機械式精密播種機

目(mu)前使用的玉(yu)米精密播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)機械不論是(shi)機械式(shi)還是(shi)氣力(li)式(shi)，主要結構是(shi)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)單體，一個播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)單體由施(shi)肥開(kai)溝器(qi)、播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)開(kai)溝器(qi)、排種(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)、覆土器(qi)、鎮壓輪及傳動機構組成。

常用的(de)覆土(tu)器有覆土(tu)圓(yuan)盤和(he)覆土(tu)板(ban)兩種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)單體的(de)工(gong)作(zuo)過程是播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機前進，施肥開溝器和(he)播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)開溝器開溝，同時(shi)地(di)輪轉動(dong)，通過傳(chuan)動(dong)系統帶動(dong)排(pai)(pai)肥器排(pai)(pai)肥、排(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)輪排(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，覆土(tu)器和(he)鎮壓(ya)器隨即覆土(tu)和(he)鎮壓(ya)。

排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器是(shi)精(jing)密(mi)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的關鍵(jian)部(bu)件(jian)，也是(shi)精(jing)密(mi)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)的核心部(bu)件(jian)。機(ji)(ji)械式(shi)(shi)(shi)精(jing)密(mi)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)主要采(cai)用勺輪式(shi)(shi)(shi)排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器和窩(wo)(wo)眼式(shi)(shi)(shi)排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器。窩(wo)(wo)眼式(shi)(shi)(shi)排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器由毛(mao)刷清(qing)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，靠鋼針挑落種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子。

排種(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)內(nei)有(you)4個(ge)(ge)排種(zhong)(zhong)輪，中間(jian)兩個(ge)(ge)分(fen)別為播(bo)(bo)大(da)粒(li)和小粒(li)玉(yu)米的，兩邊是播(bo)(bo)雙行(xing)大(da)豆的。不用(yong)更換(huan)排種(zhong)(zhong)輪就可(ke)精量(liang)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)玉(yu)米和大(da)豆。缺(que)點是清種(zhong)(zhong)毛刷容易(yi)磨(mo)損(sun)，要(yao)經常(chang)更換(huan)。

勺(shao)輪(lun)式(shi)播種(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)工作時排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)輪(lun)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)帶動(dong)勺(shao)輪(lun)和導種(zhong)(zhong)輪(lun)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)，勺(shao)輪(lun)在充種(zhong)(zhong)區(qu)實現了充種(zhong)(zhong)，繼(ji)續轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)到清種(zhong)(zhong)區(qu)，這(zhe)時在種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)自(zi)重下(xia)自(zi)行進行清種(zhong)(zhong)，勺(shao)內只(zhi)剩(sheng)一(yi)粒(li)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)。當轉(zhuan)(zhuan)到隔板的(de)缺口(kou)時，種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)自(zi)動(dong)落入(ru)(ru)導種(zhong)(zhong)輪(lun)的(de)格內，進入(ru)(ru)護種(zhong)(zhong)區(qu)。當轉(zhuan)(zhuan)到投種(zhong)(zhong)區(qu)時，種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)靠自(zi)重落入(ru)(ru)種(zhong)(zhong)床。這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)優點是播種(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)內沒有容易(yi)磨損的(de)部件，終身不用(yong)拆卸。

機械式精密播(bo)種機有(you)為(wei)大型拖拉機配套(tao)的6行以(yi)上的播(bo)種機，有(you)為(wei)小型拖拉機配套(tao)的兩(liang)行播(bo)種機，也有(you)為(wei)畜(chu)力配套(tao)的牽引式單(dan)行播(bo)種機。

1 單體精密播種機結構性能

機(ji)械式單(dan)體精密播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)是(shi)由(you)一個播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)單(dan)體組(zu)成，主要由(you)機(ji)架、升起機(ji)構(gou)、可調(diao)整深淺(qian)的撥草桿、施肥開(kai)(kai)溝器、底肥箱，口(kou)肥和種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子箱、排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器、播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)開(kai)(kai)溝芯(xin)鏵(hua)、播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)深淺(qian)調(diao)節機(ji)構(gou)、行走輪、鏈(lian)傳動機(ji)構(gou)、地輪、覆土圓盤、鎮壓輪等組(zu)成。

這種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)單體播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)窩眼(yan)毛刷式(shi)排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子和口肥(fei)(fei)直接(jie)進入排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、排(pai)肥(fei)(fei)器內。這種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)可實現(xian)分層施(shi)肥(fei)(fei)，就是可深施(shi)底肥(fei)(fei)，同時也可以施(shi)口肥(fei)(fei)。口肥(fei)(fei)和播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)使用(yong)(yong)同一(yi)開(kai)(kai)(kai)溝器，底肥(fei)(fei)在(zai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子下(xia)方(fang)5-8cm，由(you)于(yu)施(shi)肥(fei)(fei)開(kai)(kai)(kai)溝器與(yu)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)開(kai)(kai)(kai)溝器之間有一(yi)定(ding)距離，口肥(fei)(fei)施(shi)下(xia)后有回土(tu)，實現(xian)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)肥(fei)(fei)隔離，保(bao)證不燒苗。

這種(zhong)(zhong)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)時(shi)由畜(chu)力(li)牽引(yin)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)，靠行(xing)走(zou)輪帶動鏈輪驅動排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)、排(pai)肥機(ji)構(gou)進(jin)行(xing)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)。適(shi)(shi)宜(yi)行(xing)距(ju)50-70cm，工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)速度(du)每小(xiao)時(shi)5-6km。適(shi)(shi)合壟(long)上播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)，也可平播(bo)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)。一次可完(wan)成清(qing)除(chu)雜(za)物，開(kai)溝(gou)、施肥、播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)、覆土五項作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)。主要(yao)適(shi)(shi)用(yong)于北方壟(long)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)地(di)區小(xiao)地(di)塊使用(yong)。

2 單體精密播種機使用和調整方法

播(bo)種(zhong)機在使用前要(yao)進行檢查調整：要(yao)根據(ju)當(dang)地農藝要(yao)求(qiu)調節施肥開溝深度(du)。

根據(ju)施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)量的(de)要(yao)求調整(zheng)(zheng)底肥(fei)(fei)施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)量，可(ke)通(tong)過改(gai)變槽(cao)輪長度(du)(du)來實(shi)現排肥(fei)(fei)量的(de)大小，擰動調整(zheng)(zheng)手柄，順時針(zhen)轉動，槽(cao)輪長度(du)(du)縮短(duan)，施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)量減少(shao)，逆(ni)時針(zhen)轉動，槽(cao)輪長度(du)(du)增(zeng)(zeng)長，施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)量增(zeng)(zeng)加。采用同樣(yang)的(de)方(fang)法根據(ju)要(yao)求調整(zheng)(zheng)口肥(fei)(fei)施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)量的(de)大小。

根(gen)據墑情(qing)調整播種(zhong)(zhong)深(shen)度。搖動轉輪(lun)，轉輪(lun)帶動尺(chi)條上下運動，實現播種(zhong)(zhong)深(shen)度的(de)調整。播種(zhong)(zhong)株距要根(gen)據品種(zhong)(zhong)要求按照(zhao)播種(zhong)(zhong)機的(de)使用說明(ming)書選擇鏈輪(lun)。

精密播(bo)種玉(yu)(yu)米，對玉(yu)(yu)米粒的(de)大小(xiao)有嚴格的(de)要求(qiu)，所以(yi)每次換種后，要進行調整。窩眼式(shi)排種器上有兩個玉(yu)(yu)米排種輪，可根(gen)據(ju)玉(yu)(yu)米子粒的(de)大小(xiao)進行選擇。

如果你(ni)購買(mai)的播種(zhong)機采用的是(shi)勺輪式(shi)排種(zhong)器當玉(yu)米種(zhong)子粒較(jiao)大或(huo)較(jiao)小(xiao)時，也(ye)需要調整(zheng)。

這種(zhong)排種(zhong)器在出廠(chang)時是按中(zhong)等籽粒安裝(zhuang)的，調整時松開螺(luo)絲，拆開殼(ke)體，串動(dong)隔(ge)板(ban)，使隔(ge)板(ban)上的小缺口重(zhong)新對正定位螺(luo)釘，順時針轉動(dong)，適合較小粒種(zhong)子，逆時針轉動(dong)，適合較大粒種(zhong)子。

調(diao)(diao)整(zheng)兩個覆(fu)土圓(yuan)盤(pan)的寬度，改變覆(fu)土寬度和厚(hou)度。一切調(diao)(diao)整(zheng)好后(hou)即可播(bo)種(zhong)作業。

在進(jin)行大面積播(bo)種(zhong)前，一定(ding)要(yao)堅(jian)持試播(bo)20m，檢(jian)測確認符合當地的(de)農(nong)藝要(yao)求后，再(zai)進(jin)行大面積播(bo)種(zhong)。

作(zuo)業(ye)中要(yao)經常檢查(cha)鏈(lian)條的(de)張(zhang)緊程度，以保證播種(zhong)施(shi)肥(fei)的(de)精確性(xing)。每作(zuo)業(ye)一個工作(zuo)日(ri)要(yao)清理(li)排(pai)種(zhong)器，以免(mian)雜物堵(du)塞，影響播種(zhong)精度。

排種(zhong)器(qi)是精密(mi)播(bo)種(zhong)的關鍵部件(jian)，工作一段時間后要(yao)檢查狀態是否完好，排種(zhong)器(qi)內的毛(mao)刷(shua)(shua)如(ru)發現磨損，要(yao)立(li)即更換，否則會影(ying)響精密(mi)播(bo)種(zhong)質量。方法是卸下(xia)鏈輪，卸下(xia)左端(duan)護鏈盒、卸下(xia)右(you)端(duan)蓋，取出清種(zhong)毛(mao)刷(shua)(shua)輪組，更換毛(mao)刷(shua)(shua)，然后再(zai)依(yi)次裝好。

3 兩行精密播種機的結構與使用

兩行、六(liu)行等多(duo)行播種機主(zhu)要是為拖拉機配套的，是由兩個或多(duo)個播種單體組(zu)成的。

這種(zhong)兩行(xing)精密(mi)播(bo)種(zhong)機是目前(qian)我(wo)國(guo)生產廠家最(zui)(zui)多，農民使(shi)用最(zui)(zui)廣的一(yi)種(zhong)機型，主要配套動力(li)為(wei)小(xiao)四輪拖(tuo)拉機。工作速度每(mei)小(xiao)時5-6km。

這種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)與單行(xing)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)不(bu)同的是增加了(le)液壓(ya)懸掛機(ji)構。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子通過塑料管(guan)輸送到排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)管(guan)插到后邊(bian)為播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)玉(yu)米，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)管(guan)插到前面為播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)大豆(dou)雙行(xing)。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)箱(xiang)(xiang)和(he)肥(fei)(fei)箱(xiang)(xiang)為一體。地輪傳遞動(dong)力帶動(dong)施肥(fei)(fei)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)構。底肥(fei)(fei)和(he)口肥(fei)(fei)靠(kao)一個開(kai)溝器完成，中(zhong)間有一定距(ju)離，靠(kao)回土把底肥(fei)(fei)和(he)口肥(fei)(fei)分成上下層(ceng)。

兩行(xing)以上的播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)要(yao)(yao)調(diao)整(zheng)行(xing)距，松開(kai)固(gu)定卡子，根(gen)據(ju)當(dang)地行(xing)距要(yao)(yao)求左(zuo)右(you)串動(dong)播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)單體。這種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)深(shen)淺是(shi)依靠上下(xia)串動(dong)開(kai)溝(gou)器來實現。兩行(xing)以上的播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)要(yao)(yao)調(diao)整(zheng)拖拉機(ji)(ji)(ji)的懸掛(gua)機(ji)(ji)(ji)構，調(diao)整(zheng)上拉桿(gan)，可(ke)使(shi)(shi)播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)保(bao)持前后水平，調(diao)整(zheng)左(zuo)右(you)吊桿(gan)可(ke)使(shi)(shi)播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)保(bao)持左(zuo)右(you)水平。調(diao)整(zheng)左(zuo)右(you)拉鏈，可(ke)使(shi)(shi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)保(bao)持穩定，避免(mian)左(zuo)右(you)擺動(dong)。施肥(fei)深(shen)度、施肥(fei)量、播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)株距等要(yao)(yao)和單體播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)一(yi)(yi)(yi)樣(yang)進(jin)行(xing)一(yi)(yi)(yi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)調(diao)整(zheng)。一(yi)(yi)(yi)切調(diao)整(zheng)好后也要(yao)(yao)進(jin)行(xing)試(shi)播(bo)(bo)(bo)。

兩行以上的播種機是由(you)拖拉機懸掛作(zuo)業(ye)，所以在地頭(tou)(tou)轉(zhuan)彎掉頭(tou)(tou)時，要(yao)(yao)先(xian)升起機具(ju)再(zai)轉(zhuan)彎，拖拉機擺(bai)正后，要(yao)(yao)先(xian)倒車，落下(xia)機具(ju)再(zai)工作(zuo)，避免地頭(tou)(tou)漏播。

在(zai)路面(mian)行走時，須將播種機提升到離地面(mian)一(yi)定(ding)高度，防止工作部件與地面(mian)碰撞。