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光伏發電行業簡介

一、光伏發電是什么意思

光伏發(fa)電(dian)是利用半導體界面的光生伏特(te)效(xiao)應而將(jiang)光能(neng)直接轉變為(wei)電(dian)能(neng)的一種技術。主要由(you)太(tai)(tai)陽電(dian)池板（組件(jian)(jian)）、控制(zhi)器(qi)(qi)和逆變器(qi)(qi)三大(da)部(bu)分組成，主要部(bu)件(jian)(jian)由(you)電(dian)子元(yuan)器(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)構成。太(tai)(tai)陽能(neng)電(dian)池經過串聯(lian)后進行封裝(zhuang)保(bao)護可形成大(da)面積的太(tai)(tai)陽電(dian)池組件(jian)(jian)，再配(pei)合(he)上功率控制(zhi)器(qi)(qi)等部(bu)件(jian)(jian)就形成了光伏發(fa)電(dian)裝(zhuang)置。

二、太陽能光伏發電對人體有輻射嗎

光伏系(xi)統有(you)電磁輻射，但比較少，采用(yong)(yong)合格的設備，不會對(dui)人體造成傷害和對(dui)家(jia)用(yong)(yong)電器造成干擾。光伏組件是直流電，不會產生輻射，逆變(bian)器的輻射嚴格控制在安(an)全范圍內(nei)。

光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)是(shi)將(jiang)(jiang)光(guang)(guang)能(neng)通(tong)過半(ban)導體(ti)的(de)特性(xing)直接轉化為(wei)直流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)的(de)，再通(tong)過逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)將(jiang)(jiang)直流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)轉換(huan)(huan)成(cheng)可以(yi)被我們使用的(de)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)系統(tong)是(shi)由光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)組(zu)(zu)件，支(zhi)架(jia)，直流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)，逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)，交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)，配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)柜，變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)等(deng)組(zu)(zu)成(cheng)，其中支(zhi)架(jia)不帶電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，自(zi)然(ran)不會產(chan)生電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)干(gan)擾。光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)組(zu)(zu)件和直流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)，里(li)面是(shi)直流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)，方向沒有(you)變(bian)(bian)化，只能(neng)產(chan)生電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場，不能(neng)產(chan)生磁(ci)場。輸(shu)出變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)雖然(ran)是(shi)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，但頻率(lv)很低(di)，只有(you)50Hz，產(chan)生的(de)磁(ci)場很低(di)。逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)是(shi)把直流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)轉為(wei)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)設備，里(li)面有(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子變(bian)(bian)換(huan)(huan)，頻率(lv)一般為(wei)5-20KHz，因此會產(chan)生交(jiao)變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場，所以(yi)也會產(chan)生電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)輻射。但國家對光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)兼(jian)容性(xing)有(you)嚴格的(de)標準。光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)輻射，同家用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)相比，大約(yue)和筆記本電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)腦差不多，低(di)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)爐，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)吹風(feng)，冰箱(xiang)。

因此，太陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)光伏發電不僅不會對人的健康產生危害，還可以為(wei)地球提供綠(lv)色清潔的優質能(neng)(neng)源，是人類(lei)未(wei)來能(neng)(neng)源發展方向。

三、太陽能光伏發電的優點

1、太陽能(neng)(neng)資(zi)源(yuan)取(qu)之不(bu)盡，用之不(bu)竭，照(zhao)射到地(di)球上(shang)的(de)(de)太陽能(neng)(neng)要比人類目前消耗的(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)量大6000倍。而且太陽能(neng)(neng)在地(di)球上(shang)分布廣(guang)泛，只要有光照(zhao)的(de)(de)地(di)方就(jiu)可以使用光伏發電系統，不(bu)受地(di)域、海拔等(deng)因(yin)素的(de)(de)限制(zhi)。

2、太陽能資源隨處可(ke)得，可(ke)就近供電(dian)，不必(bi)長距離(li)輸送(song)，避(bi)免了長距離(li)輸電(dian)線路所造成(cheng)的電(dian)能損失。

3、光伏(fu)發電(dian)(dian)的能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量轉(zhuan)換過程簡單，是直接從光能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)到電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)的轉(zhuan)換，沒(mei)有中間(jian)過程（如熱能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)換為機械能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、機械能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)換為電(dian)(dian)磁能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)等）和機械運(yun)動(dong)，不存在機械磨損。根據熱力(li)學分(fen)析(xi)，光伏(fu)發電(dian)(dian)具有很高(gao)的理論發電(dian)(dian)效率，可達80％以(yi)上，技術開發潛力(li)巨大。

4、光伏發電(dian)本(ben)身(shen)不(bu)使用燃料(liao)，不(bu)排(pai)放包括溫室(shi)氣體和(he)其它廢(fei)氣在(zai)內的任何物質，不(bu)污染空氣，不(bu)產(chan)生噪(zao)聲，對(dui)環境友好(hao)，不(bu)會遭受能(neng)源危機或燃料(liao)市場(chang)不(bu)穩定而造成(cheng)的沖(chong)擊(ji)，是真(zhen)正綠(lv)色環保的新型可再生能(neng)源。

5、光(guang)(guang)伏發(fa)電(dian)(dian)過(guo)程不(bu)需(xu)要(yao)冷(leng)卻水，可以安裝在沒有水的(de)荒(huang)漠(mo)戈壁上(shang)。光(guang)(guang)伏發(fa)電(dian)(dian)還(huan)可以很(hen)方(fang)便地與建(jian)筑物結合，構(gou)成(cheng)光(guang)(guang)伏建(jian)筑一體(ti)化(hua)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)系統，不(bu)需(xu)要(yao)單獨(du)占(zhan)地，可節省寶貴的(de)土(tu)地資(zi)源。

6、光(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)電(dian)無(wu)(wu)機(ji)械傳(chuan)動(dong)部件，操(cao)作(zuo)、維護簡單，運行穩(wen)定(ding)可(ke)靠。一套光(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)電(dian)系(xi)統只(zhi)要有(you)太陽能電(dian)池組件就能發(fa)電(dian)，加之自動(dong)控(kong)制技術的廣泛采用(yong)，基本(ben)上可(ke)實現(xian)無(wu)(wu)人值(zhi)守(shou)，維護成本(ben)低。

7、光(guang)伏(fu)發電系統工作性能穩(wen)定可(ke)靠，使(shi)用壽命(ming)(ming)長(chang)（30年(nian)(nian)(nian)以上）。晶體硅太(tai)陽能電池(chi)壽命(ming)(ming)可(ke)長(chang)達20～35年(nian)(nian)(nian)。在光(guang)伏(fu)發電系統中，只要設計合(he)理、選型適當，蓄電池(chi)的壽命(ming)(ming)也(ye)可(ke)長(chang)達10～15年(nian)(nian)(nian)。

8、太(tai)陽能(neng)電池組(zu)(zu)件(jian)結(jie)構簡單，體積小(xiao)、重量(liang)輕，便于(yu)運輸(shu)和安裝。光伏發電系統(tong)建設周期短，而(er)且根(gen)據用電負荷容(rong)量(liang)可大可小(xiao)，方便靈活，極易(yi)組(zu)(zu)合(he)、擴容(rong)。

四、太陽能光伏發電的缺點

1、能量密度低

盡管太(tai)陽投(tou)向(xiang)地(di)(di)(di)球(qiu)的能量(liang)(liang)總和極(ji)其巨大(da)，但(dan)由于地(di)(di)(di)球(qiu)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積也很大(da)，而(er)且(qie)(qie)地(di)(di)(di)球(qiu)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)大(da)部分(fen)被海洋(yang)覆蓋，真(zhen)正(zheng)能夠到(dao)達(da)陸地(di)(di)(di)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)的太(tai)陽能只有到(dao)達(da)地(di)(di)(di)球(qiu)范圍太(tai)陽輻(fu)射(she)能量(liang)(liang)的10％左(zuo)右，致使在陸地(di)(di)(di)單位面(mian)(mian)(mian)積上能夠直接獲得(de)的太(tai)陽能量(liang)(liang)較少。通(tong)常以太(tai)陽輻(fu)照(zhao)度來表(biao)(biao)示，地(di)(di)(di)球(qiu)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)輻(fu)照(zhao)度最高值約為1.2kw／㎡，且(qie)(qie)絕大(da)多(duo)數地(di)(di)(di)區和大(da)多(duo)數日照(zhao)時間(jian)內都低(di)于1kw／㎡。太(tai)陽能的利(li)用實際上是低(di)密(mi)度能量(liang)(liang)的收集、利(li)用。

2、占地面積大

由于太陽能能量(liang)密度低，這就使(shi)得光(guang)(guang)伏發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)系統的占(zhan)地面(mian)(mian)積(ji)會很大(da)，每(mei)10kw光(guang)(guang)伏發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)功(gong)率(lv)占(zhan)地約(yue)需(xu)100㎡，平(ping)(ping)均(jun)每(mei)平(ping)(ping)方米面(mian)(mian)積(ji)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)功(gong)率(lv)為(wei)100w。隨著光(guang)(guang)伏建筑一(yi)體化發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)技(ji)術的成熟和(he)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展，越來越多的光(guang)(guang)伏發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)系統可(ke)以利用建筑物(wu)、構筑物(wu)的屋頂和(he)立面(mian)(mian)，將逐漸(jian)克服光(guang)(guang)伏發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)占(zhan)地面(mian)(mian)積(ji)大(da)的不足(zu)。

3、轉換效率低

光(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)的(de)(de)(de)最基本單元是(shi)太(tai)陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)池組(zu)件(jian)。光(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)的(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)換(huan)效(xiao)率(lv)(lv)指光(guang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)換(huan)為(wei)電(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)比率(lv)(lv)。目前晶體硅(gui)(gui)光(guang)伏(fu)電(dian)池轉(zhuan)換(huan)效(xiao)率(lv)(lv)為(wei)13％～17％，非晶硅(gui)(gui)光(guang)伏(fu)電(dian)池只有(you)5％～8％。由(you)于光(guang)電(dian)轉(zhuan)換(huan)效(xiao)率(lv)(lv)太(tai)低，從而使(shi)光(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)功率(lv)(lv)密度低，難以形成高功率(lv)(lv)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)系統。因此(ci)，太(tai)陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)換(huan)效(xiao)率(lv)(lv)低是(shi)阻礙光(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)大面積推(tui)廣(guang)的(de)(de)(de)瓶頸(jing)。

4、間歇性工作

在地(di)球表面，光伏發電(dian)(dian)系統只能在白天發電(dian)(dian)，晚上不(bu)能發電(dian)(dian)，除(chu)非(fei)在太空中沒有(you)晝(zhou)夜之分(fen)的情況下，太陽能電(dian)(dian)池(chi)才(cai)可以連續(xu)發電(dian)(dian)，這與人們的用(yong)電(dian)(dian)需求不(bu)符。

5、受氣候環境因素影響大

太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能光伏發電的(de)(de)(de)能源直接(jie)來(lai)源于太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)光的(de)(de)(de)照射(she)(she)，而地球表面(mian)上的(de)(de)(de)太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)照射(she)(she)受氣(qi)候的(de)(de)(de)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)很大，長期的(de)(de)(de)雨雪天、陰天、霧天甚至云層的(de)(de)(de)變化(hua)都會(hui)嚴重(zhong)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)系統的(de)(de)(de)發電狀(zhuang)態。另外(wai)，環境(jing)因素的(de)(de)(de)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)也(ye)很大，比(bi)較突出的(de)(de)(de)一點是，空(kong)氣(qi)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)顆粒物(如灰塵)等沉落在太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能電池組件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)表面(mian)，阻擋了部分光線的(de)(de)(de)照射(she)(she)，這樣會(hui)使(shi)電池組件(jian)轉換(huan)效率降低(di)，從(cong)而造成(cheng)發電量減(jian)少甚至電池板的(de)(de)(de)損壞。

6、地域依賴性強

地(di)理位置不同(tong)，氣候不同(tong)，使各(ge)地(di)區日照(zhao)資源相差很大。光伏發電(dian)系統只有應用在(zai)太陽能資源豐富的(de)地(di)區，其效果才會(hui)好。

7、系統成本高

由于(yu)太陽能光(guang)(guang)伏發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)效(xiao)率較低，到(dao)目前為(wei)止，光(guang)(guang)伏發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)成本仍(reng)然是(shi)其(qi)他常(chang)規發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)方式(如(ru)火力和水力發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian))的(de)幾倍，這是(shi)制(zhi)約其(qi)廣泛應用(yong)的(de)最主要(yao)因素。但是(shi)也(ye)應看到(dao)，隨著(zhu)太陽能電(dian)(dian)(dian)池產能的(de)不(bu)斷(duan)擴大(da)及電(dian)(dian)(dian)池片光(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)轉換效(xiao)率的(de)不(bu)斷(duan)提高，光(guang)(guang)伏發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統的(de)成本也(ye)下(xia)降得(de)非(fei)常(chang)快。太陽能電(dian)(dian)(dian)池組件(jian)的(de)價格幾十(shi)年(nian)來已經從最初的(de)每(mei)瓦70多美元下(xia)降至目前的(de)每(mei)瓦2美元左(zuo)右。

8、晶體硅電池的制造過程高污染、高能耗

晶體(ti)硅(gui)電池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)主要原(yuan)料是純凈的(de)(de)(de)硅(gui)。硅(gui)是地球(qiu)上(shang)(shang)含(han)量(liang)僅(jin)次于氧(yang)的(de)(de)(de)元素，主要存在(zai)形(xing)式(shi)是沙子(sio2)。從(cong)硅(gui)砂一步步變成純度為99.9999％以上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)晶體(ti)硅(gui)，要經過多道化學和物理(li)工序的(de)(de)(de)處理(li)，不僅(jin)要消耗大量(liang)能源，還會(hui)造成一定的(de)(de)(de)環境(jing)污染。