liang)，制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)時(shi)(shi)，制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)面接(jie)(jie)觸(chu)過少(shao)，制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力過小，使(shi)下滑距離超過規定要求。檢修時(shi)(shi)，為了增大制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力，應查找出接(jie)(jie)觸(chu)不(bu)(bu)良(liang)的位置，進行修磨，增大制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)時(shi)(shi)的接(jie)(jie)觸(chu)面，無(wu)法修磨時(shi)(shi)，需更換(huan)(huan)配件(jian)；葫(hu)蘆(lu)電機(ji)(ji)聯軸(zhou)(zhou)器(qi)竄動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)不(bu)(bu)靈或(huo)(huo)(huo)卡死，停機(ji)(ji)后，制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)環與(yu)后端(duan)蓋錐面接(jie)(jie)觸(chu)不(bu)(bu)良(liang)或(huo)(huo)(huo)無(wu)法接(jie)(jie)觸(chu)，使(shi)葫(hu)蘆(lu)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)效果時(shi)(shi)好(hao)時(shi)(shi)壞(huai)(huai)，這類情(qing)況，應對聯軸(zhou)(zhou)器(qi)進行檢修或(huo)(huo)(huo)更換(huan)(huan)。另外，制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)器(qi)壓力彈簧長期使(shi)用產生疲勞，使(shi)彈簧力變小，停機(ji)(ji)時(shi)(shi)，制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)不(bu)(bu)牢固(gu)，則應更換(huan)(huan)彈簧，重新調整制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力。

四、電動機溫升過高

首先應檢查電動葫蘆是(shi)否(fou)超(chao)(chao)載(zai)使用，超(chao)(chao)載(zai)導致電(dian)(dian)機(ji)發熱(re)，長(chang)期超(chao)(chao)載(zai)將燒毀電(dian)(dian)機(ji)；電(dian)(dian)機(ji)未(wei)超(chao)(chao)載(zai)，仍發熱(re)，應(ying)檢(jian)查電(dian)(dian)機(ji)軸承是(shi)否(fou)損壞；還(huan)應(ying)檢(jian)查電(dian)(dian)機(ji)是(shi)否(fou)按規定工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)制(zhi)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)，這也是(shi)引起電(dian)(dian)機(ji)發熱(re)的(de)原因之(zhi)一，使用時(shi)應(ying)嚴格(ge)按電(dian)(dian)機(ji)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)制(zhi)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)。電(dian)(dian)機(ji)運(yun)轉時(shi)，制(zhi)動器間隙太(tai)小，未(wei)完全脫開，產生(sheng)很(hen)大摩(mo)擦力，摩(mo)擦發熱(re)的(de)同時(shi)也相當于增加了(le)附(fu)加載(zai)荷，使電(dian)(dian)機(ji)轉速降低，電(dian)(dian)流變大而發熱(re)，此時(shi)應(ying)停(ting)止工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)，重新調(diao)整制(zhi)動間隙。

五、重物升至半空，停車后不能再起動

首先檢(jian)查(cha)系(xi)統電壓(ya)是(shi)否(fou)過低或波動(dong)(dong)是(shi)否(fou)過大(da)，如是(shi)這種(zhong)情況，只有等電壓(ya)恢(hui)復正常后再起(qi)動(dong)(dong)；另一方(fang)面(mian)，要注意三相(xiang)(xiang)電機(ji)運轉中(zhong)缺相(xiang)(xiang)，停機(ji)后無法起(qi)動(dong)(dong)，此時需(xu)要檢(jian)查(cha)電源相(xiang)(xiang)數。

六、不能停車或到極限位置仍不停車

這(zhe)類(lei)情(qing)況(kuang)一(yi)般是(shi)接(jie)觸(chu)(chu)器的觸(chu)(chu)頭(tou)熔焊(han)，當(dang)按(an)下停(ting)止開關時(shi)，接(jie)觸(chu)(chu)器的觸(chu)(chu)頭(tou)不(bu)能斷開，電機照常(chang)得電運轉，葫(hu)蘆不(bu)停(ting)車；到(dao)極限(xian)位置如限(xian)位器失靈，葫(hu)蘆不(bu)停(ting)車。出現(xian)這(zhe)種情(qing)況(kuang)，立即(ji)切斷電源，使(shi)葫(hu)蘆強(qiang)行停(ting)車。停(ting)車后，檢修接(jie)觸(chu)(chu)器或限(xian)位器，嚴重損壞無法(fa)修復的，必須更換，微型電動葫(hu)蘆也是(shi)一(yi)樣。

七、電路無故障電機不能啟動

冬季施工中(zhong)，尤其(qi)是(shi)雪(xue)后，電路(lu)無故障電機(ji)還是(shi)不能(neng)啟動，其(qi)原因是(shi)剎車環(huan)凍死，若此時還強行開機(ji)，就容易(yi)燒毀電機(ji)。解決的方法就是(shi)打開電機(ji)罩，用撬棍(gun)撬動電機(ji)，使其(qi)能(neng)自由旋轉即可。

八、鋼絲繩只上不下

其原(yuan)因為行程限位器(qi)損(sun)壞，需(xu)更換行程限位器(qi)，環鏈電(dian)動(dong)葫蘆也是一樣。

九、減速器漏油

減速器漏(lou)油原(yuan)因是：

1、減(jian)速器箱體與(yu)箱蓋(gai)之間，密(mi)封(feng)圈裝配(pei)不良或(huo)失效損壞，應(ying)拆下檢(jian)修或(huo)更換密(mi)封(feng)圈；

2、減(jian)速器連(lian)結螺釘(ding)未擰緊，在(zai)停機后，應擰緊螺釘(ding)。

十、電動機發生掃膛

產生(sheng)掃(sao)(sao)膛(tang)(tang)的(de)原因是電(dian)機(ji)軸上支(zhi)承圈(quan)磨損嚴(yan)重(zhong)、轉子(zi)(zi)鐵(tie)心(xin)位移(yi)(yi)，或因其(qi)他(ta)原因使(shi)定子(zi)(zi)鐵(tie)心(xin)位移(yi)(yi)，造(zao)成電(dian)機(ji)錐形轉子(zi)(zi)與定子(zi)(zi)間隙太小發生(sheng)掃(sao)(sao)膛(tang)(tang)。電(dian)機(ji)嚴(yan)禁“掃(sao)(sao)膛(tang)(tang)”，當發生(sheng)掃(sao)(sao)膛(tang)(tang)后，應(ying)拆下支(zhi)承圈(quan)進行更換，調整定子(zi)(zi)轉子(zi)(zi)錐面之間的(de)間隙使(shi)之均(jun)勻，或送到維修(xiu)廠進行修(xiu)理(li)。

通過對電動葫蘆常見故(gu)障及(ji)處(chu)(chu)理的分(fen)析，使葫蘆檢(jian)(jian)修(xiu)人員處(chu)(chu)理故(gu)障時(shi)，知道從(cong)何處(chu)(chu)著手檢(jian)(jian)查，提(ti)高了(le)檢(jian)(jian)修(xiu)效率，此外，也為(wei)操作人員提(ti)供了(le)現場處(chu)(chu)理問題的方(fang)法。