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2012年(nian)8月1日，印(yin)度官(guan)員宣布(bu)，印(yin)度大面積(ji)斷電已經(jing)結束。印(yin)度發生(sheng)的(de)停電事故，覆蓋(gai)了一半(ban)以上的(de)國(guo)(guo)土，直接影響6億(yi)多人的(de)生(sheng)活，是這個南亞國(guo)(guo)家11年(nian)來最嚴重的(de)停電事故。

事故過程

印度(du)北(bei)部和東部地區7月30日(ri)和31日(ri)連續(xu)發生(sheng)兩次大(da)面積(ji)停(ting)電事故。突如(ru)其來(lai)的(de)斷電導(dao)致(zhi)交通陷入(ru)(ru)混(hun)亂，全(quan)國超過300列(lie)火(huo)車(che)停(ting)運，首(shou)都(dou)新德里的(de)地鐵也全(quan)部停(ting)運，造成(cheng)旅客(ke)大(da)量滯(zhi)留，公(gong)路交通出現大(da)面積(ji)擁堵。一些礦工被(bei)困井下(xia)。銀行(xing)系(xi)統(tong)陷入(ru)(ru)癱瘓(huan)，一度(du)給(gei)印度(du)的(de)金融交易帶來(lai)障礙。

第一次事故發生后，印(yin)度(du)電(dian)(dian)力(li)部(bu)門排除故障(zhang)，在(zai)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)后15個小時(shi)內基本恢復了(le)電(dian)(dian)力(li)供應(ying)。但(dan)旁遮普(pu)邦(bang)、哈里(li)(li)亞納邦(bang)以及北(bei)方邦(bang)等幾個地區在(zai)供電(dian)(dian)恢復后繼續超負荷(he)用電(dian)(dian)，導(dao)致了(le)第二(er)次大面積(ji)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)。印(yin)度(du)電(dian)(dian)力(li)部(bu)門因此不(bu)得不(bu)從鄰國(guo)輸入電(dian)(dian)力(li)來(lai)滿足新德里(li)(li)的(de)(de)用電(dian)(dian)需求。截至(zhi)8月1日(ri)，印(yin)度(du)北(bei)部(bu)地區95%的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)力(li)供應(ying)已恢復。

事故分析

貝恩咨(zi)詢公司(si)高級合伙人阿密特·辛(xin)哈認為，此次停(ting)電(dian)事故給印度(du)經濟敲響了(le)警鐘——印度(du)電(dian)力供應至少需(xu)要保持每(mei)年6．5%至7%的增(zeng)速，否則(ze)將會對該國制造(zao)業和出口企(qi)業造(zao)成(cheng)傷害。

印(yin)(yin)度(du)最大(da)行業(ye)協會印(yin)(yin)度(du)工商(shang)聯合(he)會主席(xi)卡諾里亞說：“連(lian)續兩天(tian)如此(ci)大(da)規模的(de)停電，值(zhi)得(de)我們密(mi)切(qie)關(guan)注，這當(dang)然會

對于商業(ye)投資環境本就存在不少問題的印度來說，此次大停電不僅影響企業(ye)生產(chan)和盈(ying)利水(shui)平，還影響到印度在外國投資者(zhe)眼中的形象。

印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)產(chan)業(ye)聯合會理事長(chang)錢德拉吉特·班納吉表(biao)示，印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)經濟近來增長(chang)放緩(huan)，外界本就(jiu)對印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)前景不(bu)太看好(hao)，如今電網(wang)兩(liang)天內連續崩潰無疑(yi)使印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)形象進一(yi)(yi)步(bu)受損，令有意投(tou)資印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)外國企業(ye)望而卻步(bu)。對于一(yi)(yi)個擁有世界約六分之一(yi)(yi)人口的(de)(de)新(xin)興(xing)經濟體，有必要使基(ji)礎設(she)施建設(she)與(yu)印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)強(qiang)國夢想相(xiang)匹配。

事故影響

世界媒體都(dou)在議論印度大(da)停(ting)(ting)電，但任何國(guo)家都(dou)不能否認(ren)自己(ji)也(ye)遭(zao)遇過(guo)大(da)停(ting)(ting)電的歷史，只是(shi)(shi)規(gui)模(mo)和破壞(huai)程度不同罷了。美國(guo)上世紀后半葉，至少出現(xian)三次(ci)大(da)規(gui)模(mo)停(ting)(ting)電事故(gu)，近(jin)十多年(nian)時(shi)間里，美國(guo)至少遭(zao)遇過(guo)數次(ci)大(da)停(ting)(ting)電。如2008年(nian)，佛(fo)羅里達州發生大(da)停(ting)(ting)電，300萬人沒有電力供應；2003年(nian)大(da)停(ting)(ting)電，由密歇根州延伸(shen)至紐約(yue)，最后蔓(man)延到加拿大(da)。危機專家承認(ren)，“一次(ci)大(da)停(ting)(ting)電，即使(shi)是(shi)(shi)數秒(miao)鐘，也(ye)不亞于一場大(da)地震帶(dai)來的破壞(huai)”。

很多新(xin)興經濟(ji)體在經濟(ji)高(gao)(gao)增長的(de)(de)刺激或(huo)尋(xun)求經濟(ji)高(gao)(gao)增長的(de)(de)動機之下，只顧電力開發(fa)，卻(que)忽視(shi)電網安全工(gong)(gong)作，對(dui)電網管(guan)理體制(zhi)改革方面重視(shi)不夠(gou)，導致“缺電”和“有(you)電”下都斷(duan)電停(ting)電的(de)(de)情況，造(zao)成(cheng)大(da)量的(de)(de)浪費和損失。印(yin)度(du)此次發(fa)生的(de)(de)問(wen)(wen)題，對(dui)印(yin)度(du)是個現實教訓(xun)，對(dui)世界(jie)各新(xin)興經濟(ji)體而(er)言(yan)，是給電網安全上了(le)一課。只要(yao)體認“大(da)停(ting)電或(huo)也會發(fa)生在我(wo)們(men)身上”，那么，我(wo)們(men)就(jiu)應該從漠(mo)不關(guan)心(xin)等心(xin)態中(zhong)覺醒過來，把印(yin)度(du)問(wen)(wen)題視(shi)為自己(ji)的(de)(de)問(wen)(wen)題，做好自己(ji)的(de)(de)安全工(gong)(gong)作。

簡介

印度北部和東部地區7月30日和31日連續發

生(sheng)兩(liang)次大(da)面積停(ting)電(dian)事故(gu)。突如其來(lai)的(de)斷電(dian)導致交(jiao)(jiao)通陷入混亂，全國(guo)超(chao)過(guo)300列火車(che)停(ting)運，首都新德里(li)的(de)地鐵也全部停(ting)運，造成旅客大(da)量滯留，公路交(jiao)(jiao)通出(chu)現大(da)面積擁堵。一些(xie)礦工被困井下(xia)。銀行系(xi)統陷入癱瘓，一度(du)給(gei)印度(du)的(de)金融交(jiao)(jiao)易帶來(lai)障礙。

第一次事故發生后，印(yin)度電力部(bu)(bu)門(men)(men)排除故障，在(zai)停(ting)電后15個小時(shi)內基本(ben)恢復了(le)電力供(gong)應(ying)。但旁遮普邦、哈里(li)亞納邦以及北方邦等幾個地區在(zai)供(gong)電恢復后繼(ji)續超負荷用(yong)電，導(dao)致了(le)第二次大面積(ji)停(ting)電。印(yin)度電力部(bu)(bu)門(men)(men)因此不(bu)(bu)得不(bu)(bu)從鄰(lin)國輸入電力來滿(man)足新德里(li)的用(yong)電需求。截至(zhi)8月1日，印(yin)度北部(bu)(bu)地區95%的電力供(gong)應(ying)已恢復。

事故分析

貝恩(en)咨詢公(gong)司高級合伙(huo)人阿密特·辛哈認為，此次停電(dian)事故給印(yin)度經濟敲響了警鐘——印(yin)度電(dian)力(li)供(gong)應(ying)至少需要(yao)保持每年6．5%至7%的增速，否則將(jiang)會對該國制造業(ye)和出(chu)口企(qi)業(ye)造成(cheng)傷害。

印度最大(da)行業協會(hui)印度工(gong)商聯合會(hui)主席卡諾(nuo)里(li)亞說(shuo)：“連(lian)續(xu)兩天如此(ci)大(da)規(gui)模的停電(dian)，值得我(wo)們(men)密切關(guan)注，這當然會(hui)

對于商業投資環(huan)境本就(jiu)存在不少問題的印度來說，此次(ci)大停電不僅影(ying)響企業生(sheng)產(chan)和盈利水平，還影(ying)響到印度在外國投資者(zhe)眼中(zhong)的形象(xiang)。

印度(du)(du)產業聯(lian)合會理(li)事長錢德拉吉特·班納吉表示(shi)，印度(du)(du)經濟近來增(zeng)長放緩(huan)，外界本就對印度(du)(du)前景不太看(kan)好(hao)，如今電網兩天(tian)內(nei)連續崩潰無疑使印度(du)(du)的(de)(de)形象進一(yi)步受損，令有(you)意(yi)投資印度(du)(du)的(de)(de)外國企(qi)業望而卻步。對于一(yi)個擁有(you)世界約六分之一(yi)人口的(de)(de)新興經濟體，有(you)必要使基礎設(she)施建(jian)設(she)與印度(du)(du)的(de)(de)強國夢(meng)想相匹配。

事故影響

世界媒體都在議論(lun)印度(du)大(da)(da)(da)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)，但任(ren)何國(guo)家都不(bu)能否認(ren)(ren)自己也遭(zao)遇過(guo)大(da)(da)(da)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)的歷史，只是(shi)規模(mo)和破(po)壞程度(du)不(bu)同罷了。美(mei)國(guo)上世紀(ji)后(hou)(hou)半葉(xie)，至少出現三次(ci)大(da)(da)(da)規模(mo)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)事(shi)故，近十(shi)多年(nian)時間里(li)，美(mei)國(guo)至少遭(zao)遇過(guo)數次(ci)大(da)(da)(da)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)。如2008年(nian)，佛(fo)羅里(li)達(da)州發生大(da)(da)(da)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)，300萬人沒有電(dian)(dian)力供應；2003年(nian)大(da)(da)(da)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)，由密歇根州延伸至紐約，最(zui)后(hou)(hou)蔓(man)延到加拿大(da)(da)(da)。危機專(zhuan)家承認(ren)(ren)，“一次(ci)大(da)(da)(da)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)，即使是(shi)數秒鐘(zhong)，也不(bu)亞(ya)于一場大(da)(da)(da)地(di)震帶來的破(po)壞”。

很多新興經(jing)濟(ji)體(ti)在經(jing)濟(ji)高(gao)增(zeng)長(chang)的(de)刺激或尋(xun)求經(jing)濟(ji)高(gao)增(zeng)長(chang)的(de)動(dong)機(ji)之下，只(zhi)顧(gu)電力開發(fa)，卻忽視(shi)(shi)(shi)電網(wang)安(an)(an)全(quan)工(gong)作(zuo)，對(dui)電網(wang)管理體(ti)制改革方面重視(shi)(shi)(shi)不夠，導致“缺電”和“有電”下都斷電停(ting)電的(de)情況，造成大(da)量的(de)浪(lang)費和損失(shi)。印度(du)此次發(fa)生的(de)問(wen)題(ti)，對(dui)印度(du)是個現實教訓，對(dui)世界各新興經(jing)濟(ji)體(ti)而(er)言，是給電網(wang)安(an)(an)全(quan)上(shang)了(le)一課。只(zhi)要(yao)體(ti)認(ren)“大(da)停(ting)電或也會發(fa)生在我(wo)們身(shen)上(shang)”，那么，我(wo)們就應該(gai)從漠不關(guan)心等心態(tai)中覺醒過來，把印度(du)問(wen)題(ti)視(shi)(shi)(shi)為自(zi)己的(de)問(wen)題(ti)，做好(hao)自(zi)己的(de)安(an)(an)全(quan)工(gong)作(zuo)。

2012年7月(yue)30口(kou)凌晨(chen)2時(shi)33分開(kai)始(shi)，印(yin)(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)(du)北(bei)(bei)部(bu)地(di)區德(de)里邦、哈利亞納邦、中(zhong)(zhong)央邦、旁遮普邦、拉賈斯(si)坦(tan)邦、北(bei)(bei)安查(cha)爾(er)邦、北(bei)(bei)方邦等9個邦發(fa)生停(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)事(shi)(shi)故(gu)，逾3.7億人(ren)受到影響(xiang)。在上(shang)述(shu)地(di)區恢(hui)復供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)數小時(shi)后，于當(dang)地(di)時(shi)間7月(yue)31口(kou)13時(shi)05分開(kai)始(shi)，印(yin)(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)(du)包括首都新德(de)里在內的(de)東部(bu)、北(bei)(bei)部(bu)和(he)東北(bei)(bei)部(bu)地(di)區電(dian)(dian)網(wang)再(zai)次(ci)發(fa)生人(ren)面(mian)積(ji)停(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)事(shi)(shi)故(gu)，超過20個邦再(zai)次(ci)陷入(ru)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)癱瘓狀態，全國(guo)近一(yi)(yi)半(ban)地(di)區的(de)供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)出(chu)現中(zhong)(zhong)斷，逾6.7億人(ren)口(kou)受到影響(xiang)111印(yin)(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)(du)兩(liang)天之內連續(xu)發(fa)生人(ren)面(mian)積(ji)停(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)事(shi)(shi)故(gu)，是有史以來影響(xiang)人(ren)曰(yue)最多的(de)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)系(xi)統事(shi)(shi)故(gu)，成為世界(jie)范圍(wei)內規(gui)模最人(ren)的(de)停(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)事(shi)(shi)件。印(yin)(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)(du)長期(qi)以來電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)工業基(ji)礎薄弱、基(ji)礎設施落后并(bing)滯后于經濟發(fa)展等矛盾由來己久，這次(ci)事(shi)(shi)件讓印(yin)(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)(du)的(de)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)管理體制、調度(du)(du)(du)防控體系(xi)和(he)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)規(gui)劃建設等方面(mian)諸多問(wen)題(ti)再(zai)次(ci)暴露于公眾(zhong)面(mian)前。與我(wo)國(guo)一(yi)(yi)樣作為正在崛起的(de)發(fa)展中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)家，印(yin)(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)(du)此次(ci)人(ren)停(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)事(shi)(shi)故(gu)對我(wo)國(guo)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)安全運行具有重人(ren)的(de)借(jie)鑒意義。但是我(wo)國(guo)對人(ren)停(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)事(shi)(shi)故(gu)原因研究不深，需要進一(yi)(yi)步深入(ru)分析印(yin)(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)(du)人(ren)停(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)印(yin)(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)(du)的(de)能源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)概況(kuang)。

印(yin)度(du)的能(neng)源資源主要分(fen)布在東(dong)部(bu)和東(dong)北部(bu)地區_以煤炭和水力為(wei)主_其余(yu)為(wei)核電(dian)(dian)(dian)、油電(dian)(dian)(dian)和天然氣發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。主要負(fu)荷中(zhong)(zhong)心及人口稠密地區則集中(zhong)(zhong)在北部(bu)、南部(bu)和西部(bu)地區。印(yin)度(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網的輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)方向主要為(wei)東(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)西送，再輔以北電(dian)(dian)(dian)南送截至2012年(nian)5月，印(yin)度(du)總(zong)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)裝機容量約為(wei)2億kW，其中(zhong)(zhong)火(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)裝機占68.7070，水電(dian)(dian)(dian)占19.2070，核電(dian)(dian)(dian)和其他可再生能(neng)源發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)占12.1%}Z

作為亞洲第三人(ren)經(jing)濟(ji)體，印度(du)(du)(du)過去10年間(jian)經(jing)濟(ji)增(zeng)(zeng)速接近(jin)2位(wei)數，能源消費年均增(zeng)(zeng)速6%但由于投(tou)資不(bu)足，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力工(gong)業發展(zhan)嚴重(zhong)滯后于經(jing)濟(ji)發展(zhan)水平，發電(dian)(dian)(dian)冗(rong)余不(bu)足，跨區輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)能力不(bu)夠，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力供應長(chang)期(qi)處(chu)于短(duan)缺(que)狀態。印度(du)(du)(du)2010-2011年度(du)(du)(du)GDP增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)8.5070，同期(qi)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)機增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)僅為5.56%印度(du)(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力部(bu)預計(ji)2012年印度(du)(du)(du)高峰期(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力缺(que)曰(yue)10.6%左右，全年電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)缺(que)曰(yue)7.3%左右。仍有(you)近(jin)40%的印度(du)(du)(du)家庭(ting)(約2.89億人(ren))沒有(you)用上電(dian)(dian)(dian)，且印度(du)(du)(du)人(ren)部(bu)分地區供電(dian)(dian)(dian)質量(liang)低、停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)頻繁，即使在(zai)首都新德里也經(jing)常拉(la)閘限電(dian)(dian)(dian)。

印(yin)度電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)由五人區(qu)域(yu)性電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)組成，即北(bei)部(bu)(bu)、東部(bu)(bu)、西(xi)部(bu)(bu)、東北(bei)部(bu)(bu)和(he)南部(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)。印(yin)度電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)的電(dian)壓(ya)等級主(zhu)要(yao)有765kV,500 kV，400kV，220kV和(he)132kV北(bei)部(bu)(bu)、東部(bu)(bu)、西(xi)部(bu)(bu)、東北(bei)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)實(shi)現了交(jiao)流(liu)400kV同步聯網(wang)(wang)(wang)，形成中央電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(New Grid)。南部(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)與(yu)中央電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)通過直(zhi)流(liu)異步聯接(jie)。此外印(yin)度東部(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)通過400kV交(jiao)流(liu)與(yu)不(bu)月-電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)互(hu)(hu)聯印(yin)度交(jiao)流(liu)同步電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)區(qu)域(yu)間(jian)互(hu)(hu)聯情況.

印度輸電網結構分為3層，即國家電網(跨區域(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)卜(bu)區域(yu)(yu)內跨邦(bang)(bang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)一邦(bang)(bang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)。其中跨區和跨電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)由中央(yang)政府(fu)(fu)所有(you)的(de)(de)印(yin)度(du)國家電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)公司(si)(PGCIL)擁(yong)有(you)，并負責運(yun)行(xing)管理(li);邦(bang)(bang)內輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)資產由邦(bang)(bang)政府(fu)(fu)所有(you)的(de)(de)邦(bang)(bang)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)公司(si)(STUB)或邦(bang)(bang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力局(未改革邦(bang)(bang))管理(li)從印(yin)度(du)交(jiao)(jiao)流互聯網(wang)跨區主(zhu)(zhu)網(wang)架(jia)來看(kan)，區域(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)之間通(tong)過1同765kV交(jiao)(jiao)流，23同400kV交(jiao)(jiao)流、10同220kV交(jiao)(jiao)流、1個(ge)士400kV直(zhi)(zhi)流背靠背和1個(ge)士500kV直(zhi)(zhi)流互聯。區域(yu)(yu)內主(zhu)(zhu)網(wang)架(jia)主(zhu)(zhu)要是以(yi)400kV/220kV電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁環網(wang)為主(zhu)(zhu)。印(yin)度(du)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)由邦(bang)(bang)政府(fu)(fu)所有(you)或私有(you)的(de)(de)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)公司(si)擁(yong)有(you)并負責運(yun)行(xing)管理(li)一個(ge)邦(bang)(bang)內有(you)多(duo)個(ge)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)公司(si)，完全私營(ying)的(de)(de)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)公司(si)有(you)17個(ge)，主(zhu)(zhu)要分布(bu)在德里、奧里薩、占吉拉特、孟買(mai)等(deng)邦(bang)(bang)

在調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)環(huan)節，印度(du)(du)(du)(du)電(dian)力系統(tong)調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)分3級(ji)，分別由(you)國家調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)中(zhong)心(NLDC)，區域(yu)調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)中(zhong)心}RLDC)、邦(bang)調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)中(zhong)心(CBLDC)負(fu)(fu)責(ze)。其中(zhong)NLDC負(fu)(fu)責(ze)跨區域(yu)輸電(dian)線路調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)，5個RLDC負(fu)(fu)責(ze)區域(yu)內電(dian)網調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)，各(ge)邦(bang)SLDC負(fu)(fu)責(ze)邦(bang)內電(dian)網調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)。調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)機構與電(dian)網所有者合(he)一，NLDC和(he)RLDC由(you)印度(du)(du)(du)(du)國家電(dian)網公司(si)管理，SLDC由(you)邦(bang)輸電(dian)公司(si)或電(dian)力局管理。

2印度“7.30"，"7.31”大停電事故直接原因

印度電(dian)(dian)力部在事(shi)故(gu)后組成特別(bie)小組展開全面的事(shi)故(gu)調(diao)查，并(bing)于(yu)s月I6口(kou)公(gong)布了事(shi)故(gu)調(diao)查報告(gao)，報告(gao)詳細地分析(xi)了引起印度連續兩(liang)起人停電(dian)(dian)事(shi)故(gu)的直接原因。

2012年(nian)7月30口，由(you)于(yu)Bina-Gwalior 400kV線路跳(tiao)開，在北(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)和西部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)解(jie)列后，由(you)西部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)供給北(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)負(fu)荷的(de)潮(chao)流轉移到“西部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)一(yi)東部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)一(yi)北(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)”的(de)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)絡通道，導(dao)致系(xi)統發(fa)生(sheng)功率振蕩(dang)由(you)于(yu)振蕩(dang)中心在北(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)和東部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)間的(de)斷面上(shang)，致使相(xiang)應的(de)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)絡線跳(tiao)開，造成北(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)和印度(du)交流互(hu)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)系(xi)統其他部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)解(jie)列。由(you)于(yu)系(xi)統頻率過低以及區域內進一(yi)步的(de)功率振蕩(dang)，北(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統最終崩潰。

2012年7月31口，由于(yu)Bina-Gwalior 400kV線路跳(tiao)開(kai)(kai)，在北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)和(he)西(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)解(jie)列以后(hou)(hou)，用于(yu)滿足北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)區域負荷的(de)潮流轉(zhuan)移到“西(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)一(yi)東(dong)(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)一(yi)北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)”的(de)聯絡通(tong)道(dao)，導致系統(tong)發(fa)生(sheng)功(gong)率(lv)振(zhen)(zhen)蕩7月31口的(de)系統(tong)振(zhen)(zhen)蕩中心在東(dong)(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)內(nei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)，靠(kao)近東(dong)(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)和(he)西(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)斷面，因(yin)此(ci)，在導致了(le)(le)東(dong)(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)內(nei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)相應線路跳(tiao)開(kai)(kai)之(zhi)后(hou)(hou)，東(dong)(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)中的(de)一(yi)小(xiao)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分(Ranchi和(he)Rourkela)，以及西(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)區域電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)和(he)印(yin)度(du)交流互(hu)聯系統(tong)其他部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分解(jie)列。這造成了(le)(le)北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)和(he)東(dong)(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)間斷面的(de)功(gong)率(lv)振(zhen)(zhen)蕩，并進(jin)一(yi)步(bu)導致了(le)(le)北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)區域電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)和(he)“東(dong)(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)+東(dong)(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)”系統(tong)的(de)解(jie)列。隨后(hou)(hou)，所有3個區域電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、東(dong)(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、東(dong)(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu))由于(yu)區域內(nei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)功(gong)率(lv)振(zhen)(zhen)蕩造成多同線路跳(tiao)開(kai)(kai)，系統(tong)頻率(lv)過(guo)低以及在不同地區的(de)過(guo)電(dian)壓，最終北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、東(dong)(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、東(dong)(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)力系統(tong)崩潰。

根(gen)據(ju)印(yin)度的(de)(de)調查報告，2次事故(gu)(gu)當天的(de)(de)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)錄(lu)波(bo)器結果均(jun)(jun)顯(xian)(xian)示，系(xi)統中并沒有監測到(dao)有故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)發(fa)生(sheng)。在2次事故(gu)(gu)發(fa)生(sheng)前，由于西(xi)部電(dian)(dian)網(wang)和北部電(dian)(dian)網(wang)斷(duan)面(mian)(mian)，以及靠近(jin)東(dong)部電(dian)(dian)網(wang)和西(xi)部電(dian)(dian)網(wang)斷(duan)面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)多條(tiao)區域間聯(lian)(lian)絡(luo)線停運(yun)導(dao)致跨區通(tong)道(dao)弱(ruo)聯(lian)(lian)系(xi)，系(xi)統間的(de)(de)輸電(dian)(dian)能力(li)被顯(xian)(xian)著削(xue)弱(ruo)。西(xi)部電(dian)(dian)網(wang)和北部電(dian)(dian)網(wang)斷(duan)面(mian)(mian)均(jun)(jun)只有Bina-Agra 400kV(單同(tong))一條(tiao)交流主干聯(lian)(lian)絡(luo)線路處于運(yun)行狀態。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)內(nei)(nei)的(de)(de)邦負荷調度中(zhong)心對區域負荷調度中(zhong)心要求(qiu)其降低邦內(nei)(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力公(gong)(gong)司(si)透支用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，以及要求(qiu)西部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)內(nei)(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力公(gong)(gong)司(si)降低發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)出力的(de)(de)指令響應不充分部(bu)分北部(bu)區域電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力公(gong)(gong)司(si)透支用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，產生了(le)計劃(hua)外的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力交(jiao)換，導致(zhi)了(le)西部(bu)與(yu)北部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)間唯一保持運行的(de)(de)400kV聯絡線(xian)處于高載(zai)荷狀態，并超過了(le)線(xian)路白身的(de)(de)額定功率(lv)。距離保護(hu)繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器3段保護(hu)動作使得該(gai)線(xian)路跳開，導致(zhi)北部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)和西部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)解列。

在(zai)(zai)北(bei)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)和(he)西(xi)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)解(jie)列后，由西(xi)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)供給北(bei)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)負荷的潮(chao)流(liu)轉移到“西(xi)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)一東(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)一北(bei)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)”的聯(lian)絡(luo)通道(dao)，導(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)發生(sheng)振蕩(dang)在(zai)(zai)2次連(lian)續(xu)人面積停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事故中，振蕩(dang)中心分別在(zai)(zai)北(bei)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)和(he)東(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)間的斷(duan)面上，及在(zai)(zai)靠近東(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)和(he)西(xi)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)斷(duan)面的東(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)內部(bu)(bu)，致(zhi)(zhi)使相(xiang)應的聯(lian)絡(luo)線(xian)和(he)主干線(xian)路跳(tiao)開(kai)，北(bei)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)和(he)印度交流(liu)互(hu)聯(lian)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)其他部(bu)(bu)分解(jie)列。由于各個區域內系(xi)(xi)統(tong)頻率過(guo)低以及進一步的功率振蕩(dang)等(deng)原因(yin)導(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)崩潰，最(zui)終造成人面積停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事故

在(zai)這2次人面積停電(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)故中，西(xi)部電(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統通過在(zai)區域內采取(qu)高(gao)頻(pin)切機措施，得(de)以(yi)幸免南部電(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統從(cong)東部電(dian)(dian)(dian)網和西(xi)部電(dian)(dian)(dian)網饋入電(dian)(dian)(dian)力，也在(zai)7月31口的事(shi)故中得(de)以(yi)幸免，在(zai)事(shi)故發生(sheng)后依然從(cong)西(xi)部電(dian)(dian)(dian)網饋入部分電(dian)(dian)(dian)力，并采取(qu)了若干(gan)防御(yu)機制，如白動低頻(pin)減負荷(he)以(yi)及逐(zhu)漸提升高(gao)壓直流(liu)受電(dian)(dian)(dian)功率

印度大停電事故的深層次原因分析

人(ren)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)統一(yi)防控(kong)體系(xi)是以(yi)堅(jian)強(qiang)網(wang)(wang)架為基礎的(de)、基于人(ren)安全(quan)觀的(de)、以(yi)統一(yi)規劃、統一(yi)調(diao)度、統一(yi)管理為手段的(de)人(ren)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)安全(quan)防御與運行(營)控(kong)制體系(xi)。該體系(xi)的(de)不(bu)完(wan)善是木次(ci)印度連續發生人(ren)面積(ji)停電(dian)事故的(de)深層次(ci)原因

1網架結構不夠堅強，區域間交換能力不足

受印度(du)電(dian)力(li)工業的經營(ying)與管理(li)體制(zhi)限制(zhi)，各級電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)建設(she)缺乏區(qu)(qu)(qu)域間(jian)統(tong)籌(chou)協調(diao)，區(qu)(qu)(qu)域主網(wang)(wang)(wang)架(jia)以400kV/220kV電(dian)磁環網(wang)(wang)(wang)為主，沒有合理(li)的分層分區(qu)(qu)(qu)，網(wang)(wang)(wang)架(jia)結構較易(yi)引發穩定破(po)壞。400kV線路作為主干(gan)網(wang)(wang)(wang)架(jia)己不滿足印度(du)經濟的快速增長對(dui)電(dian)力(li)負(fu)荷的需要，765kV系統(tong)剛剛啟動(dong)建設(she)，還未成網(wang)(wang)(wang)。跨區(qu)(qu)(qu)主網(wang)(wang)(wang)架(jia)之間(jian)呈弱(ruo)連接，一旦(dan)局部故(gu)障引發連鎖反(fan)應，或者(zhe)區(qu)(qu)(qu)域電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)白身發電(dian)能(neng)力(li)人幅減少，各區(qu)(qu)(qu)域間(jian)彼(bi)此難以形成有力(li)的支援，加入了發生人面積停電(dian)的可能(neng)性。

2電網發展缺乏統一規劃

印度(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網規(gui)劃(hua)、建(jian)設主體和(he)(he)資產歸屬(shu)復雜(za)，主要包括印度(du)國家電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網公(gong)(gong)司(si)、邦(bang)(bang)(bang)屬(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力公(gong)(gong)司(si)以及私人企業印度(du)國家電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網公(gong)(gong)司(si)負責區(qu)域(yu)及跨(kua)區(qu)域(yu)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線路的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)劃(hua)，邦(bang)(bang)(bang)屬(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力公(gong)(gong)司(si)負責邦(bang)(bang)(bang)內輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網絡(luo)的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)劃(hua)。盡(jin)管(guan)由隸屬(shu)于印度(du)國家電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網公(gong)(gong)司(si)的(de)(de)(de)5個區(qu)域(yu)級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力調度(du)中心負責協(xie)調和(he)(he)管(guan)理有關邦(bang)(bang)(bang)之間(jian)(jian)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線路的(de)(de)(de)相關事務(wu)，但其對邦(bang)(bang)(bang)內電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力公(gong)(gong)司(si)并無(wu)管(guan)理關系，無(wu)力有效實(shi)現跨(kua)區(qu)、跨(kua)邦(bang)(bang)(bang)和(he)(he)邦(bang)(bang)(bang)內電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網的(de)(de)(de)統一規(gui)劃(hua)，各區(qu)域(yu)間(jian)(jian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展規(gui)劃(hua)較難形成合理的(de)(de)(de)匹配(pei)和(he)(he)有效的(de)(de)(de)銜接。除上述所(suo)述的(de)(de)(de)長期(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網規(gui)劃(hua)問(wen)題外，印度(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網還(huan)存在短期(qi)運行規(gui)劃(hua)中，區(qu)域(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網、邦(bang)(bang)(bang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網的(de)(de)(de)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線路停運計劃(hua)不協(xie)調的(de)(de)(de)嚴重問(wen)題，并因此直接造(zao)成了區(qu)域(yu)間(jian)(jian)聯絡(luo)線的(de)(de)(de)功率(lv)調控能力缺失。

3電網缺乏統一調度機制

除(chu)了固有的發電(dian)冗(rong)余不(bu)足，調(diao)峰(feng)能(neng)力弱(ruo)等(deng)客(ke)觀原(yuan)因外，此次事(shi)故暴露出印度(du)電(dian)網調(diao)度(du)體制不(bu)健(jian)全，電(dian)網運行缺乏統一(yi)調(diao)度(du)，不(bu)同級調(diao)度(du)機構約束能(neng)力弱(ruo)、跨(kua)(kua)邦跨(kua)(kua)區調(diao)度(du)協(xie)調(diao)能(neng)力不(bu)足，調(diao)度(du)指(zhi)(zhi)揮(hui)不(bu)暢(chang)，調(diao)度(du)指(zhi)(zhi)令失(shi)靈等(deng)問(wen)題。

印度(du)(du)(du)實(shi)行分(fen)散的調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)體制，存(cun)在國家、區域(yu)、邦(bang)級以(yi)及邦(bang)內各地(di)區4級以(yi)上的調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)管理(li)_缺乏(fa)統(tong)一調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)機(ji)(ji)(ji)制。各邦(bang)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)機(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)獨立于(yu)國家和區域(yu)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)機(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)，主要受當地(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)局或(huo)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)公司(si)管理(li)。國家調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)機(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)對邦(bang)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)機(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)的約束能(neng)力(li)較弱，白(bai)上而卜的調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)和管理(li)的無(wu)法做到“一票(piao)到底(di)”。當區域(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)與邦(bang)級電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)發生(sheng)矛(mao)盾時，需(xu)向電(dian)(dian)(dian)監會反應并(bing)由電(dian)(dian)(dian)監會負責協調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)解決(jue)。事故中北(bei)部(bu)各邦(bang)不服從區域(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)，使電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)設備持續維(wei)持超負荷運(yun)(yun)行，區域(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)指(zhi)令對各邦(bang)超計劃受電(dian)(dian)(dian)無(wu)能(neng)為(wei)(wei)力(li)。印度(du)(du)(du)多位電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)官員表示，各州沒有按照(zhao)規定(ding)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)整(zheng)負荷需(xu)求，致(zhi)使跨邦(bang)聯絡線超負荷運(yun)(yun)行，導(dao)致(zhi)了系(xi)統(tong)崩潰此外，印度(du)(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)運(yun)(yun)行標準(zhun)偏低，調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)裕度(du)(du)(du)不足印度(du)(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)運(yun)(yun)營模(mo)式允許用頻率換用電(dian)(dian)(dian)量的行為(wei)(wei)，系(xi)統(tong)運(yun)(yun)行經常出現背離計劃的情況(kuang)，而且輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)頻率的正常運(yun)(yun)行范(fan)圍值為(wei)(wei)48.5--50.2Hz，允許頻率偏差較人，這些造(zao)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)運(yun)(yun)行長(chang)期處于(yu)緊張狀態。

4電力管理體制分散，缺乏統一管理

印度(du)電(dian)力(li)管理體(ti)制(zhi)缺乏集(ji)約化，各(ge)邦(bang)(bang)政府對電(dian)力(li)改革擁有較高白(bai)主權(quan)，使(shi)得(de)各(ge)邦(bang)(bang)改革進程不盡相同，統(tong)籌協(xie)調發(fa)展(zhan)實現困難(nan)。發(fa)、輸、配電(dian)所有權(quan)和經營(ying)權(quan)分散，利(li)益主體(ti)多元，電(dian)網發(fa)展(zhan)長期各(ge)白(bai)為政，注重局部(bu)(bu)利(li)益，不重視整體(ti)安全(quan)，電(dian)網管理水(shui)平偏低、線損(sun)高、人部(bu)(bu)分電(dian)力(li)企業處于虧損(sun)狀態(tai)、投資能(neng)力(li)弱。

一(yi)方面(mian)，由于印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)推行以私有化為(wei)方向的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)改(gai)革(ge)(ge)，輸配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網在體(ti)(ti)制上(shang)(shang)并非一(yi)體(ti)(ti)化運行;另(ling)一(yi)方面(mian)，印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網管(guan)理(li)體(ti)(ti)制為(wei)中央(yang)和邦(bang)2個(ge)層次的(de)分散管(guan)理(li)模式(shi)，各邦(bang)政府(fu)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)改(gai)革(ge)(ge)擁有較(jiao)高(gao)白(bai)主(zhu)權邦(bang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)監會(hui)不受(shou)中央(yang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)監會(hui)管(guan)理(li)，邦(bang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)監會(hui)在邦(bang)內發、輸、配、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)交易和輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)定價等方面(mian)有較(jiao)高(gao)的(de)白(bai)主(zhu)權這(zhe)種(zhong)整體(ti)(ti)層面(mian)比(bi)較(jiao)分散的(de)管(guan)理(li)體(ti)(ti)制與模式(shi)，在很人程度(du)(du)(du)上(shang)(shang)造成(cheng)了印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)發展很難(nan)形成(cheng)統(tong)(tong)一(yi)、科學(xue)的(de)規劃。加入了印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網建設與運行難(nan)度(du)(du)(du)，也影響了印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)企業運營(ying)與積極性，導(dao)致印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)在整體(ti)(ti)上(shang)(shang)統(tong)(tong)籌協調發展實現困難(nan)。

5電網系統保護與設備運行的功能不健全

印度配電(dian)網(wang)保(bao)護(hu)體系中的(de)(de)(de)“第二(er)道防線”不健全(quan)(quan)，基于頻(pin)(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)變(bian)(bian)化率(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)(de)減(jian)(jian)(jian)載(zai)(zai)措施(shi)和低(di)(di)(di)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)減(jian)(jian)(jian)載(zai)(zai)措施(shi)實施(shi)不力。在“7.30”第一次北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)崩潰(kui)(kui)前，北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)與(yu)(yu)其他電(dian)網(wang)解列運行(xing)(xing)。北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)損失(shi)約5800MW外(wai)來電(dian)，導(dao)致頻(pin)(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)降低(di)(di)(di)。為了(le)改善(shan)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)，避免系統(tong)崩潰(kui)(kui)，北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)實施(shi)了(le)低(di)(di)(di)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)減(jian)(jian)(jian)載(zai)(zai)計劃(hua)(可以減(jian)(jian)(jian)少(shao)約4000MW的(de)(de)(de)負荷)和基于頻(pin)(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)變(bian)(bian)化率(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)(de)減(jian)(jian)(jian)載(zai)(zai)計劃(hua)(可減(jian)(jian)(jian)少(shao)約6000MW的(de)(de)(de)負荷)。然(ran)而，2項計劃(hua)的(de)(de)(de)實施(shi)并未(wei)減(jian)(jian)(jian)少(shao)足夠的(de)(de)(de)負荷，導(dao)致除(chu)了(le)Badax-p二(er)和NAPS幾個(ge)小區(qu)域(yu)外(wai)的(de)(de)(de)北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)崩潰(kui)(kui)在“7.31”第二(er)次電(dian)網(wang)崩潰(kui)(kui)前，北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)與(yu)(yu)其他電(dian)網(wang)首先解列運行(xing)(xing)，并遭遇了(le)與(yu)(yu)第一次停(ting)電(dian)事(shi)故(gu)類似(si)的(de)(de)(de)“第二(er)道防線”失(shi)效的(de)(de)(de)情況(kuang)在緊急情況(kuang)卜的(de)(de)(de)低(di)(di)(di)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)減(jian)(jian)(jian)載(zai)(zai)和基于頻(pin)(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)變(bian)(bian)化率(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)(de)減(jian)(jian)(jian)載(zai)(zai)保(bao)護(hu)策(ce)略木應能(neng)維持(chi)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)來保(bao)證系統(tong)安全(quan)(quan)運行(xing)(xing)，但印度的(de)(de)(de)事(shi)故(gu)分析報告指出，7月31口并沒有監測到低(di)(di)(di)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)減(jian)(jian)(jian)載(zai)(zai)和基于頻(pin)(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)變(bian)(bian)化率(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)(de)減(jian)(jian)(jian)載(zai)(zai)保(bao)護(hu)計劃(hua)有適當的(de)(de)(de)動作。

印度(du)電(dian)網的各(ge)級調度(du)中(zhong)(zhong)心缺乏電(dian)力系(xi)(xi)統(tong)動態安全評估(gu)和(he)快速狀態估(gu)計的研究(jiu)機制，無(wu)法有(you)效制定補救(jiu)措(cuo)施(shi)計劃;在(zai)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)運行調度(du)過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)一也沒有(you)在(zai)計劃外電(dian)力交(jiao)換情(qing)況卜，對(dui)功率透支與過(guo)度(du)發電(dian)的情(qing)況進行監(jian)管。在(zai)這(zhe)2次停電(dian)事故中(zhong)(zhong)，均發生了在(zai)負荷逐(zhu)漸損失的情(qing)況卜距離保護誤動現象，而且缺乏足夠的無(wu)功補償裝置和(he)動態補償裝置對(dui)故障中(zhong)(zhong)的系(xi)(xi)統(tong)電(dian)壓提供支撐。

6電力投資不足

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)投(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)不(bu)(bu)足(zu)一直是印(yin)度電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)業發(fa)(fa)展的(de)(de)核心制(zhi)約因(yin)素(su)，印(yin)度曾試圖(tu)采取多項措施(shi)(shi)吸引電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)投(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)，但(dan)收效甚微2003年印(yin)度電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)法案明(ming)確鼓勵(li)引入競爭。2005年印(yin)度國家電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)發(fa)(fa)展政(zheng)策也(ye)提出要(yao)在(zai)(zai)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)環節引入私人(ren)投(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)。但(dan)在(zai)(zai)實際操作中，并未(wei)建立完善的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)投(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)體制(zhi)和順暢的(de)(de)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)金渠(qu)道(dao)，往往由于土(tu)地糾紛和其他繁瑣的(de)(de)政(zheng)策障礙，導(dao)致(zhi)基礎(chu)設(she)施(shi)(shi)建設(she)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)金無法到位。另一方面，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)水(shui)平等諸多因(yin)素(su)也(ye)導(dao)致(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)行業難以吸引投(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)。印(yin)度電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)機制(zhi)不(bu)(bu)順，存在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)同(tong)收難、線損(sun)居(ju)高(gao)不(bu)(bu)卜(bu)等問(wen)題，印(yin)度電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)企(qi)業普遍虧損(sun)，政(zheng)府補貼(tie)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)市場運營(ying)虧損(sun)來(lai)說也(ye)是“杯水(shui)車(che)薪”，企(qi)業缺乏白(bai)主投(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)能(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)和積極性

印度大停電對我國電力發展的啟示

印度2天內連續2次(ci)發生人面(mian)積停(ting)電(dian)(dian)事故，給(gei)當(dang)地經濟發展、社會穩(wen)定及國家形象(xiang)帶來嚴(yan)重影響。此次(ci)印度人停(ting)電(dian)(dian)事件(jian)對我國電(dian)(dian)力工業(ye)發展具有重要啟(qi)示。

電力要適度超前發展并把安全放在首位

電(dian)(dian)力(li)是現(xian)代經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)社會(hui)發展(zhan)的(de)基礎(chu)(chu)，也是組成(cheng)(cheng)國(guo)民(min)(min)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)的(de)重(zhong)要組成(cheng)(cheng)部(bu)分(fen)。電(dian)(dian)力(li)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)的(de)基礎(chu)(chu)性特(te)征、工(gong)程建設周(zhou)期長、系統運行(xing)備(bei)用需求等要求電(dian)(dian)力(li)發展(zhan)必(bi)須(xu)適(shi)度(du)(du)超前如(ru)果電(dian)(dian)力(li)發展(zhan)滯后，就(jiu)會(hui)成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)制約經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)社會(hui)發展(zhan)和人民(min)(min)生(sheng)活水平提(ti)高(gao)的(de)瓶(ping)頸(jing)。印度(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)力(li)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)基礎(chu)(chu)設施(shi)薄(bo)弱，電(dian)(dian)力(li)供需矛盾突出，電(dian)(dian)網安(an)全可(ke)靠供電(dian)(dian)水平低。近(jin)年來(lai)，印度(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)力(li)持續存在10%左右的(de)電(dian)(dian)力(li)缺}!，而在夏(xia)季用電(dian)(dian)高(gao)峰這(zhe)個比例可(ke)能超過20%如(ru)此滯后的(de)電(dian)(dian)力(li)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)，不(bu)僅嚴重(zhong)影響了水民(min)(min)的(de)生(sheng)活，更讓印度(du)(du)在對外招商引(yin)資、經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)發展(zhan)方面(mian)都面(mian)臨多方垢病(bing)，國(guo)際(ji)競爭力(li)也因此人打折(zhe)扣(kou)。

加強電網統籌規劃，夯實電網安全的基礎

無論美加(jia)“8.14”人停(ting)電(dian)、巴西(xi)“11.10”人停(ting)電(dian)，還是(shi)(shi)木(mu)次印度連續2次人停(ting)電(dian)，其中一(yi)個重要原(yuan)因就是(shi)(shi)電(dian)網發展(zhan)滯后，沒有形成結構堅強、運行靈活的(de)主網架。電(dian)力(li)系統是(shi)(shi)由不(bu)同電(dian)壓(ya)等級設備(bei)緊密連接(jie)在(zai)一(yi)起的(de)系統，必(bi)須堅持統一(yi)規(gui)劃、統一(yi)建(jian)設，從源頭上消除(chu)隱患，提高電(dian)網建(jian)設安全質(zhi)量(liang)和(he)抵(di)御白然災害的(de)能(neng)力(li)，滿足(zu)能(neng)源資源配置要求和(he)事故情況卜相互支援的(de)能(neng)力(li)。立足(zu)我國能(neng)源逆向分(fen)布實(shi)際，加(jia)快發展(zhan)特高壓(ya)跨區輸電(dian)，構建(jian)“強交(jiao)強直”的(de)全國特高壓(ya)堅強骨(gu)干網架，是(shi)(shi)保(bao)障我國電(dian)力(li)供應(ying)安全的(de)必(bi)備(bei)物質(zhi)基礎(chu)。

堅持電力系統安全穩定“三道防線”

印(yin)度(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)力(li)公司縮減電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)維(wei)護成木(mu)，在(zai)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)超負(fu)荷運(yun)(yun)行(xing)、頻率卜降時，技術上沒有相應的(de)“第(di)三(san)(san)道(dao)防(fang)(fang)線(xian)(xian)”，最終(zhong)拖垮(kua)整個電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)。而在(zai)美國(guo)等(deng)一些(xie)國(guo)家也存在(zai)類似我國(guo)的(de)電(dian)(dian)力(li)安(an)全(quan)(quan)穩定(ding)“三(san)(san)道(dao)防(fang)(fang)線(xian)(xian)”，但因制(zhi)度(du)(du)體制(zhi)等(deng)問題，讓(rang)“三(san)(san)道(dao)防(fang)(fang)線(xian)(xian)”運(yun)(yun)行(xing)失靈。隨著我國(guo)人(ren)(ren)容量交(jiao)/直流(liu)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)工(gong)程、人(ren)(ren)規模間歇(xie)式(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的(de)投運(yun)(yun)，交(jiao)直流(liu)系統拙合關(guan)系增強，系統運(yun)(yun)行(xing)方式(shi)(shi)多變，容易(yi)發生多重(zhong)擾動(dong)/故障，對人(ren)(ren)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)安(an)全(quan)(quan)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)提出了更高的(de)要求(qiu)需(xu)要進(jin)一步加強“三(san)(san)道(dao)防(fang)(fang)線(xian)(xian)”建設，落實《電(dian)(dian)力(li)系統安(an)全(quan)(quan)穩定(ding)導則》要求(qiu)，深入開展系統安(an)全(quan)(quan)穩定(ding)分(fen)析和(he)校核，健全(quan)(quan)安(an)全(quan)(quan)管(guan)理制(zhi)度(du)(du)，提高運(yun)(yun)行(xing)維(wei)護水平、人(ren)(ren)員素質，加強安(an)全(quan)(quan)基礎(chu)管(guan)理和(he)細節控制(zhi)，以“嚴、細、實”的(de)作風保(bao)障電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)安(an)全(quan)(quan)

加強對電網骨干網架安全保障理論的研究

各國電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)在向其目標(biao)網(wang)(wang)(wang)架發展的(de)(de)過渡過程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)，都(dou)存在薄弱環(huan)(huan)節和(he)(he)(he)安(an)全(quan)風險(xian)，忽(hu)視這些環(huan)(huan)節和(he)(he)(he)對相(xiang)應(ying)風險(xian)的(de)(de)管控將加入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)發生(sheng)類似于(yu)印度人(ren)停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事故(gu)的(de)(de)可能(neng)性(xing)。為在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)發展的(de)(de)過渡過程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)避免(mian)發生(sheng)人(ren)面積(ji)停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事故(gu)，必(bi)須樹立(li)立(li)足于(yu)發展的(de)(de)、科學的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)安(an)全(quan)觀，結合(he)人(ren)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)及其安(an)全(quan)運(yun)行(xing)控制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)技術(shu)發展趨勢(shi)，進一步加強對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)骨干網(wang)(wang)(wang)架安(an)全(quan)保(bao)障理論的(de)(de)研(yan)究與(yu)技術(shu)措(cuo)施的(de)(de)管理，提高(gao)人(ren)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)監測、預警和(he)(he)(he)控制(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)力，構建(jian)時空協(xie)調綜(zong)合(he)防(fang)御系統(tong)，提高(gao)技術(shu)保(bao)障電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)安(an)全(quan)的(de)(de)能(neng)力，保(bao)證系統(tong)的(de)(de)長(chang)期安(an)全(quan)穩定運(yun)行(xing)。深化(hua)人(ren)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)安(an)全(quan)風險(xian)管理，實現安(an)全(quan)風險(xian)的(de)(de)超前(qian)分析和(he)(he)(he)流程(cheng)(cheng)化(hua)控制(zhi)(zhi);開(kai)展周(zhou)(zhou)期性(xing)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)、城市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)安(an)全(quan)性(xing)評(ping)價，滾動排(pai)查(cha)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)薄弱環(huan)(huan)節和(he)(he)(he)設備(bei)重人(ren)隱患;加強資產全(quan)壽命周(zhou)(zhou)期管理和(he)(he)(he)人(ren)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)安(an)全(quan)監督(du)管理;完善人(ren)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)應(ying)急處(chu)置機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)等手(shou)段和(he)(he)(he)措(cuo)施全(quan)過程(cheng)(cheng)動態(tai)防(fang)范電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)事故(gu)風險(xian)。

強化各級電網和調度的一體化運行機制

分析國際上這些人(ren)(ren)面積(ji)停電(dian)(dian)事(shi)故的(de)(de)直接原(yuan)(yuan)因，人(ren)(ren)都(dou)是因為管(guan)理(li)體制(zhi)(zhi)混亂、利益(yi)主體多元、調度(du)指(zhi)令失靈，電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)事(shi)故得不到及時控制(zhi)(zhi)，最終(zhong)發(fa)展成(cheng)為人(ren)(ren)面積(ji)停電(dian)(dian)。這次印度(du)人(ren)(ren)停電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)原(yuan)(yuan)因，再一次說(shuo)明缺(que)乏統(tong)(tong)(tong)一的(de)(de)調度(du)管(guan)理(li)體制(zhi)(zhi)和(he)(he)嚴(yan)格的(de)(de)調度(du)紀律，人(ren)(ren)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)安全(quan)無法(fa)得到保障。長期以(yi)來，我國電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)實施(shi)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)調度(du)一體化(hua)運行(xing)機制(zhi)(zhi)，實現了統(tong)(tong)(tong)一高效(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)調度(du)管(guan)理(li)和(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)力系統(tong)(tong)(tong)協調運行(xing)，有(you)(you)效(xiao)(xiao)降低了重(zhong)人(ren)(ren)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)事(shi)故風(feng)險，沒有(you)(you)發(fa)生電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)崩潰和(he)(he)人(ren)(ren)面積(ji)停電(dian)(dian)等(deng)(deng)重(zhong)人(ren)(ren)及以(yi)上的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)事(shi)故特別(bie)是近年來，在連續遭受歷史罕見的(de)(de)嚴(yan)重(zhong)冰災、特人(ren)(ren)地震及重(zhong)人(ren)(ren)洪水、臺風(feng)、泥石流等(deng)(deng)白然(ran)災害的(de)(de)情況(kuang)卜，我國電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)調度(du)管(guan)理(li)體制(zhi)(zhi)為確保人(ren)(ren)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)安全(quan)和(he)(he)可靠供電(dian)(dian)發(fa)揮了重(zhong)要作用

總結

當前我(wo)(wo)國經(jing)濟(ji)發(fa)展和(he)負(fu)荷需求增長較快，結構性和(he)季節性電力(li)(li)(li)緊張(zhang)時有發(fa)生，新能(neng)源(yuan)發(fa)電迅猛發(fa)展、并網規模口益增人，電力(li)(li)(li)系統的(de)結構口趨復雜，未來供(gong)電安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)穩(wen)定問題將(jiang)更加(jia)突出。為(wei)此，我(wo)(wo)國應積極從印度人停電事故中(zhong)汲取經(jing)驗教訓。在人力(li)(li)(li)增強電力(li)(li)(li)系統安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)的(de)物理網絡(luo)支撐的(de)同時，要(yao)堅持(chi)各級電網和(he)調度的(de)一體化(hua)運行機(ji)制，充(chong)分(fen)發(fa)揮電網統一管理和(he)運行的(de)優勢，最人限度地(di)提升電網調度安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)保障能(neng)力(li)(li)(li)，為(wei)我(wo)(wo)國經(jing)濟(ji)社會快速(su)發(fa)展提供(gong)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)、可(ke)靠、優質(zhi)、高效的(de)電力(li)(li)(li)供(gong)應。