濂溪先生
周(zhou)敦(dun)(dun)頤(yi),宋朝(chao)道州營道(現今湖(hu)南(nan)道縣(xian))人,著名哲(zhe)學(xue)家(jia),謚號元公(謚號,死后(hou)所給的(de)稱號),號“濂(lian)(lian)溪”,世(shi)(shi)稱“濂(lian)(lian)溪先(xian)(xian)生(sheng)”。理學(xue)派開(kai)山鼻祖。周(zhou)敦(dun)(dun)頤(yi)著有《周(zhou)子全書》行世(shi)(shi)。周(zhou)敦(dun)(dun)頤(yi)曾在蓮(lian)花(hua)峰下開(kai)設濂(lian)(lian)溪書院,世(shi)(shi)稱濂(lian)(lian)溪先(xian)(xian)生(sheng),濂(lian)(lian)溪書院是他講學(xue)的(de)講壇,他的(de)學(xue)說(shuo)對以后(hou)理學(xue)的(de)發展有很(hen)大的(de)影響(xiang)。周(zhou)敦(dun)(dun)頤(yi)是把(ba)世(shi)(shi)界本源當做哲(zhe)學(xue)問題進行系統討論的(de)肇始者。
書院介紹
基本信息
九江濂(lian)溪(xi)書(shu)院(yuan),始(shi)稱(cheng)(cheng)濂(lian)溪(xi)書(shu)堂(tang),亦(yi)稱(cheng)(cheng)濂(lian)溪(xi)祠。宋嘉祐六(liu)年(1061年),周敦(dun)頤“遷(qian)國子博士(shi),通(tong)判(pan)虔州(今贛州市),道(dao)出江州,愛廬山之勝(sheng),有(you)卜居之志,因筑書(shu)堂(tang)于其(qi)麓。堂(tang)前(qian)有(you)溪(xi),發源于蓮花峰(feng)下,潔清紺寒(han),下合于湓江,先生濯纓(ying)而樂之,遂寓(yu)名以濂(lian)溪(xi)。”濂(lian)溪(xi)本是周敦(dun)頤故(gu)里(li)之名,周敦(dun)頤遠離(li)故(gu)鄉,在外地長期(qi)為(wei)官,一來因為(wei)清廉而貧不能返鄉,二來喜愛廬山之美,結屋(wu)于此,取名“濂(lian)溪(xi)書(shu)堂(tang)”,表示(shi)僑(qiao)寓(yu)此地,鄉關在目之意。該書(shu)院(yuan)歷代(dai)屢有(you)興建,數易其(qi)址,稱(cheng)(cheng)謂亦(yi)有(you)變(bian)更。
汝城(cheng)濂溪(xi)書(shu)院,汝城(cheng)縣濂溪(xi)書(shu)院始建于宋(song)寧宗嘉定十三年,是汝城(cheng)人民(min)(min)為紀(ji)念周(zhou)(zhou)敦(dun)頤而建的,距今已有(you)785年歷(li)史,被(bei)列為省(sheng)(sheng)級文(wen)物(wu)保護(hu)單(dan)(dan)位。濂溪(xi)書(shu)院為仿宋(song)建筑(zhu),四合院磚木(mu)回廊結構(gou),建筑(zhu)面(mian)積1618平(ping)方米(mi)。自創辦以來(lai),書(shu)院人文(wen)蔚起(qi),聲名(ming)遠播,濂溪(xi)遺韻(yun)歷(li)久彌光,歷(li)代名(ming)師在此(ci)傳(chuan)道授業,一大批經天(tian)緯(wei)地(di)(di)之才脫(tuo)穎而出。明(ming)代兩廣總督、太子(zi)太保朱(zhu)英,江西、福建布政使(shi)范輅,清代著名(ming)詩人郭遠,當(dang)代中國人民(min)(min)解(jie)放軍上將(jiang)朱(zhu)良才、李濤,原中國作(zuo)家協(xie)會黨組副書(shu)記朱(zhu)子(zi)奇等均在此(ci)求學(xue)(xue)立(li)志,邁向輝煌人生。汝城(cheng)濂溪(xi)書(shu)院是為紀(ji)念北宋(song)理學(xue)(xue)鼻祖(zu)周(zhou)(zhou)敦(dun)頤而興(xing)建的紀(ji)念性建筑(zhu),是省(sheng)(sheng)級文(wen)物(wu)保護(hu)單(dan)(dan)位、市級愛國主義(yi)教育基地(di)(di),是傳(chuan)播宋(song)明(ming)理學(xue)(xue)的文(wen)化寶地(di)(di)。
稱謂和校址
據清(qing)(qing)(qing)同治(zhi)十一(yi)年(1873年)《德(de)化(hua)縣志·書院(yuan)(yuan)志》記載,九江濂(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)溪書院(yuan)(yuan)先后(hou)(hou)有(you)四個稱(cheng)(cheng)謂、四處校址(zhi):一(yi)曰(yue)濂(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)溪書院(yuan)(yuan),即早期的濂(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)溪書堂,周敦頤(yi)逝世后(hou)(hou)改為(wei)濂(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)溪祠,位于(yu)九江市治(zhi)之南(nan)十五里(li)(li)處蓮花峰下(今(jin)廬山區十里(li)(li)鄉)。二曰(yue)濂(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)溪港書院(yuan)(yuan),在書堂左大(da)筑學舍二十六楹(一(yi)列房屋稱(cheng)(cheng)一(yi)楹),可(ke)見規模之盛,后(hou)(hou)毀,明正統、嘉(jia)靖、清(qing)(qing)(qing)康(kang)熙、乾(qian)隆時(shi)先后(hou)(hou)重修。明清(qing)(qing)(qing)時(shi)期又在潯陽城內建(jian)過兩所濂(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)溪書院(yuan)(yuan),一(yi)曰(yue)豐儲坊(fang)濂(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)溪書院(yuan)(yuan),為(wei)明嘉(jia)靖年間兵(bing)備(bei)道陳洪蒙建(jian),院(yuan)(yuan)內有(you)濂(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)溪祠、無極堂、書室五幢(chuang)(chuang)、學舍四幢(chuang)(chuang)等建(jian)筑,清(qing)(qing)(qing)末已(yi)廢(fei)棄。二曰(yue)新濂(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)溪書院(yuan)(yuan),在世德(de)坊(fang)南(nan),清(qing)(qing)(qing)乾(qian)隆五十年(1785年)知府(fu)初之樸建(jian),嘉(jia)慶、咸豐、同治(zhi)間多(duo)次重修,原是祀濂(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)溪先生(sheng)神位的地方,后(hou)(hou)來成為(wei)青年學子受業習(xi)藝準備(bei)參加(jia)科舉(ju)的場所。清(qing)(qing)(qing)末,在此基(ji)礎(chu)上興建(jian)九江中學堂。
濂溪書院(yuan)綿延(yan)八百(bai)余年(nian),造就了一(yi)代(dai)(dai)又一(yi)代(dai)(dai)的英才,堪稱九(jiu)江書院(yuan)史奇(qi)觀(guan)。
著書與弟子
周敦(dun)頤始筑書堂,當是從個人退隱會(hui)友讀書蓍述著眼。真正成為書院(yuan)(yuan),始于1071—1072年間,即(ji)周敦(dun)頤知南(nan)康軍時,尤其是在(zai)(zai)隱居書堂講學之(zhi)后(hou)。他潛心著述,留下了(le)《太(tai)極圖說》、《通書》—宋(song)代(dai)理學的(de)開(kai)(kai)山篇,從而成為中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)哲學史上宋(song)代(dai)理學的(de)鼻祖,即(ji)客觀唯心主義(yi)的(de)開(kai)(kai)創者,對(dui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)封(feng)建社會(hui)晚(wan)期產生極大(da)影響。不(bu)僅(jin)如此,他還(huan)培養(yang)了(le)聲名煊赫的(de)兩(liang)(liang)名弟(di)子:程顥(hao)、程頤兩(liang)(liang)兄弟(di)。他們是早年由周敦(dun)頤在(zai)(zai)南(nan)安(今南(nan)康縣)因(yin)程父程珦之(zhi)托(tuo)而收留、受(shou)業于濂(lian)(lian)溪書院(yuan)(yuan)的(de),程顥(hao)受(shou)周敦(dun)頤影響更大(da)些(xie),二(er)程后(hou)來都成為宋(song)代(dai)著名理學家。宋(song)元之(zhi)際學者吳(wu)澄(1249—1333),江西崇仁(ren)人,官至元代(dai)翰林學士,他曾(ceng)在(zai)(zai)濂(lian)(lian)溪書院(yuan)(yuan)一邊休養(yang),一邊講學,認(ren)真閱讀院(yuan)(yuan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藏書,研究理學,折(zhe)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)于朱(熹)、陸(九淵)兩(liang)(liang)派,知名一時。
地位
濂(lian)(lian)溪書(shu)院在(zai)中(zhong)國書(shu)院史、教育史、哲學史上,有著(zhu)不(bu)容忽(hu)視(shi)的(de)(de)重要(yao)地位,在(zai)理學發展(zhan)史上,更處于其他書(shu)院無法比擬的(de)(de)核心、靈魂和淵源的(de)(de)顯赫位置(zhi)。歷史上到九(jiu)江濂(lian)(lian)溪書(shu)院求學、游學、拜(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)謁、尋(xun)訪者,可謂連綿(mian)不(bu)斷(duan)。許多名人諸如黃(huang)庭堅、蘇軾、“二程”、朱(zhu)熹、王(wang)守仁等(deng)等(deng),都曾(ceng)在(zai)此駐有足跡(ji)(ji)。南(nan)宋淳熙四年(nian)(nian)(1177年(nian)(nian))朱(zhu)熹撰《濂(lian)(lian)溪先(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)祠(ci)堂(tang)記(ji)》、《濂(lian)(lian)溪先(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)畫像記(ji)》。兩(liang)年(nian)(nian)后,他知南(nan)康(kang)軍,不(bu)僅(jin)懷著(zhu)對先(xian)(xian)師敬仰之情,遍訪元(yuan)公當年(nian)(nian)在(zai)南(nan)康(kang)、廬山(shan)、江州的(de)(de)遺跡(ji)(ji),修繕(shan)先(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)舊居,建“愛蓮碑”、題(ti)“愛蓮匾”,還(huan)親自把白鹿洞書(shu)院的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)徒(tu)帶到山(shan)北拜(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)謁濂(lian)(lian)溪祠(ci)。“我(wo)率諸生(sheng)(sheng)拜(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)祠(ci)下,要(yao)令今古播清芬”,可見參(can)拜(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)的(de)(de)情景與目的(de)(de)。
演變
書(shu)院(yuan)的創辦之初帶有濃厚的私(si)人講學(xue)交友的痕跡。“或(huo)吟(yin)或(huo)冥默,或(huo)酒(jiu)或(huo)鳴琴。數(shu)十黃卷(juan)軸,賢圣談(tan)無音(yin)”(周(zhou)敦頤(yi)《濂(lian)溪港》)記載了(le)濂(lian)溪書(shu)院(yuan)初期狀況。到后(hou)來,基本上由官(guan)府(fu)(fu)(fu)辦學(xue)。重建(jian)、修復的資金(jin)由府(fu)(fu)(fu)、縣承擔。即(ji)如宋王(wang)象(xiang)之《輿地紀(ji)勝》云:“(濂(lian)溪先生)后(hou)百余年(nian),象(xiang)之先君子守九江(jiang),為(wei)(wei)建(jian)拙(zhuo)堂(tang)及愛蓮(lian)堂(tang)于祠(ci)(ci)之側。又其后(hou),象(xiang)之季史觀之為(wei)(wei)德化宰,新造(zao)祠(ci)(ci)宇、書(shu)院(yuan)、講堂(tang),為(wei)(wei)屋數(shu)十間,仿白鹿洞(dong)院(yuan)例(li),招致(zhi)名儒以為(wei)(wei)堂(tang)長,諸縣舉秀民以為(wei)(wei)生員,仍置田租以贍之,至今(jin)不(bu)廢。”“乾(qian)隆二十一(yi)年(nian)知府(fu)(fu)(fu)董榕復移建(jian)(濂(lian)溪書(shu)院(yuan))于蓮(lian)花(hua)峰下。后(hou)因(yin)蓮(lian)花(hua)峰頭(tou)澗水潮濕,風雨飄(piao)搖,肄(yi)業學(xue)子不(bu)能(neng)安居,屋遂傾圮。二十八年(nian),知府(fu)(fu)(fu)溫保初對肄(yi)業諸生每月(yue)于府(fu)(fu)(fu)學(xue)明倫堂(tang)考課,給以膏火,至今(jin)因(yin)焉。”(錄同治《德化志》)
邵陽濂溪書院
濂溪書院,是(shi)邵(shao)陽人民(min)為(wei)紀念周敦頤先生(sheng)開發邵(shao)陽教育事業(ye)的(de)豐功偉績并(bing)繼承其事業(ye)而創建的(de)一所半官半私性質的(de)學(xue)校(xiao),是(shi)明、清間(jian)寶慶府轄區民(min)間(jian)最高學(xue)府。
基本情況
歷(li)史(shi)沿(yan)革:濂(lian)溪書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)由東山(shan)書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)和希(xi)濂(lian)書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)合并(bing)而成。明嘉靖三十(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),分(fen)守下(xia)湖南(nan)道參(can)議(yi)楊逢春創建(jian)(jian)東山(shan)書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan),陳(chen)慶(qing)作(zuo)《東山(shan)書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)記(ji)(ji)》云:“嘉靖歲在壬(ren)子(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)次,邵(shao)陽東山(shan)書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)成。十(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)月奉使岷藩,道經邵(shao)陽,兩(liang)庠生(sheng)……來征言(yan)曰:‘敞邑東山(shan)書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)舊為(wei)寺,在資(zi)水之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)東,我(wo)藩參(can)西渠楊先生(sheng)聽民理戎之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)暇(xia),進諸生(sheng)講學(xue)于茲,喟然嘆曰:民居環(huan)列若是(shi)也(ye),寺可群乎?遂遷(qian)僧眾而予之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)處。于是(shi)革故建(jian)(jian)新,崇(chong)規(gui)學(xue)制,更題其(qi)名(ming)為(wei)東山(shan)書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)………”(《寶(bao)慶(qing)府(fu)志(zhi)·禮(li)書(shu)(shu)六》)。明末,書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)毀于戰火。清順(shun)治十(shi)(shi)(shi)五(wu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1658年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),寶(bao)慶(qing)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)府(fu)張惟養,邵(shao)陽知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)縣(xian)(xian)濮萬(wan)鎰重(zhong)修(xiu)東山(shan)書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan),康熙元年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1662年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),邵(shao)陽知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)縣(xian)(xian)顏堯揆等增建(jian)(jian)門屏(ping)、墻垣、房舍(she)等,使書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)略有成規(gui),恢(hui)復了明時舊觀。康熙十(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)府(fu)李益陽增建(jian)(jian)講堂(tang),至此(ci),“書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)規(gui)制大(da)備,人咸(xian)呼為(wei)濂(lian)溪書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)”,但尚未正(zheng)式(shi)更名(ming)。與此(ci)同時,又別(bie)建(jian)(jian)希(xi)濂(lian)書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)于東山(shan)上,講堂(tang)、后院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)、書(shu)(shu)室具備(同上)。乾隆十(shi)(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1745年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)府(fu)王(wang)瑋(wei)再次維修(xiu),“恢(hui)崇(chong)舍(she)宇,以樂育人才”。吳嗣(si)富作(zuo)《濂(lian)溪書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)碑(bei)記(ji)(ji)》,從此(ci),有關文(wen)獻(xian)正(zheng)式(shi)稱(cheng)該書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)為(wei)濂(lian)溪書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。乾隆二十(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),寶(bao)慶(qing)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)府(fu)鄭(zheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)僑籌資(zi)重(zhong)修(xiu),將(jiang)原(yuan)東山(shan)、希(xi)濂(lian)兩(liang)書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)合為(wei)一(yi)所,移祠西向(xiang),更其(qi)門額為(wei)“濂(lian)溪書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)”,自(zi)(zi)此(ci),該書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)正(zheng)式(shi)改(gai)稱(cheng)“濂(lian)溪書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)”。鄭(zheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)僑自(zi)(zi)作(zuo)《新建(jian)(jian)濂(lian)溪書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)記(ji)(ji)》以紀(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。嘉慶(qing)十(shi)(shi)(shi)九年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1814年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)府(fu)柳(liu)邁(mai)祖重(zhong)修(xiu),自(zi)(zi)作(zuo)《重(zhong)修(xiu)濂(lian)溪書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)記(ji)(ji)》紀(ji)其(qi)事。咸(xian)豐九年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1859年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))太平(ping)天國翼王(wang)石達開(kai)率三十(shi)(shi)(shi)萬(wan)大(da)軍圍寶(bao)慶(qing)府(fu)城,書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)毀于戰火。同治二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1863年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)府(fu)邵(shao)綬名(ming)主持重(zhong)修(xiu)。民國之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后,廢(fei)除(chu)科舉制度,一(yi)度將(jiang)該書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)改(gai)為(wei)安(an)和鎮(zhen)中心小學(xue)及邵(shao)陽佛教(jiao)協會駐地,書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的歷(li)史(shi)至此(ci)終(zhong)結。
書院規模
濂(lian)溪(xi)(xi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)的前身為(wei)(wei)東(dong)(dong)山書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)和希(xi)(xi)濂(lian)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)。東(dong)(dong)山書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)原(yuan)有校門(men)(men)、云(yun)衢(qu)、景濂(lian)堂、列舍(she)(she)(she)、濂(lian)溪(xi)(xi)祠(ci)(ci)、會心室等,是(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)處三(san)正(zheng)兩橫外加(jia)校門(men)(men)、通(tong)衢(qu)的四合院(yuan)(yuan),清康熙(xi)元年又增建(jian)(jian)門(men)(men)屏(即(ji)照(zhao)墻)、墻垣、房(fang)舍(she)(she)(she)等,其規模更加(jia)擴大(da)(da)了;希(xi)(xi)濂(lian)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)原(yuan)有講堂、后(hou)堂、書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)室、列舍(she)(she)(she)等建(jian)(jian)筑,系兩正(zheng)兩橫的四合院(yuan)(yuan)。乾隆二十(shi)四年,知府鄭(zheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)僑將兩所書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)合并(bing)(bing)(bing),更名“濂(lian)溪(xi)(xi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)”,并(bing)(bing)(bing)將原(yuan)有校舍(she)(she)(she)、祠(ci)(ci)宇整舊換新(xin),又新(xin)建(jian)(jian)亭、臺、館(guan)、閣若(ruo)干,使其規模進(jin)(jin)一(yi)(yi)(yi)步(bu)擴大(da)(da)。據鄭(zheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)僑《新(xin)建(jian)(jian)濂(lian)溪(xi)(xi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)記》所載,新(xin)建(jian)(jian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)濂(lian)溪(xi)(xi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan),“壘石為(wei)(wei)臺,崇九(jiu)尺(chi),廣三(san)十(shi)五丈(zhang)(zhang),修(xiu)得廣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)半”,即(ji)其臺基高(gao)(gao)九(jiu)尺(chi),約3米(mi);通(tong)面(mian)闊(kuo)三(san)十(shi)五丈(zhang)(zhang),約120米(mi);總進(jin)(jin)深為(wei)(wei)面(mian)闊(kuo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)半,約60米(mi);總占(zhan)地面(mian)積約7200平方米(mi)。中(zhong)軸線上之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)主體(ti)建(jian)(jian)筑依(yi)次為(wei)(wei)三(san)希(xi)(xi)堂(又稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)致(zhi)道(dao)堂)、敦崇實學室、藏書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)樓、觀瀾閣;兩側(ce)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)廂(xiang)房(fang)左為(wei)(wei)敬德,右曰居業,是(shi)為(wei)(wei)生員(yuan)修(xiu)習之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所;其兩側(ce)又各有廡房(fang)十(shi)余間,系庖廚、餐飲及食(shi)物儲(chu)存之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所;院(yuan)(yuan)前筑門(men)(men)樓,“臺高(gao)(gao)八(ba)尺(chi),護以(yi)(yi)回欄;閣高(gao)(gao)四丈(zhang)(zhang)五尺(chi),翼(yi)以(yi)(yi)欄楯(shun),可頫可眺。閣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)旁(pang)危石列榭,是(shi)為(wei)(wei)朋來亭。”大(da)(da)門(men)(men)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)“外有崇坊,額曰‘賢關’,體(ti)閑先圣(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao),亦(yi)示(shi)義利分(fen)途也(ye)”。書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)“后(hou)座一(yi)(yi)(yi)筵(yan),祀周(zhou)子、朱子”,又以(yi)(yi)張(zhang)無垢、陸子壽、程頤、程顥配之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),即(ji)六先生祠(ci)(ci)也(ye)。祠(ci)(ci)后(hou)“環之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)垣,別存舊祠(ci)(ci)三(san)楹,一(yi)(yi)(yi)以(yi)(yi)主劉公之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祠(ci)(ci),一(yi)(yi)(yi)祀曾、賀、李、何、王五君”,此即(ji)東(dong)(dong)山寺之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)劉公祠(ci)(ci),五忠祠(ci)(ci),與(yu)濂(lian)溪(xi)(xi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)相鄰,亦(yi)常(chang)與(yu)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)并(bing)(bing)(bing)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。至此,濂(lian)溪(xi)(xi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)達到(dao)鼎盛時(shi)期,其“稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)名之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)盛,亦(yi)幾與(yu)四大(da)(da)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)埒”(見(寶慶府志·禮書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)六》)。
田產與經費
濂溪書院(yuan)因系半(ban)官半(ban)民性質的學(xue)校,官方(fang)無(wu)(wu)固定的經費,學(xue)校生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)員的生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活及(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)習(xi)費用,主要(yao)靠社會(hui)各(ge)界捐助的田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)產(chan)來維持。清康熙(xi)(xi)之前,該書院(yuan)(指其前身東山書院(yuan))尚(shang)“無(wu)(wu)官師(shi)董治及(ji)(ji)(ji)置(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)膳(shan)養之法,康熙(xi)(xi)三(san)(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(1693年(nian)(nian)),邵陽知(zhi)縣王省(sheng)置(zhi)膳(shan)士(shi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)二(er)(er)(er)百三(san)(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)八畝(mu)(mu)有(you)奇,每歲(sui)(sui)獲(huo)租(zu)(zu)(zu)可四百石(shi),分而為三(san)(san)(san):一(yi)送縣學(xue)之師(shi),一(yi)送九(jiu)館(guan)之師(shi),一(yi)為諸生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)膏火(huo)(huo)”。其后(hou),又(you)相(xiang)繼將(jiang)五館(guan)、九(jiu)館(guan)、十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)館(guan)及(ji)(ji)(ji)義(yi)學(xue)之田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)產(chan),統(tong)歸濂溪書院(yuan)管(guan)理,“于是,濂溪之租(zu)(zu)(zu)入頗富矣”。乾隆(long)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian),“知(zhi)府(fu)王瑋檄(xi)經歷(li)向雯、邵陽典史康裕履畝(mu)(mu)清勘計實”,計有(you)膳(shan)士(shi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)三(san)(san)(san)百十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)六(liu)(liu)畝(mu)(mu)六(liu)(liu)四,科租(zu)(zu)(zu)五百七(qi)(qi)(qi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)石(shi)九(jiu)八;賓興田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)五十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)五畝(mu)(mu),科租(zu)(zu)(zu)八十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)石(shi);李公(gong)(gong)義(yi)學(xue)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)畝(mu)(mu)一(yi),科租(zu)(zu)(zu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)六(liu)(liu)石(shi)。共計田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)三(san)(san)(san)百八十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)(er)畝(mu)(mu)二(er)(er)(er)四,租(zu)(zu)(zu)六(liu)(liu)百三(san)(san)(san)石(shi)九(jiu)八。這些田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)租(zu)(zu)(zu),除(chu)(chu)給九(jiu)館(guan)學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)租(zu)(zu)(zu)谷百二(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)石(shi)外,歲(sui)(sui)完正賦八兩,扣除(chu)(chu)賓興原額十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)兩,其余全部歸濂溪書院(yuan)所有(you),又(you)將(jiang)縣學(xue)貧(pin)士(shi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)租(zu)(zu)(zu)四百九(jiu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)石(shi)六(liu)(liu)八三(san)(san)(san)八除(chu)(chu)解(jie)學(xue)政賑貧(pin)及(ji)(ji)(ji)布政司完餉(xiang)的七(qi)(qi)(qi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)(er)兩六(liu)(liu)三(san)(san)(san)(合租(zu)(zu)(zu)谷約七(qi)(qi)(qi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)石(shi))之外,悉(xi)歸書院(yuan)。這時,濂溪書院(yuan)名下的租(zu)(zu)(zu)入總計達九(jiu)百石(shi)有(you)余。乾隆(long)二(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四年(nian)(nian),知(zhi)府(fu)鄭之僑將(jiang)籌建濂溪書院(yuan)所節余的千(qian)兩白銀存(cun)之邵陽、武岡二(er)(er)(er)質庫(ku),歲(sui)(sui)收子銀八十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)兩,及(ji)(ji)(ji)以前公(gong)(gong)存(cun)質庫(ku)歲(sui)(sui)收子銀一(yi)百七(qi)(qi)(qi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)兩余,全部作為師(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)修脯膏火(huo)(huo)之用,保障(zhang)了來此(ci)學(xue)習(xi)諸生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活及(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)習(xi)所需(xu)。
書院山長
濂溪(xi)書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)之(zhi)(zhi)山(shan)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang),見(jian)于(yu)志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乘(cheng)者,其前身(shen)東山(shan)書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)首任(ren)(ren)山(shan)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)楊孟仁,繼之(zhi)(zhi)者楊廷芳,而(er)(er)(er)其生(sheng)(sheng)平行狀(zhuang)皆無(wu)可考,清(qing)乾隆十(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)在(zai)任(ren)(ren)的山(shan)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)李芳華,生(sheng)(sheng)平行狀(zhuang)亦無(wu)考。道光年(nian)(nian)間(jian),寶(bao)慶名士、古文獻學(xue)家兼詩人(ren)(ren)(ren)鄧(deng)顯(xian)鶴(he)曾任(ren)(ren)濂溪(xi)書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)山(shan)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)。鄧(deng)顯(xian)鶴(he),字子立,又字湘皋,寶(bao)慶新化(今屬婁底市)人(ren)(ren)(ren),嘉慶九年(nian)(nian)(1804年(nian)(nian))舉人(ren)(ren)(ren)。博覽群(qun)書(shu)(shu),足(zu)跡遍天(tian)下(xia),凡海內文人(ren)(ren)(ren),多(duo)與之(zhi)(zhi)交(jiao)。其生(sheng)(sheng)平喜(xi)搜集(ji)文獻掌(zhang)故(gu),嘗(chang)謂“征文考獻,當(dang)自(zi)(zi)其鄉(xiang)始”,而(er)(er)(er)“湖南自(zi)(zi)屈原、賈誼以來,通人(ren)(ren)(ren)志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士,仍世相(xiang)(xiang)望,而(er)(er)(er)文字放佚,湮郁不宣”。因(yin)“網羅(luo)散失(shi),為(wei)(wei)(wei)《資江耆(qi)舊集(ji)》六十(shi)(shi)四卷、《沅湘耆(qi)舊集(ji)》二(er)(er)百卷。遍求周圣楷《楚(chu)寶(bao)》一書(shu)(shu),匡(kuang)謬拾遺,為(wei)(wei)(wei)《楚(chu)寶(bao)增輯考異(yi)》四十(shi)(shi)五(wu)卷。又主編《寶(bao)慶府志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)》百五(wu)十(shi)(shi)七卷、《武岡州志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)》三十(shi)(shi)四卷等鴻(hong)篇巨著(zhu),系濂溪(xi)書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)山(shan)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)中成就最著(zhu)者。晚授(shou)寧鄉(xiang)訓導(dao),尋(xun)乞病歸(gui)。與邵(shao)陽(yang)魏源最友善,嘗(chang)相(xiang)(xiang)攜游學(xue)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)沙、京師(shi)等地,其終生(sheng)(sheng)鴻(hong)雁傳書(shu)(shu)不輟。魏源嘗(chang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)鄧(deng)顯(xian)鶴(he)《南村耦耕圖》記云(yun):“夫勞(lao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)相(xiang)(xiang)竟以知能,野人(ren)(ren)(ren)相(xiang)(xiang)忘(wang)以無(wu)事(shi),獨(du)怪予之(zhi)(zhi)浮沉于(yu)二(er)(er)者之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian),而(er)(er)(er)無(wu)一所自(zi)(zi)處也。……鄧(deng)子歸(gui),其詢諸仲氏,更有得焉,速以告余,當(dang)荷(he)鍤(cha)而(er)(er)(er)相(xiang)(xiang)從(cong)于(yu)寂寞之(zhi)(zhi)符也”(李柏榮《魏源師(shi)友記》)。由此可知二(er)(er)人(ren)(ren)(ren)相(xiang)(xiang)契之(zhi)(zhi)厚(hou)矣。此后任(ren)(ren)濂溪(xi)書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)山(shan)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)而(er)(er)(er)行跡可考者僅二(er)(er)人(ren)(ren)(ren),一為(wei)(wei)(wei)楊修(xiu)職,其為(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)篤(du)實剛耿,“課徒嚴且勤(qin),諸生(sheng)(sheng)翕然奮興”,逝后入祀濂溪(xi)書(shu)(shu)院(yuan);一為(wei)(wei)(wei)劉榮干,咸豐(1851~1861年(nian)(nian))、同治(1862~1874年(nian)(nian))間(jian)主講于(yu)此。“諸生(sheng)(sheng)翕然附之(zhi)(zhi)”(見(jian)《邵(shao)陽(yang)市志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)·教育志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)》)。
周(zhou)敦頤先生(sheng)是邵陽(yang)歷(li)史上一(yi)位極(ji)為重要的人(ren)物(wu),清人(ren)吳嗣富(fu)《濂溪(xi)書(shu)院碑記》云:“嘗考志書(shu)所(suo)載(zai),勝(sheng)跡(ji)為多,其(qi)間最(zui)著者有(you)二:曰甘棠渡(du)(du),曰濂溪(xi)祠(ci)(ci)。上下數千百年,濟斯(si)渡(du)(du)者,如(ru)沐旬宣;拜斯(si)祠(ci)(ci)者,如(ru)親光霽。一(yi)以政績傳,一(yi)以道脈傳也。”前(qian)者是紀念西周(zhou)初年召(zhao)公姬奭巡行南國,開(kai)發(fa)邵陽(yang)的歷(li)史功(gong)績;后(hou)者即為紀念周(zhou)敦頤先生(sheng)發(fa)展邵陽(yang)教育事業的豐(feng)功(gong)偉績。近千年以來,邵陽(yang)人(ren)們紀念周(zhou)敦頤先生(sheng)的文物(wu)遺跡(ji)極(ji)為豐(feng)富(fu),因篇幅及本人(ren)見識所(suo)限,遺記尚多,謬誤之處,亦在(zai)所(suo)難免。敬請熟悉邵陽(yang)掌故的前(qian)輩與同(tong)仁批評及補證(zheng)。
贛州濂溪書院
贛州濂溪書院
濂溪書院
創建(jian)于宋朝嘉祐年間(1056~1063),院(yuan)(yuan)址設(she)在(zai)水東(dong)(dong)(dong)玉(yu)虛觀邊(今水東(dong)(dong)(dong)小學(xue)內(nei)),是周(zhou)敦頤(字濂溪)任虔州通判時與程顥、程頤等(deng)弟子講學(xue)之處。元(yuan)朝末(mo)年書院(yuan)(yuan)毀(hui)于戰爭。明洪武四年(1371)知(zhi)縣崔天錫重建(jian),弘(hong)治(zhi)十(shi)(shi)三年(1500)知(zhi)府何光將書院(yuan)(yuan)改建(jian)于郁孤(gu)臺下,崇禎(zhen)十(shi)(shi)三年(1640)知(zhi)縣陳履忠(zhong)將書院(yuan)(yuan)遷(qian)建(jian)于光孝寺右(you)邊(今贛一中內(nei)),改名(ming)為廉泉書院(yuan)(yuan)。清(qing)順治(zhi)十(shi)(shi)年(1653),巡撫(fu)南贛都御史劉武元(yuan)將廉泉書院(yuan)(yuan)復名(ming)為濂溪書院(yuan)(yuan),并(bing)在(zai)大堂設(she)周(zhou)濂溪和二程像。招收府屬十(shi)(shi)二縣生徒肄(yi)業其(qi)中。其(qi)后(hou)多有擴建(jian),有東(dong)(dong)(dong)西講堂、濂溪祠(ci)、夜話(hua)亭(ting)、齋(zhai)舍等(deng)建(jian)筑。
乾(qian)隆十(shi)(shi)七年(nian)(nian)(1752),濂溪(xi)(xi)書(shu)院(yuan)成為(wei)(wei)吉南(nan)贛(gan)(gan)寧(ning)三(san)府(fu)一州(zhou)(zhou)官辦書(shu)院(yuan),清末為(wei)(wei)吉南(nan)贛(gan)(gan)汀(ting)道道立(li)(li)(li)書(shu)院(yuan)。光緒二十(shi)(shi)四年(nian)(nian)(1898),在(zai)濂溪(xi)(xi)書(shu)院(yuan)內(nei)創辦致用中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)學(xue)(xue)堂,這是(shi)贛(gan)(gan)南(nan)創辦新(xin)學(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)先聲。光緒二十(shi)(shi)八(ba)(1902),贛(gan)(gan)南(nan)巡道劉(liu)心(xin)源(yuan)和地(di)方(fang)紳士劉(liu)心(xin)源(yuan)和地(di)方(fang)紳士劉(liu)景熙(xi)將整個濂溪(xi)(xi)書(shu)院(yuan)改(gai)辦為(wei)(wei)虔南(nan)師(shi)范(fan)。此后(hou)(hou),先后(hou)(hou)為(wei)(wei)吉南(nan)贛(gan)(gan)寧(ning)師(shi)范(fan)學(xue)(xue)堂、贛(gan)(gan)南(nan)寧(ning)師(shi)范(fan)學(xue)(xue)堂、省(sheng)(sheng)立(li)(li)(li)第(di)二師(shi)范(fan)學(xue)(xue)校、省(sheng)(sheng)立(li)(li)(li)贛(gan)(gan)縣區中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)學(xue)(xue)、省(sheng)(sheng)立(li)(li)(li)第(di)三(san)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)學(xue)(xue)。1933年(nian)(nian)8月(yue)起(qi),復名(ming)省(sheng)(sheng)立(li)(li)(li)贛(gan)(gan)縣區中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)學(xue)(xue),成為(wei)(wei)當時贛(gan)(gan)南(nan)最高學(xue)(xue)府(fu)。解放后(hou)(hou),改(gai)名(ming)為(wei)(wei)江(jiang)西(xi)省(sheng)(sheng)立(li)(li)(li)贛(gan)(gan)州(zhou)(zhou)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)學(xue)(xue)。1953年(nian)(nian),改(gai)名(ming)江(jiang)西(xi)省(sheng)(sheng)贛(gan)(gan)州(zhou)(zhou)市(shi)第(di)一中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)學(xue)(xue)至今。濂溪(xi)(xi)書(shu)院(yuan)自創建(jian)以來,三(san)易其(qi)地(di),已有900多年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)歷史,其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)夜話亭現保存在(zai)贛(gan)(gan)州(zhou)(zhou)市(shi)第(di)一中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)學(xue)(xue)院(yuan)內(nei)。故水東可稱為(wei)(wei)贛(gan)(gan)南(nan)教育的(de)(de)發祥地(di)。
我生近圣人居,教澤如新,敢忘魯壁金絲,尼山木鐸;
此來繼(ji)賢(xian)者后,風(feng)流未(wei)泯,竊愿士(shi)崇禮儀,俗尚(shang)弦歌。
佚名題濂溪書院
夜話亭
夜(ye)話(hua)亭(ting)(ting),位(wei)于江西贛(gan)州(zhou)古(gu)城區東南,現厚德路的贛(gan)州(zhou)市第一(yi)中學內。旁有一(yi)泉,相(xiang)傳(chuan)南北朝劉宋元(yuan)嘉(jia)年(nian)間(424-435年(nian)),一(yi)夕雷震,泉忽涌出,遂以太守廉(lian)取名(ming)(ming)“廉(lian)泉”。宋知軍越履祥建廉(lian)泉亭(ting)(ting)。北宋紹圣元(yuan)年(nian)(1094年(nian))蘇軾貶官嶺南,過虔州(zhou)(今(jin)贛(gan)州(zhou)),慕名(ming)(ming)造訪當地名(ming)(ming)賢(xian)陽孝本,兩人(ren)相(xiang)處甚(shen)歡,游祥符宮,觀廉(lian)泉并(bing)在此談心至深夜(ye)和作(zuo)詩。因此后(hou)人(ren)改廉(lian)泉亭(ting)(ting)為(wei)(wei)(wei)夜(ye)話(hua)亭(ting)(ting)。清康熙六十(shi)年(nian)(1721年(nian))撤亭(ting)(ting)建坊(fang),額為(wei)(wei)(wei)“贛(gan)第一(yi)泉”。乾隆四十(shi)三年(nian)(1778年(nian))易坊(fang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)亭(ting)(ting)。額為(wei)(wei)(wei)“光風霽月”,并(bing)仍(reng)懸“贛(gan)第一(yi)泉”匾于此。夜(ye)話(hua)亭(ting)(ting)為(wei)(wei)(wei)新建,尚存乾隆濂溪書(shu)院山(shan)長吳湘皋刻的《蘇陽二公夜(ye)話(hua)圖》碑。列為(wei)(wei)(wei)省級文物保護單位(wei)。
汝城濂溪書院
2001年以來(lai),汝(ru)(ru)城縣(xian)(xian)委、縣(xian)(xian)政府按照(zhao)文(wen)(wen)物(wu)“修舊如舊”的(de)原則對濂溪書(shu)院進(jin)行了(le)修復,完成(cheng)了(le)廣場(chang)建設、前坪鋪設、室(shi)內陳列(lie)以及美化(hua)(hua)亮(liang)化(hua)(hua)工(gong)程,全面提升了(le)書(shu)院的(de)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)品位,受到了(le)上(shang)級領導和湖(hu)南(nan)省周(zhou)敦(dun)頤研究專家的(de)好評。重修后的(de)濂溪書(shu)院成(cheng)為(wei)了(le)汝(ru)(ru)城文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)事業發展的(de)亮(liang)點(dian)和游覽觀光(guang)的(de)熱點(dian),是愛國主義教育(yu)和保(bao)持共產黨員先進(jin)性教育(yu)基(ji)地(di),黨政要員、莘(xin)莘(xin)學子、文(wen)(wen)人墨客拜(bai)謁者絡(luo)繹不絕。