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2012年(nian)8月1日，印(yin)度官(guan)員宣布(bu)，印(yin)度大(da)面積斷(duan)電已經結束(shu)。印(yin)度發生的(de)停電事故，覆(fu)蓋了一(yi)半以上的(de)國土，直接影響6億多人的(de)生活，是這個南亞國家11年(nian)來最嚴重的(de)停電事故。

事故過程

印(yin)度北部和東部地區7月30日和31日連續(xu)發生兩次大面積(ji)停電事故(gu)。突如其來(lai)的斷電導致(zhi)交通陷入混亂(luan)，全(quan)國超過300列火(huo)車停運，首都(dou)新(xin)德里的地鐵也全(quan)部停運，造成旅客大量滯留，公路交通出現大面積(ji)擁堵(du)。一些礦工被困井(jing)下。銀行(xing)系統陷入癱瘓(huan)，一度給印(yin)度的金融交易帶來(lai)障(zhang)礙。

第一次事故(gu)發生后(hou)(hou)，印度電(dian)力(li)部門(men)排(pai)除故(gu)障，在(zai)停電(dian)后(hou)(hou)15個小時內基本恢(hui)復(fu)了電(dian)力(li)供應(ying)。但(dan)旁(pang)遮普邦、哈里亞納邦以(yi)及北(bei)方邦等幾個地區在(zai)供電(dian)恢(hui)復(fu)后(hou)(hou)繼續超負(fu)荷用(yong)電(dian)，導(dao)致了第二次大面積(ji)停電(dian)。印度電(dian)力(li)部門(men)因(yin)此(ci)不(bu)得不(bu)從(cong)鄰國輸入電(dian)力(li)來(lai)滿足新德里的用(yong)電(dian)需求。截至8月1日，印度北(bei)部地區95%的電(dian)力(li)供應(ying)已恢(hui)復(fu)。

事故分析

貝恩(en)咨詢公司高級合伙人(ren)阿密特·辛(xin)哈(ha)認為，此(ci)次停電(dian)(dian)事故(gu)給(gei)印度經濟敲響(xiang)了警鐘——印度電(dian)(dian)力供應(ying)至少需(xu)要(yao)保持每年6．5%至7%的增速，否則將會對該國制造業和出口企業造成傷害。

印度最(zui)大行業協會印度工商聯合(he)會主席卡諾里(li)亞說：“連(lian)續兩天如(ru)此大規模的停電，值得我們密切關注(zhu)，這當(dang)然會

對(dui)于商(shang)業(ye)(ye)投(tou)資環境(jing)本就存在不少問題的印度來(lai)說(shuo)，此次大停(ting)電不僅(jin)影(ying)響企業(ye)(ye)生產和盈利水平(ping)，還影(ying)響到(dao)印度在外國投(tou)資者眼中的形象。

印度(du)產業聯合會理事長錢德拉吉特·班納吉表示，印度(du)經濟近(jin)來增(zeng)長放緩，外界本就(jiu)對印度(du)前景不太看好，如(ru)今電網兩天內連(lian)續崩潰(kui)無疑使印度(du)的(de)(de)形象(xiang)進一步受損，令有意投(tou)資印度(du)的(de)(de)外國企業望而卻步。對于(yu)一個擁有世界約(yue)六分(fen)之一人口的(de)(de)新(xin)興經濟體，有必要使基(ji)礎設施建設與印度(du)的(de)(de)強國夢想相(xiang)匹(pi)配。

事故影響

世(shi)界媒體都(dou)(dou)在(zai)議論印度大(da)(da)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)，但任何國家都(dou)(dou)不能否(fou)認自己也(ye)遭遇(yu)過大(da)(da)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)的歷史，只是(shi)規(gui)模(mo)和破壞程度不同(tong)罷(ba)了。美國上(shang)世(shi)紀(ji)后(hou)(hou)半葉，至少出(chu)現三次大(da)(da)規(gui)模(mo)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)事故，近(jin)十多年(nian)時間里，美國至少遭遇(yu)過數次大(da)(da)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)。如(ru)2008年(nian)，佛羅里達州(zhou)發生大(da)(da)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)，300萬人沒有電(dian)(dian)力供應；2003年(nian)大(da)(da)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)，由密歇根州(zhou)延伸至紐約，最后(hou)(hou)蔓(man)延到加拿大(da)(da)。危機專家承認，“一次大(da)(da)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)，即使是(shi)數秒鐘，也(ye)不亞(ya)于一場大(da)(da)地震(zhen)帶來的破壞”。

很(hen)多(duo)新(xin)興經(jing)(jing)濟體在經(jing)(jing)濟高增長的(de)刺(ci)激或尋求經(jing)(jing)濟高增長的(de)動(dong)機之下，只顧電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)開發，卻(que)忽(hu)視電(dian)(dian)(dian)網安(an)全(quan)工(gong)作，對電(dian)(dian)(dian)網管(guan)理體制(zhi)改革方面重視不(bu)夠，導(dao)致“缺電(dian)(dian)(dian)”和“有電(dian)(dian)(dian)”下都(dou)斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)情況(kuang)，造成大量的(de)浪費和損失。印(yin)(yin)度(du)此次(ci)發生的(de)問題(ti)，對印(yin)(yin)度(du)是(shi)個現實教訓，對世界各新(xin)興經(jing)(jing)濟體而言，是(shi)給電(dian)(dian)(dian)網安(an)全(quan)上(shang)了(le)一(yi)課。只要體認“大停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)或也會發生在我們身上(shang)”，那么，我們就(jiu)應(ying)該從漠不(bu)關心等心態中覺醒過來，把印(yin)(yin)度(du)問題(ti)視為自己的(de)問題(ti)，做(zuo)好自己的(de)安(an)全(quan)工(gong)作。

簡介

印度北部和東部地區7月30日和31日連續發

生兩次(ci)大面積停電事故。突如其來的(de)斷電導致(zhi)交通(tong)陷入混亂，全國超(chao)過300列火車停運，首都新德里的(de)地鐵(tie)也全部停運，造成(cheng)旅客大量滯留，公路交通(tong)出現(xian)大面積擁堵。一(yi)些礦工被(bei)困井下(xia)。銀行系(xi)統陷入癱(tan)瘓(huan)，一(yi)度給印(yin)度的(de)金融(rong)交易帶來障礙(ai)。

第一次事故發生后(hou)，印度電(dian)(dian)力(li)部(bu)(bu)門排除故障，在停電(dian)(dian)后(hou)15個(ge)小(xiao)時(shi)內基本恢(hui)復了電(dian)(dian)力(li)供(gong)應。但旁(pang)遮普(pu)邦(bang)、哈里亞納邦(bang)以及(ji)北(bei)方邦(bang)等幾個(ge)地區(qu)在供(gong)電(dian)(dian)恢(hui)復后(hou)繼(ji)續(xu)超負荷用(yong)電(dian)(dian)，導(dao)致了第二次大面積(ji)停電(dian)(dian)。印度電(dian)(dian)力(li)部(bu)(bu)門因此(ci)不得(de)不從(cong)鄰國輸入電(dian)(dian)力(li)來(lai)滿(man)足新(xin)德里的(de)(de)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)需(xu)求。截至8月1日，印度北(bei)部(bu)(bu)地區(qu)95%的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)力(li)供(gong)應已恢(hui)復。

事故分析

貝恩咨詢公司(si)高級合伙(huo)人(ren)阿密(mi)特·辛哈認為，此(ci)次停(ting)電(dian)事故(gu)給(gei)印度(du)(du)經濟敲(qiao)響了(le)警鐘——印度(du)(du)電(dian)力供(gong)應至少需(xu)要保持每(mei)年6．5%至7%的增速(su)，否則將(jiang)會對該國制造業(ye)和出口企業(ye)造成傷害。

印度最大行業(ye)協會(hui)印度工商聯合會(hui)主席卡諾(nuo)里亞說：“連續兩天如此大規模的(de)停(ting)電，值得我們密切關注(zhu)，這當(dang)然會(hui)

對于(yu)商業(ye)投資環境本就存在(zai)不(bu)少(shao)問題(ti)的印度來(lai)說，此(ci)次大停(ting)電不(bu)僅影響企業(ye)生產和(he)盈利水平，還影響到印度在(zai)外國投資者眼(yan)中的形象。

印(yin)度(du)產(chan)業聯合會(hui)理事(shi)長錢德(de)拉(la)吉特·班納吉表示，印(yin)度(du)經濟近來增長放緩(huan)，外(wai)界本就對印(yin)度(du)前(qian)景不太(tai)看好，如(ru)今電(dian)網兩天內連續崩(beng)潰無疑使印(yin)度(du)的(de)形象進一步受損，令有(you)意(yi)投資印(yin)度(du)的(de)外(wai)國(guo)企(qi)業望而卻步。對于一個(ge)擁有(you)世界約六(liu)分之(zhi)一人口的(de)新興經濟體，有(you)必要使基(ji)礎設施建設與印(yin)度(du)的(de)強(qiang)國(guo)夢想(xiang)相匹配。

事故影響

世界媒體都(dou)在議論印度大(da)(da)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)，但任何國家都(dou)不(bu)能否(fou)認自(zi)己(ji)也遭遇(yu)過大(da)(da)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)的(de)歷史(shi)，只是規(gui)模(mo)和破壞程(cheng)度不(bu)同罷(ba)了。美(mei)國上世紀后(hou)半葉，至(zhi)少(shao)出現三次(ci)(ci)大(da)(da)規(gui)模(mo)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)事故(gu)，近十(shi)多(duo)年(nian)時間里，美(mei)國至(zhi)少(shao)遭遇(yu)過數次(ci)(ci)大(da)(da)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)。如2008年(nian)，佛羅里達州發生大(da)(da)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)，300萬人沒有電(dian)(dian)力供應；2003年(nian)大(da)(da)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)，由密(mi)歇根州延伸至(zhi)紐約(yue)，最(zui)后(hou)蔓延到(dao)加拿(na)大(da)(da)。危機專家承認，“一次(ci)(ci)大(da)(da)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)，即使是數秒鐘，也不(bu)亞(ya)于一場大(da)(da)地震帶(dai)來的(de)破壞”。

很(hen)多新(xin)(xin)興(xing)經濟(ji)體在經濟(ji)高增(zeng)長的(de)刺(ci)激(ji)或尋求經濟(ji)高增(zeng)長的(de)動機(ji)之(zhi)下，只(zhi)顧(gu)電(dian)(dian)力開發(fa)，卻忽視電(dian)(dian)網安全(quan)工(gong)作，對電(dian)(dian)網管理體制改革方(fang)面重(zhong)視不夠，導致“缺電(dian)(dian)”和(he)“有電(dian)(dian)”下都斷電(dian)(dian)停電(dian)(dian)的(de)情況，造成大量(liang)的(de)浪費和(he)損失。印(yin)度此次(ci)發(fa)生的(de)問題，對印(yin)度是(shi)(shi)個現實教(jiao)訓，對世界各新(xin)(xin)興(xing)經濟(ji)體而(er)言，是(shi)(shi)給(gei)電(dian)(dian)網安全(quan)上了(le)一課(ke)。只(zhi)要(yao)體認(ren)“大停電(dian)(dian)或也(ye)會發(fa)生在我(wo)們身上”，那(nei)么，我(wo)們就(jiu)應(ying)該從(cong)漠不關心等心態中覺醒過來，把印(yin)度問題視為自(zi)己的(de)問題，做好自(zi)己的(de)安全(quan)工(gong)作。

2012年7月(yue)30口凌(ling)晨(chen)2時33分(fen)開始，印(yin)(yin)(yin)度北(bei)部(bu)地(di)(di)區(qu)德里邦(bang)(bang)(bang)(bang)(bang)、哈利亞納邦(bang)(bang)(bang)(bang)(bang)、中(zhong)央邦(bang)(bang)(bang)(bang)(bang)、旁遮普邦(bang)(bang)(bang)(bang)(bang)、拉(la)賈斯(si)坦邦(bang)(bang)(bang)(bang)(bang)、北(bei)安(an)查(cha)爾邦(bang)(bang)(bang)(bang)(bang)、北(bei)方邦(bang)(bang)(bang)(bang)(bang)等(deng)9個邦(bang)(bang)(bang)(bang)(bang)發(fa)生停(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)事故(gu)(gu)，逾3.7億人(ren)(ren)受到(dao)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)。在上述地(di)(di)區(qu)恢復供電(dian)(dian)數小時后(hou)(hou)，于(yu)當地(di)(di)時間7月(yue)31口13時05分(fen)開始，印(yin)(yin)(yin)度包(bao)括首(shou)都新德里在內的(de)(de)(de)東(dong)部(bu)、北(bei)部(bu)和東(dong)北(bei)部(bu)地(di)(di)區(qu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)再次發(fa)生人(ren)(ren)面(mian)(mian)積停(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)事故(gu)(gu)，超過20個邦(bang)(bang)(bang)(bang)(bang)再次陷入電(dian)(dian)力(li)癱(tan)瘓狀態，全國(guo)近一半地(di)(di)區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)供電(dian)(dian)出現中(zhong)斷，逾6.7億人(ren)(ren)口受到(dao)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)111印(yin)(yin)(yin)度兩(liang)天之內連續發(fa)生人(ren)(ren)面(mian)(mian)積停(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)事故(gu)(gu)，是有史以(yi)來(lai)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)人(ren)(ren)曰最多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)力(li)系統(tong)事故(gu)(gu)，成(cheng)為世界(jie)范圍內規模最人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)停(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)事件。印(yin)(yin)(yin)度長期以(yi)來(lai)電(dian)(dian)力(li)工業基礎薄弱、基礎設(she)施落后(hou)(hou)并滯后(hou)(hou)于(yu)經濟發(fa)展等(deng)矛盾由來(lai)己久，這次事件讓印(yin)(yin)(yin)度的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)力(li)管理體制、調度防控(kong)體系和電(dian)(dian)網(wang)規劃建(jian)設(she)等(deng)方面(mian)(mian)諸多(duo)問題再次暴露于(yu)公眾(zhong)面(mian)(mian)前。與我(wo)國(guo)一樣作為正在崛起的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展中(zhong)國(guo)家，印(yin)(yin)(yin)度此次人(ren)(ren)停(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)事故(gu)(gu)對我(wo)國(guo)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)安(an)全運行(xing)具有重人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)借鑒意(yi)義(yi)。但是我(wo)國(guo)對人(ren)(ren)停(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)事故(gu)(gu)原因(yin)研(yan)究不深(shen)，需要進一步深(shen)入分(fen)析印(yin)(yin)(yin)度人(ren)(ren)停(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)印(yin)(yin)(yin)度的(de)(de)(de)能源電(dian)(dian)力(li)概況。

印(yin)(yin)度的能源資(zi)源主(zhu)要分布在(zai)東(dong)部和(he)東(dong)北部地區_以(yi)煤炭和(he)水(shui)力為主(zhu)_其余為核電、油電和(he)天然氣發電。主(zhu)要負荷中(zhong)(zhong)心及人口(kou)稠密地區則集中(zhong)(zhong)在(zai)北部、南部和(he)西(xi)部地區。印(yin)(yin)度電網的輸電方向(xiang)主(zhu)要為東(dong)電西(xi)送，再輔以(yi)北電南送截至2012年(nian)5月，印(yin)(yin)度總(zong)發電裝機(ji)容量約為2億kW，其中(zhong)(zhong)火電裝機(ji)占(zhan)68.7070，水(shui)電占(zhan)19.2070，核電和(he)其他可再生能源發電占(zhan)12.1%}Z

作為(wei)亞洲(zhou)第三人經濟(ji)體，印度(du)過去(qu)10年間經濟(ji)增(zeng)速接(jie)近2位數，能源消費(fei)年均增(zeng)速6%但由于(yu)投資(zi)不(bu)足(zu)(zu)，電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)工業(ye)發(fa)展嚴重滯后于(yu)經濟(ji)發(fa)展水平，發(fa)電(dian)(dian)冗余(yu)不(bu)足(zu)(zu)，跨區輸電(dian)(dian)能力(li)(li)(li)不(bu)夠，電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)供應(ying)長(chang)(chang)期(qi)(qi)處于(yu)短缺狀態(tai)。印度(du)2010-2011年度(du)GDP增(zeng)長(chang)(chang)8.5070，同期(qi)(qi)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)裝機增(zeng)長(chang)(chang)僅為(wei)5.56%印度(du)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)部預計2012年印度(du)高峰期(qi)(qi)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)缺曰10.6%左(zuo)右(you)，全(quan)年電(dian)(dian)量(liang)缺曰7.3%左(zuo)右(you)。仍有(you)近40%的印度(du)家庭(ting)(約2.89億(yi)人)沒有(you)用上電(dian)(dian)，且印度(du)人部分(fen)地(di)區供電(dian)(dian)質(zhi)量(liang)低、停電(dian)(dian)頻繁，即使(shi)在(zai)首都新(xin)德里也經常拉(la)閘限電(dian)(dian)。

印度(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)由五人區域(yu)性電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)組成(cheng)，即北(bei)(bei)部(bu)、東(dong)(dong)部(bu)、西部(bu)、東(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)部(bu)和南部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)。印度(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等級主要有765kV,500 kV，400kV，220kV和132kV北(bei)(bei)部(bu)、東(dong)(dong)部(bu)、西部(bu)、東(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)實現(xian)了交流400kV同(tong)步(bu)聯(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)，形(xing)成(cheng)中(zhong)央電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(New Grid)。南部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)與中(zhong)央電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)通(tong)過直流異步(bu)聯(lian)接(jie)。此(ci)外印度(du)東(dong)(dong)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)通(tong)過400kV交流與不(bu)月-電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)互(hu)聯(lian)印度(du)交流同(tong)步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)區域(yu)間互(hu)聯(lian)情況(kuang).

印度輸電網結構分為3層，即國家電網(跨區域(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)卜區(qu)域(yu)內(nei)跨邦電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)一邦電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)。其中(zhong)跨區(qu)和(he)跨電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)由(you)中(zhong)央政(zheng)府(fu)所有的(de)印(yin)(yin)度(du)國家電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)公(gong)司(PGCIL)擁有，并負(fu)責運(yun)行管理(li);邦內(nei)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)資產由(you)邦政(zheng)府(fu)所有的(de)邦輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)公(gong)司(STUB)或邦電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力局(未改(gai)革邦)管理(li)從印(yin)(yin)度(du)交流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)互(hu)聯網(wang)跨區(qu)主網(wang)架來看，區(qu)域(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)之(zhi)間通(tong)過(guo)1同(tong)(tong)765kV交流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)，23同(tong)(tong)400kV交流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)、10同(tong)(tong)220kV交流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)、1個(ge)士400kV直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)背靠背和(he)1個(ge)士500kV直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)互(hu)聯。區(qu)域(yu)內(nei)主網(wang)架主要是以400kV/220kV電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁環網(wang)為主。印(yin)(yin)度(du)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)由(you)邦政(zheng)府(fu)所有或私有的(de)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)公(gong)司擁有并負(fu)責運(yun)行管理(li)一個(ge)邦內(nei)有多個(ge)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)公(gong)司，完全私營的(de)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)公(gong)司有17個(ge)，主要分布(bu)在德里(li)、奧里(li)薩、占吉拉特、孟(meng)買等邦

在調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)環節(jie)，印度(du)電(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統(tong)調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)分3級，分別由國(guo)家調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)中心(NLDC)，區域(yu)調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)中心}RLDC)、邦(bang)(bang)調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)中心(CBLDC)負(fu)責。其中NLDC負(fu)責跨區域(yu)輸電(dian)(dian)線路調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)，5個RLDC負(fu)責區域(yu)內電(dian)(dian)網調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)，各(ge)邦(bang)(bang)SLDC負(fu)責邦(bang)(bang)內電(dian)(dian)網調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)。調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)機構與電(dian)(dian)網所有者(zhe)合(he)一(yi)，NLDC和RLDC由印度(du)國(guo)家電(dian)(dian)網公司(si)管理，SLDC由邦(bang)(bang)輸電(dian)(dian)公司(si)或電(dian)(dian)力(li)局管理。

2印度“7.30"，"7.31”大停電事故直接原因

印度電(dian)(dian)力(li)部在(zai)事(shi)(shi)故(gu)后組(zu)成特別小(xiao)組(zu)展開全(quan)面(mian)的事(shi)(shi)故(gu)調(diao)查，并于(yu)s月I6口公布(bu)了事(shi)(shi)故(gu)調(diao)查報告，報告詳細(xi)地(di)分(fen)析了引起(qi)印度連(lian)續(xu)兩(liang)起(qi)人停電(dian)(dian)事(shi)(shi)故(gu)的直接原(yuan)因(yin)。

2012年7月(yue)30口，由于Bina-Gwalior 400kV線(xian)路跳開，在北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)和西(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)解列后，由西(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)供給北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)負(fu)荷的潮流轉(zhuan)移(yi)到(dao)“西(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)一東部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)一北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)”的聯(lian)絡通道，導致系統(tong)發生功率(lv)振(zhen)蕩(dang)由于振(zhen)蕩(dang)中心在北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)和東部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)間的斷(duan)面上(shang)，致使(shi)相應的聯(lian)絡線(xian)跳開，造(zao)成北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)和印度交流互(hu)聯(lian)系統(tong)其他部(bu)(bu)(bu)分解列。由于系統(tong)頻率(lv)過低以(yi)及區域內進一步的功率(lv)振(zhen)蕩(dang)，北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)力系統(tong)最(zui)終崩潰(kui)。

2012年7月31口(kou)，由于Bina-Gwalior 400kV線路跳開，在(zai)北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)和(he)(he)(he)西(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)解列(lie)以(yi)(yi)后，用于滿(man)足北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)區(qu)(qu)域負荷(he)的(de)(de)潮(chao)流轉移到“西(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)一(yi)東(dong)(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)一(yi)北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)”的(de)(de)聯(lian)絡通(tong)道(dao)，導致(zhi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)發生(sheng)功率振(zhen)(zhen)蕩7月31口(kou)的(de)(de)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)振(zhen)(zhen)蕩中(zhong)心在(zai)東(dong)(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)內(nei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)，靠近東(dong)(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)和(he)(he)(he)西(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)斷(duan)面(mian)，因此(ci)，在(zai)導致(zhi)了東(dong)(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)內(nei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)相應線路跳開之后，東(dong)(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)中(zhong)的(de)(de)一(yi)小部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分(Ranchi和(he)(he)(he)Rourkela)，以(yi)(yi)及西(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)區(qu)(qu)域電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)和(he)(he)(he)印度交流互聯(lian)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)其他部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分解列(lie)。這造成了北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)和(he)(he)(he)東(dong)(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)間斷(duan)面(mian)的(de)(de)功率振(zhen)(zhen)蕩，并進一(yi)步導致(zhi)了北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)區(qu)(qu)域電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)和(he)(he)(he)“東(dong)(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)+東(dong)(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)”系(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)解列(lie)。隨(sui)后，所有3個(ge)區(qu)(qu)域電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、東(dong)(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、東(dong)(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu))由于區(qu)(qu)域內(nei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)功率振(zhen)(zhen)蕩造成多同(tong)線路跳開，系(xi)(xi)統(tong)頻率過低以(yi)(yi)及在(zai)不同(tong)地區(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，最終北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、東(dong)(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、東(dong)(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)(xi)統(tong)崩潰。

根據印度的(de)調查報(bao)告，2次事故(gu)當天的(de)故(gu)障錄波器(qi)結果均(jun)顯(xian)示，系(xi)統中并沒有監測到有故(gu)障發生(sheng)。在2次事故(gu)發生(sheng)前(qian)，由于(yu)西部(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)和北部(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)斷面(mian)，以(yi)及靠(kao)近東(dong)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)和西部(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)斷面(mian)的(de)多(duo)條區(qu)域間聯(lian)絡線停運導致跨區(qu)通(tong)道弱(ruo)聯(lian)系(xi)，系(xi)統間的(de)輸(shu)電(dian)能力被顯(xian)著削弱(ruo)。西部(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)和北部(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)斷面(mian)均(jun)只有Bina-Agra 400kV(單同)一條交(jiao)流主干(gan)聯(lian)絡線路處于(yu)運行狀(zhuang)態。

電(dian)網(wang)內(nei)的(de)(de)邦負荷調度(du)中心對區域(yu)負荷調度(du)中心要求其降(jiang)低邦內(nei)電(dian)力(li)公(gong)(gong)司(si)透支用電(dian)，以(yi)及要求西(xi)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)內(nei)電(dian)力(li)公(gong)(gong)司(si)降(jiang)低發(fa)電(dian)出力(li)的(de)(de)指令響應不充(chong)分部(bu)(bu)分北(bei)部(bu)(bu)區域(yu)電(dian)力(li)公(gong)(gong)司(si)透支用電(dian)，產生了計劃外的(de)(de)電(dian)力(li)交(jiao)換，導(dao)致了西(xi)部(bu)(bu)與(yu)北(bei)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)間唯一保(bao)(bao)(bao)持運行的(de)(de)400kV聯絡(luo)線(xian)處于高載荷狀(zhuang)態，并超(chao)過了線(xian)路白身的(de)(de)額定功(gong)率。距(ju)離保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)繼電(dian)器3段保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)動作(zuo)使(shi)得該線(xian)路跳開，導(dao)致北(bei)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)和西(xi)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)解列(lie)。

在北(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)和西部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)解(jie)列后，由西部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)供給北(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)負荷的(de)(de)潮流(liu)轉移到“西部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)一(yi)東(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)一(yi)北(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)”的(de)(de)聯絡通道，導致(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)發(fa)生振蕩在2次連續(xu)人(ren)(ren)面(mian)積停(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)事故中(zhong)，振蕩中(zhong)心分別在北(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)和東(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)間的(de)(de)斷(duan)面(mian)上，及(ji)(ji)在靠(kao)近(jin)東(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)和西部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)斷(duan)面(mian)的(de)(de)東(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)內(nei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)，致(zhi)(zhi)使相應(ying)的(de)(de)聯絡線和主干線路跳開，北(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)和印度交(jiao)流(liu)互聯系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)其(qi)他部(bu)(bu)(bu)分解(jie)列。由于各個(ge)區域內(nei)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)頻率過低以及(ji)(ji)進一(yi)步的(de)(de)功率振蕩等原(yuan)因導致(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)崩潰，最終造成人(ren)(ren)面(mian)積停(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)事故

在(zai)這2次人(ren)面積停電(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)故中(zhong)(zhong)，西部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)系(xi)統(tong)通過在(zai)區域內采取高頻(pin)切機(ji)措施，得(de)(de)以幸(xing)免南部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)系(xi)統(tong)從(cong)(cong)東部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網和西部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網饋入(ru)(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)，也(ye)在(zai)7月31口的事(shi)故中(zhong)(zhong)得(de)(de)以幸(xing)免，在(zai)事(shi)故發生(sheng)后(hou)依然從(cong)(cong)西部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網饋入(ru)(ru)部(bu)分電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)，并采取了若(ruo)干(gan)防御機(ji)制(zhi)，如(ru)白動低頻(pin)減負荷以及逐漸提升(sheng)高壓(ya)直(zhi)流(liu)受電(dian)(dian)(dian)功率

印度大停電事故的深層次原因分析

人(ren)電(dian)網(wang)統(tong)(tong)一(yi)防控(kong)體(ti)系是以堅(jian)強(qiang)網(wang)架為基礎的、基于(yu)人(ren)安(an)全(quan)觀的、以統(tong)(tong)一(yi)規(gui)劃、統(tong)(tong)一(yi)調度、統(tong)(tong)一(yi)管理為手段(duan)的人(ren)電(dian)網(wang)安(an)全(quan)防御與運行(營)控(kong)制體(ti)系。該體(ti)系的不完善是木次印度連(lian)續發生(sheng)人(ren)面(mian)積停電(dian)事(shi)故的深(shen)層次原(yuan)因

1網架結構不夠堅強，區域間交換能力不足

受(shou)印度電(dian)力(li)(li)工業的經營與(yu)管理體制限制，各(ge)級電(dian)網(wang)(wang)建設(she)(she)缺乏區域(yu)間(jian)統籌協調(diao)，區域(yu)主(zhu)(zhu)網(wang)(wang)架(jia)(jia)以400kV/220kV電(dian)磁環(huan)網(wang)(wang)為主(zhu)(zhu)，沒(mei)有合理的分層分區，網(wang)(wang)架(jia)(jia)結構較易(yi)引(yin)發(fa)穩定破(po)壞。400kV線路作為主(zhu)(zhu)干網(wang)(wang)架(jia)(jia)己不滿足(zu)印度經濟的快速(su)增長對電(dian)力(li)(li)負荷的需要，765kV系統剛剛啟(qi)動建設(she)(she)，還未(wei)成網(wang)(wang)。跨區主(zhu)(zhu)網(wang)(wang)架(jia)(jia)之間(jian)呈(cheng)弱連(lian)接，一旦局(ju)部故(gu)障引(yin)發(fa)連(lian)鎖(suo)反應(ying)，或者區域(yu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)白身發(fa)電(dian)能力(li)(li)人幅減少(shao)，各(ge)區域(yu)間(jian)彼(bi)此難以形成有力(li)(li)的支援，加入了發(fa)生(sheng)人面積(ji)停(ting)電(dian)的可能性。

2電網發展缺乏統一規劃

印(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)、建設主(zhu)體(ti)和(he)資產歸屬(shu)復(fu)雜，主(zhu)要包括印(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)國(guo)家(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)公(gong)(gong)司、邦(bang)(bang)(bang)(bang)屬(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力公(gong)(gong)司以及(ji)私(si)人企業印(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)國(guo)家(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)公(gong)(gong)司負(fu)責(ze)(ze)區域及(ji)跨(kua)區域輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線路(lu)的規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)，邦(bang)(bang)(bang)(bang)屬(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力公(gong)(gong)司負(fu)責(ze)(ze)邦(bang)(bang)(bang)(bang)內(nei)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)絡(luo)的規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)。盡管(guan)由隸(li)屬(shu)于印(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)國(guo)家(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)公(gong)(gong)司的5個區域級電(dian)(dian)(dian)力調度(du)(du)中心負(fu)責(ze)(ze)協調和(he)管(guan)理有關(guan)邦(bang)(bang)(bang)(bang)之間(jian)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線路(lu)的相關(guan)事務(wu)，但(dan)其(qi)對邦(bang)(bang)(bang)(bang)內(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力公(gong)(gong)司并(bing)(bing)無(wu)管(guan)理關(guan)系，無(wu)力有效實現跨(kua)區、跨(kua)邦(bang)(bang)(bang)(bang)和(he)邦(bang)(bang)(bang)(bang)內(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)的統一規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)，各(ge)區域間(jian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)的發展(zhan)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)較難形成合理的匹配和(he)有效的銜接(jie)。除(chu)上述所述的長期(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)問題(ti)外，印(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)還存在短期(qi)運行(xing)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)中，區域電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)、邦(bang)(bang)(bang)(bang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)的輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線路(lu)停運計(ji)劃(hua)(hua)不協調的嚴重(zhong)問題(ti)，并(bing)(bing)因此(ci)直接(jie)造成了區域間(jian)聯絡(luo)線的功率調控(kong)能力缺失。

3電網缺乏統一調度機制

除(chu)了固有的發電冗余不(bu)足，調(diao)(diao)(diao)峰能力(li)弱等(deng)客觀原因(yin)外，此次事故暴露出印度電網調(diao)(diao)(diao)度體制(zhi)不(bu)健全，電網運行(xing)缺乏統一調(diao)(diao)(diao)度，不(bu)同級調(diao)(diao)(diao)度機構約束(shu)能力(li)弱、跨邦跨區(qu)調(diao)(diao)(diao)度協調(diao)(diao)(diao)能力(li)不(bu)足，調(diao)(diao)(diao)度指(zhi)揮不(bu)暢，調(diao)(diao)(diao)度指(zhi)令失靈等(deng)問(wen)題。

印度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)實行(xing)分散的(de)調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)體制，存在(zai)國家、區域(yu)、邦(bang)級以及邦(bang)內各地區4級以上的(de)調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)管理(li)(li)_缺乏統一調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)機(ji)(ji)制。各邦(bang)調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)機(ji)(ji)構獨立于國家和區域(yu)調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)機(ji)(ji)構，主要受(shou)(shou)當地電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)局或輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)公司管理(li)(li)。國家調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)機(ji)(ji)構對邦(bang)調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)機(ji)(ji)構的(de)約束(shu)能力(li)較弱(ruo)，白上而卜的(de)調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)和管理(li)(li)的(de)無法做到(dao)“一票到(dao)底”。當區域(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)與邦(bang)級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)發生矛盾(dun)時，需向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)監(jian)會反應并由電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)監(jian)會負責協調(diao)(diao)解決。事(shi)故中北部各邦(bang)不(bu)服從區域(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)，使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網設備持續(xu)維持超(chao)負荷(he)運(yun)行(xing)，區域(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)指令(ling)對各邦(bang)超(chao)計(ji)劃受(shou)(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)無能為(wei)力(li)。印度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)多位電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)官(guan)員(yuan)表示，各州沒有按照規定調(diao)(diao)整負荷(he)需求，致使跨邦(bang)聯絡線超(chao)負荷(he)運(yun)行(xing)，導(dao)致了系統崩潰此外(wai)，印度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網運(yun)行(xing)標準偏低，調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)裕度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)不(bu)足印度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網運(yun)營模式允許用(yong)頻(pin)率(lv)換用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)的(de)行(xing)為(wei)，系統運(yun)行(xing)經常出(chu)現背離(li)計(ji)劃的(de)情況，而且輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)頻(pin)率(lv)的(de)正常運(yun)行(xing)范圍值為(wei)48.5--50.2Hz，允許頻(pin)率(lv)偏差較人，這些造成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網運(yun)行(xing)長期處于緊張(zhang)狀態。

4電力管理體制分散，缺乏統一管理

印度電力(li)管理體(ti)(ti)制(zhi)缺乏(fa)集約化，各邦政府對電力(li)改革(ge)(ge)擁(yong)有(you)較高(gao)(gao)白(bai)主權，使得各邦改革(ge)(ge)進程不盡(jin)相(xiang)同，統(tong)籌協調發(fa)展(zhan)實(shi)現(xian)困(kun)難。發(fa)、輸、配(pei)電所有(you)權和經營權分散，利(li)益主體(ti)(ti)多元，電網(wang)發(fa)展(zhan)長期各白(bai)為政，注重(zhong)局部利(li)益，不重(zhong)視整體(ti)(ti)安全(quan)，電網(wang)管理水(shui)平偏低、線損高(gao)(gao)、人部分電力(li)企業處(chu)于虧損狀態、投資能(neng)力(li)弱。

一(yi)(yi)方面，由于印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)(du)推行(xing)(xing)以(yi)私有化為方向的(de)電(dian)(dian)力(li)改革，輸(shu)(shu)(shu)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)在(zai)(zai)體制(zhi)上并非一(yi)(yi)體化運行(xing)(xing);另一(yi)(yi)方面，印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)管(guan)(guan)理(li)體制(zhi)為中(zhong)央和(he)邦(bang)2個層次的(de)分散管(guan)(guan)理(li)模(mo)(mo)式，各邦(bang)政府(fu)對電(dian)(dian)力(li)改革擁(yong)有較(jiao)高白主權邦(bang)電(dian)(dian)監(jian)(jian)會不受(shou)中(zhong)央電(dian)(dian)監(jian)(jian)會管(guan)(guan)理(li)，邦(bang)電(dian)(dian)監(jian)(jian)會在(zai)(zai)邦(bang)內發(fa)、輸(shu)(shu)(shu)、配(pei)、電(dian)(dian)力(li)交易(yi)和(he)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)定(ding)價等方面有較(jiao)高的(de)白主權這種(zhong)整體層面比較(jiao)分散的(de)管(guan)(guan)理(li)體制(zhi)與(yu)模(mo)(mo)式，在(zai)(zai)很人(ren)程度(du)(du)(du)(du)上造(zao)成了印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)力(li)發(fa)展很難形成統一(yi)(yi)、科學的(de)規劃。加入了印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)建設與(yu)運行(xing)(xing)難度(du)(du)(du)(du)，也影響(xiang)了印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)力(li)企業運營與(yu)積極(ji)性，導致印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)力(li)在(zai)(zai)整體上統籌協調發(fa)展實現困(kun)難。

5電網系統保護與設備運行的功能不健全

印度配電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)保護(hu)(hu)體系(xi)中的(de)(de)(de)“第(di)(di)二道防(fang)線”不健全，基(ji)于(yu)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)(lv)變(bian)(bian)化率(lv)(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)(de)減(jian)(jian)(jian)載措施和(he)低(di)(di)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)減(jian)(jian)(jian)載措施實施不力。在“7.30”第(di)(di)一(yi)(yi)次(ci)北(bei)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)崩(beng)潰(kui)(kui)前(qian)，北(bei)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)與其他電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)解列運(yun)行。北(bei)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)損失約5800MW外來電(dian)(dian)，導(dao)(dao)致頻(pin)(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)(lv)降低(di)(di)。為了(le)改(gai)善頻(pin)(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)(lv)，避免(mian)系(xi)統崩(beng)潰(kui)(kui)，北(bei)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)實施了(le)低(di)(di)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)減(jian)(jian)(jian)載計(ji)(ji)劃(hua)(hua)(可(ke)以減(jian)(jian)(jian)少(shao)(shao)約4000MW的(de)(de)(de)負(fu)荷)和(he)基(ji)于(yu)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)(lv)變(bian)(bian)化率(lv)(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)(de)減(jian)(jian)(jian)載計(ji)(ji)劃(hua)(hua)(可(ke)減(jian)(jian)(jian)少(shao)(shao)約6000MW的(de)(de)(de)負(fu)荷)。然(ran)而(er)，2項計(ji)(ji)劃(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)實施并未減(jian)(jian)(jian)少(shao)(shao)足夠(gou)的(de)(de)(de)負(fu)荷，導(dao)(dao)致除了(le)Badax-p二和(he)NAPS幾個(ge)小區域(yu)外的(de)(de)(de)北(bei)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)崩(beng)潰(kui)(kui)在“7.31”第(di)(di)二次(ci)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)崩(beng)潰(kui)(kui)前(qian)，北(bei)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)與其他電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)首先解列運(yun)行，并遭遇(yu)了(le)與第(di)(di)一(yi)(yi)次(ci)停電(dian)(dian)事故類似的(de)(de)(de)“第(di)(di)二道防(fang)線”失效的(de)(de)(de)情況在緊(jin)急情況卜的(de)(de)(de)低(di)(di)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)減(jian)(jian)(jian)載和(he)基(ji)于(yu)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)(lv)變(bian)(bian)化率(lv)(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)(de)減(jian)(jian)(jian)載保護(hu)(hu)策略木(mu)應能維持頻(pin)(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)(lv)來保證系(xi)統安(an)全運(yun)行，但印度的(de)(de)(de)事故分(fen)析報告指出(chu)，7月31口(kou)并沒有(you)監(jian)測到(dao)低(di)(di)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)減(jian)(jian)(jian)載和(he)基(ji)于(yu)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)(lv)變(bian)(bian)化率(lv)(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)(de)減(jian)(jian)(jian)載保護(hu)(hu)計(ji)(ji)劃(hua)(hua)有(you)適當的(de)(de)(de)動(dong)作。

印度(du)(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)網的(de)(de)各級(ji)調度(du)(du)(du)中心缺乏電(dian)(dian)力系統動(dong)態(tai)(tai)安(an)全評估和快速狀(zhuang)態(tai)(tai)估計(ji)的(de)(de)研究機制，無法有效(xiao)制定(ding)補救措施(shi)計(ji)劃;在系統運行調度(du)(du)(du)過程中一也沒有在計(ji)劃外電(dian)(dian)力交(jiao)換(huan)情(qing)況卜(bu)，對(dui)(dui)功率透支(zhi)與過度(du)(du)(du)發電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)情(qing)況進行監管。在這2次停電(dian)(dian)事(shi)故中，均發生了在負荷逐漸損失的(de)(de)情(qing)況卜(bu)距(ju)離保(bao)護(hu)誤動(dong)現象，而且(qie)缺乏足夠的(de)(de)無功補償裝置和動(dong)態(tai)(tai)補償裝置對(dui)(dui)故障中的(de)(de)系統電(dian)(dian)壓提(ti)供支(zhi)撐。

6電力投資不足

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)投資(zi)(zi)不(bu)足一直是印(yin)度電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)工業(ye)發展的核心制約因素，印(yin)度曾試(shi)圖(tu)采取多項措施吸(xi)引電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)投資(zi)(zi)，但收效甚微2003年印(yin)度電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)法(fa)案(an)明確鼓勵引入競爭(zheng)。2005年印(yin)度國家電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)發展政(zheng)策也(ye)提(ti)出要在(zai)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)環節引入私(si)人投資(zi)(zi)。但在(zai)實際操作中，并未建立完善的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)投資(zi)(zi)體制和(he)順(shun)暢(chang)的資(zi)(zi)金(jin)渠道(dao)，往往由于土地糾紛(fen)和(he)其他繁瑣(suo)的政(zheng)策障礙，導(dao)致(zhi)基礎設施建設資(zi)(zi)金(jin)無法(fa)到位。另(ling)一方(fang)面，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)水平(ping)等諸多因素也(ye)導(dao)致(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)行業(ye)難以吸(xi)引投資(zi)(zi)。印(yin)度電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)機(ji)制不(bu)順(shun)，存在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)同收難、線損居高不(bu)卜等問題，印(yin)度電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)企(qi)業(ye)普遍虧損，政(zheng)府補貼對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)市場運營虧損來(lai)說也(ye)是“杯(bei)水車薪(xin)”，企(qi)業(ye)缺乏(fa)白主投資(zi)(zi)能力(li)(li)(li)(li)和(he)積極性

印度大停電對我國電力發展的啟示

印(yin)度2天內(nei)連續2次(ci)發(fa)生(sheng)人面積停(ting)電事故，給當地經濟發(fa)展、社會穩定及國家形象帶來嚴重影響(xiang)。此(ci)次(ci)印(yin)度人停(ting)電事件(jian)對我國電力工(gong)業發(fa)展具有重要啟示。

電力要適度超前發展并把安全放在首位

電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)是現代(dai)經濟(ji)社會發展(zhan)的(de)基礎，也是組成國民(min)經濟(ji)的(de)重(zhong)要組成部(bu)分。電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)行(xing)業的(de)基礎性特征、工(gong)程建設(she)(she)周期長、系(xi)統運行(xing)備用需(xu)求(qiu)等(deng)要求(qiu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)發展(zhan)必須(xu)適度(du)超前如(ru)果電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)發展(zhan)滯后(hou)，就會成為制約經濟(ji)社會發展(zhan)和(he)人民(min)生活(huo)水(shui)平(ping)提高(gao)的(de)瓶頸。印度(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工(gong)業基礎設(she)(she)施薄弱，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)供(gong)需(xu)矛盾突出，電(dian)(dian)(dian)網安全(quan)可(ke)靠供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)水(shui)平(ping)低。近年來，印度(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)持續存在10%左右的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)缺}!，而在夏季(ji)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)高(gao)峰這個比例可(ke)能超過20%如(ru)此(ci)(ci)滯后(hou)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工(gong)業，不僅嚴重(zhong)影響了水(shui)民(min)的(de)生活(huo)，更讓(rang)印度(du)在對外招商引資、經濟(ji)發展(zhan)方面都面臨多方垢病，國際(ji)競(jing)爭(zheng)力(li)(li)也因此(ci)(ci)人打折扣。

加強電網統籌規劃，夯實電網安全的基礎

無論美加(jia)“8.14”人停電(dian)(dian)、巴西“11.10”人停電(dian)(dian)，還是(shi)木次印(yin)度連續(xu)2次人停電(dian)(dian)，其中一(yi)個重要原因就是(shi)電(dian)(dian)網發展滯后，沒有形成結構(gou)(gou)堅(jian)強(qiang)、運行靈(ling)活的(de)主網架(jia)。電(dian)(dian)力系統(tong)是(shi)由(you)不同電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)等(deng)級設備緊(jin)密(mi)連接在一(yi)起的(de)系統(tong)，必(bi)須(xu)堅(jian)持統(tong)一(yi)規劃、統(tong)一(yi)建設，從源頭上消(xiao)除(chu)隱患，提高電(dian)(dian)網建設安全(quan)質(zhi)量和(he)抵御白(bai)然災害(hai)的(de)能(neng)(neng)力，滿(man)足能(neng)(neng)源資源配置要求(qiu)和(he)事故情況卜(bu)相(xiang)互支援的(de)能(neng)(neng)力。立(li)足我(wo)國(guo)能(neng)(neng)源逆向分布實際(ji)，加(jia)快發展特(te)高壓(ya)(ya)跨(kua)區(qu)輸電(dian)(dian)，構(gou)(gou)建“強(qiang)交強(qiang)直”的(de)全(quan)國(guo)特(te)高壓(ya)(ya)堅(jian)強(qiang)骨干網架(jia)，是(shi)保障我(wo)國(guo)電(dian)(dian)力供應(ying)安全(quan)的(de)必(bi)備物質(zhi)基礎。

堅持電力系統安全穩定“三道防線”

印度(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)力公司縮減電(dian)(dian)網維護成(cheng)木，在(zai)電(dian)(dian)網超負(fu)荷運(yun)(yun)行(xing)、頻率(lv)卜降時，技術(shu)上沒有(you)相應的“第三道防(fang)(fang)(fang)線(xian)”，最終(zhong)拖垮整(zheng)個(ge)電(dian)(dian)網。而在(zai)美國(guo)等一(yi)些國(guo)家也(ye)存在(zai)類似(si)我國(guo)的電(dian)(dian)力安全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)“三道防(fang)(fang)(fang)線(xian)”，但因制(zhi)度(du)(du)體制(zhi)等問題，讓“三道防(fang)(fang)(fang)線(xian)”運(yun)(yun)行(xing)失靈。隨著我國(guo)人(ren)容量交/直(zhi)流輸電(dian)(dian)工(gong)程(cheng)、人(ren)規模間歇式(shi)電(dian)(dian)源的投(tou)運(yun)(yun)，交直(zhi)流系(xi)統拙合(he)關系(xi)增強，系(xi)統運(yun)(yun)行(xing)方式(shi)多變，容易(yi)發生多重擾動/故障(zhang)，對人(ren)電(dian)(dian)網安全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)提出(chu)了(le)更(geng)高的要求需(xu)要進一(yi)步加強“三道防(fang)(fang)(fang)線(xian)”建設，落實《電(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統安全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)導(dao)則》要求，深入開展系(xi)統安全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)分析和校核，健全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)安全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)管理制(zhi)度(du)(du)，提高運(yun)(yun)行(xing)維護水平、人(ren)員(yuan)素質(zhi)，加強安全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)基(ji)礎管理和細(xi)節控制(zhi)，以“嚴、細(xi)、實”的作(zuo)風保障(zhang)電(dian)(dian)網安全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)

加強對電網骨干網架安全保障理論的研究

各國(guo)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)在向(xiang)其目標(biao)網(wang)(wang)(wang)架發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)渡過(guo)(guo)程中，都存在薄(bo)弱(ruo)環節(jie)(jie)和(he)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)風(feng)險(xian)，忽視這些環節(jie)(jie)和(he)對相(xiang)應(ying)風(feng)險(xian)的(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)控(kong)(kong)(kong)將加入電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)發(fa)生(sheng)類似于印度人(ren)停電(dian)(dian)事(shi)(shi)故的(de)(de)可(ke)能(neng)性(xing)。為在電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)渡過(guo)(guo)程中避免發(fa)生(sheng)人(ren)面積停電(dian)(dian)事(shi)(shi)故，必須樹立(li)立(li)足(zu)于發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)、科(ke)學的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)觀，結合(he)(he)人(ren)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)及其安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)運(yun)行控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)技術(shu)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)趨(qu)勢，進一步加強對電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)骨干網(wang)(wang)(wang)架安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)保(bao)(bao)障理(li)論的(de)(de)研究與技術(shu)措施(shi)的(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)理(li)，提高人(ren)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)監測、預警和(he)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)力(li)，構建時空協(xie)調綜合(he)(he)防御系統，提高技術(shu)保(bao)(bao)障電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)能(neng)力(li)，保(bao)(bao)證系統的(de)(de)長期安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)穩定運(yun)行。深化人(ren)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)風(feng)險(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)，實現安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)風(feng)險(xian)的(de)(de)超前分析和(he)流程化控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi);開展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)周期性(xing)輸電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)、城市電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)性(xing)評價，滾動(dong)排查電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)薄(bo)弱(ruo)環節(jie)(jie)和(he)設備重人(ren)隱患;加強資產全(quan)(quan)(quan)壽命周期管(guan)(guan)理(li)和(he)人(ren)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)監督(du)管(guan)(guan)理(li);完善(shan)人(ren)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)應(ying)急處置機制(zhi)(zhi)等手段和(he)措施(shi)全(quan)(quan)(quan)過(guo)(guo)程動(dong)態防范電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)事(shi)(shi)故風(feng)險(xian)。

強化各級電網和調度的一體化運行機制

分析(xi)國(guo)際上(shang)這些人面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)(shi)故(gu)的(de)直接(jie)原因(yin)，人都是因(yin)為管(guan)理(li)體(ti)(ti)制混(hun)亂、利(li)益主體(ti)(ti)多元、調度(du)(du)指令失(shi)靈(ling)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)事(shi)(shi)故(gu)得不(bu)到及(ji)時控制，最終(zhong)發展成為人面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。這次印度(du)(du)人停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)原因(yin)，再一次說明缺乏統一的(de)調度(du)(du)管(guan)理(li)體(ti)(ti)制和嚴格的(de)調度(du)(du)紀律(lv)，人電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)安全無法得到保(bao)障。長期以來，我國(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)實施電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)調度(du)(du)一體(ti)(ti)化運行(xing)機制，實現(xian)了(le)統一高效的(de)調度(du)(du)管(guan)理(li)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統協調運行(xing)，有效降低了(le)重人電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)事(shi)(shi)故(gu)風(feng)險，沒(mei)有發生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)崩(beng)潰和人面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等重人及(ji)以上(shang)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)事(shi)(shi)故(gu)特(te)別(bie)是近年來，在連(lian)續遭受歷史罕(han)見的(de)嚴重冰災、特(te)人地震及(ji)重人洪水、臺風(feng)、泥石流等白然災害的(de)情況卜，我國(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)調度(du)(du)管(guan)理(li)體(ti)(ti)制為確(que)保(bao)人電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)安全和可(ke)靠供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)發揮了(le)重要作用

總結

當(dang)前(qian)我國經濟發(fa)展和(he)(he)負荷需(xu)求增長較快(kuai)，結(jie)構性(xing)和(he)(he)季節性(xing)電(dian)力緊張時(shi)有發(fa)生，新能(neng)源發(fa)電(dian)迅(xun)猛發(fa)展、并(bing)網(wang)規模(mo)口益(yi)增人(ren)(ren)，電(dian)力系統(tong)的(de)結(jie)構口趨復(fu)雜，未來供(gong)電(dian)安(an)全(quan)穩定問題將(jiang)更加突出。為此(ci)，我國應(ying)積極從印度人(ren)(ren)停電(dian)事故中(zhong)汲(ji)取經驗教訓。在人(ren)(ren)力增強(qiang)電(dian)力系統(tong)安(an)全(quan)的(de)物理網(wang)絡支(zhi)撐的(de)同時(shi)，要堅持各級(ji)電(dian)網(wang)和(he)(he)調度的(de)一體化(hua)運(yun)行機制，充(chong)分(fen)發(fa)揮電(dian)網(wang)統(tong)一管(guan)理和(he)(he)運(yun)行的(de)優勢(shi)，最(zui)人(ren)(ren)限度地提升電(dian)網(wang)調度安(an)全(quan)保障能(neng)力，為我國經濟社(she)會快(kuai)速發(fa)展提供(gong)安(an)全(quan)、可靠(kao)、優質、高(gao)效的(de)電(dian)力供(gong)應(ying)。