歷史沿革
相(xiang)傳孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)的(de)父親叔(shu)(shu)梁(liang)紇和(he)母親顏征在(zai)登尼(ni)(ni)山祈(qi)禱而(er)生孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi),后世(shi)以(yi)(yi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)奉祀(si)。此廟(miao)(miao)(miao)初名為叔(shu)(shu)梁(liang)紇廟(miao)(miao)(miao)。唐《括(kuo)地志》載:“叔(shu)(shu)梁(liang)紇廟(miao)(miao)(miao)亦(yi)名尼(ni)(ni)丘(qiu)山祠,在(zai)兗州(zhou)泗水縣五(wu)(wu)十(shi)(shi)里尼(ni)(ni)丘(qiu)山東(dong)址”。五(wu)(wu)代后周顯德(de)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)954—960年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))間,兗州(zhou)太守(shou)趙侯于尼(ni)(ni)山再建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)奉祀(si),宋仁宗慶歷(li)三(san)(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)1043年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)四(si)(si)十(shi)(shi)六(liu)代孫、襲封(feng)文(wen)宣公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)宗愿“作新(xin)宮廟(miao)(miao)(miao)、有(you)殿(dian)、有(you)寢、有(you)講堂、有(you)學(xue)舍(原在(zai)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)西側(ce),現已(yi)不存(cun))、有(you)祭(ji)田”,已(yi)成(cheng)為主祀(si)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)的(de)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)宇。金明昌五(wu)(wu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)1194年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),以(yi)(yi)維(wei)修(xiu)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)羨(xian)錢四(si)(si)千余貫,興(xing)工大修(xiu)形制與今廟(miao)(miao)(miao)基本相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)。元(yuan)(yuan)至順三(san)(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)1332年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)五(wu)(wu)十(shi)(shi)四(si)(si)代孫、衍圣公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)思晦上疏奏(zou)請重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)修(xiu),元(yuan)(yuan)至元(yuan)(yuan)四(si)(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)1338年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))三(san)(san)月以(yi)(yi)廉(lian)坊僉事楊訥等捐資興(xing)工重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。元(yuan)(yuan)至正(zheng)十(shi)(shi)四(si)(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)1348年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))又增塑孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)及四(si)(si)配像。明洪(hong)武十(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)1377年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)修(xiu)。明永樂(le)十(shi)(shi)五(wu)(wu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)1417年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),五(wu)(wu)十(shi)(shi)九代孫、衍圣公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)彥縉等“鼎新(xin)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),正(zheng)殿(dian)三(san)(san)間,高廣如制。明弘治(zhi)七(qi)(qi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)1494年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))、萬(wan)歷(li)十(shi)(shi)七(qi)(qi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)1589年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))、清康(kang)熙十(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)1674年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))、雍(yong)正(zheng)二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)1724年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))、乾隆二十(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)1755年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))多次維(wei)修(xiu),部分建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)進行(xing)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)等。清道(dao)光二十(shi)(shi)六(liu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)1846年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)七(qi)(qi)十(shi)(shi)四(si)(si)代孫、衍圣公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)繁灝上疏奏(zou)請重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)修(xiu)尼(ni)(ni)山孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)廟(miao)(miao)(miao),經皇帝同(tong)(tong)意,撥銀(yin)三(san)(san)萬(wan)一(yi)千五(wu)(wu)百余兩重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)修(xiu)。新(xin)中國(guo)成(cheng)立后,尼(ni)(ni)山建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)群的(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)、碑(bei)刻、古(gu)樹、環境(jing)受到充分的(de)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)視、修(xiu)繕和(he)保護。
建筑群組成部分
尼(ni)(ni)山孔(kong)(kong)廟(miao)橫(heng)分三路,五(wu)進院落,殿(dian)(dian)堂(tang)(tang)共(gong)計80余間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。前(qian)為石(shi)構欞星門(men),門(men)前(qian)石(shi)橋旁建(jian)碑亭(ting),立有《重修尼(ni)(ni)山孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)廟(miao)記》碑。門(men)前(qian)東(dong)(dong)側臨崖處(chu),相傳孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)在此(ci)(ci)觀五(wu)川匯流,有后人建(jian)木(mu)構“觀川亭(ting)”。《論語》載:“子(zi)(zi)在川上(shang)曰,逝者如斯夫,不舍(she)晝夜(ye)!”即是此(ci)(ci)地。觀川亭(ting)東(dong)(dong)側崖下有“坤靈洞”,因孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)在此(ci)(ci)降生(sheng),故稱(cheng)“夫子(zi)(zi)洞”。大(da)(da)成殿(dian)(dian)5間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),單檐歇山,頂(ding)覆黃琉璃瓦,雖系(xi)(xi)清代(dai)重建(jian),仍保留元代(dai)木(mu)結構風(feng)格。東(dong)(dong)西兩(liang)廡各(ge)5間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),寢殿(dian)(dian)5間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),東(dong)(dong)路有講堂(tang)(tang)、照壁,土地祠。西路有啟圣(sheng)殿(dian)(dian),祀孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)父叔梁紇。后為寢殿(dian)(dian),祀孔(kong)(kong)母顏(yan)氏。毓圣(sheng)侯祠位于中路北部(bu),奉祀尼(ni)(ni)山神。尼(ni)(ni)山書院在廟(miao)東(dong)(dong)北百余米(mi)處(chu),周圍(wei)恒墻,書院大(da)(da)門(men)南向(xiang),院內有正房(fang)5間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),五(wu)稟四柱前(qian)后廊式木(mu)架,灰瓦硬山頂(ding),東(dong)(dong)西廂(xiang)房(fang)各(ge)5間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。系(xi)(xi)當年講學授業和紀念孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)的處(chu)所(suo)。整座(zuo)建(jian)筑(zhu)群占地約1.6公頃,有殿(dian)(dian)、堂(tang)(tang)、祠、亭(ting)等大(da)(da)小建(jian)筑(zhu)27座(zuo),81間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),建(jian)筑(zhu)面積(ji)1700平方米(mi)。
保護單位級別
尼山孔(kong)廟1977年被公(gong)布為(wei)山東(dong)省(sheng)文(wen)物(wu)保(bao)護單位(wei),2006年被公(gong)布為(wei)全國重(zhong)點文(wen)物(wu)保(bao)護單位(wei),2007年作為(wei)“三孔(kong)遺(yi)產地(di)擴展(zhan)項(xiang)目”列(lie)入(ru)國家世界遺(yi)產預備名單。
尼山孔廟的建筑
欞星門
尼山孔廟的(de)第一(yi)道(dao)大門(men)(men)(men)為欞(ling)星(xing)門(men)(men)(men)(意與闕里廟之(zhi)門(men)(men)(men)相同)。清(qing)道(dao)光二十七(qi)年(nian)(公元1847年(nian))修廟時添建,三(san)間(jian)四柱,為八角柱,前后有(you)石(shi)(shi)鼓夾抱,柱上出云朵,首飾蓮(lian)花座(zuo)。中二柱頂刻(ke)圓雕石(shi)(shi)獅(shi),傍二柱頂刻(ke)花瓶。明間(jian)陰刻(ke)“欞(ling)星(xing)門(men)(men)(men)”三(san)字,上刻(ke)火焰寶珠。坊兩側建有(you)八字墻。欞(ling)星(xing)門(men)(men)(men)下西側有(you)石(shi)(shi)碑(bei)并亭(ting)一(yi)座(zuo),采用(yong)現(xian)代水泥結(jie)構,石(shi)(shi)碑(bei)記(ji)敘(xu)了郭禎(zhen)祥捐款修廟的(de)經過。
觀川亭
觀(guan)(guan)川(chuan)亭(ting)位(wei)于大成門前的第(di)一進院落,在此院落的東(dong)南(nan)角。亭(ting)始建(jian)于金明昌五(wu)年(公元1194年),今存清代建(jian)筑。觀(guan)(guan)川(chuan)亭(ting)東(dong)臨沂水,下臨懸(xuan)崖,相傳(chuan)為孔子觀(guan)(guan)川(chuan)、感嘆時光奔馳不返的地方(fang)。取《論語(yu)·子罕》載“子在川(chuan)上曰(yue):‘逝者如斯(si)夫,不舍晝夜’”語(yu)命名(ming)為觀(guan)(guan)川(chuan)亭(ting),毛(mao)澤東(dong)主席(xi)曾引用此句(ju)。今亭(ting)為方(fang)形(xing),木架無斗拱,單(dan)檐(yan)灰歇山(shan)頂。
大成門
此門為(wei)三間三門,單(dan)檐黃瓦硬山(shan)頂,無斗(dou)拱。始建(jian)于宋代(dai)(dai),歷經(jing)金、元、明、清數代(dai)(dai)修復,現存為(wei)清被建(jian)筑。
大成殿
此(ci)殿為(wei)尼山(shan)(shan)孔(kong)(kong)廟的(de)主體建(jian)筑,是(shi)祭祀孔(kong)(kong)子的(de)主要場(chang)所(suo)。殿始建(jian)于宋(song)慶歷三年(nian)(公元1403年(nian)),金、元、明(ming)、清多(duo)次重修,現存為(wei)清道光年(nian)間重修。殿五間,單檐(yan)黃瓦歇山(shan)(shan)頂,檐(yan)下(xia)有斗拱(gong),前檐(yan)柱(zhu)為(wei)石(shi)質,八角形,每面均(jun)為(wei)淺刻小幅云龍。殿內(nei)供(gong)奉孔(kong)(kong)子及四配,神龕及塑像為(wei)1989年(nian)復制(zhi),原像等在(zai)“文革(ge)”初期被毀(hui)。殿前有元代石(shi)幢(chuang),記載了(le)當時的(de)修廟、祀廟的(de)歷史情況。
兩廡
東西(xi)兩廡(wu)(wu)各五間,前為廊,無斗拱,單檐灰瓦(wa)懸山頂。原為金(jin)代建(jian)筑,1978年維修時重建(jian)東廡(wu)(wu),大修西(xi)廡(wu)(wu),為供奉孔子(zi)七十(shi)二賢弟(di)子(zi)的地方,原神龕及木主牌(pai)位在“文革”初期被毀,1989年重新復制。
寢殿
此殿(dian)在(zai)大成(cheng)殿(dian)之后,是祭祀孔子夫人(ren)亓(qi)官氏的地方。始建于宋(song)代,殿(dian)五間,前出廊(lang),無(wu)斗拱,單(dan)檐(yan)黃瓦懸山(shan)頂。殿(dian)內供奉(feng)孔子夫人(ren)神牌位(wei),1989年復制神龕。
東西廂房
寢殿前東西(xi)(xi)各有三(san)間廂房,前出廊(lang),無(wu)斗拱,單檐灰瓦懸山頂。兩(liang)廂房是(shi)祭祀孔(kong)(kong)子之(zhi)(zhi)子孔(kong)(kong)鯉(li)(li)、之(zhi)(zhi)孫孔(kong)(kong)伋(ji)的場所。因孔(kong)(kong)鯉(li)(li)、孔(kong)(kong)伋(ji)在宋崇寧元年(nian)(公元1102年(nian))被追封為(wei)“泗水(shui)侯”及“沂水(shui)侯”,所以(yi)東為(wei)泗水(shui)侯殿,西(xi)(xi)為(wei)沂水(shui)侯殿。
講堂
講堂在廟的東路(lu),是祭祀孔子之前的齋(zhai)所,也是用來講授(shou)經典(dian)的地方。堂為三間,前出廊,無斗拱(gong),單檐(yan)灰瓦懸(xuan)山頂(ding)。堂始建(jian)(jian)于宋(song)天歷(li)年間,今存為清代重建(jian)(jian)。
土地祠
講堂后(hou)為土(tu)地祠,一間,灰瓦懸(xuan)山頂,前有(you)照(zhao)壁,是用(yong)來(lai)祭祀尼(ni)山土(tu)地神的地方(因(yin)孔(kong)子(zi)生于尼(ni)山,得到土(tu)地神的保護,使之成為圣(sheng)人)。祠為清道光年(nian)間重修廟時添建。
毓圣侯祠
其祠在西路的(de)東(dong)南角,三(san)間,前出廊,無斗拱,單檐灰(hui)瓦懸山(shan)頂(ding)。宋(song)仁宗皇佑(you)三(san)年(nian)(公(gong)元1051年(nian)),封尼(ni)山(shan)神(shen)為毓(yu)圣(sheng)侯(hou)(因孔子生于此,得(de)到尼(ni)山(shan)神(shen)的(de)保佑(you)),建(jian)祠祭祀,現存建(jian)筑為清(qing)道(dao)光(guang)年(nian)間修廟(miao)時重建(jian)。
啟圣王殿
啟(qi)圣王是奉祀孔子之父叔梁紇的場所,因叔梁紇于(yu)元至順元年(公元1330年)被加贈為“啟(qi)圣王”而得名(ming)。此殿(dian)始于(yu)唐(原年代不祥),原為叔梁紇廟,也叫(jiao)尼(ni)丘山(shan)(shan)祠,五代擴建時改為專祀叔梁紇。后經歷代重修,現(xian)存為清初建筑,殿(dian)五間,前出廊,無(wu)斗拱,單檐綠瓦歇山(shan)(shan)頂。殿(dian)前面有(you)三(san)門(men),名(ming)為啟(qi)圣門(men)。
啟圣王寢殿
此殿是奉祀孔子母親顏征在的場所,建(jian)筑(zhu)年(nian)代,形制同啟圣王殿相同,單(dan)檐綠瓦歇山頂。
神皰
神皰(pao)位(wei)于(yu)(yu)廟的最后部(bu),是(shi)用來置備祭品的場所,初建于(yu)(yu)金代,今(jin)存為清道光年間(jian)建筑。正房三(san)間(jian),西廂房二間(jian),均為灰瓦(wa)硬山頂。
尼山書院
尼(ni)山(shan)孔廟之后便是(shi)書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)。書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)是(shi)儒(ru)家學者(zhe)(zhe)主講的(de)地方,書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)之名(ming)(ming)(ming)始于(yu)唐(tang)代,書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)制度形(xing)成(cheng)于(yu)宋代。書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)主持(chi)人稱為(wei)洞主、山(shan)長(chang)、堂長(chang)、院(yuan)(yuan)長(chang)、教授等職名(ming)(ming)(ming),各個朝(chao)代不同。尼(ni)山(shan)書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)設學長(chang)管理,為(wei)正(zheng)八品,書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)以《四(si)書(shu)(shu)》、《五經》為(wei)基本教材,為(wei)一(yi)地方的(de)教育(yu)中心,為(wei)著名(ming)(ming)(ming)學者(zhe)(zhe)研討學問的(de)勝地。在尼(ni)山(shan)孔廟后設書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan),因孔子是(shi)歷代尊崇(chong)的(de)文(wen)化(hua)圣人,以示在此設書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)最有(you)(you)意義。尼(ni)山(shan)書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)正(zheng)房三(san)間(jian),前(qian)出廊,無斗拱,灰(hui)(hui)瓦懸山(shan)頂;東(dong)西各有(you)(you)廂房三(san)間(jian),東(dong)廂之南有(you)(you)茶房兩間(jian),均(jun)為(wei)灰(hui)(hui)瓦硬山(shan)頂;大門一(yi)間(jian),灰(hui)(hui)瓦歇(xie)山(shan)頂。門前(qian)東(dong)側有(you)(you)元代刻制的(de)尼(ni)山(shan)書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)石碑。
尼山(shan)書(shu)院始(shi)建于宋慶歷三年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元1043年(nian)(nian)),原址(zhi)在廟的西側。金(jin)明(ming)昌五(wu)年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元1194年(nian)(nian))移(yi)于今處(chu),后經多次重修(xiu),今存為明(ming)代建筑。明(ming)朝孔(kong)子(zi)六(liu)十孫孔(kong)承慶(早卒,明(ming)景泰六(liu)年(nian)(nian),公(gong)元1455年(nian)(nian)追贈衍圣公(gong))曾(ceng)有詩(shi)曰:“盤(pan)石垂蘿(luo)何(he)處(chu)家,山(shan)深茅(mao)屋隔煙(yan)霞。幽(you)人讀(du)罷無余事,紗(sha)帽(mao)籠頭自(zi)煮茶”。似此幽(you)雅(ya)清靜的仙境,真(zhen)是讀(du)書(shu)講學難得的好地方。
夫(fu)子洞(坤靈(ling)洞)
夫子(zi)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)相傳(chuan)為(wei)(wei)孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)出生(sheng)處(chu),位于(yu)觀川亭的山(shan)崖下。孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)父親叔(shu)梁紇為(wei)(wei)魯國陬邑大(da)夫,娶顏征在為(wei)(wei)妻,征在母(mu)家(jia)在尼山(shan)東(dong)南的顏母(mu)莊。至(zhi)于(yu)孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)為(wei)(wei)什么能在洞(dong)(dong)(dong)中(zhong)(zhong)呢?有兩種說(shuo)(shuo)法;一說(shuo)(shuo)顏征在祈禱尼山(shan)神后,回家(jia)時便臨(lin)產,將孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)產于(yu)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)中(zhong)(zhong);一說(shuo)(shuo)孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)生(sheng)來丑陋,其(qi)母(mu)將其(qi)遺棄(qi),天氣(qi)炎熱,雕用其(qi)翅(chi)膀(bang)扇涼(liang)。坤靈洞(dong)(dong)(dong)始見于(yu)金正大(da)四年(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)1227年(nian)(nian))成書(shu)的孔(kong)(kong)元(yuan)措《孔(kong)(kong)氏祖庭廣記》圖中(zhong)(zhong),刻有洞(dong)(dong)(dong)名,為(wei)(wei)金代的進士劉曄所刻。元(yuan)至(zhi)元(yuan)三十一年(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)1294年(nian)(nian)),司居敬刻孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)像(xiang),置(zhi)于(yu)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)中(zhong)(zhong),后為(wei)(wei)戰亂所毀,洞(dong)(dong)(dong)因被(bei)水淤塞已(yi)滿,1978年(nian)(nian)清(qing)理重修,1983年(nian)(nian)由山(shan)東(dong)省省長李予昂題刻“夫子(zi)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)”石碑,2009年(nian)(nian)新建圍墻(qiang)護之。
尼山孔廟的文物價值
尼(ni)(ni)山(shan)是(shi)(shi)孔(kong)子的(de)(de)出(chu)生地,在儒(ru)(ru)家學(xue)派和封建(jian)士大夫心目中是(shi)(shi)中國(guo)傳統文化(hua)學(xue)術的(de)(de)泰山(shan)北斗,深受景仰。由漢至清受到歷(li)(li)代(dai)(dai)封建(jian)王(wang)朝的(de)(de)重視。因(yin)其鐘靈(ling)毓圣(sheng)之功,宋(song)代(dai)(dai)封尼(ni)(ni)山(shan)為毓圣(sheng)侯,并(bing)建(jian)祠奉祀,規格等同四瀆(du)。尼(ni)(ni)山(shan)孔(kong)廟(miao)是(shi)(shi)封建(jian)社會尊孔(kong)讀經(jing)、崇(chong)德報功的(de)(de)產物,也是(shi)(shi)我國(guo)古代(dai)(dai)教育體制中廟(miao)學(xue)合一(yi)的(de)(de)典型建(jian)筑。尼(ni)(ni)山(shan)建(jian)筑群(qun)雖經(jing)歷(li)(li)代(dai)(dai)興衰(shuai),依(yi)然保持(chi)了頑(wan)強的(de)(de)生命力(li),這和歷(li)(li)代(dai)(dai)統治者尊孔(kong)崇(chong)儒(ru)(ru)的(de)(de)指導思想是(shi)(shi)密不可分的(de)(de)。尼(ni)(ni)山(shan)孔(kong)廟(miao)是(shi)(shi)華夏民(min)族一(yi)個(ge)漫長的(de)(de)歷(li)(li)史時期思想文化(hua)的(de)(de)遺(yi)跡和文化(hua)淵源的(de)(de)載體,有著較(jiao)高(gao)的(de)(de)歷(li)(li)史和藝術價(jia)值,更有著深刻的(de)(de)文化(hua)內涵(han)。