景點介紹
龍家(jia)(jia)大(da)院(yuan)位(wei)于新田(tian)縣枧(jian)頭(tou)鎮境(jing)內,全村均為龍姓。大(da)院(yuan)由進村的(de)古門(men)亭、村口的(de)月牙塘、門(men)樓和古民居組成(cheng),人文氛圍厚(hou)(hou)重,據統(tong)計,全村留有(you)龍家(jia)(jia)先輩們(men)耕讀勞作(zuo)間(jian)凝煉而出的(de)對(dui)聯(lian)128幅(fu),每幅(fu)對(dui)聯(lian)對(dui)仗工整(zheng),意蘊深厚(hou)(hou)。它是湖(hu)南(nan)省現存(cun)(cun)保存(cun)(cun)最完整(zheng)的(de)千年古村落,被省文物局專家(jia)(jia)譽(yu)為傳統(tong)鄉村的(de)活化(hua)石,是一處不(bu)可多得的(de)高品味的(de)旅游觀(guan)光(guang)景點(dian)。
龍家(jia)大(da)院(yuan)三面(mian)環山(shan),前(qian)有池塘,現存古民居(ju)(ju)60余棟,大(da)部分為明末清初建成(cheng)。房(fang)屋(wu)(wu)古樸(pu)大(da)方(fang),寬敞適用(yong),不(bu)事豪華,很少裝飾,街巷(xiang)整(zheng)齊規整(zheng),巷(xiang)道(dao)內不(bu)見污水垃圾(ji)。最有特色的是(shi)建筑(zhu)門壁上的對聯,字體(ti)娟秀(xiu)飄逸,含義追求恬淡自然(ran),返(fan)樸(pu)歸真(zhen)。其中(zhong)一聯頗能反映主人(ren)高(gao)雅志趣。該聯曰“居(ju)(ju)同靖節先(xian)生宅(zhai),家(jia)衍零(ling)陵太守風(feng)”。靖節先(xian)生即陶淵明,陶的居(ju)(ju)所“方(fang)宅(zhai)十余畝,草屋(wu)(wu)八九間”,可“采菊東籬下,悠然(ran)見南山(shan)”。零(ling)陵太守龍伯(bo)高(gao)“敦厚周慎(shen)”等(deng)“八德”一直在龍氏(shi)家(jia)族中(zhong)傳承,這些房(fang)屋(wu)(wu)的主人(ren)——龍吟(龍啟(qi)葆)就(jiu)是(shi)比較典(dian)型(xing)的一個(ge)。
龍家歷史名人——龍吟
龍(long)吟,又名(ming)(ming)龍(long)啟葆。他是(shi)新田(tian)縣的第(di)一(yi)慈善家(jia)(jia),一(yi)生不(bu)做官,不(bu)參(can)加任何黨(dang)派(pai)。龍(long)吟先后(hou)在武漢(han)美(mei)專和上海美(mei)專就讀,擅畫梅竹(zhu),為著名(ming)(ming)國畫大師劉海粟的學生。自(zi)1929年以(yi)來(lai),一(yi)直擔任澤區救濟院院長,并捐出500石租(zu)谷的良田(tian)作(zuo)為救濟院的開(kai)支費(fei)用。還捐款(kuan)和倡導修建了(le)至(zhi)今保(bao)存完好的龍(long)山(shan)學校;是(shi)全縣有名(ming)(ming)的開(kai)明紳(shen)士。解放后(hou),開(kai)始還作(zuo)為“開(kai)明紳(shen)士”被縣政府委(wei)(wei)任為土改委(wei)(wei)員(yuan)(yuan)會委(wei)(wei)員(yuan)(yuan)及政協委(wei)(wei)員(yuan)(yuan),后(hou)因家(jia)(jia)里擁有良田(tian)近(jin)8000畝(mu),在土改時被劃為大地主(zhu),被遣送回家(jia)(jia),據說(shuo)不(bu)堪壓力,自(zi)盡而亡。
龍(long)(long)吟的(de)(de)住房(fang),為(wei)(wei)清朝末年和民國初年建(jian)筑(zhu),左(zuo)邊是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)堂屋,右邊為(wei)(wei)龍(long)(long)吟的(de)(de)住房(fang),樓(lou)上(shang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)他(ta)的(de)(de)畫室了(le)。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)座建(jian)筑(zhu)的(de)(de)用(yong)鑄鐵和玻(bo)璃做窗(chuang),在(zai)當是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)時可(ke)以(yi)(yi)算(suan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)很現(xian)代了(le),鑄鐵窗(chuang)現(xian)在(zai)都不(bu)生銹,可(ke)見當時工藝的(de)(de)精美。樓(lou)上(shang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)龍(long)(long)吟的(de)(de)畫室,可(ke)以(yi)(yi)直通后面的(de)(de)花(hua)園(yuan),龍(long)(long)吟擅畫梅竹可(ke)說與此(ci)有(you)很大(da)(da)關系。(從樓(lou)上(shang)下(xia)(xia)來)走過這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)遮陽檔雨的(de)(de)過廊,龍(long)(long)家(jia)大(da)(da)院的(de)(de)第(di)一個堂屋,它名叫(jiao)敦厚(hou)堂,龍(long)(long)家(jia)大(da)(da)院叫(jiao)大(da)(da)堂屋。龍(long)(long)家(jia)大(da)(da)院的(de)(de)大(da)(da)堂屋,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)青磚(zhuan)輔地,后墻有(you)供(gong)奉祖先(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)地方(fang),叫(jiao)家(jia)先(xian)(xian)(xian),上(shang)有(you)祖先(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)牌位,第(di)逢重要(yao)日子(zi)或辦重要(yao)的(de)(de)事(shi)情,如結(jie)婚建(jian)房(fang)生小孩等等,他(ta)們都要(yao)在(zai)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)里(li)給(gei)先(xian)(xian)(xian)祖獻上(shang)一柱香(xiang),并向祖先(xian)(xian)(xian)禱告,祈(qi)求祖先(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)保(bao)佑。大(da)(da)堂屋里(li)有(you)大(da)(da)天井(jing),一般在(zai)20平(ping)米左(zuo)右,兩旁為(wei)(wei)廂房(fang),天井(jing)的(de)(de)功用(yong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)通風采(cai)光,聚(ju)四方(fang)雨水(shui)(shui),水(shui)(shui)為(wei)(wei)財,這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)里(li)跟月(yue)塘的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)一樣,也(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)財不(bu)外流的(de)(de)意思。天井(jing)的(de)(de)出(chu)水(shui)(shui)口(kou)比較隱密(mi),古時候,人們在(zai)下(xia)(xia)水(shui)(shui)口(kou)里(li)養只(zhi)(zhi)烏龜(gui),烏龜(gui)在(zai)里(li)面爬(pa)動可(ke)以(yi)(yi)起疏通下(xia)(xia)水(shui)(shui)道(dao)的(de)(de)作用(yong)。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)里(li)現(xian)存龍(long)(long)家(jia)大(da)(da)院最大(da)(da)的(de)(de)清石水(shui)(shui)缸。水(shui)(shui)缸高1米2,長(chang)1米8,寬80公分,里(li)面可(ke)儲水(shui)(shui),養魚,養荷花(hua),同(tong)時也(ye)具(ju)有(you)消防的(de)(de)作用(yong),所以(yi)(yi)也(ye)叫(jiao)太平(ping)缸。對面的(de)(de)墻是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)影壁,上(shang)面繪(hui)著一條三(san)爪金(jin)龍(long)(long),有(you)驅邪禁宅的(de)(de)作用(yong)。繪(hui)三(san)爪龍(long)(long)而不(bu)繪(hui)五(wu)爪龍(long)(long),一個意思是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)祖先(xian)(xian)(xian)為(wei)(wei)龍(long)(long)姓,不(bu)忘(wang)祖先(xian)(xian)(xian);二是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)五(wu)爪龍(long)(long)只(zhi)(zhi)有(you)皇帝(di)才能用(yong),怕惹殺身之禍。不(bu)過敢(gan)繪(hui)龍(long)(long)上(shang)壁膽子(zi)也(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)夠大(da)(da)的(de)(de)了(le)。