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2012年8月1日，印(yin)(yin)度(du)官員宣布，印(yin)(yin)度(du)大面(mian)積斷電(dian)已經結束(shu)。印(yin)(yin)度(du)發生(sheng)的(de)(de)停(ting)電(dian)事(shi)故，覆蓋(gai)了一半以上的(de)(de)國(guo)土，直接影響6億多(duo)人的(de)(de)生(sheng)活，是這個(ge)南亞國(guo)家(jia)11年來最嚴重的(de)(de)停(ting)電(dian)事(shi)故。

事故過程

印度(du)北(bei)部(bu)和(he)東部(bu)地區7月(yue)30日(ri)和(he)31日(ri)連續(xu)發生兩次大面(mian)積停(ting)電事故。突(tu)如(ru)其(qi)來(lai)的斷電導(dao)致(zhi)交通陷入混(hun)亂，全國超過(guo)300列火車停(ting)運，首都新德里(li)的地鐵也全部(bu)停(ting)運，造(zao)成(cheng)旅客大量(liang)滯留，公路(lu)交通出現大面(mian)積擁堵。一些礦工(gong)被困井下。銀行系(xi)統陷入癱瘓，一度(du)給印度(du)的金融交易帶(dai)來(lai)障礙。

第一次事故發生后，印(yin)(yin)度電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)部門(men)排除故障(zhang)，在(zai)停電(dian)(dian)后15個小時(shi)內基本恢復了電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)供(gong)應。但(dan)旁(pang)遮普邦(bang)、哈里亞納(na)邦(bang)以(yi)及北方邦(bang)等幾個地區在(zai)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)恢復后繼續超負荷用電(dian)(dian)，導(dao)致了第二次大面積停電(dian)(dian)。印(yin)(yin)度電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)部門(men)因此不得不從鄰國輸(shu)入電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)來滿足新德里的用電(dian)(dian)需求。截(jie)至8月1日，印(yin)(yin)度北部地區95%的電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)供(gong)應已恢復。

事故分析

貝(bei)恩(en)咨詢公司(si)高級合伙人阿(a)密特·辛哈認為，此次停電事故給印(yin)度經濟敲響了警鐘——印(yin)度電力(li)供應(ying)至(zhi)少需(xu)要保(bao)持每年(nian)6．5%至(zhi)7%的(de)增速，否則將會對該(gai)國(guo)制造業(ye)和出口企業(ye)造成傷(shang)害(hai)。

印度最大(da)行業協(xie)會印度工商(shang)聯合會主席卡諾里亞說：“連(lian)續兩天如此大(da)規模的停(ting)電(dian)，值(zhi)得我(wo)們密切關注，這當然會

對于商業(ye)(ye)投(tou)資環境(jing)本(ben)就存在不(bu)少問題的印(yin)度(du)來說(shuo)，此(ci)次大停電不(bu)僅影響企(qi)業(ye)(ye)生(sheng)產和盈利水平，還影響到印(yin)度(du)在外國投(tou)資者眼中的形象。

印(yin)度(du)(du)產業(ye)聯(lian)合會理事長(chang)錢德(de)拉吉特(te)·班納吉表示，印(yin)度(du)(du)經濟(ji)近(jin)來增(zeng)長(chang)放緩，外(wai)界(jie)本就對印(yin)度(du)(du)前景不太看(kan)好，如今電網兩(liang)天內(nei)連續崩潰無疑使(shi)印(yin)度(du)(du)的形象進(jin)一步受損，令(ling)有(you)意投資印(yin)度(du)(du)的外(wai)國企業(ye)望而卻(que)步。對于一個擁有(you)世界(jie)約六分之一人口的新興(xing)經濟(ji)體(ti)，有(you)必要使(shi)基礎設施建設與(yu)印(yin)度(du)(du)的強國夢想相匹配。

事故影響

世(shi)界媒體都在(zai)議(yi)論印(yin)度大(da)(da)(da)停(ting)(ting)電，但(dan)任何國家都不(bu)能否(fou)認自己也遭遇(yu)過大(da)(da)(da)停(ting)(ting)電的歷史，只是規(gui)(gui)模和破(po)壞程度不(bu)同罷了。美國上世(shi)紀(ji)后半葉，至少出(chu)現(xian)三次(ci)(ci)(ci)大(da)(da)(da)規(gui)(gui)模停(ting)(ting)電事(shi)故，近十(shi)多年(nian)時間里(li)(li)，美國至少遭遇(yu)過數次(ci)(ci)(ci)大(da)(da)(da)停(ting)(ting)電。如(ru)2008年(nian)，佛羅里(li)(li)達州發生大(da)(da)(da)停(ting)(ting)電，300萬(wan)人沒有電力供(gong)應；2003年(nian)大(da)(da)(da)停(ting)(ting)電，由密歇根州延伸(shen)至紐約，最(zui)后蔓延到加拿(na)大(da)(da)(da)。危機專家承認，“一次(ci)(ci)(ci)大(da)(da)(da)停(ting)(ting)電，即使是數秒鐘，也不(bu)亞于一場大(da)(da)(da)地震帶(dai)來的破(po)壞”。

很多(duo)新興(xing)經濟(ji)體(ti)在(zai)經濟(ji)高增長的(de)(de)(de)刺激或尋(xun)求經濟(ji)高增長的(de)(de)(de)動機之(zhi)下，只(zhi)顧電(dian)力開(kai)發(fa)，卻忽(hu)視電(dian)網(wang)安全工(gong)作，對(dui)電(dian)網(wang)管理體(ti)制改革(ge)方面重視不(bu)夠，導致“缺電(dian)”和(he)“有電(dian)”下都(dou)斷電(dian)停電(dian)的(de)(de)(de)情況，造成大量的(de)(de)(de)浪費(fei)和(he)損失。印(yin)度(du)(du)此(ci)次發(fa)生的(de)(de)(de)問題(ti)，對(dui)印(yin)度(du)(du)是個現實教(jiao)訓(xun)，對(dui)世界各新興(xing)經濟(ji)體(ti)而(er)言，是給電(dian)網(wang)安全上(shang)了一課。只(zhi)要(yao)體(ti)認“大停電(dian)或也(ye)會發(fa)生在(zai)我(wo)們身(shen)上(shang)”，那么，我(wo)們就應(ying)該從漠(mo)不(bu)關心等(deng)心態(tai)中覺醒過來(lai)，把印(yin)度(du)(du)問題(ti)視為自(zi)己(ji)的(de)(de)(de)問題(ti)，做好自(zi)己(ji)的(de)(de)(de)安全工(gong)作。

簡介

印度北部和東部地區7月30日和31日連續發

生兩次大面積停(ting)電(dian)(dian)事故。突(tu)如其(qi)來的(de)斷電(dian)(dian)導致交(jiao)通(tong)陷(xian)入混亂，全國超過300列火車停(ting)運，首(shou)都新德里(li)的(de)地鐵(tie)也全部(bu)停(ting)運，造成旅客大量滯留(liu)，公路(lu)交(jiao)通(tong)出現大面積擁堵。一些礦工被困(kun)井下。銀行(xing)系(xi)統陷(xian)入癱瘓，一度給(gei)印度的(de)金融交(jiao)易帶(dai)來障(zhang)礙。

第一次事故發(fa)生后，印度電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)部(bu)門(men)(men)排除故障(zhang)，在停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后15個小時內基本(ben)恢復(fu)(fu)了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)供(gong)應。但旁遮普邦(bang)(bang)(bang)、哈里亞納邦(bang)(bang)(bang)以及北方(fang)邦(bang)(bang)(bang)等(deng)幾個地區(qu)(qu)在供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)恢復(fu)(fu)后繼續超負荷用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，導致了(le)第二次大面積(ji)停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。印度電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)部(bu)門(men)(men)因此不(bu)得不(bu)從鄰國輸入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)來滿(man)足(zu)新德里的(de)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)需(xu)求。截至8月1日，印度北部(bu)地區(qu)(qu)95%的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)供(gong)應已恢復(fu)(fu)。

事故分析

貝恩咨詢公(gong)司高級合(he)伙人阿密特·辛(xin)哈認為，此(ci)次(ci)停電事故給印度經濟敲響了警鐘(zhong)——印度電力(li)供應至(zhi)少需要保持每年6．5%至(zhi)7%的(de)增速，否則將會對該國制造業和出口企(qi)業造成傷害。

印(yin)度(du)最大行業協會(hui)印(yin)度(du)工商聯合會(hui)主席(xi)卡諾里亞(ya)說：“連續兩天如此大規(gui)模的停電，值得我(wo)們(men)密切(qie)關注，這當然會(hui)

對于商(shang)業投(tou)資環境本就存在不(bu)少問(wen)題的印度來(lai)說，此次大停電(dian)不(bu)僅影響企業生產和盈利水平(ping)，還影響到印度在外國投(tou)資者眼中的形象。

印(yin)度產業(ye)(ye)聯合會(hui)理事長(chang)錢德拉(la)吉(ji)特·班納吉(ji)表示(shi)，印(yin)度經濟近來增長(chang)放(fang)緩(huan)，外(wai)界(jie)本就對印(yin)度前景不太看好，如今電網兩天內連續崩潰無疑使印(yin)度的形象進一(yi)步(bu)(bu)受損，令有意投資印(yin)度的外(wai)國企業(ye)(ye)望而卻步(bu)(bu)。對于一(yi)個擁(yong)有世界(jie)約(yue)六分之一(yi)人口(kou)的新(xin)興經濟體，有必要使基礎(chu)設施建設與印(yin)度的強(qiang)國夢想(xiang)相匹配。

事故影響

世界媒體都(dou)在議論印度(du)大(da)(da)(da)停(ting)(ting)電，但任何國(guo)家都(dou)不(bu)能否認自己也遭遇過大(da)(da)(da)停(ting)(ting)電的歷(li)史，只是規(gui)模和破壞程度(du)不(bu)同罷了。美國(guo)上世紀后半葉，至(zhi)少出現三次(ci)大(da)(da)(da)規(gui)模停(ting)(ting)電事故(gu)，近十多年(nian)時間里，美國(guo)至(zhi)少遭遇過數次(ci)大(da)(da)(da)停(ting)(ting)電。如2008年(nian)，佛羅里達州(zhou)發生大(da)(da)(da)停(ting)(ting)電，300萬人(ren)沒有電力供應；2003年(nian)大(da)(da)(da)停(ting)(ting)電，由密歇根州(zhou)延伸(shen)至(zhi)紐約(yue)，最后蔓延到加拿大(da)(da)(da)。危機專家承(cheng)認，“一(yi)次(ci)大(da)(da)(da)停(ting)(ting)電，即使是數秒鐘，也不(bu)亞于一(yi)場大(da)(da)(da)地震帶(dai)來(lai)的破壞”。

很多新(xin)興(xing)經濟體在經濟高增長的(de)(de)刺激或尋求經濟高增長的(de)(de)動機(ji)之下(xia)，只顧電(dian)(dian)(dian)力開發，卻(que)忽視(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)安(an)全(quan)工作，對電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)管理體制改(gai)革(ge)方(fang)面重視(shi)不(bu)夠(gou)，導致“缺電(dian)(dian)(dian)”和“有電(dian)(dian)(dian)”下(xia)都斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)停電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)情(qing)況，造成大量的(de)(de)浪(lang)費(fei)和損失。印度(du)(du)此(ci)次發生的(de)(de)問(wen)(wen)題，對印度(du)(du)是個(ge)現實教訓，對世(shi)界各(ge)新(xin)興(xing)經濟體而言，是給電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)安(an)全(quan)上(shang)了一課(ke)。只要體認“大停電(dian)(dian)(dian)或也會(hui)發生在我們身(shen)上(shang)”，那么，我們就(jiu)應該從漠不(bu)關心(xin)等心(xin)態中(zhong)覺(jue)醒(xing)過來(lai)，把印度(du)(du)問(wen)(wen)題視(shi)為自(zi)己(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)問(wen)(wen)題，做好(hao)自(zi)己(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)安(an)全(quan)工作。

2012年7月(yue)30口(kou)(kou)凌(ling)晨2時33分開始，印(yin)(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)(du)北(bei)(bei)(bei)部地(di)(di)區(qu)德(de)里邦(bang)(bang)、哈(ha)利亞納邦(bang)(bang)、中(zhong)(zhong)央邦(bang)(bang)、旁遮普邦(bang)(bang)、拉賈斯(si)坦邦(bang)(bang)、北(bei)(bei)(bei)安(an)查爾邦(bang)(bang)、北(bei)(bei)(bei)方邦(bang)(bang)等(deng)9個邦(bang)(bang)發(fa)生停(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)，逾3.7億人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)受到影響。在(zai)上述地(di)(di)區(qu)恢復(fu)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)數小時后(hou)，于當(dang)地(di)(di)時間7月(yue)31口(kou)(kou)13時05分開始，印(yin)(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)(du)包括首都新德(de)里在(zai)內的(de)東部、北(bei)(bei)(bei)部和東北(bei)(bei)(bei)部地(di)(di)區(qu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)再(zai)(zai)次(ci)(ci)(ci)發(fa)生人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)面(mian)積停(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)，超過(guo)20個邦(bang)(bang)再(zai)(zai)次(ci)(ci)(ci)陷入電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)癱瘓狀態(tai)，全國(guo)(guo)近(jin)一半地(di)(di)區(qu)的(de)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)出現中(zhong)(zhong)斷，逾6.7億人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)口(kou)(kou)受到影響111印(yin)(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)(du)兩天之內連(lian)續發(fa)生人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)面(mian)積停(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)，是(shi)有(you)史以(yi)來影響人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)曰最多(duo)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統事(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)，成為(wei)世界范圍(wei)內規模最人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)停(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)(shi)件。印(yin)(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)(du)長(chang)期以(yi)來電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)工業基礎(chu)薄弱、基礎(chu)設施(shi)落后(hou)并滯后(hou)于經濟(ji)發(fa)展等(deng)矛盾由來己久，這次(ci)(ci)(ci)事(shi)(shi)件讓(rang)印(yin)(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)(du)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)管理(li)體制、調度(du)(du)(du)防控(kong)體系(xi)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)規劃(hua)建(jian)設等(deng)方面(mian)諸(zhu)多(duo)問題再(zai)(zai)次(ci)(ci)(ci)暴露于公眾面(mian)前。與我(wo)國(guo)(guo)一樣作為(wei)正在(zai)崛起的(de)發(fa)展中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)，印(yin)(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)(du)此次(ci)(ci)(ci)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)停(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)對我(wo)國(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)安(an)全運行(xing)具有(you)重(zhong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)借鑒意義。但(dan)是(shi)我(wo)國(guo)(guo)對人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)停(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)原(yuan)因(yin)研究不深(shen)，需(xu)要進一步深(shen)入分析印(yin)(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)(du)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)停(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)印(yin)(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)(du)的(de)能源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)概(gai)況。

印(yin)度(du)的能源(yuan)(yuan)資源(yuan)(yuan)主要分布(bu)在東部(bu)(bu)和東北(bei)部(bu)(bu)地區_以煤炭(tan)和水力(li)為(wei)主_其(qi)余為(wei)核(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、油電(dian)(dian)(dian)和天然(ran)氣發電(dian)(dian)(dian)。主要負荷中心及(ji)人口稠密地區則集中在北(bei)部(bu)(bu)、南(nan)部(bu)(bu)和西部(bu)(bu)地區。印(yin)度(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網的輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)方向主要為(wei)東電(dian)(dian)(dian)西送(song)，再輔(fu)以北(bei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)南(nan)送(song)截至(zhi)2012年5月(yue)，印(yin)度(du)總發電(dian)(dian)(dian)裝機(ji)容量約為(wei)2億kW，其(qi)中火電(dian)(dian)(dian)裝機(ji)占68.7070，水電(dian)(dian)(dian)占19.2070，核(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)和其(qi)他(ta)可再生(sheng)能源(yuan)(yuan)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)占12.1%}Z

作為亞洲(zhou)第三人經濟體，印度過去10年(nian)(nian)間經濟增(zeng)(zeng)速接近2位數(shu)，能(neng)(neng)源消費年(nian)(nian)均增(zeng)(zeng)速6%但由于(yu)投資(zi)不足(zu)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)工(gong)業(ye)發(fa)展嚴重滯后于(yu)經濟發(fa)展水平，發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)冗余(yu)不足(zu)，跨區(qu)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)力(li)不夠，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)供(gong)應長(chang)(chang)期(qi)(qi)處于(yu)短缺狀態。印度2010-2011年(nian)(nian)度GDP增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)(chang)8.5070，同期(qi)(qi)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)裝機(ji)增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)(chang)僅為5.56%印度電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)部(bu)預計(ji)2012年(nian)(nian)印度高(gao)峰期(qi)(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)缺曰10.6%左(zuo)右(you)，全年(nian)(nian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量缺曰7.3%左(zuo)右(you)。仍有近40%的(de)印度家庭(約2.89億人)沒有用上電(dian)(dian)(dian)，且印度人部(bu)分地區(qu)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)質量低、停電(dian)(dian)(dian)頻繁，即使在首(shou)都(dou)新德里(li)也經常拉閘限電(dian)(dian)(dian)。

印(yin)度(du)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)由五人區域性電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)組成，即北(bei)部(bu)、東(dong)部(bu)、西(xi)部(bu)、東(dong)北(bei)部(bu)和(he)南(nan)部(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)。印(yin)度(du)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)的電(dian)壓等級主(zhu)要有765kV,500 kV，400kV，220kV和(he)132kV北(bei)部(bu)、東(dong)部(bu)、西(xi)部(bu)、東(dong)北(bei)部(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)實現了交(jiao)(jiao)流400kV同步聯(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)，形成中(zhong)央(yang)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(New Grid)。南(nan)部(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)與(yu)中(zhong)央(yang)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)通過(guo)直流異(yi)步聯(lian)(lian)接。此外(wai)印(yin)度(du)東(dong)部(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)通過(guo)400kV交(jiao)(jiao)流與(yu)不月-電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)互(hu)聯(lian)(lian)印(yin)度(du)交(jiao)(jiao)流同步電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)區域間互(hu)聯(lian)(lian)情況.

印度輸電網結構分為3層，即國家電網(跨區域(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網卜區(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)內跨(kua)邦(bang)(bang)(bang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網一(yi)邦(bang)(bang)(bang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網。其中(zhong)(zhong)跨(kua)區(qu)(qu)(qu)和跨(kua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網由中(zhong)(zhong)央政(zheng)府所有的(de)(de)印度(du)國(guo)家電(dian)(dian)(dian)網公(gong)(gong)司(PGCIL)擁有，并(bing)負責運行(xing)管(guan)理(li);邦(bang)(bang)(bang)內輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)資產(chan)由邦(bang)(bang)(bang)政(zheng)府所有的(de)(de)邦(bang)(bang)(bang)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)公(gong)(gong)司(STUB)或邦(bang)(bang)(bang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力局(未改革(ge)邦(bang)(bang)(bang))管(guan)理(li)從(cong)印度(du)交流互(hu)聯網跨(kua)區(qu)(qu)(qu)主網架(jia)來看，區(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網之間(jian)通過1同765kV交流，23同400kV交流、10同220kV交流、1個(ge)士400kV直流背(bei)靠背(bei)和1個(ge)士500kV直流互(hu)聯。區(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)內主網架(jia)主要是以400kV/220kV電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁環網為主。印度(du)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)網由邦(bang)(bang)(bang)政(zheng)府所有或私有的(de)(de)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)公(gong)(gong)司擁有并(bing)負責運行(xing)管(guan)理(li)一(yi)個(ge)邦(bang)(bang)(bang)內有多個(ge)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)公(gong)(gong)司，完(wan)全(quan)私營的(de)(de)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)公(gong)(gong)司有17個(ge)，主要分布在德里(li)、奧里(li)薩、占吉拉特、孟買等(deng)邦(bang)(bang)(bang)

在調度(du)(du)(du)環節(jie)，印度(du)(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統(tong)調度(du)(du)(du)分3級，分別由國(guo)家(jia)調度(du)(du)(du)中心(xin)(xin)(NLDC)，區(qu)域調度(du)(du)(du)中心(xin)(xin)}RLDC)、邦(bang)調度(du)(du)(du)中心(xin)(xin)(CBLDC)負(fu)責(ze)。其中NLDC負(fu)責(ze)跨區(qu)域輸電(dian)(dian)線(xian)路(lu)調度(du)(du)(du)，5個RLDC負(fu)責(ze)區(qu)域內(nei)電(dian)(dian)網調度(du)(du)(du)，各(ge)邦(bang)SLDC負(fu)責(ze)邦(bang)內(nei)電(dian)(dian)網調度(du)(du)(du)。調度(du)(du)(du)機構與電(dian)(dian)網所有者合一(yi)，NLDC和RLDC由印度(du)(du)(du)國(guo)家(jia)電(dian)(dian)網公(gong)司管(guan)理，SLDC由邦(bang)輸電(dian)(dian)公(gong)司或(huo)電(dian)(dian)力局管(guan)理。

2印度“7.30"，"7.31”大停電事故直接原因

印(yin)度(du)電(dian)力(li)部在事(shi)(shi)故(gu)后組(zu)成特別小(xiao)組(zu)展開全面的事(shi)(shi)故(gu)調(diao)查，并于s月I6口公布(bu)了(le)事(shi)(shi)故(gu)調(diao)查報告，報告詳細地分析了(le)引起(qi)印(yin)度(du)連續(xu)兩(liang)起(qi)人(ren)停電(dian)事(shi)(shi)故(gu)的直接原因。

2012年7月30口，由于Bina-Gwalior 400kV線(xian)路(lu)跳開，在(zai)北(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)和西部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)解(jie)列后(hou)，由西部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)供給(gei)北(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)負荷(he)的(de)潮流轉移(yi)到“西部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)一東(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)一北(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)”的(de)聯絡通道，導致(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)發生功率振蕩(dang)由于振蕩(dang)中心在(zai)北(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)和東(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)間的(de)斷面(mian)上，致(zhi)(zhi)使相應的(de)聯絡線(xian)跳開，造成北(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)和印度交(jiao)流互聯系(xi)(xi)統(tong)其他部(bu)(bu)(bu)分解(jie)列。由于系(xi)(xi)統(tong)頻率過低以及區(qu)域內進一步的(de)功率振蕩(dang)，北(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)力系(xi)(xi)統(tong)最終崩潰。

2012年7月31口，由于Bina-Gwalior 400kV線(xian)(xian)路跳開，在(zai)北部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)和西部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)解(jie)(jie)列(lie)(lie)以(yi)后(hou)，用于滿足北部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)區(qu)域負荷的潮流轉移到“西部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)一東部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)一北部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)”的聯絡通(tong)道，導致(zhi)系(xi)統(tong)發(fa)生(sheng)功(gong)率振(zhen)(zhen)蕩(dang)(dang)7月31口的系(xi)統(tong)振(zhen)(zhen)蕩(dang)(dang)中心在(zai)東部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)內(nei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)，靠近(jin)東部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)和西部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)斷面，因此，在(zai)導致(zhi)了(le)東部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)內(nei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)相應線(xian)(xian)路跳開之后(hou)，東部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)中的一小(xiao)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分(Ranchi和Rourkela)，以(yi)及(ji)西部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)區(qu)域電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)和印度交(jiao)流互聯系(xi)統(tong)其他部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分解(jie)(jie)列(lie)(lie)。這造成(cheng)了(le)北部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)和東部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)間斷面的功(gong)率振(zhen)(zhen)蕩(dang)(dang)，并進一步導致(zhi)了(le)北部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)區(qu)域電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)和“東部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)+東北部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)”系(xi)統(tong)的解(jie)(jie)列(lie)(lie)。隨(sui)后(hou)，所(suo)有3個區(qu)域電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(北部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、東部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、東北部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu))由于區(qu)域內(nei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)功(gong)率振(zhen)(zhen)蕩(dang)(dang)造成(cheng)多同(tong)線(xian)(xian)路跳開，系(xi)統(tong)頻率過低以(yi)及(ji)在(zai)不同(tong)地區(qu)的過電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，最終北部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、東部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、東北部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統(tong)崩潰。

根據印度(du)的(de)調查報告(gao)，2次(ci)事故當天(tian)的(de)故障錄(lu)波(bo)器結果均(jun)顯示，系(xi)統中并(bing)沒有監測到有故障發生。在(zai)2次(ci)事故發生前(qian)，由(you)于西(xi)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)和北部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)斷面(mian)，以及(ji)靠(kao)近東(dong)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)和西(xi)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)斷面(mian)的(de)多(duo)條區域間聯(lian)絡(luo)線停運(yun)導致跨(kua)區通道弱(ruo)聯(lian)系(xi)，系(xi)統間的(de)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)能力被顯著削(xue)弱(ruo)。西(xi)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)和北部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)斷面(mian)均(jun)只有Bina-Agra 400kV(單同)一(yi)條交流(liu)主干(gan)聯(lian)絡(luo)線路處于運(yun)行狀態。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)內(nei)的(de)邦負荷(he)調度(du)中心對區(qu)域(yu)(yu)負荷(he)調度(du)中心要(yao)求(qiu)其降(jiang)低邦內(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)公司(si)透支用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，以及(ji)要(yao)求(qiu)西部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)內(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)公司(si)降(jiang)低發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)出力(li)的(de)指令響應不充分部(bu)分北部(bu)區(qu)域(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)公司(si)透支用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，產生了計劃外的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)交換，導(dao)致了西部(bu)與北部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)間唯一保持運行的(de)400kV聯(lian)絡線處于高載荷(he)狀態，并超(chao)過了線路白身的(de)額(e)定功(gong)率。距離保護繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)3段(duan)保護動作使(shi)得該線路跳開，導(dao)致北部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)和西部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)解列(lie)。

在(zai)北(bei)部(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)和(he)西(xi)(xi)部(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)解(jie)(jie)列后，由西(xi)(xi)部(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)供給北(bei)部(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)負荷(he)的潮流(liu)轉移到“西(xi)(xi)部(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)一(yi)東部(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)一(yi)北(bei)部(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)”的聯絡通(tong)道，導致系(xi)統(tong)(tong)發生振(zhen)蕩在(zai)2次連續人面積停(ting)電(dian)事(shi)故中(zhong)，振(zhen)蕩中(zhong)心分別在(zai)北(bei)部(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)和(he)東部(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)間的斷面上，及(ji)在(zai)靠近東部(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)和(he)西(xi)(xi)部(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)斷面的東部(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)內部(bu)，致使(shi)相應的聯絡線(xian)和(he)主(zhu)干線(xian)路跳開，北(bei)部(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)和(he)印(yin)度交(jiao)流(liu)互聯系(xi)統(tong)(tong)其他部(bu)分解(jie)(jie)列。由于各個區域內系(xi)統(tong)(tong)頻(pin)率過低以及(ji)進一(yi)步的功率振(zhen)蕩等原因(yin)導致電(dian)力系(xi)統(tong)(tong)崩(beng)潰(kui)，最終造成人面積停(ting)電(dian)事(shi)故

在這(zhe)2次人(ren)面積停(ting)電(dian)(dian)事(shi)故中，西部電(dian)(dian)力(li)系統通過在區域內采取高(gao)頻切機措(cuo)施，得以幸免南部電(dian)(dian)力(li)系統從(cong)東部電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)和西部電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)饋入電(dian)(dian)力(li)，也在7月31口的事(shi)故中得以幸免，在事(shi)故發生后依然從(cong)西部電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)饋入部分電(dian)(dian)力(li)，并采取了(le)若(ruo)干防御機制(zhi)，如白(bai)動低頻減負荷以及逐漸提升高(gao)壓(ya)直流受電(dian)(dian)功率

印度大停電事故的深層次原因分析

人(ren)電網(wang)統(tong)一(yi)防(fang)控(kong)體(ti)系(xi)是以堅強(qiang)網(wang)架為(wei)基(ji)礎的(de)(de)(de)、基(ji)于人(ren)安全觀的(de)(de)(de)、以統(tong)一(yi)規劃、統(tong)一(yi)調度、統(tong)一(yi)管理為(wei)手(shou)段的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)電網(wang)安全防(fang)御與運行(營)控(kong)制體(ti)系(xi)。該體(ti)系(xi)的(de)(de)(de)不完善是木(mu)次(ci)印度連續發(fa)生人(ren)面積停(ting)電事故的(de)(de)(de)深層(ceng)次(ci)原(yuan)因(yin)

1網架結構不夠堅強，區域間交換能力不足

受印度(du)電力(li)(li)(li)工業的(de)(de)經(jing)營(ying)與管理體(ti)制(zhi)限制(zhi)，各級電網(wang)建設(she)缺乏(fa)區域(yu)間(jian)統籌協調，區域(yu)主(zhu)網(wang)架(jia)(jia)以(yi)400kV/220kV電磁環網(wang)為主(zhu)，沒有合理的(de)(de)分層分區，網(wang)架(jia)(jia)結構(gou)較(jiao)易引發(fa)穩定破壞。400kV線路作為主(zhu)干網(wang)架(jia)(jia)己不(bu)滿足印度(du)經(jing)濟(ji)的(de)(de)快速增長對(dui)電力(li)(li)(li)負荷的(de)(de)需要，765kV系統剛剛啟(qi)動建設(she)，還未成(cheng)網(wang)。跨區主(zhu)網(wang)架(jia)(jia)之(zhi)間(jian)呈弱(ruo)連接，一旦局部故障引發(fa)連鎖反應，或(huo)者區域(yu)電網(wang)白身(shen)發(fa)電能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)人幅減少，各區域(yu)間(jian)彼此難以(yi)形成(cheng)有力(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)支援(yuan)，加(jia)入了(le)發(fa)生人面(mian)積停電的(de)(de)可能(neng)(neng)性。

2電網發展缺乏統一規劃

印(yin)度(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)、建(jian)設主體(ti)和資產歸屬復雜，主要包括印(yin)度(du)(du)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網公(gong)(gong)司、邦屬電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)公(gong)(gong)司以(yi)及私(si)人(ren)企業印(yin)度(du)(du)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網公(gong)(gong)司負責(ze)(ze)區(qu)域及跨區(qu)域輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路的(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)，邦屬電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)公(gong)(gong)司負責(ze)(ze)邦內輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)網絡(luo)的(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)。盡(jin)管由隸屬于印(yin)度(du)(du)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網公(gong)(gong)司的(de)(de)5個區(qu)域級電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)調(diao)度(du)(du)中(zhong)心負責(ze)(ze)協調(diao)和管理有關(guan)邦之間輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路的(de)(de)相關(guan)事務(wu)，但其(qi)對(dui)邦內電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)公(gong)(gong)司并無管理關(guan)系，無力(li)有效實現跨區(qu)、跨邦和邦內電(dian)(dian)(dian)網的(de)(de)統一規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)，各區(qu)域間電(dian)(dian)(dian)網的(de)(de)發展規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)較難形成(cheng)合理的(de)(de)匹配和有效的(de)(de)銜接(jie)。除上(shang)述所(suo)述的(de)(de)長(chang)期電(dian)(dian)(dian)網規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)問題外，印(yin)度(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網還存在短期運行規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)中(zhong)，區(qu)域電(dian)(dian)(dian)網、邦電(dian)(dian)(dian)網的(de)(de)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路停運計劃(hua)不協調(diao)的(de)(de)嚴重(zhong)問題，并因(yin)此直接(jie)造成(cheng)了區(qu)域間聯(lian)絡(luo)線(xian)的(de)(de)功率調(diao)控能力(li)缺(que)失。

3電網缺乏統一調度機制

除了固(gu)有(you)的發電(dian)冗余不(bu)(bu)足，調(diao)峰能力(li)弱等客觀原(yuan)因(yin)外，此(ci)次事故(gu)暴(bao)露出(chu)印度(du)(du)電(dian)網調(diao)度(du)(du)體制不(bu)(bu)健全(quan)，電(dian)網運(yun)行缺乏統一調(diao)度(du)(du)，不(bu)(bu)同(tong)級調(diao)度(du)(du)機構(gou)約(yue)束能力(li)弱、跨邦跨區(qu)調(diao)度(du)(du)協調(diao)能力(li)不(bu)(bu)足，調(diao)度(du)(du)指揮不(bu)(bu)暢，調(diao)度(du)(du)指令失靈等問題。

印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)(du)實行分散(san)的(de)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)體制，存在國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)、區(qu)域、邦(bang)(bang)級(ji)以及邦(bang)(bang)內各地區(qu)4級(ji)以上的(de)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)管理_缺乏統(tong)(tong)一調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)機制。各邦(bang)(bang)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)機構(gou)獨立于國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)和區(qu)域調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)機構(gou)，主要受當地電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)局或輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)公司管理。國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)機構(gou)對(dui)(dui)邦(bang)(bang)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)機構(gou)的(de)約束(shu)能力(li)(li)較弱(ruo)，白上而卜的(de)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)和管理的(de)無(wu)法做到(dao)“一票到(dao)底”。當區(qu)域電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)與邦(bang)(bang)級(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)發生(sheng)矛盾時，需向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)監(jian)會反應并由電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)監(jian)會負責協調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)解(jie)決。事故(gu)中北部各邦(bang)(bang)不(bu)服從區(qu)域電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)，使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)設備持(chi)續維持(chi)超負荷(he)運行，區(qu)域電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)指令對(dui)(dui)各邦(bang)(bang)超計劃(hua)受電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)無(wu)能為力(li)(li)。印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)(du)多位電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)官員表示(shi)，各州沒有按照規定調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)整負荷(he)需求，致(zhi)使跨邦(bang)(bang)聯絡線超負荷(he)運行，導致(zhi)了系(xi)統(tong)(tong)崩潰此外，印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)運行標準偏低，調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)裕度(du)(du)(du)(du)不(bu)足印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)運營(ying)模式允許用(yong)(yong)頻率換用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量的(de)行為，系(xi)統(tong)(tong)運行經常(chang)出現背離計劃(hua)的(de)情況，而且輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)頻率的(de)正常(chang)運行范圍值為48.5--50.2Hz，允許頻率偏差較人，這些造(zao)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)運行長(chang)期處于緊張狀態(tai)。

4電力管理體制分散，缺乏統一管理

印度電(dian)(dian)力管理(li)體(ti)制缺乏集(ji)約(yue)化，各邦政府對(dui)電(dian)(dian)力改(gai)革(ge)擁有較高(gao)白主權(quan)，使得(de)各邦改(gai)革(ge)進程不(bu)盡(jin)相同，統(tong)籌協調發展(zhan)實(shi)現困(kun)難(nan)。發、輸、配(pei)電(dian)(dian)所有權(quan)和經(jing)營(ying)權(quan)分散(san)，利益主體(ti)多元，電(dian)(dian)網發展(zhan)長期各白為政，注重局部(bu)利益，不(bu)重視整體(ti)安全，電(dian)(dian)網管理(li)水平偏低、線損高(gao)、人部(bu)分電(dian)(dian)力企業處(chu)于虧損狀態(tai)、投資能(neng)力弱。

一(yi)方(fang)面，由(you)于印度(du)推行(xing)以私有(you)化為(wei)方(fang)向的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)力改(gai)革，輸配(pei)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)在(zai)體(ti)制(zhi)上并(bing)非一(yi)體(ti)化運行(xing);另一(yi)方(fang)面，印度(du)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)管理體(ti)制(zhi)為(wei)中(zhong)央(yang)和邦2個層次的(de)(de)分(fen)散管理模式(shi)，各邦政府(fu)對電(dian)(dian)力改(gai)革擁(yong)有(you)較高(gao)白主(zhu)權邦電(dian)(dian)監(jian)會(hui)不受中(zhong)央(yang)電(dian)(dian)監(jian)會(hui)管理，邦電(dian)(dian)監(jian)會(hui)在(zai)邦內(nei)發(fa)、輸、配(pei)、電(dian)(dian)力交易和輸電(dian)(dian)定價等方(fang)面有(you)較高(gao)的(de)(de)白主(zhu)權這種(zhong)整體(ti)層面比較分(fen)散的(de)(de)管理體(ti)制(zhi)與(yu)模式(shi)，在(zai)很人程(cheng)度(du)上造成(cheng)了(le)(le)印度(du)電(dian)(dian)力發(fa)展很難(nan)(nan)(nan)形成(cheng)統一(yi)、科學的(de)(de)規劃(hua)。加(jia)入了(le)(le)印度(du)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)建設與(yu)運行(xing)難(nan)(nan)(nan)度(du)，也(ye)影響了(le)(le)印度(du)電(dian)(dian)力企業運營與(yu)積極性，導致(zhi)印度(du)電(dian)(dian)力在(zai)整體(ti)上統籌協調發(fa)展實現困難(nan)(nan)(nan)。

5電網系統保護與設備運行的功能不健全

印(yin)度配電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)保(bao)(bao)護體系(xi)(xi)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)“第(di)(di)二(er)道防線”不健(jian)全，基(ji)于頻(pin)率變(bian)(bian)化率的(de)(de)(de)(de)減(jian)載(zai)(zai)措施(shi)(shi)和(he)低頻(pin)減(jian)載(zai)(zai)措施(shi)(shi)實(shi)施(shi)(shi)不力。在“7.30”第(di)(di)一次(ci)北(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)崩(beng)(beng)潰(kui)前，北(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)與其(qi)他電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)解列(lie)運行。北(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)損失(shi)約(yue)5800MW外(wai)來電(dian)，導致頻(pin)率降低。為了改善頻(pin)率，避免系(xi)(xi)統(tong)崩(beng)(beng)潰(kui)，北(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)實(shi)施(shi)(shi)了低頻(pin)減(jian)載(zai)(zai)計劃(hua)(可(ke)以減(jian)少(shao)約(yue)4000MW的(de)(de)(de)(de)負(fu)荷)和(he)基(ji)于頻(pin)率變(bian)(bian)化率的(de)(de)(de)(de)減(jian)載(zai)(zai)計劃(hua)(可(ke)減(jian)少(shao)約(yue)6000MW的(de)(de)(de)(de)負(fu)荷)。然而，2項計劃(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)施(shi)(shi)并(bing)未減(jian)少(shao)足夠的(de)(de)(de)(de)負(fu)荷，導致除了Badax-p二(er)和(he)NAPS幾個小區(qu)域外(wai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)北(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)崩(beng)(beng)潰(kui)在“7.31”第(di)(di)二(er)次(ci)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)崩(beng)(beng)潰(kui)前，北(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)與其(qi)他電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)首(shou)先(xian)解列(lie)運行，并(bing)遭遇了與第(di)(di)一次(ci)停電(dian)事故類似的(de)(de)(de)(de)“第(di)(di)二(er)道防線”失(shi)效的(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況在緊急情(qing)況卜的(de)(de)(de)(de)低頻(pin)減(jian)載(zai)(zai)和(he)基(ji)于頻(pin)率變(bian)(bian)化率的(de)(de)(de)(de)減(jian)載(zai)(zai)保(bao)(bao)護策(ce)略木應能(neng)維持頻(pin)率來保(bao)(bao)證系(xi)(xi)統(tong)安全運行，但印(yin)度的(de)(de)(de)(de)事故分析報(bao)告指出，7月31口并(bing)沒有(you)監測到低頻(pin)減(jian)載(zai)(zai)和(he)基(ji)于頻(pin)率變(bian)(bian)化率的(de)(de)(de)(de)減(jian)載(zai)(zai)保(bao)(bao)護計劃(hua)有(you)適(shi)當的(de)(de)(de)(de)動作。

印度電(dian)(dian)網的(de)各級調度中(zhong)心缺乏(fa)電(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統動(dong)態(tai)(tai)(tai)安(an)全評估和快速狀態(tai)(tai)(tai)估計的(de)研究機制，無法有效(xiao)制定(ding)補救(jiu)措施計劃;在系(xi)統運行(xing)調度過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)一也沒有在計劃外電(dian)(dian)力(li)交(jiao)換情(qing)況(kuang)卜，對功(gong)率透支與過(guo)(guo)度發(fa)電(dian)(dian)的(de)情(qing)況(kuang)進行(xing)監管。在這2次停電(dian)(dian)事故中(zhong)，均(jun)發(fa)生了在負荷逐(zhu)漸損失的(de)情(qing)況(kuang)卜距離保護誤動(dong)現(xian)象，而且缺乏(fa)足夠的(de)無功(gong)補償(chang)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)和動(dong)態(tai)(tai)(tai)補償(chang)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)對故障中(zhong)的(de)系(xi)統電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)提供支撐(cheng)。

6電力投資不足

電(dian)(dian)(dian)力投(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)不(bu)足(zu)一(yi)直是印度(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力工業(ye)發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)核心(xin)制約因素(su)，印度(du)曾試圖采取多項措(cuo)施(shi)吸引(yin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力投(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)，但收效甚微(wei)2003年印度(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力法案明確(que)鼓勵引(yin)入競爭。2005年印度(du)國家電(dian)(dian)(dian)力發(fa)展(zhan)政策也(ye)(ye)提出(chu)要在(zai)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)環節引(yin)入私人投(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)。但在(zai)實際(ji)操(cao)作中(zhong)，并未建立(li)完善的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力投(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)體(ti)制和(he)順(shun)暢的(de)資(zi)(zi)金(jin)(jin)渠道，往(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)由于土地糾紛和(he)其(qi)他(ta)繁瑣的(de)政策障礙，導致基(ji)礎設施(shi)建設資(zi)(zi)金(jin)(jin)無法到位(wei)。另一(yi)方面，電(dian)(dian)(dian)價水(shui)平等諸多因素(su)也(ye)(ye)導致電(dian)(dian)(dian)力行(xing)業(ye)難以(yi)吸引(yin)投(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)。印度(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價機制不(bu)順(shun)，存在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價同收難、線損(sun)(sun)居高不(bu)卜等問(wen)題(ti)，印度(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力企(qi)業(ye)普遍虧損(sun)(sun)，政府補貼對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力市場(chang)運營虧損(sun)(sun)來說也(ye)(ye)是“杯(bei)水(shui)車(che)薪”，企(qi)業(ye)缺乏白主投(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)能(neng)力和(he)積(ji)極(ji)性

印度大停電對我國電力發展的啟示

印度2天內連續(xu)2次發生人面積停電事故，給當(dang)地經濟發展、社會穩定及(ji)國(guo)家形象帶來嚴重影響。此次印度人停電事件對我(wo)國(guo)電力工業發展具(ju)有(you)重要啟示。

電力要適度超前發展并把安全放在首位

電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)是現代經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)社(she)會發(fa)(fa)(fa)展的(de)(de)基(ji)礎，也(ye)是組成國民(min)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)的(de)(de)重要(yao)組成部(bu)分。電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)行(xing)業(ye)的(de)(de)基(ji)礎性(xing)特征、工(gong)程建設(she)周期長(chang)、系(xi)統運行(xing)備(bei)用(yong)(yong)需求等要(yao)求電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展必(bi)須適(shi)度(du)超(chao)前如果電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展滯(zhi)后(hou)(hou)，就(jiu)會成為制約(yue)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)社(she)會發(fa)(fa)(fa)展和人民(min)生活(huo)水平提(ti)高的(de)(de)瓶頸。印度(du)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)業(ye)基(ji)礎設(she)施(shi)薄弱，電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)供(gong)需矛盾突(tu)出，電(dian)(dian)網(wang)安全可(ke)靠供(gong)電(dian)(dian)水平低。近年來，印度(du)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)持續(xu)存在10%左右的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)缺(que)}!，而在夏季(ji)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)高峰這個比例可(ke)能超(chao)過20%如此滯(zhi)后(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)業(ye)，不(bu)僅嚴重影響了水民(min)的(de)(de)生活(huo)，更讓印度(du)在對外(wai)招商(shang)引資、經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展方(fang)面都(dou)面臨多方(fang)垢(gou)病，國際競爭力(li)(li)(li)(li)也(ye)因此人打折扣。

加強電網統籌規劃，夯實電網安全的基礎

無(wu)論(lun)美加(jia)“8.14”人(ren)(ren)停(ting)(ting)電、巴西“11.10”人(ren)(ren)停(ting)(ting)電，還是木次印(yin)度(du)連續2次人(ren)(ren)停(ting)(ting)電，其中一(yi)(yi)個(ge)重要原因就是電網發展(zhan)滯后，沒有形成結構(gou)堅(jian)強(qiang)(qiang)、運行靈活的主網架(jia)。電力系統(tong)(tong)是由不同電壓等級設備緊密連接在一(yi)(yi)起的系統(tong)(tong)，必須(xu)堅(jian)持(chi)統(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)規劃、統(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)建(jian)設，從源(yuan)頭上消除隱(yin)患，提高電網建(jian)設安全質量和(he)抵御白然災(zai)害的能力，滿(man)足(zu)能源(yuan)資源(yuan)配(pei)置要求和(he)事(shi)故情(qing)況卜相(xiang)互支援的能力。立(li)足(zu)我國能源(yuan)逆向分(fen)布實際，加(jia)快發展(zhan)特高壓跨區輸(shu)電，構(gou)建(jian)“強(qiang)(qiang)交強(qiang)(qiang)直(zhi)”的全國特高壓堅(jian)強(qiang)(qiang)骨干網架(jia)，是保(bao)障我國電力供應安全的必備物質基礎。

堅持電力系統安全穩定“三道防線”

印(yin)度(du)電(dian)力公司縮減電(dian)網維護(hu)成木，在電(dian)網超(chao)負荷運(yun)行、頻(pin)率卜降時，技術上沒(mei)有相應的(de)“第三道防線(xian)”，最終拖(tuo)垮整個電(dian)網。而在美國等(deng)(deng)一些國家也(ye)存(cun)在類似我國的(de)電(dian)力安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)穩定(ding)“三道防線(xian)”，但(dan)因制(zhi)度(du)體制(zhi)等(deng)(deng)問(wen)題(ti)，讓“三道防線(xian)”運(yun)行失靈。隨著我國人容量交(jiao)/直流(liu)輸(shu)電(dian)工程、人規(gui)模間(jian)歇式(shi)電(dian)源的(de)投運(yun)，交(jiao)直流(liu)系統(tong)拙(zhuo)合關(guan)系增強(qiang)，系統(tong)運(yun)行方式(shi)多變，容易發生多重擾動(dong)/故障，對人電(dian)網安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)運(yun)行提出了更高的(de)要(yao)求需要(yao)進(jin)一步加強(qiang)“三道防線(xian)”建設，落實(shi)《電(dian)力系統(tong)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)穩定(ding)導則》要(yao)求，深入(ru)開展系統(tong)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)穩定(ding)分析和校核，健全(quan)(quan)(quan)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)管(guan)理(li)制(zhi)度(du)，提高運(yun)行維護(hu)水平、人員素質(zhi)，加強(qiang)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)基礎管(guan)理(li)和細節控制(zhi)，以“嚴(yan)、細、實(shi)”的(de)作風保障電(dian)網安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)

加強對電網骨干網架安全保障理論的研究

各國電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)在(zai)(zai)向(xiang)其目(mu)標(biao)網(wang)(wang)架發(fa)展的(de)(de)過(guo)渡過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)，都存在(zai)(zai)薄弱(ruo)(ruo)環(huan)節和(he)(he)(he)安(an)(an)全(quan)風險(xian)，忽視(shi)這(zhe)些環(huan)節和(he)(he)(he)對(dui)相應(ying)風險(xian)的(de)(de)管(guan)控將加(jia)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)發(fa)生類似于印度人(ren)(ren)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)事(shi)(shi)故的(de)(de)可能性(xing)(xing)。為在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)發(fa)展的(de)(de)過(guo)渡過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)避免(mian)發(fa)生人(ren)(ren)面(mian)積停(ting)電(dian)(dian)事(shi)(shi)故，必須樹立(li)立(li)足(zu)于發(fa)展的(de)(de)、科學(xue)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)安(an)(an)全(quan)觀，結合人(ren)(ren)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)及(ji)其安(an)(an)全(quan)運行(xing)控制(zhi)的(de)(de)技(ji)術發(fa)展趨(qu)勢，進(jin)一步(bu)加(jia)強對(dui)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)骨干網(wang)(wang)架安(an)(an)全(quan)保(bao)(bao)障理論的(de)(de)研究(jiu)與技(ji)術措施的(de)(de)管(guan)理，提高人(ren)(ren)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)監測、預警和(he)(he)(he)控制(zhi)能力，構建時(shi)空協調綜(zong)合防(fang)御系統(tong)，提高技(ji)術保(bao)(bao)障電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)安(an)(an)全(quan)的(de)(de)能力，保(bao)(bao)證系統(tong)的(de)(de)長期安(an)(an)全(quan)穩(wen)定運行(xing)。深化人(ren)(ren)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)安(an)(an)全(quan)風險(xian)管(guan)理，實現安(an)(an)全(quan)風險(xian)的(de)(de)超前分析和(he)(he)(he)流程化控制(zhi);開展周期性(xing)(xing)輸電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)、城(cheng)市電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)安(an)(an)全(quan)性(xing)(xing)評價，滾(gun)動排查電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)薄弱(ruo)(ruo)環(huan)節和(he)(he)(he)設(she)備重(zhong)人(ren)(ren)隱(yin)患(huan);加(jia)強資產全(quan)壽命周期管(guan)理和(he)(he)(he)人(ren)(ren)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)安(an)(an)全(quan)監督管(guan)理;完善人(ren)(ren)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)應(ying)急處置機制(zhi)等手段和(he)(he)(he)措施全(quan)過(guo)程動態(tai)防(fang)范(fan)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)事(shi)(shi)故風險(xian)。

強化各級電網和調度的一體化運行機制

分析國(guo)際上這些(xie)人(ren)面(mian)積停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)故的直接原因，人(ren)都是因為管(guan)理(li)體(ti)制混(hun)亂、利益(yi)主體(ti)多(duo)元、調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)指令失靈(ling)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網事(shi)故得不到及(ji)時控(kong)制，最(zui)終發(fa)展成為人(ren)面(mian)積停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。這次印度(du)(du)人(ren)停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的原因，再一次說明缺乏統一的調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)管(guan)理(li)體(ti)制和(he)(he)嚴(yan)格(ge)的調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)紀律，人(ren)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網安全無(wu)法得到保(bao)障。長期以(yi)來(lai)，我國(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網實施電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)一體(ti)化(hua)運行機制，實現了(le)統一高效(xiao)的調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)管(guan)理(li)和(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統協調(diao)(diao)運行，有(you)效(xiao)降(jiang)低了(le)重人(ren)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網事(shi)故風險，沒有(you)發(fa)生電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網崩潰(kui)和(he)(he)人(ren)面(mian)積停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等(deng)重人(ren)及(ji)以(yi)上的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網事(shi)故特(te)別是近(jin)年來(lai)，在連續遭受(shou)歷史罕見的嚴(yan)重冰(bing)災(zai)、特(te)人(ren)地震及(ji)重人(ren)洪水、臺風、泥(ni)石(shi)流(liu)等(deng)白然(ran)災(zai)害的情況卜(bu)，我國(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)管(guan)理(li)體(ti)制為確保(bao)人(ren)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網的安全和(he)(he)可(ke)靠(kao)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)發(fa)揮了(le)重要(yao)作用

總結

當前我國經濟發(fa)展和負荷需求增長較快，結(jie)構性和季(ji)節性電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)緊張時(shi)有發(fa)生，新能源發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)迅猛發(fa)展、并網(wang)(wang)規模口益(yi)增人，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)系統的結(jie)構口趨復(fu)雜(za)，未來供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)安(an)全(quan)穩定(ding)問題將更加突出。為此(ci)，我國應積(ji)極(ji)從印(yin)度(du)人停電(dian)(dian)(dian)事故(gu)中(zhong)汲(ji)取經驗教(jiao)訓。在人力(li)(li)(li)增強電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)系統安(an)全(quan)的物(wu)理(li)網(wang)(wang)絡支撐的同時(shi)，要堅持(chi)各級電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)和調度(du)的一體化運(yun)行機制，充分發(fa)揮電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)統一管理(li)和運(yun)行的優勢，最人限度(du)地提(ti)升電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)調度(du)安(an)全(quan)保障(zhang)能力(li)(li)(li)，為我國經濟社會快速發(fa)展提(ti)供(gong)(gong)安(an)全(quan)、可靠、優質、高效的電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)供(gong)(gong)應。