機械(xie)式精密播種機

目前使(shi)用(yong)的玉米精密播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)械不(bu)論是機(ji)械式還是氣力式，主要(yao)結(jie)構(gou)是播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)單體(ti)，一個(ge)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)單體(ti)由(you)施(shi)肥開溝器、播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)開溝器、排種(zhong)(zhong)器、覆土器、鎮(zhen)壓輪及傳(chuan)動(dong)機(ji)構(gou)組成。

常用的覆(fu)土(tu)器(qi)有覆(fu)土(tu)圓盤和覆(fu)土(tu)板兩種(zhong)(zhong)。播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)單體的工作過程是播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)前進，施肥(fei)開(kai)(kai)溝(gou)器(qi)和播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)開(kai)(kai)溝(gou)器(qi)開(kai)(kai)溝(gou)，同(tong)時地(di)輪(lun)轉動，通過傳動系統帶動排(pai)(pai)肥(fei)器(qi)排(pai)(pai)肥(fei)、排(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)輪(lun)排(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)，覆(fu)土(tu)器(qi)和鎮壓器(qi)隨即覆(fu)土(tu)和鎮壓。

排種(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)是(shi)精密播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)的關鍵(jian)部件(jian)，也是(shi)精密播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)機的核心部件(jian)。機械(xie)式(shi)精密播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)機主(zhu)要采用勺輪式(shi)排種(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)和窩(wo)眼(yan)式(shi)排種(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)。窩(wo)眼(yan)式(shi)排種(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)由毛刷清種(zhong)(zhong)，靠鋼針挑(tiao)落種(zhong)(zhong)子。

排種(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)內有4個排種(zhong)(zhong)輪，中間兩個分別(bie)為播(bo)大(da)粒(li)和小粒(li)玉米的，兩邊是播(bo)雙行大(da)豆(dou)的。不用(yong)更換(huan)排種(zhong)(zhong)輪就可精(jing)量(liang)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)玉米和大(da)豆(dou)。缺(que)點是清種(zhong)(zhong)毛刷(shua)容易磨損，要經(jing)常(chang)更換(huan)。

勺(shao)(shao)(shao)輪(lun)式播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器工作時排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)輪(lun)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)帶(dai)動(dong)(dong)勺(shao)(shao)(shao)輪(lun)和導種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)輪(lun)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)，勺(shao)(shao)(shao)輪(lun)在充種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)區(qu)實現了充種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，繼續轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)到(dao)清種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)區(qu)，這時在種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子自(zi)重下自(zi)行進行清種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，勺(shao)(shao)(shao)內(nei)只剩(sheng)一粒種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子。當轉(zhuan)(zhuan)到(dao)隔(ge)板的(de)缺口時，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子自(zi)動(dong)(dong)落入(ru)導種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)輪(lun)的(de)格內(nei)，進入(ru)護(hu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)區(qu)。當轉(zhuan)(zhuan)到(dao)投種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)區(qu)時，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子靠自(zi)重落入(ru)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)床(chuang)。這種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器優點是(shi)播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器內(nei)沒有容(rong)易磨損的(de)部件，終(zhong)身(shen)不用拆(chai)卸(xie)。

機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)式(shi)精密播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)有為大型拖拉機(ji)(ji)(ji)配套(tao)(tao)的(de)6行(xing)(xing)以上的(de)播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)，有為小型拖拉機(ji)(ji)(ji)配套(tao)(tao)的(de)兩行(xing)(xing)播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)，也有為畜力配套(tao)(tao)的(de)牽引式(shi)單行(xing)(xing)播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。

1 單體精密播種機結構性能

機(ji)(ji)械式單(dan)體(ti)精密播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)是由(you)一個(ge)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)單(dan)體(ti)組成，主要由(you)機(ji)(ji)架、升起機(ji)(ji)構(gou)、可調整深淺(qian)的撥草桿、施肥開(kai)(kai)溝器、底肥箱，口(kou)肥和種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子箱、排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器、播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)開(kai)(kai)溝芯鏵、播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)深淺(qian)調節機(ji)(ji)構(gou)、行(xing)走輪(lun)、鏈傳動機(ji)(ji)構(gou)、地輪(lun)、覆土圓(yuan)盤、鎮(zhen)壓輪(lun)等組成。

這(zhe)種(zhong)單體播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)機采用窩眼毛刷式排種(zhong)器，種(zhong)子(zi)和口(kou)肥(fei)(fei)直接進入(ru)排種(zhong)、排肥(fei)(fei)器內。這(zhe)種(zhong)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)機可實(shi)現分層施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)，就是(shi)可深施(shi)(shi)底肥(fei)(fei)，同(tong)時也可以(yi)施(shi)(shi)口(kou)肥(fei)(fei)。口(kou)肥(fei)(fei)和播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)使用同(tong)一開(kai)溝(gou)器，底肥(fei)(fei)在種(zhong)子(zi)下方(fang)5-8cm，由(you)于施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)開(kai)溝(gou)器與播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)開(kai)溝(gou)器之(zhi)間(jian)有(you)一定(ding)距離，口(kou)肥(fei)(fei)施(shi)(shi)下后有(you)回土，實(shi)現種(zhong)肥(fei)(fei)隔離，保(bao)證不燒苗。

這種(zhong)播(bo)種(zhong)機(ji)工作(zuo)時(shi)由(you)畜力牽引作(zuo)業(ye)，靠行走輪帶動(dong)鏈(lian)輪驅(qu)動(dong)排種(zhong)、排肥(fei)機(ji)構進行工作(zuo)。適宜行距50-70cm，工作(zuo)速度(du)每小時(shi)5-6km。適合壟上播(bo)種(zhong)，也(ye)可(ke)平播(bo)作(zuo)業(ye)。一次可(ke)完成清(qing)除雜物，開溝、施肥(fei)、播(bo)種(zhong)、覆(fu)土(tu)五項(xiang)作(zuo)業(ye)。主要適用于北(bei)方壟作(zuo)地(di)(di)區小地(di)(di)塊使用。

2 單體精密播種機使用和調整方法

播種機(ji)在使用(yong)前(qian)要(yao)進行檢查調整(zheng)：要(yao)根(gen)據當地農藝要(yao)求(qiu)調節施肥開(kai)溝深度。

根據(ju)(ju)施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)量(liang)(liang)的要求(qiu)調(diao)整底肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)量(liang)(liang)，可通過(guo)改變槽(cao)輪長(chang)度來(lai)實現(xian)排肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)量(liang)(liang)的大小，擰動(dong)(dong)調(diao)整手(shou)柄(bing)，順(shun)時(shi)針轉(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)，槽(cao)輪長(chang)度縮短，施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)量(liang)(liang)減少，逆(ni)時(shi)針轉(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)，槽(cao)輪長(chang)度增長(chang)，施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)量(liang)(liang)增加。采用(yong)同(tong)樣的方法根據(ju)(ju)要求(qiu)調(diao)整口肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)量(liang)(liang)的大小。

根(gen)據墑情調(diao)整播種深度(du)。搖(yao)動(dong)轉(zhuan)輪(lun)(lun)，轉(zhuan)輪(lun)(lun)帶動(dong)尺條(tiao)上下運動(dong)，實現播種深度(du)的(de)調(diao)整。播種株距要(yao)根(gen)據品種要(yao)求按照播種機的(de)使(shi)用說(shuo)明書(shu)選擇鏈輪(lun)(lun)。

精密(mi)播種(zhong)玉(yu)米(mi)，對玉(yu)米(mi)粒的(de)大小(xiao)有嚴格的(de)要求，所以每次(ci)換種(zhong)后(hou)，要進(jin)行調整。窩眼式(shi)排種(zhong)器上有兩個(ge)玉(yu)米(mi)排種(zhong)輪，可根據玉(yu)米(mi)子粒的(de)大小(xiao)進(jin)行選擇。

如(ru)果(guo)你(ni)購買的播種(zhong)機采用(yong)的是勺輪式排種(zhong)器當玉米種(zhong)子(zi)粒較(jiao)大或較(jiao)小時，也需要調整(zheng)。

這(zhe)種(zhong)排種(zhong)器在出廠時是按中(zhong)等籽(zi)粒(li)(li)(li)安(an)裝的，調整時松(song)開(kai)螺絲，拆開(kai)殼體，串(chuan)動隔板，使(shi)隔板上的小缺口重新對正定(ding)位螺釘，順時針轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動，適合(he)較小粒(li)(li)(li)種(zhong)子，逆時針轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動，適合(he)較大粒(li)(li)(li)種(zhong)子。

調整兩個覆(fu)土圓盤的寬(kuan)度，改變(bian)覆(fu)土寬(kuan)度和厚(hou)度。一切調整好后即(ji)可播(bo)種作業(ye)。

在進(jin)行大(da)面積播種前，一定(ding)要堅(jian)持試播20m，檢測(ce)確認符合(he)當(dang)地(di)的農藝要求后，再進(jin)行大(da)面積播種。

作業(ye)中(zhong)要(yao)經常檢查(cha)鏈條的張緊程(cheng)度，以保證播(bo)種施肥(fei)的精(jing)確性。每(mei)作業(ye)一個工(gong)作日要(yao)清理排種器，以免雜(za)物堵(du)塞，影響播(bo)種精(jing)度。

排種(zhong)器是(shi)精密(mi)播種(zhong)的(de)關鍵部件，工作一段時間后要檢查狀態是(shi)否(fou)完好(hao)，排種(zhong)器內的(de)毛(mao)(mao)刷(shua)如發現磨損(sun)，要立(li)即(ji)更(geng)換，否(fou)則會影響精密(mi)播種(zhong)質(zhi)量。方法是(shi)卸(xie)下鏈輪，卸(xie)下左端護鏈盒、卸(xie)下右(you)端蓋，取出清種(zhong)毛(mao)(mao)刷(shua)輪組(zu)，更(geng)換毛(mao)(mao)刷(shua)，然(ran)后再依次裝好(hao)。

3 兩行精密播種機的結構與使用

兩(liang)行、六行等(deng)多行播種機主(zhu)要(yao)是為拖拉機配(pei)套的，是由兩(liang)個或(huo)多個播種單體組成(cheng)的。

這種(zhong)兩行精密播種(zhong)機(ji)是目前我國生產廠家最多，農民使用最廣的一(yi)種(zhong)機(ji)型，主要(yao)配(pei)套動(dong)力為小四輪拖拉(la)機(ji)。工作速度每小時5-6km。

這種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機與(yu)單(dan)行(xing)播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機不同的是增加了液壓懸掛機構(gou)。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子通過塑料管(guan)輸送(song)到排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)管(guan)插到后邊為(wei)播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)玉米(mi)，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)管(guan)插到前面(mian)為(wei)播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)大(da)豆雙行(xing)。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)箱(xiang)和肥箱(xiang)為(wei)一(yi)體。地輪傳遞動(dong)力帶動(dong)施肥播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機構(gou)。底肥和口(kou)肥靠一(yi)個開溝器完(wan)成，中間有(you)一(yi)定距離，靠回土把底肥和口(kou)肥分成上下層。

兩行(xing)以上(shang)(shang)的(de)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)要(yao)調(diao)整(zheng)行(xing)距，松(song)開固定卡子，根據當地行(xing)距要(yao)求(qiu)左(zuo)右(you)(you)串動播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)單體。這種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)的(de)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)深淺是依靠上(shang)(shang)下串動開溝器(qi)來實(shi)現(xian)。兩行(xing)以上(shang)(shang)的(de)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)要(yao)調(diao)整(zheng)拖拉(la)機(ji)(ji)的(de)懸掛機(ji)(ji)構，調(diao)整(zheng)上(shang)(shang)拉(la)桿(gan)，可使播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)保持(chi)前(qian)后(hou)水平，調(diao)整(zheng)左(zuo)右(you)(you)吊桿(gan)可使播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)保持(chi)左(zuo)右(you)(you)水平。調(diao)整(zheng)左(zuo)右(you)(you)拉(la)鏈，可使機(ji)(ji)組(zu)保持(chi)穩定，避(bi)免左(zuo)右(you)(you)擺動。施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)深度、施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)量、播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)株(zhu)距等要(yao)和單體播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)一(yi)(yi)(yi)樣進行(xing)一(yi)(yi)(yi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)調(diao)整(zheng)。一(yi)(yi)(yi)切調(diao)整(zheng)好后(hou)也(ye)要(yao)進行(xing)試播(bo)(bo)。

兩行以上的播(bo)種機(ji)(ji)是(shi)由拖拉(la)(la)機(ji)(ji)懸掛作(zuo)(zuo)業，所以在(zai)地(di)頭轉彎(wan)掉頭時，要(yao)先(xian)升起機(ji)(ji)具(ju)再轉彎(wan)，拖拉(la)(la)機(ji)(ji)擺正后，要(yao)先(xian)倒車，落下機(ji)(ji)具(ju)再工作(zuo)(zuo)，避免(mian)地(di)頭漏播(bo)。

在(zai)路面(mian)行走時，須將播種機提升到離地面(mian)一定高度，防止工作(zuo)部(bu)件與(yu)地面(mian)碰撞。