2012年8月1日(ri),印度官員宣布,印度大面積斷電已經結束。印度發生的停電事(shi)故(gu),覆蓋了一半以上的國(guo)土,直接影響6億(yi)多(duo)人的生活,是這個南亞國(guo)家(jia)11年來(lai)最嚴重(zhong)的停電事(shi)故(gu)。
印度(du)北(bei)部和(he)東部地區7月30日和(he)31日連(lian)續發生兩(liang)次大(da)面(mian)積停(ting)電(dian)事故。突如(ru)其來(lai)的斷電(dian)導致交通陷入(ru)混亂(luan),全國(guo)超過300列(lie)火車停(ting)運(yun)(yun),首都新(xin)德里的地鐵也全部停(ting)運(yun)(yun),造成旅客大(da)量滯留,公路交通出(chu)現大(da)面(mian)積擁(yong)堵。一(yi)些礦工(gong)被(bei)困井下。銀行系(xi)統陷入(ru)癱瘓(huan),一(yi)度(du)給(gei)印度(du)的金融交易帶來(lai)障礙(ai)。
第一次(ci)事(shi)故發生(sheng)后(hou)(hou),印度(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力部門排除故障(zhang),在停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)(hou)15個(ge)小時內基本恢(hui)復(fu)了電(dian)(dian)(dian)力供(gong)應(ying)。但旁遮普邦、哈里(li)亞納(na)邦以及北方邦等(deng)幾個(ge)地區在供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)恢(hui)復(fu)后(hou)(hou)繼(ji)續超(chao)負荷用電(dian)(dian)(dian),導致了第二次(ci)大面積停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。印度(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力部門因此不得不從鄰國(guo)輸入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力來滿足新德里(li)的用電(dian)(dian)(dian)需(xu)求。截至(zhi)8月1日,印度(du)北部地區95%的電(dian)(dian)(dian)力供(gong)應(ying)已(yi)恢(hui)復(fu)。
貝恩咨詢公司高級合伙人(ren)阿(a)密(mi)特(te)·辛哈認為,此次停電(dian)事故給印度經(jing)濟敲響(xiang)了警鐘——印度電(dian)力(li)供應至(zhi)少需要保持每年6.5%至(zhi)7%的增速,否則將(jiang)會(hui)對(dui)該國制(zhi)造業和出口企(qi)業造成傷害。
印度最大行業(ye)協會印度工(gong)商聯(lian)合會主席卡諾里亞說:“連(lian)續兩天如此大規模(mo)的(de)停電(dian),值得我(wo)們密切(qie)關注,這當然會
對(dui)于商業投(tou)資環境本就存在(zai)(zai)不少問題的(de)印度來說,此(ci)次(ci)大停電不僅影響企業生產(chan)和(he)盈利水(shui)平,還影響到印度在(zai)(zai)外(wai)國投(tou)資者(zhe)眼中的(de)形象(xiang)。
印(yin)度(du)產業聯合會理事長(chang)(chang)錢德拉(la)吉特·班納吉表示,印(yin)度(du)經(jing)濟近來(lai)增長(chang)(chang)放緩,外(wai)界(jie)本就(jiu)對(dui)印(yin)度(du)前景不(bu)太看好(hao),如今電網兩天內連續崩潰無疑使印(yin)度(du)的形象進一(yi)步(bu)受損,令(ling)有(you)意投資印(yin)度(du)的外(wai)國企業望而卻步(bu)。對(dui)于(yu)一(yi)個擁有(you)世界(jie)約六分(fen)之(zhi)一(yi)人(ren)口(kou)的新興經(jing)濟體,有(you)必要使基礎設施建(jian)設與印(yin)度(du)的強國夢想相匹(pi)配。
世(shi)界媒體都(dou)在議(yi)論印(yin)度大(da)(da)(da)停(ting)電(dian)(dian),但任何國(guo)(guo)家都(dou)不(bu)能否認自(zi)己也遭遇(yu)過大(da)(da)(da)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)的(de)歷史,只(zhi)是規模和破(po)壞(huai)程度不(bu)同罷(ba)了。美(mei)國(guo)(guo)上世(shi)紀后半葉,至少出現(xian)三次(ci)大(da)(da)(da)規模停(ting)電(dian)(dian)事(shi)故,近十(shi)多年時(shi)間里,美(mei)國(guo)(guo)至少遭遇(yu)過數次(ci)大(da)(da)(da)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)。如2008年,佛羅里達州發生大(da)(da)(da)停(ting)電(dian)(dian),300萬(wan)人(ren)沒(mei)有電(dian)(dian)力供應(ying);2003年大(da)(da)(da)停(ting)電(dian)(dian),由密歇根(gen)州延伸至紐約(yue),最后蔓(man)延到加拿大(da)(da)(da)。危機專家承認,“一(yi)次(ci)大(da)(da)(da)停(ting)電(dian)(dian),即使是數秒鐘,也不(bu)亞于(yu)一(yi)場大(da)(da)(da)地(di)震帶來的(de)破(po)壞(huai)”。
很多新(xin)興(xing)經濟(ji)(ji)體(ti)(ti)在(zai)(zai)經濟(ji)(ji)高(gao)增(zeng)長的(de)刺(ci)激(ji)或尋求經濟(ji)(ji)高(gao)增(zeng)長的(de)動機之(zhi)下,只(zhi)顧電(dian)(dian)(dian)力開發,卻忽視(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網安全工作,對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網管理(li)體(ti)(ti)制改革(ge)方面重視(shi)(shi)不(bu)夠,導致“缺電(dian)(dian)(dian)”和(he)“有電(dian)(dian)(dian)”下都斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)情(qing)況,造成(cheng)大(da)量的(de)浪費(fei)和(he)損(sun)失(shi)。印(yin)度(du)此次發生的(de)問(wen)題(ti),對(dui)印(yin)度(du)是個現實教(jiao)訓,對(dui)世界各新(xin)興(xing)經濟(ji)(ji)體(ti)(ti)而言,是給電(dian)(dian)(dian)網安全上了一課(ke)。只(zhi)要體(ti)(ti)認“大(da)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)或也會發生在(zai)(zai)我們身上”,那么,我們就應該從漠(mo)不(bu)關心(xin)等心(xin)態中覺醒(xing)過來,把(ba)印(yin)度(du)問(wen)題(ti)視(shi)(shi)為自己的(de)問(wen)題(ti),做好自己的(de)安全工作。
印度北部和東部地區7月30日和31日連續發
生兩(liang)次大面積停(ting)電事故。突如其(qi)來(lai)的斷電導致交通陷入混(hun)亂(luan),全(quan)國超過(guo)300列(lie)火車停(ting)運,首都新(xin)德(de)里的地(di)鐵(tie)也全(quan)部停(ting)運,造成旅(lv)客大量滯留,公路交通出現大面積擁(yong)堵(du)。一些礦(kuang)工(gong)被困井(jing)下。銀(yin)行系(xi)統陷入癱瘓(huan),一度(du)給印度(du)的金(jin)融(rong)交易帶來(lai)障(zhang)礙。
第一次(ci)事(shi)故發生后,印(yin)度電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)部(bu)(bu)門排(pai)除故障,在(zai)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)后15個(ge)小時內基(ji)本(ben)恢復了(le)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)供(gong)應(ying)(ying)。但旁(pang)遮普邦、哈里亞納邦以及(ji)北方邦等(deng)幾個(ge)地區在(zai)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)恢復后繼續超(chao)負荷用電(dian)(dian),導(dao)致了(le)第二次(ci)大面積停(ting)電(dian)(dian)。印(yin)度電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)部(bu)(bu)門因此不(bu)(bu)得不(bu)(bu)從鄰國輸入電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)來(lai)滿(man)足(zu)新德里的用電(dian)(dian)需求。截至8月1日,印(yin)度北部(bu)(bu)地區95%的電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)供(gong)應(ying)(ying)已(yi)恢復。
貝恩咨(zi)詢公司高(gao)級合伙人阿密特·辛哈認為,此次停電(dian)事(shi)故給(gei)印(yin)度經(jing)濟(ji)敲響了警鐘——印(yin)度電(dian)力(li)供應至少需要保持每(mei)年6.5%至7%的增速,否則將會對該國(guo)制造業(ye)(ye)和出口企業(ye)(ye)造成傷害(hai)。
印(yin)度(du)最(zui)大(da)(da)行業協會(hui)印(yin)度(du)工(gong)商聯合會(hui)主席卡諾里亞說:“連續兩天如此(ci)大(da)(da)規模的停電,值得我們密切關注,這(zhe)當然會(hui)
對于商業投資環境本(ben)就存在不少問題的印(yin)度(du)來說,此次大停電不僅影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)企業生產和(he)盈利水平,還影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)到(dao)印(yin)度(du)在外國投資者眼中的形象(xiang)。
印(yin)度(du)(du)產業聯合會理事長錢德拉吉特·班(ban)納吉表(biao)示,印(yin)度(du)(du)經濟近(jin)來增長放緩(huan),外(wai)界本就對印(yin)度(du)(du)前景不(bu)太看好,如今電網(wang)兩天(tian)內連續崩潰(kui)無疑使印(yin)度(du)(du)的(de)形象(xiang)進一(yi)步(bu)受損(sun),令有意投(tou)資(zi)印(yin)度(du)(du)的(de)外(wai)國企業望而卻步(bu)。對于(yu)一(yi)個(ge)擁有世界約六分(fen)之一(yi)人口的(de)新興經濟體(ti),有必要使基礎設施建設與印(yin)度(du)(du)的(de)強國夢想(xiang)相匹配。
世(shi)(shi)界媒體都在議論印度(du)大(da)(da)(da)停(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)電(dian),但任何國家(jia)都不能(neng)否認自己也遭遇(yu)過大(da)(da)(da)停(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)電(dian)的(de)歷史,只(zhi)是(shi)規(gui)(gui)模和破(po)壞程度(du)不同(tong)罷了。美(mei)(mei)國上世(shi)(shi)紀后(hou)(hou)半葉,至少(shao)出現三次大(da)(da)(da)規(gui)(gui)模停(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)電(dian)事故(gu),近十多年時間(jian)里,美(mei)(mei)國至少(shao)遭遇(yu)過數(shu)次大(da)(da)(da)停(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)電(dian)。如(ru)2008年,佛羅里達州(zhou)發生大(da)(da)(da)停(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)電(dian),300萬人沒有電(dian)力供應;2003年大(da)(da)(da)停(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)電(dian),由密歇根州(zhou)延伸至紐(niu)約,最后(hou)(hou)蔓延到加拿大(da)(da)(da)。危(wei)機專(zhuan)家(jia)承認,“一次大(da)(da)(da)停(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)電(dian),即使是(shi)數(shu)秒鐘,也不亞于一場大(da)(da)(da)地(di)震(zhen)帶來的(de)破(po)壞”。
很多新興經濟(ji)體(ti)在經濟(ji)高增(zeng)長的(de)(de)刺激或尋求經濟(ji)高增(zeng)長的(de)(de)動(dong)機之(zhi)下,只顧電(dian)(dian)力(li)開發,卻忽視(shi)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)安(an)(an)全(quan)工作,對電(dian)(dian)網(wang)管理體(ti)制改革(ge)方面重(zhong)視(shi)不夠,導致“缺電(dian)(dian)”和“有電(dian)(dian)”下都斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)停電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)情況,造成大(da)量的(de)(de)浪費(fei)和損失(shi)。印度此次發生的(de)(de)問(wen)題(ti),對印度是個現實教(jiao)訓,對世界各(ge)新興經濟(ji)體(ti)而言,是給電(dian)(dian)網(wang)安(an)(an)全(quan)上了一課。只要(yao)體(ti)認“大(da)停電(dian)(dian)或也會發生在我們身上”,那么,我們就應該從漠不關心等(deng)心態中覺(jue)醒過來,把印度問(wen)題(ti)視(shi)為(wei)自己的(de)(de)問(wen)題(ti),做好自己的(de)(de)安(an)(an)全(quan)工作。
2012年(nian)7月30口(kou)凌晨2時33分(fen)開始,印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)(du)北(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)地(di)區德里邦(bang)(bang)(bang)、哈利亞納邦(bang)(bang)(bang)、中(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)邦(bang)(bang)(bang)、旁遮(zhe)普邦(bang)(bang)(bang)、拉賈(jia)斯(si)坦邦(bang)(bang)(bang)、北(bei)(bei)(bei)安查爾邦(bang)(bang)(bang)、北(bei)(bei)(bei)方邦(bang)(bang)(bang)等(deng)9個邦(bang)(bang)(bang)發(fa)生(sheng)停(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)事(shi)故(gu)(gu),逾3.7億(yi)人(ren)受到影(ying)響。在(zai)(zai)上述地(di)區恢復供(gong)電(dian)(dian)數小時后,于(yu)當地(di)時間7月31口(kou)13時05分(fen)開始,印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)(du)包括首(shou)都新德里在(zai)(zai)內(nei)(nei)的東(dong)部(bu)、北(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)和(he)(he)東(dong)北(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)地(di)區電(dian)(dian)網再次(ci)發(fa)生(sheng)人(ren)面(mian)積停(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)事(shi)故(gu)(gu),超過20個邦(bang)(bang)(bang)再次(ci)陷入電(dian)(dian)力癱瘓狀(zhuang)態,全(quan)國(guo)近一半(ban)地(di)區的供(gong)電(dian)(dian)出現中(zhong)(zhong)斷,逾6.7億(yi)人(ren)口(kou)受到影(ying)響111印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)(du)兩天之內(nei)(nei)連(lian)續發(fa)生(sheng)人(ren)面(mian)積停(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)事(shi)故(gu)(gu),是有(you)史以來影(ying)響人(ren)曰最多(duo)的電(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統事(shi)故(gu)(gu),成為世界范圍(wei)內(nei)(nei)規模最人(ren)的停(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)事(shi)件(jian)。印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)(du)長期(qi)以來電(dian)(dian)力工(gong)業基礎薄(bo)弱、基礎設施落(luo)后并滯后于(yu)經濟發(fa)展等(deng)矛盾由來己久(jiu),這次(ci)事(shi)件(jian)讓(rang)印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)(du)的電(dian)(dian)力管理體制、調度(du)(du)(du)(du)防控體系(xi)和(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)網規劃建(jian)設等(deng)方面(mian)諸(zhu)多(duo)問題再次(ci)暴露于(yu)公眾面(mian)前。與(yu)我國(guo)一樣作為正在(zai)(zai)崛(jue)起的發(fa)展中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)家,印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)(du)此次(ci)人(ren)停(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)事(shi)故(gu)(gu)對我國(guo)電(dian)(dian)網安全(quan)運行具有(you)重(zhong)人(ren)的借鑒意(yi)義(yi)。但是我國(guo)對人(ren)停(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)事(shi)故(gu)(gu)原(yuan)因研究不深(shen),需要進一步(bu)深(shen)入分(fen)析(xi)印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)(du)人(ren)停(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)(du)的能源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)力概(gai)況。
印度的能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)資源(yuan)(yuan)主(zhu)要分布在東部(bu)(bu)(bu)和(he)(he)(he)東北部(bu)(bu)(bu)地區_以煤炭和(he)(he)(he)水力為主(zhu)_其余為核電(dian)、油電(dian)和(he)(he)(he)天然(ran)氣發(fa)電(dian)。主(zhu)要負荷中(zhong)(zhong)心及(ji)人口稠密(mi)地區則集(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)在北部(bu)(bu)(bu)、南(nan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)和(he)(he)(he)西部(bu)(bu)(bu)地區。印度電(dian)網(wang)的輸電(dian)方向(xiang)主(zhu)要為東電(dian)西送(song),再輔以北電(dian)南(nan)送(song)截至2012年5月,印度總(zong)發(fa)電(dian)裝(zhuang)機容(rong)量約為2億(yi)kW,其中(zhong)(zhong)火電(dian)裝(zhuang)機占(zhan)68.7070,水電(dian)占(zhan)19.2070,核電(dian)和(he)(he)(he)其他可(ke)再生能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)電(dian)占(zhan)12.1%}Z
作為亞(ya)洲第三人(ren)經濟體(ti),印度(du)過去(qu)10年(nian)間經濟增(zeng)(zeng)速接(jie)近(jin)2位數,能(neng)源消費(fei)年(nian)均增(zeng)(zeng)速6%但由于(yu)投資不(bu)足(zu),電(dian)(dian)(dian)力工業發(fa)展嚴重滯(zhi)后于(yu)經濟發(fa)展水平,發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)冗余(yu)不(bu)足(zu),跨區(qu)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)力不(bu)夠,電(dian)(dian)(dian)力供應長期(qi)處于(yu)短缺(que)(que)狀態。印度(du)2010-2011年(nian)度(du)GDP增(zeng)(zeng)長8.5070,同(tong)期(qi)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)裝機(ji)增(zeng)(zeng)長僅為5.56%印度(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力部(bu)(bu)預計2012年(nian)印度(du)高峰期(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力缺(que)(que)曰10.6%左右(you),全(quan)年(nian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量缺(que)(que)曰7.3%左右(you)。仍有(you)(you)近(jin)40%的印度(du)家庭(約2.89億(yi)人(ren))沒(mei)有(you)(you)用上電(dian)(dian)(dian),且印度(du)人(ren)部(bu)(bu)分地區(qu)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)質(zhi)量低、停電(dian)(dian)(dian)頻繁,即使在首都新德里也經常(chang)拉閘(zha)限電(dian)(dian)(dian)。
印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)電網(wang)由五人(ren)區域性(xing)電網(wang)組成,即北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)、東(dong)部(bu)(bu)、西部(bu)(bu)、東(dong)北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)和(he)南部(bu)(bu)電網(wang)。印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)電網(wang)的電壓等級主要有765kV,500 kV,400kV,220kV和(he)132kV北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)、東(dong)部(bu)(bu)、西部(bu)(bu)、東(dong)北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)電網(wang)實現了交(jiao)流400kV同(tong)(tong)步(bu)聯(lian)(lian)網(wang),形成中(zhong)(zhong)央電網(wang)(New Grid)。南部(bu)(bu)電網(wang)與中(zhong)(zhong)央電網(wang)通過(guo)直流異步(bu)聯(lian)(lian)接。此(ci)外印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)東(dong)部(bu)(bu)電網(wang)通過(guo)400kV交(jiao)流與不月(yue)-電網(wang)互聯(lian)(lian)印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)交(jiao)流同(tong)(tong)步(bu)電網(wang)區域間互聯(lian)(lian)情況.
印度輸電網結構分為3層,即國家電網(跨區域(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)卜區域(yu)(yu)內跨邦(bang)(bang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)一邦(bang)(bang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)。其(qi)中跨區和跨電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)由中央(yang)政(zheng)府所(suo)有(you)的印度國家(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)公(gong)司(si)(PGCIL)擁有(you),并(bing)負(fu)責(ze)運行(xing)管理;邦(bang)(bang)內輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)資產(chan)由邦(bang)(bang)政(zheng)府所(suo)有(you)的邦(bang)(bang)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)公(gong)司(si)(STUB)或(huo)(huo)邦(bang)(bang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力局(未(wei)改革邦(bang)(bang))管理從印度交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)互聯(lian)網(wang)跨區主網(wang)架(jia)來看,區域(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)之間(jian)通過1同(tong)(tong)(tong)765kV交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu),23同(tong)(tong)(tong)400kV交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)、10同(tong)(tong)(tong)220kV交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)、1個(ge)(ge)士400kV直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)背靠(kao)背和1個(ge)(ge)士500kV直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)互聯(lian)。區域(yu)(yu)內主網(wang)架(jia)主要(yao)是(shi)以400kV/220kV電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁環網(wang)為主。印度配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)由邦(bang)(bang)政(zheng)府所(suo)有(you)或(huo)(huo)私(si)(si)有(you)的配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)公(gong)司(si)擁有(you)并(bing)負(fu)責(ze)運行(xing)管理一個(ge)(ge)邦(bang)(bang)內有(you)多個(ge)(ge)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)公(gong)司(si),完全私(si)(si)營的配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)公(gong)司(si)有(you)17個(ge)(ge),主要(yao)分(fen)布在德里、奧里薩、占(zhan)吉拉特、孟買等邦(bang)(bang)
在調度(du)(du)(du)環節,印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)電(dian)力(li)系統調度(du)(du)(du)分3級,分別由(you)國(guo)家調度(du)(du)(du)中(zhong)心(NLDC),區(qu)(qu)域(yu)調度(du)(du)(du)中(zhong)心}RLDC)、邦調度(du)(du)(du)中(zhong)心(CBLDC)負(fu)(fu)(fu)責。其中(zhong)NLDC負(fu)(fu)(fu)責跨區(qu)(qu)域(yu)輸電(dian)線路調度(du)(du)(du),5個RLDC負(fu)(fu)(fu)責區(qu)(qu)域(yu)內(nei)電(dian)網(wang)調度(du)(du)(du),各邦SLDC負(fu)(fu)(fu)責邦內(nei)電(dian)網(wang)調度(du)(du)(du)。調度(du)(du)(du)機構與電(dian)網(wang)所有者(zhe)合一,NLDC和(he)RLDC由(you)印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)國(guo)家電(dian)網(wang)公(gong)司(si)管(guan)理,SLDC由(you)邦輸電(dian)公(gong)司(si)或(huo)電(dian)力(li)局管(guan)理。
2印度“7.30","7.31”大停電事故直接原因
印(yin)度電(dian)力部在事故(gu)后組(zu)成特別小組(zu)展開全面的事故(gu)調查,并于s月I6口公布了(le)事故(gu)調查報(bao)告,報(bao)告詳細地分析了(le)引(yin)起(qi)印(yin)度連續兩起(qi)人停電(dian)事故(gu)的直接原因。
2012年(nian)7月(yue)30口,由(you)于Bina-Gwalior 400kV線路跳(tiao)開,在(zai)(zai)北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)和(he)西部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)解(jie)列后,由(you)西部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)供給北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)負荷的(de)(de)(de)潮流轉移到“西部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)一東部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)一北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)”的(de)(de)(de)聯絡通道(dao),導致系統(tong)發生功(gong)率振蕩(dang)(dang)由(you)于振蕩(dang)(dang)中心在(zai)(zai)北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)和(he)東部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)間的(de)(de)(de)斷面(mian)上,致使相應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)聯絡線跳(tiao)開,造成北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)和(he)印度交流互聯系統(tong)其他部(bu)(bu)(bu)分解(jie)列。由(you)于系統(tong)頻率過(guo)低以及區域內進(jin)一步的(de)(de)(de)功(gong)率振蕩(dang)(dang),北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)力系統(tong)最終崩潰。
2012年(nian)7月31口(kou),由于(yu)Bina-Gwalior 400kV線路(lu)跳開,在(zai)北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)和(he)(he)西(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)解(jie)(jie)(jie)列以(yi)后,用于(yu)滿足北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)區域(yu)(yu)負荷(he)的潮流(liu)轉(zhuan)移到(dao)“西(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)一(yi)東部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)一(yi)北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)”的聯(lian)絡通(tong)道(dao),導(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)發生功率振(zhen)蕩(dang)7月31口(kou)的系(xi)(xi)統(tong)振(zhen)蕩(dang)中心在(zai)東部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)內(nei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu),靠(kao)近(jin)東部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)和(he)(he)西(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)斷(duan)面(mian),因此,在(zai)導(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)了(le)(le)東部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)內(nei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)相應線路(lu)跳開之后,東部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)中的一(yi)小部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(Ranchi和(he)(he)Rourkela),以(yi)及(ji)西(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)區域(yu)(yu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)和(he)(he)印度交流(liu)互(hu)聯(lian)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)其他部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)解(jie)(jie)(jie)列。這造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)了(le)(le)北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)和(he)(he)東部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)間斷(duan)面(mian)的功率振(zhen)蕩(dang),并進一(yi)步導(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)了(le)(le)北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)區域(yu)(yu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)和(he)(he)“東部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)+東北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)”系(xi)(xi)統(tong)的解(jie)(jie)(jie)列。隨后,所有(you)3個區域(yu)(yu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、東部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、東北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu))由于(yu)區域(yu)(yu)內(nei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)功率振(zhen)蕩(dang)造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)多(duo)同線路(lu)跳開,系(xi)(xi)統(tong)頻率過低以(yi)及(ji)在(zai)不(bu)同地(di)區的過電(dian)壓,最終(zhong)北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、東部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、東北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)力系(xi)(xi)統(tong)崩(beng)潰。
根據(ju)印度(du)的調(diao)查(cha)報告(gao),2次事故當天的故障(zhang)錄波器結果均顯示,系(xi)統中并沒有監(jian)測到有故障(zhang)發生(sheng)。在2次事故發生(sheng)前,由(you)于(yu)(yu)西(xi)部(bu)電(dian)網(wang)和北部(bu)電(dian)網(wang)斷(duan)面,以及靠(kao)近東部(bu)電(dian)網(wang)和西(xi)部(bu)電(dian)網(wang)斷(duan)面的多條區域間聯絡線(xian)停(ting)運導致跨區通(tong)道弱聯系(xi),系(xi)統間的輸(shu)電(dian)能力被顯著削弱。西(xi)部(bu)電(dian)網(wang)和北部(bu)電(dian)網(wang)斷(duan)面均只有Bina-Agra 400kV(單同)一條交(jiao)流(liu)主干聯絡線(xian)路處(chu)于(yu)(yu)運行狀(zhuang)態(tai)。
電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)內的(de)邦(bang)負荷調(diao)度(du)中(zhong)心對區(qu)域負荷調(diao)度(du)中(zhong)心要求(qiu)其降低(di)邦(bang)內電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)公(gong)(gong)司(si)透支(zhi)用電(dian)(dian)(dian),以及要求(qiu)西部電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)內電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)公(gong)(gong)司(si)降低(di)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)出(chu)力(li)的(de)指令響應不充分部分北部區(qu)域電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)公(gong)(gong)司(si)透支(zhi)用電(dian)(dian)(dian),產(chan)生了計劃外的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)交換,導致了西部與(yu)北部電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)間(jian)唯一(yi)保持運行(xing)的(de)400kV聯絡線(xian)處于高載荷狀態,并(bing)超過(guo)了線(xian)路白身的(de)額(e)定功率。距(ju)離保護繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)器3段保護動作使得該(gai)線(xian)路跳(tiao)開,導致北部電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)和西部電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)解列。
在(zai)北(bei)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)和(he)西(xi)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)解(jie)列(lie)后,由西(xi)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)供給北(bei)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)負(fu)荷的潮流轉移到“西(xi)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)一東(dong)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)一北(bei)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)”的聯(lian)絡通道,導致系(xi)統發(fa)生(sheng)振(zhen)蕩在(zai)2次連續人(ren)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)停(ting)電(dian)事(shi)故中(zhong),振(zhen)蕩中(zhong)心分別在(zai)北(bei)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)和(he)東(dong)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)間(jian)的斷(duan)面(mian)(mian)上,及(ji)在(zai)靠近東(dong)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)和(he)西(xi)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)斷(duan)面(mian)(mian)的東(dong)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)內部(bu)(bu),致使(shi)相(xiang)應(ying)的聯(lian)絡線(xian)和(he)主干(gan)線(xian)路(lu)跳開,北(bei)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)和(he)印度交(jiao)流互聯(lian)系(xi)統其他部(bu)(bu)分解(jie)列(lie)。由于各個區域內系(xi)統頻率過低(di)以及(ji)進一步的功率振(zhen)蕩等原因導致電(dian)力系(xi)統崩潰,最終(zhong)造(zao)成人(ren)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)停(ting)電(dian)事(shi)故
在(zai)(zai)這(zhe)2次人(ren)面積停電(dian)(dian)(dian)事故中,西部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統通過在(zai)(zai)區(qu)域內采取高頻(pin)(pin)切機措施,得(de)(de)以(yi)幸免(mian)南部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統從東(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網和(he)西部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網饋入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li),也在(zai)(zai)7月31口的事故中得(de)(de)以(yi)幸免(mian),在(zai)(zai)事故發生后依然從西部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網饋入(ru)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li),并采取了若干防御機制(zhi),如白動低頻(pin)(pin)減(jian)負荷以(yi)及逐漸提升(sheng)高壓(ya)直流受電(dian)(dian)(dian)功率
人(ren)電網(wang)統一防(fang)控體(ti)系是以堅強網(wang)架為基礎的(de)(de)、基于人(ren)安全觀的(de)(de)、以統一規劃、統一調(diao)度(du)、統一管(guan)理為手段(duan)的(de)(de)人(ren)電網(wang)安全防(fang)御與(yu)運行(營)控制體(ti)系。該(gai)體(ti)系的(de)(de)不完善是木次印(yin)度(du)連續發生(sheng)人(ren)面積停電事故的(de)(de)深層次原(yuan)因
1網架結構不夠堅強,區域間交換能力不足
受印度(du)電(dian)力(li)工(gong)業的(de)(de)經營與管理(li)體制限(xian)制,各(ge)級電(dian)網(wang)建設(she)缺(que)乏區域間(jian)統(tong)籌協調,區域主網(wang)架(jia)以400kV/220kV電(dian)磁環網(wang)為主,沒有合理(li)的(de)(de)分(fen)層(ceng)分(fen)區,網(wang)架(jia)結構較易引發穩(wen)定破(po)壞(huai)。400kV線路(lu)作為主干網(wang)架(jia)己不滿足印度(du)經濟的(de)(de)快速(su)增長對電(dian)力(li)負荷(he)的(de)(de)需要(yao),765kV系統(tong)剛剛啟動建設(she),還未(wei)成網(wang)。跨(kua)區主網(wang)架(jia)之(zhi)間(jian)呈弱連接,一旦局部故障引發連鎖反應(ying),或者區域電(dian)網(wang)白身發電(dian)能力(li)人(ren)(ren)幅減少,各(ge)區域間(jian)彼此難以形成有力(li)的(de)(de)支(zhi)援,加入了發生人(ren)(ren)面積停電(dian)的(de)(de)可能性(xing)。
2電網發展缺乏統一規劃
印(yin)度電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)規(gui)劃、建設主(zhu)體和(he)資(zi)產歸屬(shu)復(fu)雜,主(zhu)要包(bao)括印(yin)度國(guo)(guo)家(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)公司(si)、邦(bang)屬(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力公司(si)以及私人企業印(yin)度國(guo)(guo)家(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)公司(si)負(fu)責區(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)及跨區(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線路(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)劃,邦(bang)屬(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力公司(si)負(fu)責邦(bang)內(nei)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)絡的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)劃。盡管(guan)由隸屬(shu)于印(yin)度國(guo)(guo)家(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)公司(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)5個區(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力調(diao)(diao)度中心負(fu)責協(xie)調(diao)(diao)和(he)管(guan)理(li)有關邦(bang)之間(jian)(jian)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線路(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相關事務,但其對邦(bang)內(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力公司(si)并無(wu)管(guan)理(li)關系,無(wu)力有效實現跨區(qu)(qu)(qu)、跨邦(bang)和(he)邦(bang)內(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)統一規(gui)劃,各區(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)間(jian)(jian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展規(gui)劃較(jiao)難形成合理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)匹配和(he)有效的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銜接(jie)。除上述所述的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)長期(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)規(gui)劃問題外,印(yin)度電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)還存在短期(qi)運(yun)行規(gui)劃中,區(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)、邦(bang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線路(lu)停運(yun)計(ji)劃不(bu)協(xie)調(diao)(diao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)嚴重(zhong)問題,并因此直接(jie)造成了(le)區(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)間(jian)(jian)聯絡線的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功率調(diao)(diao)控能力缺(que)失。
3電網缺乏統一調度機制
除了固有的發電冗(rong)余不(bu)(bu)足,調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)峰能力弱等(deng)客(ke)觀原因外(wai),此次事故暴露出印度(du)電網(wang)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)體制不(bu)(bu)健全,電網(wang)運(yun)行缺乏統(tong)一調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du),不(bu)(bu)同級調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)機構約束能力弱、跨邦跨區調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)協調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)能力不(bu)(bu)足,調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)指(zhi)揮(hui)不(bu)(bu)暢,調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)指(zhi)令(ling)失靈等(deng)問題(ti)。
印度(du)(du)(du)實行分(fen)散的(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)體制(zhi)(zhi),存在國(guo)家、區域(yu)(yu)、邦(bang)級以及邦(bang)內各(ge)地(di)區4級以上(shang)的(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)管(guan)理(li)_缺(que)乏(fa)統一調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)機(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)。各(ge)邦(bang)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)機(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)獨立于國(guo)家和(he)區域(yu)(yu)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)機(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou),主要(yao)受當(dang)地(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)局或輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)公司管(guan)理(li)。國(guo)家調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)機(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)對邦(bang)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)機(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)的(de)(de)約束(shu)能力(li)(li)較弱(ruo),白(bai)上(shang)而卜的(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)和(he)管(guan)理(li)的(de)(de)無(wu)法做到“一票到底”。當(dang)區域(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)與邦(bang)級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)發生矛盾時(shi),需向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)監(jian)會反應(ying)并由電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)監(jian)會負(fu)責協(xie)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)解決。事故中北部各(ge)邦(bang)不服(fu)從區域(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du),使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)設備持續(xu)維持超(chao)負(fu)荷運(yun)行,區域(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)指令對各(ge)邦(bang)超(chao)計劃受電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)無(wu)能為(wei)力(li)(li)。印度(du)(du)(du)多(duo)位電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)官(guan)員表示,各(ge)州沒有按照規定(ding)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)整負(fu)荷需求(qiu),致使(shi)跨邦(bang)聯絡線超(chao)負(fu)荷運(yun)行,導致了系統崩(beng)潰(kui)此(ci)外,印度(du)(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)運(yun)行標(biao)準偏低,調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)裕度(du)(du)(du)不足印度(du)(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)運(yun)營模式允許用頻(pin)率換用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量的(de)(de)行為(wei),系統運(yun)行經常出現背離計劃的(de)(de)情況(kuang),而且輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)頻(pin)率的(de)(de)正常運(yun)行范圍值為(wei)48.5--50.2Hz,允許頻(pin)率偏差較人,這些造(zao)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)運(yun)行長期(qi)處于緊張狀態。
4電力管理體制分散,缺乏統一管理
印(yin)度電(dian)(dian)力管理體制缺乏集約化,各(ge)(ge)邦(bang)(bang)政府對(dui)電(dian)(dian)力改革(ge)擁有(you)較高(gao)白(bai)主權,使得各(ge)(ge)邦(bang)(bang)改革(ge)進程不(bu)盡相同(tong),統籌協調發(fa)(fa)展實現困難(nan)。發(fa)(fa)、輸、配(pei)電(dian)(dian)所(suo)有(you)權和經營權分(fen)散,利益主體多元,電(dian)(dian)網發(fa)(fa)展長期各(ge)(ge)白(bai)為政,注重(zhong)局部利益,不(bu)重(zhong)視整體安(an)全,電(dian)(dian)網管理水(shui)平偏低、線損高(gao)、人部分(fen)電(dian)(dian)力企業處(chu)于虧損狀(zhuang)態(tai)、投(tou)資(zi)能力弱。
一(yi)方面,由(you)于印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)推(tui)行以私有(you)化為方向的(de)電力(li)(li)(li)改(gai)革,輸配電網在體(ti)(ti)制(zhi)上并非(fei)一(yi)體(ti)(ti)化運行;另一(yi)方面,印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)電網管理(li)(li)體(ti)(ti)制(zhi)為中(zhong)央和(he)邦(bang)2個層次(ci)的(de)分散管理(li)(li)模式(shi),各邦(bang)政府(fu)對電力(li)(li)(li)改(gai)革擁有(you)較高白(bai)主(zhu)權邦(bang)電監會(hui)不(bu)受中(zhong)央電監會(hui)管理(li)(li),邦(bang)電監會(hui)在邦(bang)內發、輸、配、電力(li)(li)(li)交(jiao)易和(he)輸電定價等方面有(you)較高的(de)白(bai)主(zhu)權這種整體(ti)(ti)層面比較分散的(de)管理(li)(li)體(ti)(ti)制(zhi)與(yu)(yu)(yu)模式(shi),在很(hen)人程(cheng)度(du)(du)(du)上造成了(le)(le)印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)電力(li)(li)(li)發展很(hen)難形成統(tong)一(yi)、科學的(de)規劃。加(jia)入了(le)(le)印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)電網建設與(yu)(yu)(yu)運行難度(du)(du)(du),也影響了(le)(le)印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)電力(li)(li)(li)企業運營與(yu)(yu)(yu)積極性(xing),導(dao)致印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)電力(li)(li)(li)在整體(ti)(ti)上統(tong)籌協調發展實現(xian)困難。
5電網系統保護與設備運行的功能不健全
印度配電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)保護(hu)體系中的(de)(de)(de)“第(di)二(er)(er)(er)道防線(xian)(xian)”不健全,基(ji)于頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)變化(hua)率(lv)的(de)(de)(de)減(jian)(jian)載(zai)措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)和(he)(he)(he)低(di)頻(pin)(pin)減(jian)(jian)載(zai)措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)實施(shi)(shi)不力。在“7.30”第(di)一(yi)次(ci)(ci)北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)崩(beng)潰前,北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)與其他電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)解(jie)列(lie)運行。北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)損(sun)失約5800MW外(wai)來電(dian)(dian)(dian),導致頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)降低(di)。為了改善(shan)頻(pin)(pin)率(lv),避免系統(tong)崩(beng)潰,北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)實施(shi)(shi)了低(di)頻(pin)(pin)減(jian)(jian)載(zai)計劃(hua)(可以減(jian)(jian)少(shao)約4000MW的(de)(de)(de)負(fu)荷(he))和(he)(he)(he)基(ji)于頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)變化(hua)率(lv)的(de)(de)(de)減(jian)(jian)載(zai)計劃(hua)(可減(jian)(jian)少(shao)約6000MW的(de)(de)(de)負(fu)荷(he))。然而,2項計劃(hua)的(de)(de)(de)實施(shi)(shi)并未(wei)減(jian)(jian)少(shao)足(zu)夠的(de)(de)(de)負(fu)荷(he),導致除(chu)了Badax-p二(er)(er)(er)和(he)(he)(he)NAPS幾個小區(qu)域(yu)外(wai)的(de)(de)(de)北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)崩(beng)潰在“7.31”第(di)二(er)(er)(er)次(ci)(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)崩(beng)潰前,北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)與其他電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)首(shou)先解(jie)列(lie)運行,并遭遇了與第(di)一(yi)次(ci)(ci)停電(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)故類似的(de)(de)(de)“第(di)二(er)(er)(er)道防線(xian)(xian)”失效的(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況在緊急情(qing)況卜(bu)的(de)(de)(de)低(di)頻(pin)(pin)減(jian)(jian)載(zai)和(he)(he)(he)基(ji)于頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)變化(hua)率(lv)的(de)(de)(de)減(jian)(jian)載(zai)保護(hu)策略木應能維持(chi)頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)來保證系統(tong)安全運行,但印度的(de)(de)(de)事(shi)故分析報告(gao)指出(chu),7月31口(kou)并沒有監測到低(di)頻(pin)(pin)減(jian)(jian)載(zai)和(he)(he)(he)基(ji)于頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)變化(hua)率(lv)的(de)(de)(de)減(jian)(jian)載(zai)保護(hu)計劃(hua)有適當的(de)(de)(de)動作。
印度(du)電(dian)網的(de)各級(ji)調(diao)度(du)中心(xin)缺(que)乏(fa)電(dian)力系(xi)統動態(tai)(tai)安全評估和快(kuai)速(su)狀態(tai)(tai)估計(ji)(ji)的(de)研究機制,無法有效(xiao)制定補救措施計(ji)(ji)劃(hua);在(zai)系(xi)統運行(xing)調(diao)度(du)過程中一也沒有在(zai)計(ji)(ji)劃(hua)外電(dian)力交換情(qing)況(kuang)卜,對功率(lv)透支與過度(du)發電(dian)的(de)情(qing)況(kuang)進(jin)行(xing)監管。在(zai)這2次(ci)停(ting)電(dian)事故中,均發生了在(zai)負荷逐漸損失的(de)情(qing)況(kuang)卜距(ju)離保(bao)護誤動現(xian)象,而且缺(que)乏(fa)足夠(gou)的(de)無功補償裝置和動態(tai)(tai)補償裝置對故障中的(de)系(xi)統電(dian)壓(ya)提供支撐(cheng)。
6電力投資不足
電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)投(tou)資(zi)不足一直是印度電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)工業發展(zhan)的核心制(zhi)約因(yin)素(su),印度曾試(shi)圖采取多項措(cuo)施(shi)吸引電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)投(tou)資(zi),但收(shou)效甚(shen)微(wei)2003年印度電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)法案(an)明確鼓(gu)勵引入(ru)競(jing)爭。2005年印度國家電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)發展(zhan)政(zheng)(zheng)策也(ye)提出要在(zai)輸電(dian)(dian)環節引入(ru)私人投(tou)資(zi)。但在(zai)實際操作中,并未建立完善的電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)投(tou)資(zi)體制(zhi)和(he)順(shun)暢的資(zi)金渠道,往往由于(yu)土地(di)糾紛和(he)其他(ta)繁(fan)瑣的政(zheng)(zheng)策障礙,導致基礎設(she)施(shi)建設(she)資(zi)金無法到位。另一方面(mian),電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)水平等(deng)諸多因(yin)素(su)也(ye)導致電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)行業難(nan)以吸引投(tou)資(zi)。印度電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)機制(zhi)不順(shun),存在(zai)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)同收(shou)難(nan)、線(xian)損(sun)居高不卜等(deng)問題,印度電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)企業普遍虧(kui)損(sun),政(zheng)(zheng)府補貼對電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)市(shi)場運營虧(kui)損(sun)來(lai)說(shuo)也(ye)是“杯水車(che)薪”,企業缺乏白主投(tou)資(zi)能力(li)(li)(li)(li)和(he)積極性(xing)
印度2天內(nei)連(lian)續2次發生人面積停電(dian)(dian)事故,給當地(di)經(jing)濟發展、社會穩(wen)定及國家(jia)形象(xiang)帶來(lai)嚴重影響。此次印度人停電(dian)(dian)事件對我國電(dian)(dian)力(li)工業發展具有重要(yao)啟示(shi)。
電力要適度超前發展并把安全放在首位
電(dian)(dian)力(li)是(shi)現代(dai)經(jing)濟社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎(chu),也是(shi)組成國民(min)經(jing)濟的(de)(de)(de)重要組成部分。電(dian)(dian)力(li)行業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎(chu)性特征(zheng)、工(gong)程建設周期長、系(xi)統運(yun)行備用(yong)需求(qiu)等要求(qiu)電(dian)(dian)力(li)發(fa)展(zhan)必須(xu)適度(du)(du)超(chao)前如果電(dian)(dian)力(li)發(fa)展(zhan)滯(zhi)后,就會(hui)(hui)成為制(zhi)約經(jing)濟社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)發(fa)展(zhan)和人民(min)生(sheng)活水平提高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)瓶(ping)頸。印(yin)度(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)力(li)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)基(ji)礎(chu)設施薄弱,電(dian)(dian)力(li)供(gong)需矛盾突(tu)出,電(dian)(dian)網安全可(ke)(ke)靠供(gong)電(dian)(dian)水平低。近年來(lai),印(yin)度(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)力(li)持(chi)續存(cun)在10%左右的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)力(li)缺}!,而在夏季用(yong)電(dian)(dian)高(gao)峰這個比例(li)可(ke)(ke)能超(chao)過(guo)20%如此滯(zhi)后的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)力(li)工(gong)業(ye)(ye),不僅(jin)嚴重影響了(le)水民(min)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)活,更讓印(yin)度(du)(du)在對外招(zhao)商(shang)引(yin)資、經(jing)濟發(fa)展(zhan)方(fang)面都面臨多(duo)方(fang)垢病,國際競爭力(li)也因此人打折(zhe)扣。
加強電網統籌規劃,夯實電網安全的基礎
無論美加(jia)“8.14”人(ren)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、巴西“11.10”人(ren)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),還(huan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)木次印度(du)連續(xu)2次人(ren)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),其(qi)中一個重要原因就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網發展(zhan)滯后,沒有(you)形成結構堅強(qiang)、運行(xing)靈活的主(zhu)網架。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統(tong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)由不同電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等級設(she)備(bei)緊(jin)密連接在一起的系統(tong),必須(xu)堅持統(tong)一規劃、統(tong)一建(jian)設(she),從源(yuan)頭上消除(chu)隱患,提高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網建(jian)設(she)安全(quan)質量和(he)抵(di)御白然災(zai)害的能(neng)力(li),滿足能(neng)源(yuan)資(zi)源(yuan)配置要求和(he)事故情況卜相互支援的能(neng)力(li)。立足我國能(neng)源(yuan)逆向分(fen)布實際,加(jia)快發展(zhan)特高壓跨區輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),構建(jian)“強(qiang)交強(qiang)直”的全(quan)國特高壓堅強(qiang)骨干網架,是(shi)(shi)(shi)保(bao)障我國電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)供應安全(quan)的必備(bei)物質基礎。
堅持電力系統安全穩定“三道防線”
印度電(dian)力(li)公司縮減電(dian)網維(wei)(wei)護成(cheng)木,在電(dian)網超負荷運(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)、頻率(lv)卜降時,技(ji)術(shu)上沒有相應的(de)(de)“第三(san)道(dao)防線(xian)”,最終拖垮整個電(dian)網。而在美(mei)國(guo)(guo)等(deng)一些國(guo)(guo)家也存在類似我(wo)國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)電(dian)力(li)安全(quan)(quan)穩(wen)定(ding)“三(san)道(dao)防線(xian)”,但因(yin)制(zhi)度體(ti)制(zhi)等(deng)問題,讓“三(san)道(dao)防線(xian)”運(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)失靈。隨著我(wo)國(guo)(guo)人(ren)容量(liang)交(jiao)/直(zhi)流輸(shu)電(dian)工程(cheng)、人(ren)規模(mo)間(jian)歇式電(dian)源的(de)(de)投運(yun)(yun)(yun),交(jiao)直(zhi)流系(xi)(xi)統拙合關系(xi)(xi)增強,系(xi)(xi)統運(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)方式多(duo)變,容易發生(sheng)多(duo)重擾動(dong)/故障,對人(ren)電(dian)網安全(quan)(quan)運(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)提(ti)出了更高(gao)的(de)(de)要(yao)求需要(yao)進一步加強“三(san)道(dao)防線(xian)”建設(she),落實《電(dian)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統安全(quan)(quan)穩(wen)定(ding)導則(ze)》要(yao)求,深入(ru)開展系(xi)(xi)統安全(quan)(quan)穩(wen)定(ding)分析和(he)校核,健全(quan)(quan)安全(quan)(quan)管(guan)(guan)理制(zhi)度,提(ti)高(gao)運(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)維(wei)(wei)護水平、人(ren)員素質,加強安全(quan)(quan)基礎管(guan)(guan)理和(he)細節(jie)控制(zhi),以(yi)“嚴、細、實”的(de)(de)作風保障電(dian)網安全(quan)(quan)
加強對電網骨干網架安全保障理論的研究
各國電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)在向其(qi)目標網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)架發展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)過渡(du)過程(cheng)(cheng)中,都存在薄弱環節(jie)和(he)(he)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)風(feng)險(xian),忽視(shi)這些環節(jie)和(he)(he)對(dui)相(xiang)應風(feng)險(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)控將加入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)發生(sheng)類似于印度人(ren)(ren)(ren)停電(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)故(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)可能性。為在電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)發展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)過渡(du)過程(cheng)(cheng)中避免發生(sheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)面積停電(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)故(gu)(gu),必須樹立立足(zu)于發展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)、科學的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)觀,結(jie)合人(ren)(ren)(ren)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)及其(qi)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)運行(xing)控制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術發展(zhan)趨(qu)勢,進一步加強(qiang)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)骨(gu)干網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)架安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)保障理(li)論的(de)(de)(de)(de)研究與技(ji)術措施的(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)理(li),提(ti)高人(ren)(ren)(ren)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)監(jian)測、預警和(he)(he)控制(zhi)(zhi)能力,構建時空協調綜合防(fang)御系統,提(ti)高技(ji)術保障電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)能力,保證系統的(de)(de)(de)(de)長期(qi)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)穩定運行(xing)。深化人(ren)(ren)(ren)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)風(feng)險(xian)管(guan)理(li),實現(xian)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)風(feng)險(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)超前(qian)分析和(he)(he)流(liu)程(cheng)(cheng)化控制(zhi)(zhi);開展(zhan)周期(qi)性輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)、城(cheng)市電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)性評價(jia),滾(gun)動排(pai)查電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)薄弱環節(jie)和(he)(he)設備重人(ren)(ren)(ren)隱患;加強(qiang)資產全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)壽命(ming)周期(qi)管(guan)理(li)和(he)(he)人(ren)(ren)(ren)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)監(jian)督管(guan)理(li);完善人(ren)(ren)(ren)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)應急處置機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)等手(shou)段和(he)(he)措施全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)過程(cheng)(cheng)動態防(fang)范電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)事(shi)故(gu)(gu)風(feng)險(xian)。
強化各級電網和調度的一體化運行機制
分析國際上(shang)(shang)這些人(ren)(ren)(ren)面(mian)(mian)積停電(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)故(gu)的(de)(de)(de)直接(jie)原因(yin),人(ren)(ren)(ren)都(dou)是(shi)因(yin)為(wei)管理(li)體制混亂、利益(yi)主體多元(yuan)、調(diao)度(du)(du)(du)指令失靈,電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)事(shi)故(gu)得不到及(ji)時控(kong)制,最(zui)終發(fa)展(zhan)成為(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)面(mian)(mian)積停電(dian)(dian)(dian)。這次(ci)印度(du)(du)(du)人(ren)(ren)(ren)停電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)原因(yin),再一(yi)(yi)次(ci)說明缺乏統一(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)調(diao)度(du)(du)(du)管理(li)體制和嚴格的(de)(de)(de)調(diao)度(du)(du)(du)紀(ji)律,人(ren)(ren)(ren)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)安(an)全無法得到保障。長期以來,我國電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)實(shi)施(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)調(diao)度(du)(du)(du)一(yi)(yi)體化運(yun)行機制,實(shi)現了統一(yi)(yi)高效的(de)(de)(de)調(diao)度(du)(du)(du)管理(li)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統協(xie)調(diao)運(yun)行,有(you)(you)效降低了重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)事(shi)故(gu)風險,沒(mei)有(you)(you)發(fa)生電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)崩潰和人(ren)(ren)(ren)面(mian)(mian)積停電(dian)(dian)(dian)等重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)及(ji)以上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)事(shi)故(gu)特別是(shi)近(jin)年來,在連續遭受(shou)歷史罕見的(de)(de)(de)嚴重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)冰災、特人(ren)(ren)(ren)地震(zhen)及(ji)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)洪水、臺風、泥石(shi)流等白(bai)然災害的(de)(de)(de)情況卜,我國電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)調(diao)度(du)(du)(du)管理(li)體制為(wei)確保人(ren)(ren)(ren)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)的(de)(de)(de)安(an)全和可靠供電(dian)(dian)(dian)發(fa)揮了重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要作用
當前我國經濟發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)和負荷需求增長較快(kuai),結(jie)構性(xing)和季節性(xing)電力(li)(li)緊張時有發(fa)(fa)(fa)生(sheng),新(xin)能源(yuan)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電迅猛發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)、并網(wang)(wang)規模口益(yi)增人(ren)(ren),電力(li)(li)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)的結(jie)構口趨復雜,未(wei)來供(gong)電安全穩定(ding)問題將更加突出(chu)。為(wei)此,我國應積極從印度人(ren)(ren)停電事故中汲取(qu)經驗教訓(xun)。在人(ren)(ren)力(li)(li)增強(qiang)電力(li)(li)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)安全的物(wu)理(li)(li)網(wang)(wang)絡支撐的同時,要堅持各級電網(wang)(wang)和調度的一體化運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)機制,充分發(fa)(fa)(fa)揮電網(wang)(wang)統(tong)(tong)(tong)一管(guan)理(li)(li)和運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)的優(you)勢,最(zui)人(ren)(ren)限度地提升(sheng)電網(wang)(wang)調度安全保障(zhang)能力(li)(li),為(wei)我國經濟社(she)會(hui)快(kuai)速發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)提供(gong)安全、可靠、優(you)質、高效的電力(li)(li)供(gong)應。