機械式精密(mi)播種(zhong)機

目前使用的玉(yu)米精密播種機(ji)械不論是(shi)機(ji)械式還是(shi)氣力(li)式，主要結構是(shi)播種單體(ti)(ti)，一個播種單體(ti)(ti)由施肥開溝器(qi)、播種開溝器(qi)、排種器(qi)、覆土器(qi)、鎮壓輪及傳動機(ji)構組成(cheng)。

常(chang)用(yong)的覆土(tu)(tu)器有覆土(tu)(tu)圓盤(pan)和(he)覆土(tu)(tu)板(ban)兩種(zhong)(zhong)。播種(zhong)(zhong)單體的工作過程(cheng)是播種(zhong)(zhong)機前進，施肥開溝(gou)器和(he)播種(zhong)(zhong)開溝(gou)器開溝(gou)，同時(shi)地輪轉(zhuan)動，通過傳(chuan)動系統(tong)帶動排(pai)肥器排(pai)肥、排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)輪排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)，覆土(tu)(tu)器和(he)鎮(zhen)壓(ya)器隨(sui)即(ji)覆土(tu)(tu)和(he)鎮(zhen)壓(ya)。

排種(zhong)器是精(jing)密播種(zhong)的關鍵(jian)部件，也(ye)是精(jing)密播種(zhong)機(ji)的核(he)心部件。機(ji)械式(shi)精(jing)密播種(zhong)機(ji)主(zhu)要采用勺輪(lun)式(shi)排種(zhong)器和(he)窩眼(yan)式(shi)排種(zhong)器。窩眼(yan)式(shi)排種(zhong)器由(you)毛刷清種(zhong)，靠(kao)鋼(gang)針挑落種(zhong)子。

排種(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)內有4個排種(zhong)(zhong)輪(lun)，中間(jian)兩個分(fen)別為播大(da)粒和小(xiao)粒玉米的(de)，兩邊是(shi)播雙行大(da)豆的(de)。不(bu)用(yong)更(geng)換(huan)排種(zhong)(zhong)輪(lun)就可精(jing)量播種(zhong)(zhong)玉米和大(da)豆。缺點(dian)是(shi)清種(zhong)(zhong)毛(mao)刷容易(yi)磨(mo)損，要經(jing)常更(geng)換(huan)。

勺(shao)(shao)(shao)輪(lun)式播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)工作(zuo)時(shi)排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)輪(lun)轉(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)帶(dai)動(dong)(dong)勺(shao)(shao)(shao)輪(lun)和導種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)輪(lun)轉(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)，勺(shao)(shao)(shao)輪(lun)在充種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)區實(shi)現了充種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，繼續轉(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)到清種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)區，這時(shi)在種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)自(zi)重下(xia)自(zi)行進行清種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，勺(shao)(shao)(shao)內只剩一(yi)粒種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)。當(dang)轉(zhuan)到隔板的缺口(kou)時(shi)，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)落入導種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)輪(lun)的格內，進入護(hu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)區。當(dang)轉(zhuan)到投種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)區時(shi)，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)靠(kao)自(zi)重落入種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)床。這種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)優點是播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)內沒有容易磨損的部件，終身不用拆卸。

機(ji)(ji)械(xie)式精密(mi)播種(zhong)機(ji)(ji)有(you)為大型拖拉機(ji)(ji)配套(tao)的(de)6行以上的(de)播種(zhong)機(ji)(ji)，有(you)為小(xiao)型拖拉機(ji)(ji)配套(tao)的(de)兩行播種(zhong)機(ji)(ji)，也有(you)為畜力配套(tao)的(de)牽(qian)引式單(dan)行播種(zhong)機(ji)(ji)。

1 單體精密播種機結構性能

機(ji)械式單體精密播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)是(shi)由一個播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)單體組成(cheng)，主要由機(ji)架、升起機(ji)構、可調(diao)整深(shen)淺的(de)撥草桿、施肥開溝(gou)器、底肥箱，口肥和種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子箱、排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器、播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)開溝(gou)芯鏵、播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)深(shen)淺調(diao)節機(ji)構、行走輪(lun)、鏈傳動機(ji)構、地(di)輪(lun)、覆土圓盤、鎮壓輪(lun)等(deng)組成(cheng)。

這種(zhong)(zhong)單(dan)體播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)采用窩眼毛刷式排(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)，種(zhong)(zhong)子和口肥(fei)(fei)直接進入(ru)排(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)、排(pai)(pai)肥(fei)(fei)器(qi)內。這種(zhong)(zhong)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)可實現(xian)分(fen)層施(shi)肥(fei)(fei)，就是可深(shen)施(shi)底(di)肥(fei)(fei)，同時也可以施(shi)口肥(fei)(fei)。口肥(fei)(fei)和播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)使用同一開(kai)溝器(qi)，底(di)肥(fei)(fei)在種(zhong)(zhong)子下方(fang)5-8cm，由(you)于(yu)施(shi)肥(fei)(fei)開(kai)溝器(qi)與播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)開(kai)溝器(qi)之間有一定距(ju)離，口肥(fei)(fei)施(shi)下后(hou)有回土，實現(xian)種(zhong)(zhong)肥(fei)(fei)隔離，保證不燒苗(miao)。

這種播(bo)種機工(gong)作(zuo)時由(you)畜力牽引作(zuo)業(ye)，靠行(xing)走(zou)輪(lun)帶動鏈輪(lun)驅動排種、排肥機構進行(xing)工(gong)作(zuo)。適宜行(xing)距50-70cm，工(gong)作(zuo)速(su)度每(mei)小時5-6km。適合(he)壟上播(bo)種，也可平播(bo)作(zuo)業(ye)。一次可完成清除雜物(wu)，開(kai)溝、施肥、播(bo)種、覆(fu)土五項作(zuo)業(ye)。主(zhu)要(yao)適用于北方壟作(zuo)地區小地塊使(shi)用。

2 單體精密播種機使用和調整方法

播種(zhong)機在使用(yong)前要(yao)進行檢查(cha)調(diao)整：要(yao)根據當地農藝要(yao)求調(diao)節施肥開溝深度。

根(gen)據(ju)施(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)量的(de)(de)(de)要求(qiu)調整底(di)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)施(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)量，可通過改(gai)變槽輪(lun)(lun)長(chang)(chang)度來(lai)實現排肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)量的(de)(de)(de)大小(xiao)，擰動(dong)調整手柄，順時(shi)針轉(zhuan)動(dong)，槽輪(lun)(lun)長(chang)(chang)度縮(suo)短，施(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)量減少，逆(ni)時(shi)針轉(zhuan)動(dong)，槽輪(lun)(lun)長(chang)(chang)度增長(chang)(chang)，施(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)量增加。采用同樣的(de)(de)(de)方法(fa)根(gen)據(ju)要求(qiu)調整口肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)施(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)量的(de)(de)(de)大小(xiao)。

根據墑情調整播(bo)種深度。搖(yao)動轉輪(lun)，轉輪(lun)帶(dai)動尺條上(shang)下運動，實(shi)現播(bo)種深度的調整。播(bo)種株(zhu)距(ju)要(yao)根據品(pin)種要(yao)求按照播(bo)種機的使(shi)用說明書選擇(ze)鏈輪(lun)。

精密播種玉(yu)(yu)米，對玉(yu)(yu)米粒的大小(xiao)(xiao)有嚴格的要求，所以每次換種后，要進(jin)行(xing)調整。窩眼式排種器上有兩個玉(yu)(yu)米排種輪，可根(gen)據玉(yu)(yu)米子粒的大小(xiao)(xiao)進(jin)行(xing)選擇。

如果你購買(mai)的播種機采用的是勺輪(lun)式排種器當玉米種子(zi)粒(li)較大或較小時，也需要調(diao)整。

這種(zhong)排種(zhong)器在(zai)出廠時是(shi)按中(zhong)等籽粒(li)(li)安(an)裝的，調整(zheng)時松開(kai)(kai)螺絲(si)，拆(chai)開(kai)(kai)殼體，串動(dong)隔(ge)板，使隔(ge)板上(shang)的小缺口重新對(dui)正定(ding)位螺釘，順時針轉(zhuan)動(dong)，適合較小粒(li)(li)種(zhong)子，逆時針轉(zhuan)動(dong)，適合較大粒(li)(li)種(zhong)子。

調(diao)整兩(liang)個覆(fu)(fu)土圓盤的(de)寬度(du)(du)，改(gai)變覆(fu)(fu)土寬度(du)(du)和(he)厚度(du)(du)。一切調(diao)整好(hao)后(hou)即可播種作業。

在(zai)進行(xing)大面積播種前，一定要(yao)堅持試播20m，檢測確認符合當(dang)地的農藝要(yao)求后(hou)，再進行(xing)大面積播種。

作業(ye)中要(yao)經常檢查鏈條的張緊程(cheng)度(du)，以(yi)保(bao)證播(bo)種(zhong)施肥的精確性。每作業(ye)一個工作日要(yao)清理(li)排種(zhong)器，以(yi)免雜物堵塞，影響播(bo)種(zhong)精度(du)。

排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)是(shi)精(jing)密(mi)播種(zhong)(zhong)的關鍵部件，工作(zuo)一段時間(jian)后要(yao)檢查狀態是(shi)否(fou)(fou)完(wan)好(hao)，排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)內的毛刷如發現磨損，要(yao)立即更(geng)換，否(fou)(fou)則會影(ying)響精(jing)密(mi)播種(zhong)(zhong)質量。方(fang)法是(shi)卸下鏈輪，卸下左端護鏈盒、卸下右端蓋，取(qu)出(chu)清種(zhong)(zhong)毛刷輪組，更(geng)換毛刷，然(ran)后再依次(ci)裝好(hao)。

3 兩行精密播種機的結構與使用

兩行、六行等多行播(bo)種機(ji)主要是為拖拉機(ji)配套的(de)，是由兩個或(huo)多個播(bo)種單(dan)體組成的(de)。

這(zhe)種兩行精密播種機(ji)是目前我(wo)國生產廠(chang)家最(zui)多，農民使用最(zui)廣(guang)的一種機(ji)型，主(zhu)要配套動力為小四(si)輪拖拉機(ji)。工作速度每小時(shi)5-6km。

這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)與(yu)單行播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)不同的是增加了(le)液壓懸掛(gua)機(ji)構(gou)。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子通過塑(su)料管(guan)輸送到排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)管(guan)插(cha)到后(hou)邊為(wei)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)玉(yu)米，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)管(guan)插(cha)到前面為(wei)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)大豆雙行。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)箱和(he)肥(fei)(fei)箱為(wei)一體(ti)。地輪傳遞動(dong)力(li)帶動(dong)施肥(fei)(fei)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)構(gou)。底肥(fei)(fei)和(he)口肥(fei)(fei)靠一個開(kai)溝器完成(cheng)，中間有一定(ding)距離，靠回土把底肥(fei)(fei)和(he)口肥(fei)(fei)分(fen)成(cheng)上下層。

兩(liang)行(xing)以上(shang)的(de)(de)播(bo)種機(ji)(ji)要(yao)調整(zheng)行(xing)距(ju)，松開固定卡(ka)子，根據當地行(xing)距(ju)要(yao)求左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)串動播(bo)種單體(ti)。這種播(bo)種機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)播(bo)種深淺是(shi)依靠上(shang)下串動開溝器來實(shi)現。兩(liang)行(xing)以上(shang)的(de)(de)播(bo)種機(ji)(ji)要(yao)調整(zheng)拖(tuo)拉(la)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)懸掛機(ji)(ji)構，調整(zheng)上(shang)拉(la)桿(gan)，可(ke)使播(bo)種機(ji)(ji)保(bao)(bao)持(chi)前(qian)后水平，調整(zheng)左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)吊桿(gan)可(ke)使播(bo)種機(ji)(ji)保(bao)(bao)持(chi)左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)水平。調整(zheng)左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)拉(la)鏈，可(ke)使機(ji)(ji)組保(bao)(bao)持(chi)穩定，避免左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)擺動。施肥深度、施肥量、播(bo)種株距(ju)等要(yao)和(he)單體(ti)播(bo)種機(ji)(ji)一(yi)(yi)樣(yang)進(jin)行(xing)一(yi)(yi)一(yi)(yi)調整(zheng)。一(yi)(yi)切調整(zheng)好后也要(yao)進(jin)行(xing)試播(bo)。

兩(liang)行以上的播(bo)(bo)種機是由拖(tuo)拉機懸掛作業，所以在地(di)頭(tou)(tou)轉(zhuan)彎掉頭(tou)(tou)時，要(yao)先升起機具再轉(zhuan)彎，拖(tuo)拉機擺正后，要(yao)先倒車(che)，落(luo)下機具再工作，避免地(di)頭(tou)(tou)漏播(bo)(bo)。

在路面行走時，須將播(bo)種機提升到離地面一(yi)定高度，防(fang)止(zhi)工作(zuo)部件與地面碰撞。