歷史沿革
相傳孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)的(de)(de)父親叔梁(liang)紇和母親顏征(zheng)在登尼(ni)(ni)山祈禱而(er)生(sheng)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi),后世以(yi)建(jian)廟(miao)(miao)奉(feng)祀(si)。此廟(miao)(miao)初(chu)名(ming)為(wei)叔梁(liang)紇廟(miao)(miao)。唐《括地(di)志》載:“叔梁(liang)紇廟(miao)(miao)亦(yi)名(ming)尼(ni)(ni)丘山祠,在兗州泗水縣五(wu)(wu)十(shi)里尼(ni)(ni)丘山東址”。五(wu)(wu)代后周顯德(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)954—960年(nian)(nian)(nian))間,兗州太守趙侯于尼(ni)(ni)山再建(jian)廟(miao)(miao)奉(feng)祀(si),宋仁(ren)宗慶(qing)歷(li)三(san)(san)(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1043年(nian)(nian)(nian)),孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)四(si)(si)十(shi)六(liu)(liu)代孫(sun)、襲封文宣(xuan)公(gong)(gong)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)宗愿“作(zuo)新宮廟(miao)(miao)、有(you)(you)殿、有(you)(you)寢、有(you)(you)講堂、有(you)(you)學舍(原在廟(miao)(miao)西側,現已(yi)不存)、有(you)(you)祭田(tian)”,已(yi)成為(wei)主祀(si)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)的(de)(de)廟(miao)(miao)宇。金明(ming)昌五(wu)(wu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1194年(nian)(nian)(nian)),以(yi)維(wei)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)廟(miao)(miao)羨錢四(si)(si)千(qian)余貫,興(xing)工(gong)大修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)形制與今廟(miao)(miao)基本相同(tong)。元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)至順三(san)(san)(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1332年(nian)(nian)(nian))孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)五(wu)(wu)十(shi)四(si)(si)代孫(sun)、衍圣(sheng)(sheng)公(gong)(gong)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)思晦上(shang)疏(shu)奏請重(zhong)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu),元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)至元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)四(si)(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1338年(nian)(nian)(nian))三(san)(san)(san)月(yue)以(yi)廉坊僉事楊訥等捐資興(xing)工(gong)重(zhong)建(jian)。元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)至正(zheng)十(shi)四(si)(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1348年(nian)(nian)(nian))又增塑孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)及四(si)(si)配(pei)像。明(ming)洪武十(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1377年(nian)(nian)(nian))重(zhong)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)。明(ming)永樂十(shi)五(wu)(wu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1417年(nian)(nian)(nian)),五(wu)(wu)十(shi)九代孫(sun)、衍圣(sheng)(sheng)公(gong)(gong)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)彥縉等“鼎新重(zhong)建(jian),正(zheng)殿三(san)(san)(san)間,高廣如制。明(ming)弘治七年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1494年(nian)(nian)(nian))、萬(wan)歷(li)十(shi)七年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1589年(nian)(nian)(nian))、清康熙十(shi)三(san)(san)(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1674年(nian)(nian)(nian))、雍正(zheng)二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1724年(nian)(nian)(nian))、乾(qian)隆二(er)十(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1755年(nian)(nian)(nian))多次維(wei)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu),部分(fen)建(jian)筑進行(xing)重(zhong)建(jian)等。清道光二(er)十(shi)六(liu)(liu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1846年(nian)(nian)(nian)),孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)七十(shi)四(si)(si)代孫(sun)、衍圣(sheng)(sheng)公(gong)(gong)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)繁灝上(shang)疏(shu)奏請重(zhong)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)尼(ni)(ni)山孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)廟(miao)(miao),經(jing)皇帝(di)同(tong)意,撥(bo)銀三(san)(san)(san)萬(wan)一千(qian)五(wu)(wu)百余兩重(zhong)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)。新中(zhong)國成立后,尼(ni)(ni)山建(jian)筑群的(de)(de)建(jian)筑、碑刻、古樹、環境受到充分(fen)的(de)(de)重(zhong)視、修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)繕和保(bao)護。
建筑群組成部分
尼(ni)山(shan)(shan)(shan)孔(kong)廟橫分(fen)三路,五(wu)進院(yuan)(yuan)落,殿(dian)堂(tang)共計80余間。前為(wei)石(shi)構(gou)欞(ling)星門,門前石(shi)橋(qiao)旁建(jian)碑亭,立有(you)《重修尼(ni)山(shan)(shan)(shan)孔(kong)子廟記》碑。門前東(dong)側(ce)臨(lin)崖處,相(xiang)傳孔(kong)子在(zai)(zai)此(ci)觀(guan)五(wu)川(chuan)(chuan)匯流,有(you)后(hou)(hou)人建(jian)木構(gou)“觀(guan)川(chuan)(chuan)亭”。《論(lun)語(yu)》載:“子在(zai)(zai)川(chuan)(chuan)上曰(yue),逝(shi)者如(ru)斯夫(fu),不(bu)舍晝夜!”即(ji)是此(ci)地(di)。觀(guan)川(chuan)(chuan)亭東(dong)側(ce)崖下有(you)“坤靈洞(dong)”,因孔(kong)子在(zai)(zai)此(ci)降生(sheng),故稱“夫(fu)子洞(dong)”。大成殿(dian)5間,單檐歇山(shan)(shan)(shan),頂覆黃琉璃瓦(wa),雖系(xi)清(qing)代重建(jian),仍保留元代木結構(gou)風格。東(dong)西(xi)兩廡各5間,寢(qin)殿(dian)5間,東(dong)路有(you)講堂(tang)、照(zhao)壁,土地(di)祠。西(xi)路有(you)啟圣殿(dian),祀孔(kong)子父叔(shu)梁紇。后(hou)(hou)為(wei)寢(qin)殿(dian),祀孔(kong)母顏氏。毓圣侯祠位(wei)于中路北(bei)部(bu),奉祀尼(ni)山(shan)(shan)(shan)神。尼(ni)山(shan)(shan)(shan)書院(yuan)(yuan)在(zai)(zai)廟東(dong)北(bei)百余米(mi)(mi)處,周圍恒墻(qiang),書院(yuan)(yuan)大門南向,院(yuan)(yuan)內有(you)正房5間,五(wu)稟(bing)四柱前后(hou)(hou)廊式木架,灰瓦(wa)硬山(shan)(shan)(shan)頂,東(dong)西(xi)廂房各5間。系(xi)當(dang)年講學授業和紀念孔(kong)子的處所。整座(zuo)建(jian)筑群占地(di)約1.6公頃(qing),有(you)殿(dian)、堂(tang)、祠、亭等(deng)大小建(jian)筑27座(zuo),81間,建(jian)筑面(mian)積(ji)1700平方(fang)米(mi)(mi)。
保護單位級別
尼(ni)山孔廟1977年被公(gong)布為(wei)(wei)山東省文物保護單(dan)位(wei),2006年被公(gong)布為(wei)(wei)全國重點文物保護單(dan)位(wei),2007年作為(wei)(wei)“三孔遺產(chan)地擴展(zhan)項(xiang)目”列入國家世(shi)界遺產(chan)預備名單(dan)。
尼山孔廟的建筑
欞星門
尼山孔廟(miao)的第一道大門為(wei)欞星(xing)門(意與(yu)闕里(li)廟(miao)之(zhi)門相(xiang)同(tong))。清道光二十七年(公元(yuan)1847年)修廟(miao)時(shi)添(tian)建(jian),三(san)間四柱(zhu),為(wei)八角(jiao)柱(zhu),前后(hou)有(you)石(shi)(shi)鼓夾(jia)抱,柱(zhu)上出(chu)云(yun)朵(duo),首飾(shi)蓮花座。中二柱(zhu)頂(ding)刻(ke)(ke)圓雕石(shi)(shi)獅,傍二柱(zhu)頂(ding)刻(ke)(ke)花瓶。明間陰刻(ke)(ke)“欞星(xing)門”三(san)字(zi),上刻(ke)(ke)火焰寶珠(zhu)。坊兩側建(jian)有(you)八字(zi)墻。欞星(xing)門下西側有(you)石(shi)(shi)碑并亭一座,采(cai)用現代水泥結(jie)構,石(shi)(shi)碑記(ji)敘了郭禎祥捐(juan)款修廟(miao)的經(jing)過(guo)。
觀川亭
觀(guan)(guan)川(chuan)亭位于大成門(men)前的(de)(de)第一進院落,在此(ci)院落的(de)(de)東南角。亭始建于金明(ming)昌(chang)五年(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)1194年(nian)),今(jin)存清代(dai)建筑(zhu)。觀(guan)(guan)川(chuan)亭東臨沂水(shui),下臨懸(xuan)崖,相傳為(wei)孔子觀(guan)(guan)川(chuan)、感(gan)嘆(tan)時光奔馳(chi)不返的(de)(de)地方。取《論語·子罕(han)》載(zai)“子在川(chuan)上(shang)曰(yue):‘逝(shi)者如斯(si)夫,不舍(she)晝夜’”語命名為(wei)觀(guan)(guan)川(chuan)亭,毛(mao)澤東主席(xi)曾引用此(ci)句。今(jin)亭為(wei)方形(xing),木架無斗(dou)拱,單檐灰歇山頂(ding)。
大成門
此門為三間三門,單檐黃瓦硬山(shan)頂,無(wu)斗拱。始(shi)建于宋代,歷經(jing)金、元(yuan)、明(ming)、清(qing)數代修復,現存(cun)為清(qing)被建筑。
大成殿
此(ci)殿(dian)(dian)為尼山(shan)(shan)孔(kong)(kong)廟的(de)主體建(jian)筑,是祭祀(si)孔(kong)(kong)子的(de)主要場所。殿(dian)(dian)始建(jian)于(yu)宋慶(qing)歷(li)三年(nian)(公元(yuan)1403年(nian)),金、元(yuan)、明、清多次(ci)重(zhong)修(xiu),現存為清道光年(nian)間重(zhong)修(xiu)。殿(dian)(dian)五間,單檐(yan)黃(huang)瓦歇山(shan)(shan)頂,檐(yan)下(xia)有(you)斗拱(gong),前檐(yan)柱為石(shi)(shi)質,八角(jiao)形,每面均(jun)為淺刻小幅云龍(long)。殿(dian)(dian)內(nei)供奉孔(kong)(kong)子及(ji)四配,神龕(kan)及(ji)塑像(xiang)(xiang)為1989年(nian)復制(zhi),原像(xiang)(xiang)等在“文革(ge)”初期被(bei)毀。殿(dian)(dian)前有(you)元(yuan)代石(shi)(shi)幢,記(ji)載了(le)當時的(de)修(xiu)廟、祀(si)廟的(de)歷(li)史情況。
兩廡
東(dong)西兩廡各(ge)五間,前為廊,無斗拱,單(dan)檐(yan)灰(hui)瓦懸山頂(ding)。原(yuan)(yuan)為金代(dai)建(jian)筑(zhu),1978年(nian)維修時(shi)重(zhong)建(jian)東(dong)廡,大(da)修西廡,為供奉孔子(zi)七十(shi)二賢弟子(zi)的地方,原(yuan)(yuan)神(shen)龕及木主牌位在(zai)“文革”初期被毀(hui),1989年(nian)重(zhong)新復制。
寢殿
此殿(dian)(dian)在大成殿(dian)(dian)之后,是祭祀孔子夫人亓官氏(shi)的地方。始(shi)建于宋代,殿(dian)(dian)五間(jian),前(qian)出廊,無斗拱,單(dan)檐黃(huang)瓦懸(xuan)山頂。殿(dian)(dian)內(nei)供(gong)奉孔子夫人神牌(pai)位(wei),1989年復制神龕。
東西廂房
寢殿前(qian)東(dong)西(xi)各有三(san)間廂(xiang)房,前(qian)出廊(lang),無斗拱,單檐灰瓦懸山頂(ding)。兩廂(xiang)房是祭祀孔子之子孔鯉(li)、之孫孔伋的場所。因孔鯉(li)、孔伋在宋崇寧元年(公元1102年)被(bei)追封(feng)為(wei)“泗水(shui)侯(hou)”及“沂水(shui)侯(hou)”,所以東(dong)為(wei)泗水(shui)侯(hou)殿,西(xi)為(wei)沂水(shui)侯(hou)殿。
講堂
講(jiang)堂在廟的東路(lu),是(shi)(shi)祭祀孔子(zi)之前的齋(zhai)所,也是(shi)(shi)用(yong)來講(jiang)授經典的地(di)方。堂為三間(jian),前出廊(lang),無斗拱(gong),單檐灰瓦懸山頂。堂始建于宋天歷(li)年(nian)間(jian),今存為清代重建。
土地祠
講堂后(hou)為(wei)土(tu)地(di)(di)祠,一間(jian),灰瓦(wa)懸(xuan)山頂,前(qian)有照(zhao)壁,是用來祭祀(si)尼山土(tu)地(di)(di)神的(de)地(di)(di)方(fang)(因孔子生于(yu)尼山,得到(dao)土(tu)地(di)(di)神的(de)保護,使之成為(wei)圣(sheng)人)。祠為(wei)清道(dao)光(guang)年間(jian)重修(xiu)廟時添建。
毓圣侯祠
其祠在(zai)西路(lu)的東南角,三(san)間(jian),前出廊,無斗拱,單(dan)檐灰瓦懸山頂(ding)。宋仁宗皇佑(you)三(san)年(nian)(公元1051年(nian)),封尼山神為(wei)毓(yu)圣侯(因(yin)孔子生于(yu)此,得到尼山神的保佑(you)),建(jian)(jian)祠祭(ji)祀(si),現(xian)存建(jian)(jian)筑為(wei)清道光(guang)年(nian)間(jian)修廟(miao)時重建(jian)(jian)。
啟圣王殿
啟(qi)(qi)圣王是奉(feng)祀孔子之父叔梁(liang)(liang)紇(he)的場所,因叔梁(liang)(liang)紇(he)于元(yuan)至順元(yuan)年(公元(yuan)1330年)被(bei)加贈為“啟(qi)(qi)圣王”而(er)得名(ming)。此殿(dian)始于唐(tang)(原年代不祥),原為叔梁(liang)(liang)紇(he)廟(miao),也(ye)叫尼丘山祠,五代擴建(jian)(jian)時改為專祀叔梁(liang)(liang)紇(he)。后經歷代重修,現存為清初建(jian)(jian)筑,殿(dian)五間,前出(chu)廊,無斗拱,單(dan)檐綠瓦歇(xie)山頂。殿(dian)前面有三門(men),名(ming)為啟(qi)(qi)圣門(men)。
啟圣王寢殿
此殿是(shi)奉祀孔子母親顏征在的場所,建筑年代,形制同啟圣王殿相同,單檐綠瓦歇山頂。
神皰
神皰位于(yu)廟的(de)最后部(bu),是用來置備祭品(pin)的(de)場所,初(chu)建(jian)于(yu)金代(dai),今存(cun)為清(qing)道光(guang)年間(jian)建(jian)筑(zhu)。正房(fang)三間(jian),西廂房(fang)二(er)間(jian),均(jun)為灰瓦(wa)硬山頂(ding)。
尼山書院
尼山孔廟之后便是(shi)書(shu)院(yuan)。書(shu)院(yuan)是(shi)儒家(jia)學者主講的(de)地方,書(shu)院(yuan)之名(ming)始于唐(tang)代(dai),書(shu)院(yuan)制度形成于宋代(dai)。書(shu)院(yuan)主持人(ren)稱為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)洞主、山長(chang)(chang)、堂長(chang)(chang)、院(yuan)長(chang)(chang)、教(jiao)(jiao)授等職名(ming),各個朝代(dai)不同。尼山書(shu)院(yuan)設學長(chang)(chang)管理,為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)正(zheng)八品,書(shu)院(yuan)以(yi)(yi)《四(si)書(shu)》、《五(wu)經》為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)基本教(jiao)(jiao)材,為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一地方的(de)教(jiao)(jiao)育中心,為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)著名(ming)學者研討學問(wen)的(de)勝地。在尼山孔廟后設書(shu)院(yuan),因(yin)孔子是(shi)歷代(dai)尊崇的(de)文化圣人(ren),以(yi)(yi)示在此設書(shu)院(yuan)最有(you)(you)意義。尼山書(shu)院(yuan)正(zheng)房(fang)三間,前(qian)出廊,無斗拱(gong),灰(hui)(hui)瓦(wa)懸山頂;東(dong)西各有(you)(you)廂房(fang)三間,東(dong)廂之南(nan)有(you)(you)茶(cha)房(fang)兩間,均為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)灰(hui)(hui)瓦(wa)硬山頂;大門一間,灰(hui)(hui)瓦(wa)歇山頂。門前(qian)東(dong)側(ce)有(you)(you)元代(dai)刻制的(de)尼山書(shu)院(yuan)石碑。
尼(ni)山書院始建于宋慶歷(li)三年(nian)(公(gong)元1043年(nian)),原址在廟的(de)西側。金明昌(chang)五年(nian)(公(gong)元1194年(nian))移于今處(chu),后經多次重修,今存為明代建筑。明朝孔子(zi)六(liu)十孫(sun)孔承慶(早卒(zu),明景泰(tai)六(liu)年(nian),公(gong)元1455年(nian)追贈衍圣(sheng)公(gong))曾有詩曰:“盤石(shi)垂蘿何處(chu)家(jia),山深茅(mao)屋隔煙(yan)霞。幽人讀罷無(wu)余事,紗帽籠頭(tou)自煮茶”。似此(ci)幽雅清靜(jing)的(de)仙境(jing),真是讀書講學難得的(de)好地方。
夫(fu)子洞(dong)(坤(kun)靈(ling)洞(dong))
夫(fu)(fu)子洞相傳為(wei)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子出生(sheng)處(chu),位(wei)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)觀川亭的(de)山崖下。孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子父親叔梁紇為(wei)魯國陬邑大夫(fu)(fu),娶顏征在(zai)(zai)(zai)為(wei)妻(qi),征在(zai)(zai)(zai)母(mu)家在(zai)(zai)(zai)尼山東南的(de)顏母(mu)莊。至于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子為(wei)什么(me)能在(zai)(zai)(zai)洞中(zhong)呢?有(you)兩種說法;一說顏征在(zai)(zai)(zai)祈(qi)禱尼山神后,回(hui)家時便臨產(chan),將(jiang)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子產(chan)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)洞中(zhong);一說孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子生(sheng)來丑陋,其母(mu)將(jiang)其遺棄,天氣炎熱,雕用其翅膀扇涼(liang)。坤靈洞始見于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)金正大四(si)年(公元1227年)成書(shu)的(de)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)元措《孔(kong)(kong)(kong)氏祖庭廣(guang)記》圖中(zhong),刻(ke)有(you)洞名,為(wei)金代的(de)進士劉曄所(suo)刻(ke)。元至元三(san)十一年(公元1294年),司居敬(jing)刻(ke)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子像,置于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)洞中(zhong),后為(wei)戰亂所(suo)毀,洞因被(bei)水淤塞已(yi)滿,1978年清理重修,1983年由山東省(sheng)省(sheng)長(chang)李予昂題刻(ke)“夫(fu)(fu)子洞”石(shi)碑(bei),2009年新建圍墻(qiang)護(hu)之。
尼山孔廟的文物價值
尼(ni)山(shan)(shan)是(shi)孔子的(de)(de)出生地(di),在儒(ru)家學派和(he)(he)封(feng)(feng)建士大(da)夫心目中是(shi)中國傳統文(wen)化學術(shu)的(de)(de)泰山(shan)(shan)北斗,深(shen)(shen)受(shou)景仰。由漢至(zhi)清(qing)受(shou)到歷(li)代(dai)(dai)封(feng)(feng)建王朝(chao)的(de)(de)重(zhong)視。因(yin)其鐘靈毓圣之功,宋代(dai)(dai)封(feng)(feng)尼(ni)山(shan)(shan)為毓圣侯(hou),并建祠奉祀,規格(ge)等同四瀆。尼(ni)山(shan)(shan)孔廟是(shi)封(feng)(feng)建社會尊孔讀經(jing)、崇(chong)德報功的(de)(de)產(chan)物(wu),也是(shi)我國古代(dai)(dai)教育體(ti)制中廟學合一的(de)(de)典型建筑(zhu)。尼(ni)山(shan)(shan)建筑(zhu)群雖經(jing)歷(li)代(dai)(dai)興衰(shuai),依然保持了頑強的(de)(de)生命力,這和(he)(he)歷(li)代(dai)(dai)統治者尊孔崇(chong)儒(ru)的(de)(de)指導思想(xiang)是(shi)密不可分的(de)(de)。尼(ni)山(shan)(shan)孔廟是(shi)華夏民(min)族(zu)一個漫長的(de)(de)歷(li)史時期思想(xiang)文(wen)化的(de)(de)遺跡和(he)(he)文(wen)化淵源(yuan)的(de)(de)載體(ti),有著(zhu)較高的(de)(de)歷(li)史和(he)(he)藝術(shu)價值,更有著(zhu)深(shen)(shen)刻的(de)(de)文(wen)化內涵。