什(shen)么是免耕播種(zhong)機以(yi)及優點(dian)?
隨著農(nong)業(ye)機(ji)械化的(de)(de)進(jin)程,越來越多的(de)(de)農(nong)業(ye)機(ji)械不(bu)(bu)斷亮相,而(er)玉米(mi)(mi)免(mian)(mian)耕(geng)(geng)(geng)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)就是(shi)其(qi)中之一(yi)。玉米(mi)(mi)免(mian)(mian)耕(geng)(geng)(geng)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)的(de)(de)出(chu)現其(qi)實有一(yi)段時日了,只是(shi)還沒有得到(dao)廣(guang)泛推廣(guang)。什么是(shi)免(mian)(mian)耕(geng)(geng)(geng)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)機(ji),播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)前(qian)不(bu)(bu)單獨進(jin)行(xing)土(tu)壤(rang)耕(geng)(geng)(geng)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)直接在(zai)茬地上播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong),作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)生長期(qi)不(bu)(bu)進(jin)行(xing)土(tu)壤(rang)管理的(de)(de)耕(geng)(geng)(geng)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)方法。用聯合(he)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)玉米(mi)(mi)免(mian)(mian)耕(geng)(geng)(geng)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)一(yi)次完成(cheng)切(qie)茬、開(kai)溝、噴藥(yao)除(chu)草(cao)、播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)、覆土(tu)多道工序。廣(guang)義免(mian)(mian)耕(geng)(geng)(geng)包括(kuo)少(shao)耕(geng)(geng)(geng)。傳統的(de)(de)免(mian)(mian)(少(shao))耕(geng)(geng)(geng)技(ji)術(shu)在(zai)中國耕(geng)(geng)(geng)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)史(shi)上出(chu)現較早。播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)市場調研(yan)報告顯示,20世紀(ji)40年(nian)(nian)代,美國進(jin)行(xing)了少(shao)耕(geng)(geng)(geng)研(yan)究,發現殘茬覆蓋(gai)有保護土(tu)壤(rang)的(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用。除(chu)草(cao)劑和玉米(mi)(mi)免(mian)(mian)耕(geng)(geng)(geng)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)的(de)(de)研(yan)制成(cheng)功,為(wei)免(mian)(mian)耕(geng)(geng)(geng)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)提供了可能(neng),并(bing)因(yin)能(neng)源緊張,使免(mian)(mian)耕(geng)(geng)(geng)技(ji)術(shu)得以發展。美國60年(nian)(nian)代開(kai)始應(ying)用于玉米(mi)(mi)、高粱、大豆和煙草(cao)等(deng)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)生產(chan)。以后(hou)逐(zhu)漸為(wei)各國所重視和采用。
玉米免耕播種優點:
1、免耕(geng)直(zhi)播(bo)省去了耕(geng)地作業(ye),節省了作業(ye)費,播(bo)種期提(ti)前,比常規平播(bo)提(ti)前1~2d。若遇陰雨天(tian),免耕(geng)更會體(ti)現爭時的增產效應(ying)。
2、免耕(geng)地(di)塊蓄水保墑(di)能力強。由于地(di)表有秸稈覆蓋(gai),土壤的水、肥、氣、熱可協調供給,干旱時土壤不易(yi)裂縫,雨后不易(yi)積水。與翻耕(geng)的比玉米生長快,苗情好。另外,肥料不易(yi)流失(shi),產量也相應(ying)提高。
3、玉(yu)米(mi)抗倒伏(fu)性好。免耕(geng)玉(yu)米(mi)表層根量多,主根發達,加之原有土體(ti)結構未受(shou)到破壞,玉(yu)米(mi)根系與土壤固結能(neng)力(li)強,所以玉(yu)米(mi)抗倒伏(fu)能(neng)力(li)強。
4、播(bo)種機市(shi)場調研(yan)得(de)知(zhi),玉(yu)米免耕(geng)播(bo)種機麥秸還田增加了(le)(le)(le)土(tu)壤(rang)有機質含量,提高了(le)(le)(le)土(tu)壤(rang)肥(fei)力,改善了(le)(le)(le)土(tu)壤(rang)結構。經(jing)測算,玉(yu)米免耕(geng)地(di)(di)塊(kuai)比翻耕(geng)地(di)(di)塊(kuai)增收(shou)玉(yu)米765kg/hm2,同時可減少耕(geng)地(di)(di)作業費105元(yuan)/hm2,間苗費60元(yuan)/hm2,玉(yu)米生育期間減少1次澆水,節(jie)水節(jie)油(you)75元(yuan)/hm2。