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2012年8月1日，印度(du)官員宣(xuan)布，印度(du)大面積斷電已(yi)經結束。印度(du)發生(sheng)的停電事故(gu)，覆蓋(gai)了(le)一(yi)半以上(shang)的國(guo)(guo)土，直(zhi)接(jie)影響6億多人的生(sheng)活，是(shi)這個南(nan)亞國(guo)(guo)家11年來最(zui)嚴重的停電事故(gu)。

事故過程

印(yin)度(du)北部和東部地區7月30日(ri)和31日(ri)連續發(fa)生兩次大面(mian)積停電事故(gu)。突(tu)如其來(lai)的斷(duan)電導致交(jiao)(jiao)通陷入(ru)混亂(luan)，全國超過300列(lie)火車(che)停運，首都新德(de)里的地鐵(tie)也全部停運，造成(cheng)旅(lv)客大量滯(zhi)留，公路交(jiao)(jiao)通出(chu)現大面(mian)積擁堵。一(yi)些礦工被困井(jing)下。銀行系統陷入(ru)癱瘓，一(yi)度(du)給(gei)印(yin)度(du)的金融交(jiao)(jiao)易帶來(lai)障(zhang)礙。

第(di)一(yi)次事(shi)故發(fa)生后，印度(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)力(li)部門排除(chu)故障，在停(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)后15個(ge)小時內基本恢(hui)復了(le)(le)電(dian)(dian)力(li)供應(ying)。但旁遮普邦(bang)(bang)、哈里(li)亞納(na)邦(bang)(bang)以及北方邦(bang)(bang)等幾個(ge)地(di)區(qu)在供電(dian)(dian)恢(hui)復后繼續超負荷用(yong)電(dian)(dian)，導(dao)致(zhi)了(le)(le)第(di)二次大面積停(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)。印度(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)力(li)部門因此不得(de)不從鄰(lin)國輸入電(dian)(dian)力(li)來滿足新德里(li)的用(yong)電(dian)(dian)需求。截至8月(yue)1日，印度(du)(du)北部地(di)區(qu)95%的電(dian)(dian)力(li)供應(ying)已恢(hui)復。

事故分析

貝(bei)恩(en)咨詢公司高級合(he)伙人阿密特·辛(xin)哈(ha)認為，此次停電(dian)事故(gu)給印(yin)度(du)經濟敲響了警鐘(zhong)——印(yin)度(du)電(dian)力供應(ying)至(zhi)少需要保持每年6．5%至(zhi)7%的增速，否則(ze)將(jiang)會對該國制造(zao)業(ye)和(he)出口企業(ye)造(zao)成傷害。

印度(du)最大(da)行業協(xie)會印度(du)工商聯(lian)合會主席卡諾里亞說：“連(lian)續兩(liang)天如此(ci)大(da)規(gui)模的停電(dian)，值得(de)我們密切(qie)關注，這(zhe)當然會

對(dui)于商業投資環境本就存(cun)在不少(shao)問題的印度(du)來(lai)說，此(ci)次(ci)大停電不僅影(ying)響企業生產和盈利水平，還影(ying)響到(dao)印度(du)在外國投資者眼中(zhong)的形(xing)象(xiang)。

印(yin)度(du)產業聯合會(hui)理事長錢德(de)拉吉特·班(ban)納吉表示，印(yin)度(du)經濟近來增(zeng)長放緩，外(wai)界本(ben)就對印(yin)度(du)前景不太看好，如(ru)今電網兩(liang)天(tian)內連續崩潰無(wu)疑使(shi)印(yin)度(du)的形象進一步受損，令有(you)(you)意投資(zi)印(yin)度(du)的外(wai)國企業望而卻(que)步。對于一個(ge)擁有(you)(you)世界約六分之一人口(kou)的新興經濟體，有(you)(you)必要使(shi)基礎設(she)施建(jian)設(she)與印(yin)度(du)的強國夢想相匹配。

事故影響

世(shi)界媒體都(dou)在(zai)議論印度大(da)(da)停(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)，但任何(he)國家都(dou)不(bu)能否認自己也遭遇過(guo)(guo)大(da)(da)停(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)的歷史，只(zhi)是(shi)規(gui)模和破壞程度不(bu)同罷了。美(mei)國上世(shi)紀后(hou)半(ban)葉，至(zhi)(zhi)少出現三(san)次大(da)(da)規(gui)模停(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)事故(gu)，近十多年(nian)時間里，美(mei)國至(zhi)(zhi)少遭遇過(guo)(guo)數次大(da)(da)停(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)。如2008年(nian)，佛(fo)羅里達州發(fa)生大(da)(da)停(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)，300萬人沒(mei)有電(dian)(dian)力供應；2003年(nian)大(da)(da)停(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)，由密(mi)歇(xie)根州延伸至(zhi)(zhi)紐約，最后(hou)蔓延到加拿大(da)(da)。危機(ji)專(zhuan)家承認，“一次大(da)(da)停(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)，即使是(shi)數秒鐘，也不(bu)亞于(yu)一場大(da)(da)地震(zhen)帶(dai)來(lai)的破壞”。

很多新興經(jing)(jing)濟體(ti)在(zai)經(jing)(jing)濟高(gao)增長(chang)的(de)刺(ci)激(ji)或尋(xun)求經(jing)(jing)濟高(gao)增長(chang)的(de)動機之下，只(zhi)顧電(dian)(dian)力開發(fa)，卻忽視電(dian)(dian)網(wang)安(an)全工作，對(dui)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)管理(li)體(ti)制改(gai)革(ge)方面重視不夠，導致“缺電(dian)(dian)”和“有電(dian)(dian)”下都斷電(dian)(dian)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)的(de)情況(kuang)，造(zao)成大量的(de)浪費和損失。印(yin)度此次發(fa)生的(de)問(wen)題(ti)，對(dui)印(yin)度是(shi)個(ge)現實教(jiao)訓，對(dui)世(shi)界各新興經(jing)(jing)濟體(ti)而(er)言，是(shi)給電(dian)(dian)網(wang)安(an)全上了(le)一課。只(zhi)要體(ti)認(ren)“大停(ting)電(dian)(dian)或也會發(fa)生在(zai)我們身上”，那么(me)，我們就應(ying)該(gai)從漠不關心等心態(tai)中覺醒過(guo)來，把印(yin)度問(wen)題(ti)視為(wei)自己(ji)的(de)問(wen)題(ti)，做好自己(ji)的(de)安(an)全工作。

簡介

印度北部和東部地區7月30日和31日連續發

生(sheng)兩次(ci)大(da)面(mian)(mian)積停電(dian)(dian)事(shi)故。突如其來(lai)的(de)斷電(dian)(dian)導致交(jiao)通(tong)陷入(ru)混(hun)亂，全國超(chao)過(guo)300列(lie)火車停運，首都新德里的(de)地鐵(tie)也全部停運，造成旅客大(da)量滯留，公路交(jiao)通(tong)出現(xian)大(da)面(mian)(mian)積擁(yong)堵。一(yi)些礦工(gong)被困井下。銀行系統(tong)陷入(ru)癱瘓，一(yi)度給印度的(de)金融交(jiao)易帶來(lai)障礙(ai)。

第(di)(di)一次(ci)事故發生(sheng)后，印度電力(li)部(bu)門排除故障，在停電后15個(ge)小時內(nei)基本恢復(fu)了電力(li)供應。但旁遮普邦、哈里亞納(na)邦以及北(bei)方邦等幾個(ge)地區在供電恢復(fu)后繼續超負(fu)荷用電，導致(zhi)了第(di)(di)二次(ci)大面(mian)積停電。印度電力(li)部(bu)門因此(ci)不得不從(cong)鄰(lin)國輸入電力(li)來滿足新德里的(de)(de)用電需求(qiu)。截至8月1日，印度北(bei)部(bu)地區95%的(de)(de)電力(li)供應已(yi)恢復(fu)。

事故分析

貝恩咨詢公(gong)司(si)高級合伙人阿密特(te)·辛(xin)哈(ha)認為，此次停電(dian)事故給印度經濟(ji)敲響了警鐘——印度電(dian)力(li)供應(ying)至少需(xu)要保持每年(nian)6．5%至7%的增速，否則將會對該國制造業和出口(kou)企業造成傷害。

印(yin)度最大行業協會(hui)(hui)印(yin)度工(gong)商聯合會(hui)(hui)主席卡諾里(li)亞說(shuo)：“連續(xu)兩天如此大規模的停(ting)電，值得我們密切關注，這當然會(hui)(hui)

對于商(shang)業投(tou)資環境本就存在(zai)不(bu)少(shao)問題的(de)印(yin)度來說，此次大停電不(bu)僅影響企(qi)業生產和盈(ying)利水平，還影響到印(yin)度在(zai)外國投(tou)資者眼(yan)中(zhong)的(de)形象。

印度產業聯(lian)合會理事長(chang)錢德拉吉特·班納吉表示(shi)，印度經濟近來增長(chang)放(fang)緩，外(wai)界本就對印度前景不(bu)太看好，如(ru)今電網兩天內連續(xu)崩潰(kui)無(wu)疑使印度的(de)形象進一步受損，令有(you)意投資(zi)印度的(de)外(wai)國(guo)企業望(wang)而卻(que)步。對于一個擁(yong)有(you)世(shi)界約六分之一人口的(de)新(xin)興經濟體，有(you)必要使基(ji)礎(chu)設施建設與印度的(de)強國(guo)夢想相(xiang)匹配。

事故影響

世界媒體都在議論(lun)印度大(da)(da)停(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)電(dian)，但任何國(guo)家(jia)都不能否認自己(ji)也(ye)遭遇過(guo)大(da)(da)停(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)電(dian)的歷史，只(zhi)是規(gui)模和破壞(huai)程(cheng)度不同罷了。美國(guo)上世紀后(hou)半葉，至少出現(xian)三次大(da)(da)規(gui)模停(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)電(dian)事故(gu)，近十多年時間里(li)，美國(guo)至少遭遇過(guo)數次大(da)(da)停(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)電(dian)。如(ru)2008年，佛羅里(li)達州發生(sheng)大(da)(da)停(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)電(dian)，300萬人沒有電(dian)力供(gong)應；2003年大(da)(da)停(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)電(dian)，由密(mi)歇根(gen)州延伸(shen)至紐約，最后(hou)蔓延到加拿大(da)(da)。危機專家(jia)承(cheng)認，“一(yi)次大(da)(da)停(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)電(dian)，即使是數秒(miao)鐘，也(ye)不亞于一(yi)場大(da)(da)地震帶來的破壞(huai)”。

很多新(xin)興(xing)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)體(ti)在(zai)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)高增長的(de)(de)(de)刺激或尋(xun)求經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)高增長的(de)(de)(de)動機之下(xia)，只(zhi)顧電(dian)(dian)力開發，卻忽視電(dian)(dian)網(wang)安(an)全(quan)工作，對電(dian)(dian)網(wang)管(guan)理體(ti)制改革方面重視不夠，導致“缺電(dian)(dian)”和(he)“有電(dian)(dian)”下(xia)都斷電(dian)(dian)停電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)情況，造成大量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)浪費和(he)損失。印度此次發生的(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題，對印度是個現實教訓(xun)，對世(shi)界各新(xin)興(xing)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)體(ti)而言，是給電(dian)(dian)網(wang)安(an)全(quan)上了(le)一課。只(zhi)要體(ti)認“大停電(dian)(dian)或也會發生在(zai)我們(men)身(shen)上”，那么，我們(men)就應(ying)該(gai)從漠(mo)不關心等心態中覺(jue)醒過來(lai)，把印度問(wen)題視為自(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題，做好自(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)安(an)全(quan)工作。

2012年(nian)7月30口凌晨2時(shi)33分(fen)開(kai)始，印度(du)(du)北部地(di)區德里邦(bang)(bang)、哈利亞納邦(bang)(bang)、中央邦(bang)(bang)、旁遮(zhe)普(pu)邦(bang)(bang)、拉賈斯坦邦(bang)(bang)、北安查(cha)爾邦(bang)(bang)、北方邦(bang)(bang)等9個邦(bang)(bang)發生停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)事故(gu)(gu)，逾3.7億(yi)人(ren)受到影(ying)響(xiang)。在上述(shu)地(di)區恢(hui)復供電(dian)(dian)(dian)數小時(shi)后(hou)，于當(dang)地(di)時(shi)間7月31口13時(shi)05分(fen)開(kai)始，印度(du)(du)包(bao)括首都(dou)新德里在內(nei)的東部、北部和東北部地(di)區電(dian)(dian)(dian)網再次(ci)發生人(ren)面積停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)事故(gu)(gu)，超(chao)過20個邦(bang)(bang)再次(ci)陷入電(dian)(dian)(dian)力癱瘓(huan)狀態，全(quan)國(guo)(guo)近(jin)一半(ban)地(di)區的供電(dian)(dian)(dian)出現中斷，逾6.7億(yi)人(ren)口受到影(ying)響(xiang)111印度(du)(du)兩天(tian)之內(nei)連續發生人(ren)面積停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)事故(gu)(gu)，是(shi)有(you)(you)史以(yi)來影(ying)響(xiang)人(ren)曰最多(duo)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統事故(gu)(gu)，成(cheng)為世(shi)界范(fan)圍(wei)內(nei)規模最人(ren)的停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)事件。印度(du)(du)長期以(yi)來電(dian)(dian)(dian)力工業基(ji)礎薄(bo)弱、基(ji)礎設施落(luo)后(hou)并(bing)滯后(hou)于經(jing)濟發展(zhan)等矛(mao)盾(dun)由來己久，這次(ci)事件讓印度(du)(du)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)力管理體制(zhi)、調度(du)(du)防控體系和電(dian)(dian)(dian)網規劃建設等方面諸多(duo)問題再次(ci)暴露于公(gong)眾面前。與(yu)我國(guo)(guo)一樣作為正在崛起(qi)的發展(zhan)中國(guo)(guo)家(jia)，印度(du)(du)此(ci)次(ci)人(ren)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)事故(gu)(gu)對我國(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網安全(quan)運行具有(you)(you)重人(ren)的借鑒意義。但是(shi)我國(guo)(guo)對人(ren)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)事故(gu)(gu)原因(yin)研(yan)究不深，需要進一步深入分(fen)析印度(du)(du)人(ren)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)印度(du)(du)的能源電(dian)(dian)(dian)力概況。

印(yin)度(du)的能(neng)源資源主要分布在東部和東北(bei)(bei)部地區(qu)_以煤(mei)炭和水力為(wei)主_其余為(wei)核(he)電(dian)、油電(dian)和天然(ran)氣發(fa)(fa)電(dian)。主要負(fu)荷中(zhong)心及人(ren)口稠密地區(qu)則(ze)集中(zhong)在北(bei)(bei)部、南部和西(xi)部地區(qu)。印(yin)度(du)電(dian)網的輸電(dian)方向主要為(wei)東電(dian)西(xi)送，再(zai)輔以北(bei)(bei)電(dian)南送截至2012年5月，印(yin)度(du)總發(fa)(fa)電(dian)裝(zhuang)機容量約(yue)為(wei)2億kW，其中(zhong)火電(dian)裝(zhuang)機占(zhan)68.7070，水電(dian)占(zhan)19.2070，核(he)電(dian)和其他(ta)可再(zai)生能(neng)源發(fa)(fa)電(dian)占(zhan)12.1%}Z

作(zuo)為亞洲第(di)三人(ren)經(jing)濟體(ti)，印(yin)度(du)過去10年(nian)間經(jing)濟增速接近2位數，能源消(xiao)費年(nian)均(jun)增速6%但(dan)由于投資不足，電(dian)(dian)力工(gong)業發展嚴重滯(zhi)后于經(jing)濟發展水平，發電(dian)(dian)冗余不足，跨區(qu)輸電(dian)(dian)能力不夠，電(dian)(dian)力供應長(chang)期處(chu)于短缺狀(zhuang)態。印(yin)度(du)2010-2011年(nian)度(du)GDP增長(chang)8.5070，同期發電(dian)(dian)裝機增長(chang)僅為5.56%印(yin)度(du)電(dian)(dian)力部預計2012年(nian)印(yin)度(du)高峰期電(dian)(dian)力缺曰10.6%左右(you)，全年(nian)電(dian)(dian)量缺曰7.3%左右(you)。仍有(you)近40%的印(yin)度(du)家庭(約2.89億(yi)人(ren))沒有(you)用上電(dian)(dian)，且(qie)印(yin)度(du)人(ren)部分地區(qu)供電(dian)(dian)質量低、停電(dian)(dian)頻繁(fan)，即使在首都新德(de)里(li)也經(jing)常拉閘限電(dian)(dian)。

印(yin)(yin)度電(dian)網由五人區域性(xing)電(dian)網組(zu)成(cheng)，即(ji)北部、東(dong)部、西部、東(dong)北部和(he)南部電(dian)網。印(yin)(yin)度電(dian)網的電(dian)壓等級主要有(you)765kV,500 kV，400kV，220kV和(he)132kV北部、東(dong)部、西部、東(dong)北部電(dian)網實現了交(jiao)流(liu)400kV同步(bu)(bu)聯網，形成(cheng)中(zhong)央電(dian)網(New Grid)。南部電(dian)網與中(zhong)央電(dian)網通過直流(liu)異(yi)步(bu)(bu)聯接。此外印(yin)(yin)度東(dong)部電(dian)網通過400kV交(jiao)流(liu)與不(bu)月-電(dian)網互(hu)聯印(yin)(yin)度交(jiao)流(liu)同步(bu)(bu)電(dian)網區域間互(hu)聯情況.

印度輸電網結構分為3層，即國家電網(跨區域電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)卜區域內跨邦(bang)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)一邦(bang)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)。其中跨區和(he)(he)跨電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)由(you)中央政府所(suo)有的印度國(guo)家電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)公司(PGCIL)擁(yong)有，并負責(ze)運行(xing)管(guan)理;邦(bang)內輸電(dian)(dian)資產由(you)邦(bang)政府所(suo)有的邦(bang)輸電(dian)(dian)公司(STUB)或(huo)邦(bang)電(dian)(dian)力局(未改(gai)革邦(bang))管(guan)理從印度交(jiao)流互聯(lian)網(wang)(wang)跨區主網(wang)(wang)架來看，區域電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)之間通過1同(tong)765kV交(jiao)流，23同(tong)400kV交(jiao)流、10同(tong)220kV交(jiao)流、1個士400kV直流背靠背和(he)(he)1個士500kV直流互聯(lian)。區域內主網(wang)(wang)架主要是以400kV/220kV電(dian)(dian)磁環網(wang)(wang)為(wei)主。印度配(pei)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)由(you)邦(bang)政府所(suo)有或(huo)私(si)有的配(pei)電(dian)(dian)公司擁(yong)有并負責(ze)運行(xing)管(guan)理一個邦(bang)內有多(duo)個配(pei)電(dian)(dian)公司，完全私(si)營(ying)的配(pei)電(dian)(dian)公司有17個，主要分布在德里(li)(li)、奧(ao)里(li)(li)薩、占(zhan)吉拉特、孟(meng)買等(deng)邦(bang)

在調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)環節，印(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)電(dian)力系(xi)統(tong)調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)分3級，分別由(you)國家調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)中心(NLDC)，區域(yu)調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)中心}RLDC)、邦調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)中心(CBLDC)負(fu)責(ze)。其中NLDC負(fu)責(ze)跨區域(yu)輸(shu)電(dian)線路調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)，5個RLDC負(fu)責(ze)區域(yu)內電(dian)網(wang)調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)，各邦SLDC負(fu)責(ze)邦內電(dian)網(wang)調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)。調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)機構與電(dian)網(wang)所(suo)有者(zhe)合一(yi)，NLDC和RLDC由(you)印(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)國家電(dian)網(wang)公司管(guan)理(li)，SLDC由(you)邦輸(shu)電(dian)公司或(huo)電(dian)力局管(guan)理(li)。

2印度“7.30"，"7.31”大停電事故直接原因

印度(du)電力部在事(shi)故(gu)后(hou)組成特別小組展開全面的(de)(de)事(shi)故(gu)調查，并于s月I6口公布了(le)事(shi)故(gu)調查報告，報告詳細地分(fen)析了(le)引(yin)起印度(du)連續兩起人停電事(shi)故(gu)的(de)(de)直接原因。

2012年7月30口，由(you)(you)于(yu)Bina-Gwalior 400kV線路跳(tiao)(tiao)開(kai)，在(zai)北部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)和西部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)解列后，由(you)(you)西部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)供給北部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)負荷的(de)潮流轉移到(dao)“西部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)一(yi)(yi)東部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)一(yi)(yi)北部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)”的(de)聯(lian)絡(luo)通道(dao)，導致系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)發生功(gong)率(lv)(lv)振蕩(dang)(dang)由(you)(you)于(yu)振蕩(dang)(dang)中心在(zai)北部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)和東部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)間(jian)的(de)斷面上，致使相應的(de)聯(lian)絡(luo)線跳(tiao)(tiao)開(kai)，造成(cheng)北部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)和印(yin)度交流互聯(lian)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)其(qi)他部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)解列。由(you)(you)于(yu)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)頻率(lv)(lv)過低以及(ji)區(qu)域內進(jin)一(yi)(yi)步(bu)的(de)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)振蕩(dang)(dang)，北部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)力系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)最(zui)終崩潰。

2012年7月31口(kou)(kou)，由于(yu)(yu)Bina-Gwalior 400kV線路(lu)跳開，在北(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)和(he)(he)西(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)解(jie)列以后(hou)，用于(yu)(yu)滿(man)足北(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)區域負荷的潮流(liu)轉移到“西(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)一東(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)一北(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)”的聯絡通道，導(dao)(dao)致(zhi)系(xi)(xi)統發生功率(lv)振蕩(dang)7月31口(kou)(kou)的系(xi)(xi)統振蕩(dang)中心(xin)在東(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)內部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)，靠近東(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)和(he)(he)西(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)斷面(mian)，因此，在導(dao)(dao)致(zhi)了東(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)內部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)相(xiang)應線路(lu)跳開之后(hou)，東(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)中的一小部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分(Ranchi和(he)(he)Rourkela)，以及西(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)區域電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)和(he)(he)印度(du)交流(liu)互聯系(xi)(xi)統其他部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分解(jie)列。這造成了北(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)和(he)(he)東(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)間斷面(mian)的功率(lv)振蕩(dang)，并進一步導(dao)(dao)致(zhi)了北(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)區域電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)和(he)(he)“東(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)+東(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)”系(xi)(xi)統的解(jie)列。隨后(hou)，所有(you)3個區域電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(北(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、東(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、東(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu))由于(yu)(yu)區域內部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)功率(lv)振蕩(dang)造成多同線路(lu)跳開，系(xi)(xi)統頻(pin)率(lv)過低以及在不同地(di)區的過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，最終北(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、東(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、東(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)(xi)統崩(beng)潰。

根據印度的(de)調查報(bao)告(gao)，2次事故(gu)(gu)當天的(de)故(gu)(gu)障錄波器結果均顯示，系統中(zhong)并沒有監測(ce)到有故(gu)(gu)障發(fa)生(sheng)。在2次事故(gu)(gu)發(fa)生(sheng)前(qian)，由于西(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)和(he)(he)(he)北部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)斷(duan)面(mian)，以及靠(kao)近東部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)和(he)(he)(he)西(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)斷(duan)面(mian)的(de)多(duo)條區域(yu)間聯絡線(xian)停運導致跨區通道弱(ruo)聯系，系統間的(de)輸電(dian)(dian)能(neng)力被顯著削弱(ruo)。西(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)和(he)(he)(he)北部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)斷(duan)面(mian)均只有Bina-Agra 400kV(單(dan)同)一(yi)條交流主干聯絡線(xian)路處于運行狀態。

電(dian)網(wang)(wang)內(nei)的(de)邦負(fu)荷(he)調度中(zhong)心對區(qu)域負(fu)荷(he)調度中(zhong)心要求其降(jiang)低邦內(nei)電(dian)力(li)公司透支用電(dian)，以及要求西部(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)內(nei)電(dian)力(li)公司降(jiang)低發電(dian)出(chu)力(li)的(de)指令(ling)響應(ying)不充分(fen)(fen)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)北(bei)(bei)部(bu)區(qu)域電(dian)力(li)公司透支用電(dian)，產(chan)生了(le)(le)計(ji)劃外的(de)電(dian)力(li)交換，導致了(le)(le)西部(bu)與北(bei)(bei)部(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)間唯一保持運行的(de)400kV聯絡線(xian)處(chu)于高載荷(he)狀態(tai)，并超過了(le)(le)線(xian)路(lu)白(bai)身(shen)的(de)額定功率。距(ju)離保護繼(ji)電(dian)器3段保護動作使得該線(xian)路(lu)跳開(kai)，導致北(bei)(bei)部(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)和西部(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)解列(lie)。

在北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)和西部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)解(jie)列(lie)后(hou)，由西部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)供給北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)負荷的(de)(de)潮流轉移到“西部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)一東(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)一北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)”的(de)(de)聯(lian)絡通(tong)道(dao)，導(dao)致系(xi)統(tong)發(fa)生振(zhen)(zhen)蕩在2次連續人面(mian)積停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事故中(zhong)，振(zhen)(zhen)蕩中(zhong)心分別在北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)和東(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)間(jian)的(de)(de)斷(duan)面(mian)上，及在靠近東(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)和西部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)斷(duan)面(mian)的(de)(de)東(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)內部(bu)(bu)(bu)，致使相應的(de)(de)聯(lian)絡線和主干線路跳開，北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)和印度(du)交流互聯(lian)系(xi)統(tong)其他部(bu)(bu)(bu)分解(jie)列(lie)。由于各(ge)個(ge)區域內系(xi)統(tong)頻率(lv)過低以及進一步的(de)(de)功率(lv)振(zhen)(zhen)蕩等(deng)原因導(dao)致電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統(tong)崩潰(kui)，最終造成人面(mian)積停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事故

在(zai)這2次人(ren)面積停電(dian)(dian)事(shi)故(gu)中(zhong)，西(xi)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統通過在(zai)區域內(nei)采取(qu)高頻切機措施，得(de)以幸免(mian)南部(bu)電(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統從東部(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)和西(xi)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)饋入電(dian)(dian)力，也在(zai)7月(yue)31口(kou)的事(shi)故(gu)中(zhong)得(de)以幸免(mian)，在(zai)事(shi)故(gu)發生后(hou)依然從西(xi)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)饋入部(bu)分(fen)電(dian)(dian)力，并采取(qu)了若干防御(yu)機制(zhi)，如白動低頻減(jian)負荷以及逐漸提(ti)升高壓直流受電(dian)(dian)功(gong)率

印度大停電事故的深層次原因分析

人電(dian)(dian)網統一(yi)防(fang)控(kong)體系是以堅強網架為(wei)基(ji)礎的(de)、基(ji)于人安(an)全觀的(de)、以統一(yi)規(gui)劃(hua)、統一(yi)調度(du)、統一(yi)管理為(wei)手段(duan)的(de)人電(dian)(dian)網安(an)全防(fang)御與運(yun)行(xing)(營(ying))控(kong)制(zhi)體系。該(gai)體系的(de)不完善是木次印度(du)連續(xu)發生人面積停(ting)電(dian)(dian)事故的(de)深層次原(yuan)因

1網架結構不夠堅強，區域間交換能力不足

受印度電(dian)力(li)工業的經營與管理(li)體制限制，各(ge)級(ji)電(dian)網(wang)建設缺乏區(qu)域(yu)間(jian)統(tong)籌協(xie)調，區(qu)域(yu)主網(wang)架以(yi)400kV/220kV電(dian)磁環網(wang)為(wei)主，沒有(you)合(he)理(li)的分層分區(qu)，網(wang)架結構較易引(yin)發(fa)穩定破(po)壞。400kV線路作為(wei)主干(gan)網(wang)架己不(bu)滿(man)足印度經濟(ji)的快(kuai)速增(zeng)長(chang)對電(dian)力(li)負荷的需要，765kV系統(tong)剛剛啟(qi)動建設，還(huan)未成(cheng)網(wang)。跨區(qu)主網(wang)架之間(jian)呈(cheng)弱連接，一旦(dan)局部故障引(yin)發(fa)連鎖反(fan)應，或者(zhe)區(qu)域(yu)電(dian)網(wang)白身發(fa)電(dian)能(neng)力(li)人(ren)幅減少，各(ge)區(qu)域(yu)間(jian)彼此(ci)難以(yi)形成(cheng)有(you)力(li)的支援，加入(ru)了發(fa)生人(ren)面積(ji)停電(dian)的可能(neng)性。

2電網發展缺乏統一規劃

印(yin)度電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)、建設(she)主體和(he)(he)資產歸屬(shu)(shu)復雜(za)，主要包(bao)括(kuo)印(yin)度國家電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)公司(si)、邦(bang)(bang)(bang)屬(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)公司(si)以及(ji)私人企業印(yin)度國家電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)公司(si)負責區(qu)域(yu)及(ji)跨(kua)(kua)區(qu)域(yu)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線路(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)，邦(bang)(bang)(bang)屬(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)公司(si)負責邦(bang)(bang)(bang)內輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)絡(luo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)。盡管(guan)由(you)隸屬(shu)(shu)于印(yin)度國家電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)公司(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)5個區(qu)域(yu)級(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)調(diao)度中心(xin)負責協調(diao)和(he)(he)管(guan)理有(you)關(guan)邦(bang)(bang)(bang)之(zhi)間輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線路(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)相關(guan)事務，但其(qi)對邦(bang)(bang)(bang)內電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)公司(si)并無(wu)管(guan)理關(guan)系(xi)，無(wu)力(li)有(you)效(xiao)實現跨(kua)(kua)區(qu)、跨(kua)(kua)邦(bang)(bang)(bang)和(he)(he)邦(bang)(bang)(bang)內電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)統一規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)，各區(qu)域(yu)間電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發展規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)較(jiao)難形成合(he)理的(de)(de)(de)(de)匹(pi)配和(he)(he)有(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)銜(xian)接。除上述所述的(de)(de)(de)(de)長(chang)期電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)問題外，印(yin)度電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)還存在短期運行規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)中，區(qu)域(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)、邦(bang)(bang)(bang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線路(lu)停運計劃(hua)(hua)(hua)不協調(diao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)嚴(yan)重(zhong)問題，并因(yin)此直接造成了區(qu)域(yu)間聯絡(luo)線的(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)率調(diao)控能(neng)力(li)缺失(shi)。

3電網缺乏統一調度機制

除了固有的發(fa)電(dian)冗余不(bu)足，調(diao)(diao)峰能力(li)弱等客觀原因外，此次(ci)事故暴露出印度(du)(du)電(dian)網調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)體制不(bu)健全，電(dian)網運行缺乏統一調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)，不(bu)同(tong)級(ji)調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)機構約束(shu)能力(li)弱、跨邦跨區(qu)調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)協調(diao)(diao)能力(li)不(bu)足，調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)指(zhi)揮不(bu)暢，調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)指(zhi)令失(shi)靈等問題。

印度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)實行(xing)(xing)分散的(de)(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)體制(zhi)，存在國(guo)(guo)家(jia)、區(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)、邦(bang)級以及邦(bang)內各(ge)地(di)區(qu)(qu)4級以上的(de)(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)管(guan)理_缺乏(fa)統(tong)(tong)一(yi)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)機(ji)制(zhi)。各(ge)邦(bang)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)機(ji)構獨立于(yu)(yu)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)和區(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)機(ji)構，主要受(shou)當地(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)局(ju)或輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)公司管(guan)理。國(guo)(guo)家(jia)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)機(ji)構對邦(bang)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)機(ji)構的(de)(de)(de)約束能力(li)較弱，白上而卜的(de)(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)和管(guan)理的(de)(de)(de)無法做(zuo)到(dao)(dao)“一(yi)票(piao)到(dao)(dao)底”。當區(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)與邦(bang)級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)發生矛盾時(shi)，需向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)監會反(fan)應并由電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)監會負責(ze)協調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)解(jie)決。事(shi)故中北(bei)部各(ge)邦(bang)不服從(cong)區(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)，使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)設備持(chi)續(xu)維持(chi)超負荷運(yun)行(xing)(xing)，區(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)指令(ling)對各(ge)邦(bang)超計(ji)劃受(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)無能為力(li)。印度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)多位(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)官員表(biao)示(shi)，各(ge)州(zhou)沒有按照規定調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)整負荷需求，致使跨邦(bang)聯絡線超負荷運(yun)行(xing)(xing)，導致了系統(tong)(tong)崩潰(kui)此外，印度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)標準偏低，調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)裕度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)不足印度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)運(yun)營模(mo)式允許(xu)用頻率(lv)換用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量的(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)為，系統(tong)(tong)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)經(jing)常(chang)出現背離計(ji)劃的(de)(de)(de)情況，而且(qie)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)頻率(lv)的(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)常(chang)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)范圍值為48.5--50.2Hz，允許(xu)頻率(lv)偏差較人，這些造成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)長期(qi)處于(yu)(yu)緊張狀態。

4電力管理體制分散，缺乏統一管理

印度電(dian)(dian)力(li)管(guan)理(li)體制缺乏(fa)集約化，各(ge)邦政府對電(dian)(dian)力(li)改革擁有較高(gao)白主(zhu)權(quan)，使得各(ge)邦改革進程不盡相同，統籌(chou)協調(diao)發展實現困難。發、輸、配電(dian)(dian)所有權(quan)和經營(ying)權(quan)分散，利益主(zhu)體多元，電(dian)(dian)網發展長期各(ge)白為政，注重局部利益，不重視整體安全，電(dian)(dian)網管(guan)理(li)水平偏低、線(xian)損(sun)高(gao)、人部分電(dian)(dian)力(li)企業處于虧損(sun)狀態、投資能力(li)弱。

一方面，由于印度推行(xing)以私有化(hua)為方向的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)力(li)改革，輸配電(dian)網(wang)在體(ti)(ti)(ti)制上(shang)(shang)并非(fei)一體(ti)(ti)(ti)化(hua)運(yun)行(xing);另一方面，印度電(dian)網(wang)管(guan)(guan)理(li)體(ti)(ti)(ti)制為中(zhong)央和邦2個層(ceng)次的(de)(de)(de)分散管(guan)(guan)理(li)模(mo)(mo)式，各邦政府對電(dian)力(li)改革擁(yong)有較高(gao)白主權邦電(dian)監會不受中(zhong)央電(dian)監會管(guan)(guan)理(li)，邦電(dian)監會在邦內(nei)發(fa)(fa)、輸、配、電(dian)力(li)交易(yi)和輸電(dian)定價(jia)等方面有較高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)白主權這種整體(ti)(ti)(ti)層(ceng)面比較分散的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)理(li)體(ti)(ti)(ti)制與模(mo)(mo)式，在很人程度上(shang)(shang)造成了(le)(le)印度電(dian)力(li)發(fa)(fa)展很難形(xing)成統一、科學的(de)(de)(de)規劃。加入了(le)(le)印度電(dian)網(wang)建設(she)與運(yun)行(xing)難度，也影響了(le)(le)印度電(dian)力(li)企業運(yun)營與積極(ji)性，導(dao)致印度電(dian)力(li)在整體(ti)(ti)(ti)上(shang)(shang)統籌(chou)協調發(fa)(fa)展實現困難。

5電網系統保護與設備運行的功能不健全

印(yin)(yin)度配電網(wang)保護體系(xi)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)“第二道(dao)防線”不健(jian)全，基(ji)于(yu)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)率變化(hua)率的(de)(de)(de)(de)減(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)載(zai)(zai)(zai)措施(shi)和(he)(he)低(di)(di)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)減(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)載(zai)(zai)(zai)措施(shi)實(shi)施(shi)不力。在“7.30”第一次(ci)北部(bu)電網(wang)崩潰前(qian)，北部(bu)電網(wang)與其他(ta)(ta)電網(wang)解(jie)列(lie)運行(xing)。北部(bu)電網(wang)損失約(yue)5800MW外來電，導致頻(pin)(pin)(pin)率降低(di)(di)。為了(le)(le)改(gai)善頻(pin)(pin)(pin)率，避免系(xi)統(tong)崩潰，北部(bu)電網(wang)實(shi)施(shi)了(le)(le)低(di)(di)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)減(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)載(zai)(zai)(zai)計(ji)劃(hua)(hua)(可(ke)以減(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)少(shao)約(yue)4000MW的(de)(de)(de)(de)負(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he))和(he)(he)基(ji)于(yu)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)率變化(hua)率的(de)(de)(de)(de)減(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)載(zai)(zai)(zai)計(ji)劃(hua)(hua)(可(ke)減(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)少(shao)約(yue)6000MW的(de)(de)(de)(de)負(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he))。然而，2項計(ji)劃(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)施(shi)并(bing)(bing)未減(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)少(shao)足夠的(de)(de)(de)(de)負(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)，導致除了(le)(le)Badax-p二和(he)(he)NAPS幾(ji)個小區域外的(de)(de)(de)(de)北部(bu)電網(wang)崩潰在“7.31”第二次(ci)電網(wang)崩潰前(qian)，北部(bu)電網(wang)與其他(ta)(ta)電網(wang)首先(xian)解(jie)列(lie)運行(xing)，并(bing)(bing)遭遇(yu)了(le)(le)與第一次(ci)停電事故類(lei)似的(de)(de)(de)(de)“第二道(dao)防線”失效的(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況在緊急情(qing)況卜的(de)(de)(de)(de)低(di)(di)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)減(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)載(zai)(zai)(zai)和(he)(he)基(ji)于(yu)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)率變化(hua)率的(de)(de)(de)(de)減(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)載(zai)(zai)(zai)保護策(ce)略木應能維(wei)持頻(pin)(pin)(pin)率來保證系(xi)統(tong)安(an)全運行(xing)，但印(yin)(yin)度的(de)(de)(de)(de)事故分析報告指出，7月31口并(bing)(bing)沒有監(jian)測到低(di)(di)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)減(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)載(zai)(zai)(zai)和(he)(he)基(ji)于(yu)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)率變化(hua)率的(de)(de)(de)(de)減(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)載(zai)(zai)(zai)保護計(ji)劃(hua)(hua)有適(shi)當的(de)(de)(de)(de)動作(zuo)。

印度(du)(du)電(dian)網(wang)的(de)各級(ji)調度(du)(du)中(zhong)心缺(que)乏(fa)(fa)電(dian)力(li)系統(tong)(tong)動態安全評估(gu)和快速(su)狀態估(gu)計的(de)研(yan)究(jiu)機制，無法有效制定補救措(cuo)施計劃;在(zai)系統(tong)(tong)運行調度(du)(du)過程中(zhong)一也沒有在(zai)計劃外電(dian)力(li)交換(huan)情(qing)況(kuang)(kuang)卜，對功(gong)率透支與過度(du)(du)發電(dian)的(de)情(qing)況(kuang)(kuang)進(jin)行監管。在(zai)這2次(ci)停電(dian)事故(gu)中(zhong)，均發生了在(zai)負荷逐漸(jian)損失的(de)情(qing)況(kuang)(kuang)卜距離保(bao)護誤動現象(xiang)，而且缺(que)乏(fa)(fa)足夠(gou)的(de)無功(gong)補償(chang)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)和動態補償(chang)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)對故(gu)障(zhang)中(zhong)的(de)系統(tong)(tong)電(dian)壓提供支撐。

6電力投資不足

電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)不(bu)足一直是印度(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工業發(fa)展的(de)(de)核心制約因素，印度(du)(du)曾試圖采(cai)取多項措施吸引(yin)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)，但(dan)收效甚(shen)微2003年印度(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)法(fa)案(an)明(ming)確(que)鼓(gu)勵引(yin)入競爭。2005年印度(du)(du)國家(jia)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)發(fa)展政(zheng)策也(ye)提出要在輸電(dian)(dian)環節引(yin)入私人投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)。但(dan)在實際操作中，并未建立完善的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)體制和(he)順暢的(de)(de)資(zi)(zi)(zi)金渠(qu)道(dao)，往往由于(yu)土地糾紛和(he)其他繁(fan)瑣的(de)(de)政(zheng)策障(zhang)礙，導致基礎設施建設資(zi)(zi)(zi)金無法(fa)到位(wei)。另一方面，電(dian)(dian)價(jia)水平等諸多因素也(ye)導致電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)行業難(nan)以吸引(yin)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)。印度(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)機制不(bu)順，存在電(dian)(dian)價(jia)同(tong)收難(nan)、線損居高(gao)不(bu)卜等問(wen)題，印度(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)企(qi)(qi)業普遍虧(kui)損，政(zheng)府補貼對電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)市場運(yun)營(ying)虧(kui)損來說也(ye)是“杯水車薪(xin)”，企(qi)(qi)業缺乏(fa)白(bai)主投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)能力(li)(li)和(he)積極(ji)性

印度大停電對我國電力發展的啟示

印(yin)度2天內連續(xu)2次(ci)發生(sheng)人面積停(ting)電事故(gu)，給當地經濟發展、社會穩定及國(guo)家形象帶(dai)來嚴重(zhong)(zhong)影(ying)響。此次(ci)印(yin)度人停(ting)電事件對我國(guo)電力工業發展具有重(zhong)(zhong)要啟(qi)示(shi)。

電力要適度超前發展并把安全放在首位

電(dian)力(li)(li)是(shi)現代經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)社會(hui)發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)基礎(chu)，也(ye)是(shi)組成(cheng)國民經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)的(de)(de)重要組成(cheng)部分。電(dian)力(li)(li)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)基礎(chu)性(xing)特征、工程建設周期(qi)長、系統運行(xing)備用(yong)需求等(deng)要求電(dian)力(li)(li)發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)必(bi)須適度超前(qian)如果電(dian)力(li)(li)發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)滯后(hou)，就會(hui)成(cheng)為(wei)制(zhi)約經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)社會(hui)發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)和人(ren)(ren)民生活水平提高的(de)(de)瓶頸。印度電(dian)力(li)(li)工業(ye)(ye)基礎(chu)設施薄弱，電(dian)力(li)(li)供(gong)(gong)需矛(mao)盾突(tu)出，電(dian)網安全可(ke)靠供(gong)(gong)電(dian)水平低。近年來，印度電(dian)力(li)(li)持續存在(zai)10%左右的(de)(de)電(dian)力(li)(li)缺}!，而在(zai)夏季用(yong)電(dian)高峰(feng)這(zhe)個比例可(ke)能超過20%如此滯后(hou)的(de)(de)電(dian)力(li)(li)工業(ye)(ye)，不僅(jin)嚴重影響了水民的(de)(de)生活，更讓印度在(zai)對外(wai)招商引(yin)資、經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)方(fang)面都面臨多方(fang)垢病，國際競爭力(li)(li)也(ye)因(yin)此人(ren)(ren)打(da)折扣。

加強電網統籌規劃，夯實電網安全的基礎

無論美加(jia)“8.14”人停電(dian)(dian)、巴西“11.10”人停電(dian)(dian)，還是(shi)木次(ci)印度連續2次(ci)人停電(dian)(dian)，其中一(yi)(yi)個重要原因(yin)就是(shi)電(dian)(dian)網發展(zhan)滯后(hou)，沒(mei)有(you)形成結構堅強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、運(yun)行靈活的(de)(de)主網架(jia)。電(dian)(dian)力系統是(shi)由(you)不同電(dian)(dian)壓等(deng)級設備緊密連接在一(yi)(yi)起(qi)的(de)(de)系統，必須堅持統一(yi)(yi)規(gui)劃、統一(yi)(yi)建(jian)設，從源(yuan)頭上(shang)消除隱患，提高電(dian)(dian)網建(jian)設安(an)全(quan)(quan)質量和抵御白然災(zai)害的(de)(de)能力，滿足能源(yuan)資源(yuan)配置要求和事故情況卜相(xiang)互支(zhi)援的(de)(de)能力。立足我國(guo)(guo)能源(yuan)逆向分布(bu)實際，加(jia)快發展(zhan)特高壓跨區輸電(dian)(dian)，構建(jian)“強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)交(jiao)強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)直(zhi)”的(de)(de)全(quan)(quan)國(guo)(guo)特高壓堅強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)骨干網架(jia)，是(shi)保障(zhang)我國(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)力供應安(an)全(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)必備物質基礎(chu)。

堅持電力系統安全穩定“三道防線”

印度電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)公司縮減電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)維護成木，在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)超(chao)負荷(he)運(yun)行(xing)、頻率卜降時(shi)，技術上沒有相應的(de)“第(di)三(san)(san)道(dao)(dao)(dao)防(fang)線(xian)(xian)”，最(zui)終拖垮整(zheng)個電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)。而在(zai)美(mei)國(guo)等一(yi)些國(guo)家也存在(zai)類似我國(guo)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)安(an)全穩定“三(san)(san)道(dao)(dao)(dao)防(fang)線(xian)(xian)”，但因制度體制等問題，讓“三(san)(san)道(dao)(dao)(dao)防(fang)線(xian)(xian)”運(yun)行(xing)失靈(ling)。隨著我國(guo)人(ren)容量交/直(zhi)流輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)工(gong)程、人(ren)規模間歇式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源的(de)投(tou)運(yun)，交直(zhi)流系(xi)統(tong)拙(zhuo)合關系(xi)增強(qiang)，系(xi)統(tong)運(yun)行(xing)方式(shi)多變，容易(yi)發(fa)生多重擾(rao)動/故障，對(dui)人(ren)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)安(an)全運(yun)行(xing)提出(chu)了更高的(de)要(yao)求需要(yao)進(jin)一(yi)步加強(qiang)“三(san)(san)道(dao)(dao)(dao)防(fang)線(xian)(xian)”建設，落實(shi)《電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統(tong)安(an)全穩定導則》要(yao)求，深入開展系(xi)統(tong)安(an)全穩定分析和校核(he)，健全安(an)全管理制度，提高運(yun)行(xing)維護水平、人(ren)員素(su)質，加強(qiang)安(an)全基礎(chu)管理和細節(jie)控制，以(yi)“嚴(yan)、細、實(shi)”的(de)作風保障電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)安(an)全

加強對電網骨干網架安全保障理論的研究

各國電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)在(zai)向其(qi)(qi)目標網(wang)(wang)(wang)架發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)過(guo)(guo)渡(du)過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)，都(dou)存在(zai)薄弱(ruo)環節(jie)和(he)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)風險，忽視(shi)這些環節(jie)和(he)對相應風險的(de)管(guan)控將加入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)類似于(yu)印度人停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事故的(de)可(ke)能性(xing)(xing)(xing)。為在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)過(guo)(guo)渡(du)過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)避免發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)人面積停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事故，必須樹立(li)立(li)足于(yu)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)、科學(xue)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)觀，結合人電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)及其(qi)(qi)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)運行控制的(de)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)趨勢，進一步加強對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)骨干(gan)網(wang)(wang)(wang)架安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)保障(zhang)理(li)論的(de)研究與技(ji)(ji)(ji)術措(cuo)施的(de)管(guan)理(li)，提(ti)高人電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)監測(ce)、預警(jing)和(he)控制能力，構建時空協調綜(zong)合防御系(xi)統，提(ti)高技(ji)(ji)(ji)術保障(zhang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)能力，保證系(xi)統的(de)長期安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)穩定運行。深化人電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)風險管(guan)理(li)，實現安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)風險的(de)超前分析和(he)流程化控制;開展(zhan)周期性(xing)(xing)(xing)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)、城市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)評價，滾動排查電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)薄弱(ruo)環節(jie)和(he)設(she)備(bei)重人隱患;加強資產全(quan)(quan)(quan)壽命周期管(guan)理(li)和(he)人電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)監督管(guan)理(li);完(wan)善人電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)應急(ji)處置機制等手段和(he)措(cuo)施全(quan)(quan)(quan)過(guo)(guo)程動態防范電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)事故風險。

強化各級電網和調度的一體化運行機制

分析國際上(shang)這(zhe)些人(ren)(ren)(ren)面(mian)積(ji)(ji)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事故(gu)的(de)(de)直接(jie)原因(yin)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)都是因(yin)為管理體(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)混亂、利(li)益主體(ti)多元、調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)指(zhi)令失靈(ling)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)事故(gu)得不(bu)到及(ji)時(shi)控制(zhi)(zhi)，最終(zhong)發展成為人(ren)(ren)(ren)面(mian)積(ji)(ji)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。這(zhe)次印度(du)(du)(du)人(ren)(ren)(ren)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)原因(yin)，再一次說明缺乏統一的(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)管理體(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)和(he)嚴(yan)格的(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)紀律，人(ren)(ren)(ren)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)安全無法得到保(bao)障。長期(qi)以來(lai)，我國電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)實施電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)一體(ti)化運行機制(zhi)(zhi)，實現(xian)了(le)統一高效的(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)管理和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統協(xie)調(diao)(diao)運行，有(you)效降低了(le)重(zhong)(zhong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)事故(gu)風險，沒有(you)發生電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)崩潰和(he)人(ren)(ren)(ren)面(mian)積(ji)(ji)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等重(zhong)(zhong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)及(ji)以上(shang)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)事故(gu)特別是近年來(lai)，在連續遭受歷史罕(han)見的(de)(de)嚴(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)冰災、特人(ren)(ren)(ren)地(di)震及(ji)重(zhong)(zhong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)洪(hong)水、臺風、泥石流等白然災害(hai)的(de)(de)情況卜，我國電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)管理體(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)為確保(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)的(de)(de)安全和(he)可靠供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)發揮了(le)重(zhong)(zhong)要作用

總結

當前(qian)我國(guo)經(jing)濟發(fa)展和(he)(he)負荷(he)需求增長較快(kuai)，結構(gou)(gou)性和(he)(he)季節性電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)緊張時有發(fa)生，新能源發(fa)電(dian)迅猛發(fa)展、并網規模口(kou)益增人，電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)系統的(de)(de)結構(gou)(gou)口(kou)趨(qu)復雜(za)，未(wei)來供電(dian)安全(quan)穩定(ding)問(wen)題將更加(jia)突出(chu)。為此，我國(guo)應積(ji)極從印度人停電(dian)事故中汲取經(jing)驗教訓。在(zai)人力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)增強電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)系統安全(quan)的(de)(de)物(wu)理網絡支撐的(de)(de)同時，要堅持各級電(dian)網和(he)(he)調(diao)度的(de)(de)一體化(hua)運行機制，充分發(fa)揮(hui)電(dian)網統一管理和(he)(he)運行的(de)(de)優勢(shi)，最人限度地提(ti)升電(dian)網調(diao)度安全(quan)保障(zhang)能力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)，為我國(guo)經(jing)濟社會快(kuai)速發(fa)展提(ti)供安全(quan)、可靠、優質、高效的(de)(de)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)供應。