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歷史沿革

相傳孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)的(de)父親叔梁紇和(he)母(mu)親顏征在(zai)(zai)登尼(ni)山(shan)(shan)祈禱(dao)而生孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)，后世以(yi)建(jian)(jian)廟(miao)奉祀(si)。此廟(miao)初名(ming)為(wei)叔梁紇廟(miao)。唐《括地(di)志》載：“叔梁紇廟(miao)亦名(ming)尼(ni)丘山(shan)(shan)祠(ci)，在(zai)(zai)兗州泗(si)水縣(xian)五(wu)(wu)(wu)十(shi)里尼(ni)丘山(shan)(shan)東址”。五(wu)(wu)(wu)代后周顯德（公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)954—960年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)）間，兗州太守趙侯于尼(ni)山(shan)(shan)再建(jian)(jian)廟(miao)奉祀(si)，宋仁宗慶歷三(san)(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1043年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)），孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)四(si)十(shi)六(liu)代孫(sun)、襲封文(wen)宣公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孔(kong)(kong)宗愿“作(zuo)新宮廟(miao)、有(you)(you)殿(dian)、有(you)(you)寢、有(you)(you)講堂、有(you)(you)學舍(she)（原在(zai)(zai)廟(miao)西側，現已不存）、有(you)(you)祭田”，已成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)主(zhu)祀(si)孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)的(de)廟(miao)宇。金明(ming)昌五(wu)(wu)(wu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1194年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)），以(yi)維(wei)修(xiu)(xiu)孔(kong)(kong)廟(miao)羨錢四(si)千余貫，興(xing)工大(da)修(xiu)(xiu)形制與今廟(miao)基(ji)本相同。元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)至順三(san)(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1332年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)）孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)五(wu)(wu)(wu)十(shi)四(si)代孫(sun)、衍圣公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孔(kong)(kong)思晦上(shang)疏奏請(qing)重(zhong)修(xiu)(xiu)，元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)至元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)四(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1338年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)）三(san)(san)月以(yi)廉(lian)坊僉(qian)事楊訥等(deng)捐資興(xing)工重(zhong)建(jian)(jian)。元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)至正(zheng)十(shi)四(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1348年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)）又增塑孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)及四(si)配像。明(ming)洪武十(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1377年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)）重(zhong)修(xiu)(xiu)。明(ming)永樂(le)十(shi)五(wu)(wu)(wu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1417年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)），五(wu)(wu)(wu)十(shi)九代孫(sun)、衍圣公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孔(kong)(kong)彥縉等(deng)“鼎新重(zhong)建(jian)(jian)，正(zheng)殿(dian)三(san)(san)間，高廣如制。明(ming)弘治七年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1494年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)）、萬歷十(shi)七年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1589年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)）、清(qing)康熙十(shi)三(san)(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1674年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)）、雍正(zheng)二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1724年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)）、乾隆二十(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1755年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)）多次維(wei)修(xiu)(xiu)，部(bu)分建(jian)(jian)筑進行(xing)重(zhong)建(jian)(jian)等(deng)。清(qing)道光二十(shi)六(liu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1846年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)），孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)七十(shi)四(si)代孫(sun)、衍圣公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孔(kong)(kong)繁灝上(shang)疏奏請(qing)重(zhong)修(xiu)(xiu)尼(ni)山(shan)(shan)孔(kong)(kong)廟(miao)，經皇帝同意(yi)，撥銀三(san)(san)萬一(yi)千五(wu)(wu)(wu)百余兩重(zhong)修(xiu)(xiu)。新中國(guo)成(cheng)(cheng)立后，尼(ni)山(shan)(shan)建(jian)(jian)筑群的(de)建(jian)(jian)筑、碑刻(ke)、古樹、環(huan)境受到充分的(de)重(zhong)視(shi)、修(xiu)(xiu)繕(shan)和(he)保(bao)護。

建筑群組成部分

尼山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)孔(kong)(kong)廟(miao)橫(heng)分(fen)三(san)路(lu)(lu)，五進院(yuan)落，殿(dian)堂共計80余間。前(qian)為石(shi)構欞星門，門前(qian)石(shi)橋旁建(jian)(jian)碑(bei)亭，立有《重修尼山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)廟(miao)記》碑(bei)。門前(qian)東側臨崖處，相傳孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)在(zai)此觀五川匯流，有后(hou)人建(jian)(jian)木構“觀川亭”。《論語》載：“子(zi)在(zai)川上曰，逝者如斯(si)夫,不(bu)舍晝夜！”即是此地(di)。觀川亭東側崖下有“坤靈洞”，因孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)在(zai)此降生(sheng)，故稱(cheng)“夫子(zi)洞”。大成殿(dian)5間，單檐歇山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)，頂覆黃琉璃瓦，雖系清代重建(jian)(jian)，仍保留元代木結構風格(ge)。東西(xi)(xi)兩廡各(ge)5間，寢殿(dian)5間，東路(lu)(lu)有講堂、照壁(bi)，土(tu)地(di)祠。西(xi)(xi)路(lu)(lu)有啟圣殿(dian)，祀孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)父(fu)叔梁紇。后(hou)為寢殿(dian)，祀孔(kong)(kong)母顏氏(shi)。毓圣侯祠位(wei)于中(zhong)路(lu)(lu)北部，奉祀尼山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)神(shen)。尼山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)書(shu)院(yuan)在(zai)廟(miao)東北百(bai)余米(mi)處，周圍恒墻，書(shu)院(yuan)大門南(nan)向(xiang)，院(yuan)內有正房5間，五稟四柱前(qian)后(hou)廊(lang)式木架(jia)，灰瓦硬山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)頂，東西(xi)(xi)廂房各(ge)5間。系當年(nian)講學授業和(he)紀(ji)念孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)的處所。整座建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)群占(zhan)地(di)約1.6公(gong)頃，有殿(dian)、堂、祠、亭等(deng)大小(xiao)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)27座，81間，建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)面積1700平方米(mi)。

保護單位級別

尼山(shan)孔(kong)廟1977年被公布(bu)為(wei)(wei)山(shan)東省(sheng)文物(wu)保護單(dan)(dan)位，2006年被公布(bu)為(wei)(wei)全國重點(dian)文物(wu)保護單(dan)(dan)位，2007年作為(wei)(wei)“三(san)孔(kong)遺(yi)產地擴展項(xiang)目”列入國家世(shi)界遺(yi)產預備名單(dan)(dan)。

尼山孔廟的建筑

欞星門

尼山(shan)孔廟的第(di)一(yi)道大門(men)為欞(ling)(ling)星(xing)門(men)（意與闕里(li)廟之門(men)相同）。清(qing)道光二十七年(nian)（公元1847年(nian)）修(xiu)廟時(shi)添(tian)建，三間四柱(zhu)，為八(ba)角(jiao)柱(zhu)，前后有(you)(you)石鼓夾(jia)抱，柱(zhu)上(shang)出云朵，首飾蓮(lian)花座(zuo)。中二柱(zhu)頂(ding)刻(ke)圓雕石獅(shi)，傍二柱(zhu)頂(ding)刻(ke)花瓶(ping)。明間陰刻(ke)“欞(ling)(ling)星(xing)門(men)”三字，上(shang)刻(ke)火焰寶珠(zhu)。坊兩側(ce)建有(you)(you)八(ba)字墻。欞(ling)(ling)星(xing)門(men)下(xia)西側(ce)有(you)(you)石碑并亭一(yi)座(zuo)，采用現代水泥結(jie)構，石碑記敘(xu)了郭禎(zhen)祥捐款修(xiu)廟的經過。

觀川亭

觀(guan)川亭(ting)(ting)位于大(da)成門前的第(di)一進(jin)院落，在此院落的東南角(jiao)。亭(ting)(ting)始建于金(jin)明(ming)昌五年(nian)（公元1194年(nian)），今存清代建筑(zhu)。觀(guan)川亭(ting)(ting)東臨沂(yi)水，下(xia)臨懸崖(ya)，相傳為孔子觀(guan)川、感嘆時光奔馳不(bu)返的地方(fang)。取《論語(yu)(yu)·子罕》載“子在川上曰：‘逝者(zhe)如斯夫，不(bu)舍晝夜’”語(yu)(yu)命(ming)名(ming)為觀(guan)川亭(ting)(ting)，毛澤東主(zhu)席曾(ceng)引用此句。今亭(ting)(ting)為方(fang)形(xing)，木(mu)架無(wu)斗拱，單(dan)檐灰歇山(shan)頂(ding)。

大成門

此門為(wei)三(san)間三(san)門，單(dan)檐黃瓦硬山(shan)頂，無斗拱(gong)。始建于宋代，歷(li)經(jing)金、元、明、清數代修復，現(xian)存為(wei)清被建筑(zhu)。

大成殿

此殿(dian)為(wei)尼山(shan)孔廟的(de)主(zhu)(zhu)體建筑，是祭(ji)祀孔子的(de)主(zhu)(zhu)要場所(suo)。殿(dian)始建于(yu)宋慶歷(li)三年(nian)（公(gong)元(yuan)1403年(nian)），金、元(yuan)、明、清(qing)(qing)多次重(zhong)(zhong)修(xiu)，現存為(wei)清(qing)(qing)道光年(nian)間重(zhong)(zhong)修(xiu)。殿(dian)五間，單檐黃(huang)瓦歇山(shan)頂，檐下有(you)斗拱，前(qian)檐柱為(wei)石(shi)質，八角(jiao)形，每面(mian)均為(wei)淺刻小幅(fu)云龍。殿(dian)內供奉孔子及(ji)四(si)配，神龕及(ji)塑像為(wei)1989年(nian)復制，原像等在(zai)“文革”初期被毀。殿(dian)前(qian)有(you)元(yuan)代石(shi)幢(chuang)，記載了當時的(de)修(xiu)廟、祀廟的(de)歷(li)史情況。

兩廡

東西兩廡(wu)(wu)各五(wu)間，前(qian)為廊，無(wu)斗拱，單檐灰瓦懸山頂。原為金(jin)代建筑，1978年維修時重建東廡(wu)(wu)，大修西廡(wu)(wu)，為供奉孔子(zi)(zi)七十二賢弟子(zi)(zi)的(de)地方(fang)，原神龕及木主牌位在“文革”初期(qi)被毀(hui)，1989年重新復制。

寢殿

此殿(dian)在大成殿(dian)之后(hou)，是祭祀孔子夫人(ren)亓官(guan)氏的地方。始建(jian)于宋代，殿(dian)五間，前出廊，無斗拱，單(dan)檐黃瓦(wa)懸山(shan)頂。殿(dian)內(nei)供奉孔子夫人(ren)神牌位(wei)，1989年復(fu)制(zhi)神龕。

東西廂房

寢殿前東西各有三間廂(xiang)房(fang)，前出廊，無斗拱，單(dan)檐灰(hui)瓦(wa)懸山頂。兩廂(xiang)房(fang)是祭(ji)祀孔子之子孔鯉、之孫孔伋的場所(suo)。因孔鯉、孔伋在宋(song)崇(chong)寧元年(nian)（公元1102年(nian)）被追(zhui)封為(wei)(wei)“泗水侯”及“沂(yi)水侯”，所(suo)以(yi)東為(wei)(wei)泗水侯殿，西為(wei)(wei)沂(yi)水侯殿。

講堂

講堂在廟的(de)東路(lu)，是祭祀孔子之(zhi)前(qian)的(de)齋所，也(ye)是用來(lai)講授經典的(de)地方(fang)。堂為(wei)(wei)三間(jian)，前(qian)出廊(lang)，無斗拱，單檐(yan)灰瓦懸山頂。堂始建于宋(song)天歷(li)年間(jian)，今存為(wei)(wei)清代重建。

土地祠

講(jiang)堂后為土地(di)祠(ci)，一間，灰瓦(wa)懸山頂，前有照壁，是用來祭(ji)祀(si)尼(ni)山土地(di)神的地(di)方(fang)（因孔子生于(yu)尼(ni)山，得(de)到土地(di)神的保護，使之(zhi)成(cheng)為圣人）。祠(ci)為清道光年間重修廟時(shi)添建。

毓圣侯祠

其祠在西路的(de)東南角，三間，前出廊，無斗(dou)拱(gong)，單檐灰瓦懸山頂。宋仁宗皇佑三年（公(gong)元1051年），封尼(ni)山神為(wei)毓(yu)圣(sheng)侯（因(yin)孔子生于此，得到尼(ni)山神的(de)保佑），建(jian)祠祭(ji)祀，現存建(jian)筑為(wei)清道光(guang)年間修(xiu)廟時重建(jian)。

啟圣王殿

啟(qi)圣(sheng)(sheng)王(wang)是奉祀孔子之父叔(shu)梁(liang)紇(he)的場(chang)所，因叔(shu)梁(liang)紇(he)于元至順元年(nian)（公元1330年(nian)）被加贈(zeng)為(wei)(wei)“啟(qi)圣(sheng)(sheng)王(wang)”而得名。此殿始于唐(tang)（原年(nian)代(dai)不祥），原為(wei)(wei)叔(shu)梁(liang)紇(he)廟，也叫尼丘(qiu)山祠，五(wu)代(dai)擴建(jian)時(shi)改為(wei)(wei)專祀叔(shu)梁(liang)紇(he)。后經歷(li)代(dai)重修，現存為(wei)(wei)清初建(jian)筑，殿五(wu)間，前出廊(lang)，無斗拱，單(dan)檐綠瓦歇山頂。殿前面有三門(men)，名為(wei)(wei)啟(qi)圣(sheng)(sheng)門(men)。

啟圣王寢殿

此殿是奉祀孔子母(mu)親(qin)顏征在(zai)的場(chang)所，建筑年代，形(xing)制同啟圣(sheng)王殿相同，單檐綠瓦歇(xie)山頂。

神皰

神(shen)皰(pao)位于廟(miao)的最后部，是用來置備(bei)祭品的場所(suo)，初建(jian)于金代，今存為(wei)清道光年間建(jian)筑。正房(fang)三(san)間，西(xi)廂房(fang)二間，均為(wei)灰(hui)瓦硬山頂。

尼山書院

尼(ni)(ni)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)廟之后便是書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)是儒家學者主講的(de)(de)地方(fang)，書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)之名始于唐代，書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)制(zhi)度形(xing)成于宋代。書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)主持人稱為(wei)(wei)洞主、山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)長、堂(tang)長、院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)長、教授等(deng)職名，各個朝代不同。尼(ni)(ni)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)設學長管理，為(wei)(wei)正八品，書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)以《四(si)書(shu)(shu)》、《五經》為(wei)(wei)基(ji)本(ben)教材，為(wei)(wei)一(yi)地方(fang)的(de)(de)教育中(zhong)心(xin)，為(wei)(wei)著名學者研(yan)討學問的(de)(de)勝地。在尼(ni)(ni)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)廟后設書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，因(yin)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子是歷(li)代尊崇的(de)(de)文化圣人，以示在此(ci)設書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)最有(you)意(yi)義。尼(ni)(ni)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)正房三間(jian)，前(qian)出廊，無斗拱(gong)，灰(hui)瓦(wa)懸(xuan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)頂(ding)；東西各有(you)廂房三間(jian)，東廂之南(nan)有(you)茶房兩間(jian)，均為(wei)(wei)灰(hui)瓦(wa)硬山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)頂(ding)；大(da)門(men)一(yi)間(jian)，灰(hui)瓦(wa)歇山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)頂(ding)。門(men)前(qian)東側有(you)元代刻制(zhi)的(de)(de)尼(ni)(ni)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)石碑。

尼山(shan)書院始(shi)建于(yu)宋慶歷三年（公元1043年），原址(zhi)在廟的(de)西側。金明(ming)昌五年（公元1194年）移于(yu)今處，后經(jing)多次重修，今存為明(ming)代建筑(zhu)。明(ming)朝孔子(zi)六十孫孔承(cheng)慶（早卒，明(ming)景泰六年，公元1455年追贈衍圣(sheng)公）曾有(you)詩曰(yue)：“盤石垂蘿何(he)處家，山(shan)深茅屋隔煙霞。幽人(ren)讀罷無(wu)余事，紗帽(mao)籠(long)頭自煮茶”。似此(ci)幽雅清靜的(de)仙境(jing)，真(zhen)是讀書講學難得的(de)好(hao)地方。

夫(fu)子洞（坤靈洞）

夫(fu)(fu)(fu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)洞相傳為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)出生處(chu)，位于觀川(chuan)亭的(de)山(shan)崖下。孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)父親叔梁紇為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)魯國陬邑大夫(fu)(fu)(fu)，娶顏(yan)征在(zai)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)妻，征在(zai)母(mu)家在(zai)尼山(shan)東南的(de)顏(yan)母(mu)莊。至于孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)什(shen)么能在(zai)洞中(zhong)(zhong)呢(ni)？有兩種說(shuo)(shuo)法(fa)；一(yi)說(shuo)(shuo)顏(yan)征在(zai)祈禱尼山(shan)神(shen)后，回家時便臨(lin)產(chan)，將(jiang)孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)產(chan)于洞中(zhong)(zhong)；一(yi)說(shuo)(shuo)孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)生來丑(chou)陋，其母(mu)將(jiang)其遺棄，天氣炎熱，雕用其翅(chi)膀扇涼。坤靈洞始見(jian)于金正大四年（公元1227年）成書(shu)的(de)孔(kong)元措《孔(kong)氏祖庭廣(guang)記》圖中(zhong)(zhong)，刻有洞名，為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)金代的(de)進士(shi)劉曄所刻。元至元三十一(yi)年（公元1294年），司居敬刻孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)像，置于洞中(zhong)(zhong)，后為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)戰亂所毀(hui)，洞因(yin)被水淤塞已(yi)滿，1978年清理重修，1983年由山(shan)東省省長李予昂題刻“夫(fu)(fu)(fu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)洞”石碑(bei)，2009年新建圍墻護之。

尼山孔廟的文物價值

尼山(shan)是孔(kong)(kong)子的(de)出生(sheng)地，在儒家學(xue)派(pai)和封(feng)建(jian)士大夫心目中是中國傳統(tong)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)學(xue)術(shu)(shu)的(de)泰山(shan)北斗，深受(shou)景仰。由(you)漢至(zhi)清受(shou)到歷(li)代(dai)封(feng)建(jian)王朝的(de)重視。因其鐘靈毓圣(sheng)之功，宋代(dai)封(feng)尼山(shan)為(wei)毓圣(sheng)侯，并(bing)建(jian)祠奉祀，規格等同四(si)瀆。尼山(shan)孔(kong)(kong)廟(miao)是封(feng)建(jian)社會尊孔(kong)(kong)讀經、崇德報功的(de)產物，也是我國古代(dai)教育體(ti)制(zhi)中廟(miao)學(xue)合一(yi)的(de)典型(xing)建(jian)筑(zhu)。尼山(shan)建(jian)筑(zhu)群雖經歷(li)代(dai)興衰(shuai)，依(yi)然保持了(le)頑(wan)強的(de)生(sheng)命(ming)力，這和歷(li)代(dai)統(tong)治者尊孔(kong)(kong)崇儒的(de)指(zhi)導思想是密不可分的(de)。尼山(shan)孔(kong)(kong)廟(miao)是華夏民(min)族一(yi)個(ge)漫長的(de)歷(li)史時期思想文(wen)(wen)化(hua)的(de)遺跡(ji)和文(wen)(wen)化(hua)淵源的(de)載體(ti)，有(you)著(zhu)較高的(de)歷(li)史和藝術(shu)(shu)價值，更有(you)著(zhu)深刻的(de)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)內涵。