景點介紹
龍(long)家(jia)大院位于(yu)新田縣枧頭(tou)鎮境內,全(quan)村(cun)均為龍(long)姓。大院由進村(cun)的(de)(de)古門亭、村(cun)口的(de)(de)月牙(ya)塘、門樓和古民居組(zu)成(cheng),人文氛圍厚(hou)重,據統計,全(quan)村(cun)留有龍(long)家(jia)先輩們耕讀勞作間(jian)凝煉而出的(de)(de)對(dui)(dui)(dui)聯128幅,每幅對(dui)(dui)(dui)聯對(dui)(dui)(dui)仗(zhang)工整,意蘊深厚(hou)。它是湖南省現存保存最完整的(de)(de)千年(nian)古村(cun)落,被省文物局(ju)專家(jia)譽為傳統鄉村(cun)的(de)(de)活化石,是一(yi)處不可多得(de)的(de)(de)高品味的(de)(de)旅游觀(guan)光(guang)景(jing)點。
龍家(jia)(jia)大院三面環山,前有池(chi)塘,現存古民居60余棟,大部(bu)分為明(ming)(ming)末清初建成。房屋古樸大方(fang),寬敞適用,不事豪(hao)華,很少裝(zhuang)飾(shi),街(jie)巷(xiang)整齊規整,巷(xiang)道內不見(jian)污水垃圾。最有特(te)色的(de)是(shi)建筑門壁上的(de)對聯,字體娟秀飄逸,含義(yi)追求恬淡自(zi)然(ran),返樸歸真。其中一聯頗能(neng)反映(ying)主人(ren)高(gao)雅志(zhi)趣。該(gai)聯曰“居同靖(jing)節(jie)先(xian)生宅(zhai),家(jia)(jia)衍零(ling)陵太守風(feng)”。靖(jing)節(jie)先(xian)生即陶淵明(ming)(ming),陶的(de)居所“方(fang)宅(zhai)十(shi)余畝,草屋八九間”,可“采菊東籬下,悠然(ran)見(jian)南山”。零(ling)陵太守龍伯高(gao)“敦厚周(zhou)慎”等(deng)“八德”一直在龍氏(shi)家(jia)(jia)族(zu)中傳(chuan)承,這些房屋的(de)主人(ren)——龍吟(龍啟葆(bao))就是(shi)比較典型的(de)一個。
龍家歷史名人——龍吟
龍(long)吟(yin),又(you)名(ming)龍(long)啟(qi)葆。他(ta)是新田(tian)縣(xian)的第一慈(ci)善家,一生(sheng)不做官,不參加任何黨(dang)派。龍(long)吟(yin)先后(hou)在武(wu)漢美專(zhuan)和上海美專(zhuan)就讀,擅畫(hua)梅竹,為(wei)(wei)著名(ming)國畫(hua)大師劉海粟的學(xue)生(sheng)。自1929年(nian)以來,一直擔任澤區救(jiu)濟院院長,并(bing)捐(juan)出(chu)500石租谷的良田(tian)作為(wei)(wei)救(jiu)濟院的開支費(fei)用(yong)。還(huan)捐(juan)款和倡(chang)導(dao)修建了至今保存完好的龍(long)山(shan)學(xue)校;是全縣(xian)有(you)名(ming)的開明紳士。解放(fang)后(hou),開始還(huan)作為(wei)(wei)“開明紳士”被(bei)縣(xian)政府委任為(wei)(wei)土(tu)改(gai)委員會委員及政協委員,后(hou)因家里擁有(you)良田(tian)近8000畝,在土(tu)改(gai)時被(bei)劃為(wei)(wei)大地主,被(bei)遣送(song)回家,據(ju)說不堪壓力,自盡而亡。
龍(long)(long)(long)(long)吟的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)住(zhu)房(fang),為清朝末(mo)年(nian)和民(min)國(guo)初(chu)年(nian)建筑(zhu),左邊(bian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)大(da)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)屋(wu)(wu),右(you)邊(bian)為龍(long)(long)(long)(long)吟的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)住(zhu)房(fang),樓上(shang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)他的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)畫(hua)室了。這(zhe)座建筑(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)用鑄(zhu)(zhu)鐵和玻璃做(zuo)窗,在(zai)(zai)當是(shi)(shi)(shi)時(shi)可以算(suan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)很現代了,鑄(zhu)(zhu)鐵窗現在(zai)(zai)都不(bu)(bu)(bu)生銹,可見當時(shi)工藝的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)精美(mei)。樓上(shang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)吟的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)畫(hua)室,可以直通(tong)(tong)后面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)花園,龍(long)(long)(long)(long)吟擅畫(hua)梅竹可說與(yu)此有(you)很大(da)關(guan)系(xi)。(從樓上(shang)下(xia)來)走過(guo)這(zhe)可以遮陽檔(dang)雨(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)廊,龍(long)(long)(long)(long)家(jia)大(da)院(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第(di)一個堂(tang)(tang)(tang)屋(wu)(wu),它名叫敦厚堂(tang)(tang)(tang),龍(long)(long)(long)(long)家(jia)大(da)院(yuan)叫大(da)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)屋(wu)(wu)。龍(long)(long)(long)(long)家(jia)大(da)院(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)屋(wu)(wu),是(shi)(shi)(shi)青磚(zhuan)輔地,后墻有(you)供奉祖先(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地方,叫家(jia)先(xian)(xian)(xian),上(shang)有(you)祖先(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)牌位,第(di)逢重要(yao)日(ri)子(zi)或辦重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事情,如結(jie)婚建房(fang)生小孩(hai)等等,他們都要(yao)在(zai)(zai)這(zhe)里(li)(li)(li)給先(xian)(xian)(xian)祖獻上(shang)一柱香(xiang),并向祖先(xian)(xian)(xian)禱告,祈求(qiu)祖先(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保佑。大(da)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)屋(wu)(wu)里(li)(li)(li)有(you)大(da)天井,一般在(zai)(zai)20平(ping)米左右(you),兩旁為廂房(fang),天井的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功用是(shi)(shi)(shi)通(tong)(tong)風采光,聚四(si)方雨(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)為財(cai),這(zhe)里(li)(li)(li)跟月塘的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)一樣,也是(shi)(shi)(shi)財(cai)不(bu)(bu)(bu)外(wai)流的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意思(si)(si)。天井的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)出水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)口比較隱密,古時(shi)候,人們在(zai)(zai)下(xia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)口里(li)(li)(li)養只烏龜,烏龜在(zai)(zai)里(li)(li)(li)面爬(pa)動可以起疏通(tong)(tong)下(xia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)道的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用。這(zhe)里(li)(li)(li)現存龍(long)(long)(long)(long)家(jia)大(da)院(yuan)最(zui)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)清石(shi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)缸(gang)。水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)缸(gang)高1米2,長1米8,寬80公分,里(li)(li)(li)面可儲水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),養魚,養荷花,同(tong)時(shi)也具有(you)消防的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用,所以也叫太平(ping)缸(gang)。對面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)墻是(shi)(shi)(shi)影(ying)壁,上(shang)面繪著一條(tiao)三爪金(jin)龍(long)(long)(long)(long),有(you)驅邪禁宅的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用。繪三爪龍(long)(long)(long)(long)而不(bu)(bu)(bu)繪五(wu)爪龍(long)(long)(long)(long),一個意思(si)(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)祖先(xian)(xian)(xian)為龍(long)(long)(long)(long)姓,不(bu)(bu)(bu)忘祖先(xian)(xian)(xian);二是(shi)(shi)(shi)五(wu)爪龍(long)(long)(long)(long)只有(you)皇帝才能用,怕惹殺(sha)身之禍。不(bu)(bu)(bu)過(guo)敢繪龍(long)(long)(long)(long)上(shang)壁膽子(zi)也是(shi)(shi)(shi)夠(gou)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)了。